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The Importance Of Isometric Maximum Strength In College Wrestlers
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated the importance of isometric maximal strength (PF) and rate of force development (RFD) in a variety of athletic populations including track cyclists and track and field athletes. Among coaches and sports scientists there is a lack of agreement regarding how much strength is required for optimal performance in most sports. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between measures of PF, RFD and one repetition maximum (1RM) strength with other variables that might contribute to successful performance in collegiate wrestlers. Eight men (M = 20.0, SD = 0.4 years; Height M = 1.68, SD = 0. 13 m; Mass M = 78.0, SD = 4.2 kg) who were Division III college wrestlers participated in this study. They were tested for PF using the isometric mid thigh pull exercise. Explosive strength was measured as RFD from the isometric force-time curve. The 1RM for the squat, bench press and power clean exercises were determined as a measure of dynamic strength. Vertical jump height was measured to determine explosive muscular power. The wrestlers also ranked themselves and the coaches of the team also provided a ranking of the athletes. Correlations between the variables were calculated using the Pearson product moment method. Results indicated strong correlations between measures of PF and 1RM (r = 0.73 - 0.97). The correlations were very strong between the power clean 1RM and PF (r = 0.97) and squat 1RM and PF (r = 0.96). There were no other significant correlations with other variables apart from a strong correlation between RFD and coaches ranking (r = 0.62). Findings suggest that isometric mid thigh pull test does correlate well with 1RM testing in college wrestlers. RFD does not appear to be as important in college wrestlers. The isometric mid thigh pull provides a quick and efficient method for assessing isometric strength in athletes. This measure also provides a strong indication of dynamic performance in this population. The lack of strong correlations with other performance variables may be a result of the unique metabolic demands of wrestling. Key PointsIn Division III collegiate wrestlers the isometric mid thigh pull test correlates well with 1RM testing.Rate of Force Development does not appear to be as important in college wrestlers.The lack of strong correlations with other performance variables may be a result of the unique metabolic demands of wrestling.
... The IMTP has been associated with several dynamic movements important for athletic performance. Previously, PF and/or RFD at predetermined time bands during the IMTP have demonstrated relationships to vertical jump performance (34,35), sprinting, change of direction, speed, and agility (34)(35)(36), total weightlifting performance (3,17), as well as 1-RM performance in the power clean and bench press (28,29), snatch, clean and jerk (3,17), and back squat (26,28,29,36). Deadlift 1-RM has been associated with IMTP PF (12), though the use of an older population (40 ± 8 years) that was chosen to resemble the current corps of astronauts and the use of uncommon exercise equipment (Advanced Resistive Exercise Device; ARED) may make generalizations to younger or athletic populations inappropriate. ...
... The IMTP has been associated with several dynamic movements important for athletic performance. Previously, PF and/or RFD at predetermined time bands during the IMTP have demonstrated relationships to vertical jump performance (34,35), sprinting, change of direction, speed, and agility (34)(35)(36), total weightlifting performance (3,17), as well as 1-RM performance in the power clean and bench press (28,29), snatch, clean and jerk (3,17), and back squat (26,28,29,36). Deadlift 1-RM has been associated with IMTP PF (12), though the use of an older population (40 ± 8 years) that was chosen to resemble the current corps of astronauts and the use of uncommon exercise equipment (Advanced Resistive Exercise Device; ARED) may make generalizations to younger or athletic populations inappropriate. ...
... The relationships between PF and 1-RM were in agreement with previous research (3,12,17,26,28,29,36). PF was observed to be either a large or very large correlate of 1-RM at each position, and explained 77, 68, and 48% of the variance in HBB deadlift 1-RM from FLOOR, KNEE, and MT, respectively. ...
This study sought to determine relationships between hexagonal barbell (HBB) deadlift one-repetition maximum (1-RM) and force-time characteristics of maximal isometric pulls. Twenty-three healthy adults (13 men [8 trained], 10 women [4 trained]) completed three visits consisting of a familiarization and anthropometrics session, a HBB deadlift 1-RM session, and a performance session with three maximal isometric pulls at three positions: lift-off (FLOOR), knee-passing (KNEE), and mid-thigh (MT). Correlation analyses assessed relationships between 1-RM and force-time characteristics at each position with significance set a priori at α ≤ 0.05. Correlation coefficients between 1-RM and force-time characteristics at all positions presented large to very large relationships to peak force (PF; r = 0.695-0.879, p ≤ 0.001), large to very large relationships to all time-specific force variables (r = 0.506-0.812; p ≤ 0.014), moderate to very large relationships between rate of force development (RFD) time-bands (r = 0.430-0.752; p ≤ 0.041), and large to very large relationships to impulse (r = 0.575-0.778; p ≤ 0.004). Collectively, more very large effect sizes (r = 0.7-0.89) were observed at FLOOR (n = 8) and KNEE (n = 6) than MT (n = 0). PF at FLOOR and KNEE presented as strongest predictors of maximal strength in the 1-RM HBB deadlift. The observed differences between positions may be due to exercise-specific disadvantageous positions commonly observed as isometric sticking points. Coaches should consider incorporating isometric pulls from the lift-off or knee passing positions as it appears to be better related to maximal strength than the isometric mid-thigh pull.
... Both in performance sports and in the field of health, the relationship between strength and sports performance or muscle fitness is of great importance for researchers, trainers, and fitness professionals. This has led to the development of a wide variety of tests for the evaluation of the muscular strength of different body segments that can be grouped into isometric and dynamic and present high levels of reliability [1]. ...
... Therefore, the variation in the magnitude of the relationship between ISOS and MSS observed in several studies could be related to the use of different knee and hip angles during isometric tests [1,3,5,36,37]. ...
... Several studies have compared jumping and lower limb isometric strength with the purpose of identifying how one determines the other, and significant relationships have been reported (r = from 0.346 to 0.820; p > 0.05) [1,5,7,37,41,43]. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the type of relationship between measures of maximal force (dynamic and isometric), maximal power, and mean propulsive velocity. In total, 355 recreational athletes, 96 women (age 20.5 ± 2.5 years; height 158.2 ± 17.3 cm; weight 61.8 ± 48.4 kg) and 259 men (age 21.0 ± 2.6 years; height 170.5 ± 12.6 cm; weight 65.9 ± 9.2 kg) were evaluated in three sessions separated by 72 h each in isometric midthigh pull exercise (ISOS) (kg), bench press maximum strength (1RM MSBP) (kg), jump height (CMJ) (m), and maximum pedaling power (WT) the maximum squat strength (1RM MSS) (kg), the mean propulsive velocity in the bench press (MPVBP) (m·s−1), and the peak power (PPBP) (w), mean propulsive squat velocity (MPVS) (m·s−1), peak power (PP) (w), maximum handgrip force (ISOHG) (kg), and 30 m movement speed (V30) (s). Significant correlations (p ≤ 0.01) were identified between 95% of the various manifestations of force, and only 5% presented a significance of p ≤ 0.05; however, when the magnitude of these correlations is observed, there is great heterogeneity. In this sense, the dynamic strength tests present the best correlations with the other strength and power tests used in the present study, followed by PPBP and PP. The results of this study complement what is reported in the literature regarding the correlation between different types of force manifestations being heterogeneous and contradictory.
... As such there has been an increased interest in using multi-joint IsoTests as a part of performance monitoring programs [17,21,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Based upon the current body of scientific knowledge, the forcetime characteristics established with multi-joint IsoTests appear to provide valuable information related to an athlete's ability to execute dynamic sporting movements. ...
... Two lower limb IsoTests that are useful as part of an athlete monitoring or testing battery are the IMTP and ISqT. The force-time data collected during these tests are strongly correlated to maximum dynamic strength [19,29,37,41,[55][56][57] and various markers of dynamic sports performances such as jumping [15,19,35,50], sprinting [35,[50][51][52][53]58], throwing [38], boxing [34], golf swing [33], cycling [39] and kayaking [59]. ...
... Multiple studies have investigated the relationship between the 1RM squat with the force-time characteristics achieved from ISqT [23,29,56] and IMTP [21,37,41,53,57,[60][61][62]. These studies have reported significant correlation between the 1RM back squat and the PF determined with either the ISqT (r = 0.688 to 0.864) [23,29,56] or IMTP (r = 0.705 to 0.970) [21,37,41,53,57,[60][61][62] (Table 3). ...
The purpose of this article was to review the data on the relationship between multi-joint isometric strength test (IsoTest) force-time characteristics (peak force, rate of force development and impulse) and dynamic performance that is available in the current literature. Four electronic databases were searched using search terms related to IsoTest. Studies were considered eligible if they were original research studies that investigated the relationships between multi-joint IsoTest and performance of dynamic movements; published in peer-reviewed journals; had participants who were athletes or active individuals who participate in recreational sports or resistance training, with no restriction on sex; and had full text available. A total of 47 studies were selected. These studies showed significant small to large correlations between isometric bench press (IBP) force-time variables and upper body dynamic performances (r 2 = 0.221 to 0.608, p < 0.05) and significant small to very large correlation between isometric squat (ISqT) (r 2 = 0.085 to 0.746, p < 0.05) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (r 2 = 0.120 to 0.941, p < 0.05) force-time variables with lower body dynamic performances. IsoTest force-time characteristics were shown to have small to very large correlations with dynamic performances of the upper and lower limbs as well as performance of sporting movements (r 2 = 0.118 to 0.700, p < 0.05). These data suggest that IsoTest force-time characteristics provide insights into the force production capability of athletes which give insight into dynamic performance capabilities.
... (whereby a knee angle of 180˚ represents full knee extension) and an upright torso using previously described methods (105,106). Participants performed practice MTP's at 50%, 75% and 100% effort, followed by three recorded maximal MTP efforts of approximately five seconds on the force plate, separated by approximately one-minute of rest. Participants were instructed to pull as hard and fast as possible during each maximal effort. ...
... These values were automatically calculated using the BMS software for both MTP and IBP. MTP's have been used previously in the literature and have shown strong positive relationships with dynamic 1RM performance, particularly of the lower body (105,106). CV's were 3.2% for MTP peak force and 11.7% for MTP mRFD. ICC's were 0.97 for MTP peak force and 0.85 for MTP mRFD. ...
... The value of 3.4% for relative peak force is similar to the CV values reported for MTP peak force in Chapter Five (3.2%) and Chapter Six (3.3%). This result indicates the IBP relative peak force measurement utilised within this thesis shows similar withinsubject reliability to MTP peak force, a test which has shown reliability in the literature previously (106). Furthermore, Turner et al. (168) recommended a CV of <5% be utilised for fitness tests; IBP relative peak force is within this guideline and IBP average force approaches it. ...
Maximal strength is a physical quality imperative to success in strength sports and can also play a role in enhancing performance within many other sports. Tapering is a reduction in training load frequently undertaken prior to competitions in order to minimise training related fatigue and thus improve athletic performance. There is currently limited research for athletes and coaches to utilise when planning tapering to maximise strength at key events. This thesis investigated how strength-trained men can best structure the taper period to improve strength performance and attempted to identify the mechanisms underlying any performance improvements.
Two literature reviews (Chapters Two and Three) were performed to provide background information regarding training for maximal strength and summarise current knowledge on tapering for maximal strength. The literature revealed that maximal strength training should involve high intensity training (>80% one repetition maximum (1RM)), for multiple sets, with at least two sessions per week for each major muscle group. The current literature indicated that reductions in training volume (by 30-70%) with maintained, or slight increases, in intensity were most effective for improving maximal strength. However, optimal magnitudes of change during the taper were unclear. Short periods of training cessation (less than a week) were also found to be effective at enhancing, or maintaining, maximal strength.
The first study (Chapter Four) used a qualitative approach to determine strategies currently utilised by 11 elite New Zealand powerlifters (age = 28.4 ± 7.0 years, best Wilks score = 431.9 ± 43.9 points). Athletes reduced training volume by 58.9 ± 8.4%, while maintaining (or slightly reducing) training intensity. The taper lasted 2.4 ± 0.9 weeks, with the final resistance training session 3.7 ± 1.6 days out from competition. Tapering was performed to achieve maximal recovery, and practices were largely informed through trial and error, with changes based upon ‘feel’. Athletes usually removed accessory exercises and focused primarily upon the competition lifts during the taper.
The first training study (Chapter Five) involved a cross-over design to determine the effects of two durations, 3.5 or 5.5 days, of training cessation on performance following four-weeks of training. Eight resistance trained males (age = 23.8 ± 5.4 years, bodyweight (BW) = 79.6 ± 10.2 kg, relative deadlift 1RM = 1.90 ± 0.30 times BW) completed the study. Combined data showed significant performance improvements, compared to pre-training, for both countermovement jump (CMJ) height (P = 0.022) and isometric bench press (IBP) relative peak force (P = 0.011) following short term training cessation (both small effect size (ES) = 0.30). This significant improvement was not present on the final training day, showing that training cessation was an effective means of enhancing strength and power. No significant differences were observed between 3.5 and 5.5 days of training cessation for any measure. These results suggest that a short period of strength training cessation can have positive effects on maximal strength expression, perhaps due to decreased neuromuscular fatigue.
The second training study (Chapter Six) also had a cross-over design to determine the effects of two variations in intensity (+5% or -10%) during a one week strength taper with volume reductions (-70%), following four-weeks of training. Eleven strength-trained males (age = 21.3 ± 3.3 years, BW = 92.3 ± 17.6 kg, relative 1RM deadlift = 1.90 ± 0.20 times BW) completed the study. Combined data for both groups showed significant improvements in CMJ height over time (P < 0.001), with significant improvements across all time points (pre- to post-training P = 0.010, ES = 0.23; pre-training to post-taper P = 0.001, ES = 0.37; and, post-training to post-taper P = 0.002, ES = 0.14). Combined data for CMJ flight time: contraction time also showed significant improvements over time (P = 0.004), with significant improvements from pre- to post-training (P = 0.012, ES = 0.27). Combined data for isometric mid-thigh pull (MTP) relative peak force showed significant improvements over time (P = 0.033), with significant increases found from pre- to post-training (P = 0.013, ES = 0.25). The higher intensity taper produced small ES improvements following the taper for CMJ height (ES = 0.43), CMJ flight time: contraction time (ES = 0.42) and MTP relative peak force (ES = 0.37). In contrast, the lower intensity taper only produced a small ES improvement for CMJ height (ES = 0.30). However, differences between groups were not significant. These results indicate that a strength taper with volume reductions can have positive effects on maximal strength and power performance, with a tendency for higher intensity tapering to be more effective.
This thesis has documented current tapering practices of strength athletes and demonstrated both short term training cessation and volume reduced strength tapers as effective methods of improving maximal strength following training. When tapering, athletes should make substantial training volume reductions with little changes to training intensity. During a taper, training should focus on competition specific strength exercises, and strength training should cease a few days prior to important events.
... A wrestling match consists of a series of dynamic movements of the legs, hips, and back and also involves isometric grasping for maintaining the position [64]. Given that isometric strength may potentially differentiate between successful and less successful athletes [65], this test can provide important information's about strength diagnostics of wrestlers, as well as strong indication of performance dynamics. ...
... Also, lower body strength is important for freestyle wrestling [72]. According to McGuigan et al. [64], isometric testing provides good indication of an athletes dynamics performance during 1RM testing. Although 1RM results in both squat and bench are different, there should be taking in consideration the elite-amateur comparison [33], different style [6] as well as only elite weight categories [34,40] and gender, where Zi-Hong et al. [34] participants were female, the maturation and experience of these athletes are playing important role. ...
Background and Study Aim: Success in wrestling depends on many different factors, but strength could be considered as the most important one. Different strength indicators are closely related to high-level wrestling performance. The aim of this review is to generalize the recommendations of the authors of works dedicated to the analysis of muscle strength in wrestlers, regardless of style (Greco-Roman and freestyle) and knowledge of the most commonly used tests to assess the various manifestations of this motor ability. The search and the analysis of the studies were done in accordance to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search of 3 databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct) was conducted. The identified studies had to meet the following criteria: year of publication (2010-2021), published in English, wrestlers as sample of participants, who do not suffer from acute and chronic injuries. A total of 24 papers were included to analyses, with a total of 1254 participants, both genders. Greco-Roman style participants were 530, while freestylers were 529. Hand grip strength conducted 18 studies, explosive power of legs 12 studies, basic motor tests 8 studies, 1RM squat and bench 4 studies, isokinetic strength conducted 4 studies and isometric strength only once. The most commonly used test to assess different types of strength in wrestlers are handgrip strength, isometric and isokinetic strength, 1RM bench and squat, explosive strength of legs tests and basic motor tests. The authors cannot with certainty determine an optimal wrestlers profile, but this review can serve as an framework for eventual practical preparation for the demands of competition.
... However, none of the studies in the previous literature calculated concordance correlation coefficients between isometric and dynamic measurements to verify whether one measurement can actually reproduce the results of the other. Instead, relationships between maximal isometric forces (MIF) and dynamic one repetition maximum (1RM) measures generally range between to nearly perfect correlations (r = |0.52| to |0.97|) [30][31][32]. Furthermore, a limited number of studies and different study designs, e.g., different exercises (isometric midthigh pull vs. squat) impede conclusive results. ...
... Therefore, it was suggested that isometric and dynamic muscle actions must be understood as different physiological phenomenon [14] and maximum strength testing should occur preferentially in modalities specific to movement patterns of the athlete's training and competition profile. However, in contrast, [31] pointed out very strong correlations between maximal isometric strength and dynamic movement tasks (squat, bench press, power clean) in elite wrestlers, in which a habituation of isometric muscle activity can be assumed. Consequently, one could speculate that maximal strength should be tested by using high similarity in the contraction condition, as it is used in the training process to counteract underestimation in strength because of unfamiliarity with the testing condition. ...
Speed strength performances are substantially dependent on maximum strength. Due to its importance, various methods have been utilized to measure maximum strength (e.g., isometric or dynamic) with discussed differences regarding transferability to sport specific movements dependent on testing procedure. The aim of this study was to analyze whether maximum isometric force (MIF) during isometric back squats correlate with maximum strength measurements of the One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) in the squat, with countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and with drop jump (DJ) performances in elite youth soccer players (n=16, 18.4 ± 1.5 [range: 17 – 23] years old). Additionally, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC, [c]) between isometric and dynamic measurements were calculated to verify whether one measurement can actually reproduce the results of the other. To improve comprehension, differences between isometric and dynamic testing values were illustrated by providing differences between both testing conditions. For this, the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were calculated. To reach equality in scale, the 1RM measures were multiplicated with 9.81 to get a value in N. 1RM demonstrated correlations of τ= |0.38| to |0.52| with SJ and CMJ performances, while MIF demonstrated correlations of τ= |0.21| to |0.32|. However, the correlations of both 1RM and MIF with the DJ reactive strength index (RSI = jump height /contact time) from different falling heights were of no statistical significance. The data showed significant correlations between both the absolute (τ= |0.54|) and the relative (τ= |0.40|) performances of 1RM and MIF, which was confirmed by CCC of c= |0.56| to |0.66|, respectively. Furthermore, the MAE and MAPE showed values of 2080.87N and 67.4%, respectively. The data of this study show that, despite good correlations, there is no exact coincidence between isometric and dynamic strength measurements. Accordingly, both measurements may only represent and estimation of maximal strength capacity and cannot be substituted for each other. Therefore, maximal strength should be tested by using high similarity in the contraction condition, as it is used in training process to counteract underestimation in strength because of unfamiliarity with the testing condition.
... A high correlation between maximum strength and performance levels in different movement tasks in athletes (Case et al., 2020;Lum et al., 2020;Mcguigan, Newton et al., 2010;Mcguigan, Winchester et al., 2006;Requena et al., 2009) but also in rehabilitational settings (Rosecrance et al., 1991) can be assumed. This relationship is not only evident in traditional performance diagnostic test exercises, such as the squat, but also in maximum strength of plantar flexors (Hartmann et al., 2012;Möck et al., 2018). ...
... Several studies analyzed the relationship between maximum strength in different testing conditions (isometric vs. dynamic) for different movements. Literature shows a wide range of correlations coefficients with r ranging from 0.34 to 0.97 (Baker et al., 1994;Mcguigan, Newton et al., 2010;Mcguigan, Winchester et al., 2006;Nuzzo et al., 2008;Requena et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2016) for multi-joint exercises like the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and 1RM in the squat. This range may be explained by differences in motor unit recruitment between isometric and dynamic contractions (Nakazawa et al., 1993) and thus, differences in standardization. ...
Previous research points out high relevance of maximal strength measurement in the diagnostics of
different populations. However, there is inconsistency in procedures of maximum strength measurements.
Thus, it must be questioned whether the results from different studies are actually comparable. Due to
the aforementioned problems in standardization, the aim of this study was to assess correlations between
and reproducibility of isometric and dynamic strength testing. Since there are many studies investigating
maximal strength in the calf muscles, this study will examine the plantar flexors. For this purpose, 87
active participants were recruited (m: 52, f: 35, age: 28.3 ± 5.5 years, range 18-38 years, height: 178.3 ±
6.6 cm, weight: 81.5 ± 7.4 kg) who performed maximal isometric strength testing and dynamic 1RM
testing in plantar flexion both with extended and bended knee joint. Pearson correlation as well as
concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were determined. In literature, CCC is used to determine
reproducibility between two different testing methods. There were correlation coefficients of r = 0.63 –
0.77 and =0.62 ‒ 0.77. Results are comparable with correlations between maximal isometric strength
and 1-RM in previous studies in different movements. In consideration of CCC, isometric strength
testing and 1RM seem to not measure the same parameter, therefore comparison of results measured
with different procedures seems difficult. Our results exhibit a high influence of isometric maximal
strength on 1RM performance. However, 1RM tests cannot be replaced by isometric strength testing.
Care must be taken due to standardization of procedure when comparing results from different studies
and, especially, if 1RM testing should be replaced with isometric strength measurement.
... Due to the mechanical similarity between these positions, peak force (PF) displayed during the IMTP is highly correlated to performance in the weightlifting movements (clean & jerk and snatch) and their derivatives (3,13,33). The IMTP has also increasingly been used as a tool to monitor both skeletal muscle function and neuromuscular fatigue in several other sports (Australian Rules Football, rugby, tennis, track and field, soccer), with force output, RFD, and impulse (IMP) in the IMTP correlated to performance in dynamic measures of maximum strength such as the squat (26,27), deadlift (43), and bench press (27), along with explosive dynamic movements such as throwing (33), track cycling (34), wrestling (29), jumping (37), and sprinting (35,41). The magnitude of force-time characteristics generated in the IMTP also discriminates between both selection and non-selection for national squads in junior elite surfers (39) and allows for the monitoring of accumulated fatigue in competitive tennis players during the course of a tournament (18). ...
... McGuigan et al. (26) reported the use of a standardised 130° knee angle in conjunction with a variable barbell position, while both Comfort et al. (12) and Wang et al. (40) outlined a barbell position that corresponded to the mid-point between the iliac crest and middle of the patella. Furthermore, while the testing protocols outlined within the literature consistently report knee angles of 130°-145° (3,20,21,34), the hip angles reported are either highly variable (125°-175°) from study to study (3,6,21), or unreported (26,28,29,34). Within the current body of literature, there are conflicting results regarding the effect of altering body posture on the force-time characteristics generated, with Comfort et al. (12) reporting no significant difference between the PF, peak RFD (pRFD), or IMP at 100, 200, and 300 ms (IMP100, IMP200, IMP300) generated in nine different body postures provided the barbell was maintained at the mid-point between the iliac crest and the patella. ...
A large degree of variation in the position used during isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP)
testing and conflicting results of the effects of these changes can be found in the
literature. This study investigated the effect of altering body posture and barbell
position on the reliability and magnitude of force-time characteristics generated during
the IMTP. Seventeen strength-power athletes (n = 11 males, height: 177.5 ± 7.0 cm,
body mass: 90.0 ± 14.1 kg, age: 30.6 ± 10.4 years; n = 6 females, height: 165.8 ± 11.4
cm; body mass: 66.4 ± 13.9 kg, age: 30.8 ± 8.7 years) with greater than 6 months of
training experience in the clean (1RM: 118.5 ± 20.6 kg, 77.5 ± 10.4 kg) volunteered to
undertake the experimental protocol. Subjects performed the IMTP using four
combinations of hip and knee angles, and two different barbell positions. The first
barbell position corresponded to the second pull of the clean, while the second rested
at the mid-point between the iliac crest and the patella. Peak force (PF), time-specific
force (F50, F90, F150, F200, F250), peak rate of force development (pRFD), and
impulse (IMP) time-bands were reliable in all four testing positions examined.
Statistically greater PF, F50, F90, F150, F200, F250, pRFD and IMP0-50, IMP0-90,
IMP0-150, and IMP0-200 were generated in a testing position corresponding to the second pull of the clean when compared to a bent over torso angle, regardless of the barbell position used. Moderate to large effect sizes favouring a testing position corresponding to the second pull were also found. Overall, when performing the IMTP, an upright torso and a barbell position that matches the second pull of the clean should be used
... Excessive training demands relative to athletes' current performance potential may increase the risk of overtraining and potential injury, whereas low training demands would provide an insufficient training stimulus for adaptation (28). Methods to quantify an athlete's current performance potential have been investigated in endurance and team sports, predominantly through countermovement jump (35), isometric midthigh pull (12,30), and lower-body stiffness (5) assessments. Not until recently though, with the emergence of low-cost linear position transducers and accelerometer technology, has this type of assessment been possible in resistance training. ...
... Finally, the FV-based 1RM prediction (1RM FV ) was calculated using a custom Matlab (Math-Works; Natick, MA, USA) script with all calculations based on the supplementary material provided by Picerno et al. (31). This algorithm determines the intersection of the FV and the weight-velocity relationships (calculated by multiplying the loads used to develop the load-velocity relationship by 9.81 m$s 22 ), and the load corresponding with this intersection is the 1RM FV (30). Predicted 1RM for each of these 3 methods was first calculated using all of the loadvelocity data points recorded (20-90% 1RM). ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate using load-velocity relationships to quantify fluctuations in maximal strength (1-repetition maximum; 1RM) which occur as a result of training-induced fatigue. The nineteen well-trained males (age: 24.3±2.9 years, height: 180.1±5.9 cm, body mass: 84.2±10.5 kg, squat 1RM: 151.1 ± 25.7 kg) who were recruited for this study attended five sessions. After baseline strength testing, individual load-velocity relationships were established using mean concentric velocity during visits 2, 4 and 5, with visit 3 consisting of a bout of fatiguing exercise (5 sets of squats performed to muscular failure with 70% 1RM). Predicted 1RM values were calculated using the minimal velocity threshold (1RMMVT), load at zero velocity (1RMLD0) and force-velocity (1RMFV) methods. Measured 1RM, maximal voluntary contractions, and perceived muscle soreness were used to examine the effects of fatigue in relation to the predicted 1RM scores. The 1RMMVT and 1RMLD0 demonstrated a very strong and strong correlation with measured 1RM during each of the sessions (r = 0.90-0.96 and r = 0.77-0.84, respectively), while no strong significant correlations were observed for the 1RMFV. Further analysis using Bland-Altman plots demonstrated substantial inter-individual variation associated with each method. These results suggest that load-velocity based 1RM predictions are not accurate enough to be used for daily training load prescription, as has been previously suggested. Nevertheless, these predictions are practical to implement during an individual’s warm- up, and may be useful to indicate general fluctuations in performance potential, particularly if used in conjunction with other common monitoring methods.
... During a wrestling match, efforts of high intensity are perceived and they are characterized by demanding strength levels and muscular potency both in the upper body and lower body, prevailing a predominance of the production system of the anaerobic energy, and also the isometric component for the technical performance (Horswill, 1992;McGuigan et al., 2006;Vardar et al., 2007;García-Pallarés et al., 2010). ...
Purpose: to compare the body composition and the maximum of handgrip strength of Venezuelan cadet wrestlers. The sample was of ten wrestlers of Greco-Roman (GR=5; M±SD, age: 16.81±0.34 yrs.-old; weight: 58.76±4.43 kg; height: 167.2±0.31 cm) and Freestyle (FS=5; M±SD, age: 16.35±0.59 yrs.-old; weight: 60.92±3.34 kg; height: 166.7±0.39 cm). Methods: the procedure used to estimate the body composition (BC) followed the established standards by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. The handgrip strength (HGS) was measured using the manual dynamometer (Takei), recording the best value of three (3) attempts for both right and left hand. The "t Student" was used to compare GR vs. FS wrestlers and to verify statistical differences between the strength of handgrip (left and right), p ≤0.05 value. Results: No effects were observed between GR and FS; the reported values of BC were 12.98±3.08 % for the % body fat and 52.07±3.73 kg for the fat-free mass. The handgrip strength was registered in absolute and relative terms to body weight having as a result for the right hand: (HGS: 49,70±3,53kg.s; 0,83±0,41Kg⋅kg.s-1) and the left hand (HGS: 43,90±4,07kg.s; 0,74±0,05Kg⋅kg.s-1). Significant differences were found between the (HGS) of the right hand compared with the left hand (absolute, p ≤0.05; relative, p ≤0.05). Conclusion: The differences obtained in the (HGS-asymmetrical) could be due to the predominance of the right hand in relationship with the left hand, or to the actions performed with greater emphasis of the right handed side in this group of wrestlers.
... Another gap in the literature is associating nutrient intake with physiological performance of wrestlers, despite the importance of nutrition to this weight class sport. Several early studies in wrestlers examined anaerobic and aerobic capacity (6,15,16,31,39), as well as strength (6,25), and flexibility (6), to provide a physiological profile that may be useful to evaluate wrestling performance. While these studies provide a foundation for expectations of wrestling performance, few studies have compared body composition and performance variables, despite evidence that body composition influences performance measurements in wrestlers (39). ...
College athletes, especially in weight class sports, often experience energy deficits. Athletes competing in weight class sports such as wrestling are at greatest risk for deficiencies and little is known about the relationships between body composition, nutrient intake, and performance in these athletes. The purposes of this study were to (1) quantify macronutrient and micronutrient intake of pre-season male collegiate wrestlers and compare to estimated needs, and (2) examine relationships among nutritional intakes, body composition, and performance measurements of strength and anaerobic capacity. Male Division I wrestlers (n = 11, age: 21.3 ± 1.7 years, wrestling experience: 14.9 ± 2.5 years) were recruited during pre-season. Nutrient intake was collected from a 3-day food diary. A 7-site skinfold assessment determined fat-free mass (FFM) to estimate total daily energy expenditure (eTEE). Isokinetic and isometric strength were evaluated by a Biodex dynamometer. Anaerobic capacity was tested on a stationary cycle ergometer. Eight of eleven wrestlers were energy deficient based on estimated needs. Mean intake of four micronutrients fell below the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Significant correlations were found between dietary intake, strength and anaerobic performance variables (r = 0.603 – 0.902, p = 0.0001 – 0.05). However, after accounting for FFM, these relationships were no longer significant. Nutrient intake in tandem with body composition affects performance for weight class athletes. Achieving high FFM during the preseason may be advantageous for wrestling performance. Nutrient intake and body composition should be monitored so coaches and health professionals can create individualized recommendations to help athletes optimize performance.
... 22 The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is an assessment tool for maximal isometric strength frequently used in adult populations, 23 in a variety of sports. 8,24,25 Even though the test is isometric, it correlates to dynamic athletic tasks such as vertical jump performance, 23 and sprinting. 26 The assessment has 2 primary applications, (1) the quantification of maximal force-generating capacity, known as peak force, and (2) to assess the rate at which force can be generated, known as rate of force development (RFD). ...
Introduction
The importance and potential benefits of muscular strength in the adolescent’s development for health and fitness has been demonstrated in the literature. Maximal muscular strength and its assessment, however, is not a primary assessment criterium in the selection of young talented dancers.
Methods
The present study evaluated the within- and between session reliability, variability, and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Thirty-five participants (female n = 17) participated in 2 identical assessments on the same day with 4-hour break in between. Three 3-second IMTP were performed, and the mean peak force value was used for the analyses.
Results
Within-session the ICC indicated excellent reliability (ICC = .99, 95% CI: 0.98-0.99). Between-session reliability was excellent (ICC = .98, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99). The standard error of measurement was 4% (48 N), the minimum detectable change was 12% (134 N) and the CV was 3%. There were no within-session statistically significant differences, but statistically significant differences between-session were observed ( P < .001). Limits of agreement ranged from −121 N (95% CI −186 to −56 N) to 307 N (95% CI 243-372 N).
Conclusion
The observed results demonstrated excellent within- and between sessions reliability, low variability, and an MDC of 12%. The consistency of the within-session scores suggest that peak force data may be obtained with single try efforts. The statistically significant difference in the means of the retest session, however, suggests that the time of the day or the time since entrained awakening may be affecting performance in adolescent dancers. The results of the current study indicate that the IMTP is a reliable assessment tool for maximal muscular strength in adolescent dancers.
... Using resistance training to improve lower (Sander et al., 2013;Wirth et al., 2016) and upper extremity maximum strength is of high importance for jumping and sprinting performance (Styles et al., 2016;Suchomel et al., 2016) as well as throwing performance (Hermassi et al., 2015), respectively. Enhanced strength has been associated with improved athletic performance in numerous sports, such as handball (Hermassi et al., 2015), basketball (Warneke et al., 2022a), soccer (Lohmann et al., 2022), wrestling (McGuigan et al., 2006), boxing (Dunn et al., 2022), and swimming (Wirth et al., 2022). In addition, increased muscle strength contributes to injury prevention and rehabilitation (Østerås et al., 2015;Sommervold and Østerås, 2017). ...
Recent research showed significant stretch-mediated maximum strength increases when performing stretching between 5 to 120 minutes per day with the calf muscle. However, since the practical applicability of these long stretching durations was questioned and studies exploring the transferability to the upper body are scarce, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using a home-based stretching program to induce significant increases in maximum strength and flexibility. Therefore, 31 recreationally active participants (intervention group: 18, control group: 13) stretched the pectoralis major for 15min/day for eight weeks, incorporating three different stretching exercises. The maximum strength was tested isometrically and dynamically in the bench press (one-repetition maximum: 1RM) as well as shoulder range of motion (ROM) performing double-armedbilateral shoulder rotation with a scaled bar. Using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, the results showed high magnitude Time effects (ƞ²=0.388–0.582, p<0.001) and Group*Time interaction (ƞ²=0.281–0.53, p<0.001–0.002), with increases of 7.4±5.6% in 1RM and of 9.8±5.0% in ROM test in the intervention group. In the isometric testing, there was a high-magnitude Time effect (ƞ²=0.271, p=0.003), however, the Group*Time interaction failed to reach significance (p=0.75). The results are in line with previous results that showed stretch-mediated maximum strength increases in the lower extremity. Future research should address the underlying physiological mechanisms such as muscle hypertrophy, contraction conditions as well as pointing out the relevance of intensity, training frequency and stretching duration.
... Studies that examined wrestlers' isometric strength results concur that it is crucial for obtaining high-level wrestling success ( (Table 8-9-10). Since it is one of the most important parts of several wrestling holds ( (Kraemer et al., 2004;McGuigan, Winchester, & Erickson, 2006;Pallarés et al., 2012). However, in previous research, back, leg, and hand grip dynamometers were used to quantify isometric force. ...
This study aims to compare the physical and physiological profiles between elite men and women wrestlers of free style category. The research group consist of twenty-nine men and twenty-one women freestyle wrestlers who camped for performance tests at the Turkish Olympic Preparation Center in Ankara 2 months before the European Wrestling Championship in Budapest on March 28-April 3, 2022. Subjects performed the leg and arm Wingate anaerobic test (anaerobic power and capacity), VO2max (aerobic endurance), Reactive agility, isokinetic and isometric strength test. The results showed that Lower Extremity anaerobic power obtained from men, knee flexor at VO2max, 60°/s and 180°/s peak torque, isometric force values of arm and trunk extensor muscles, are higher than in women (p<0.05). In contrast, upper extremity anaerobic power values seem to be similar (p>0.05). As a result, it can be said that the endurance capacity, isometric, and isokinetic strength parameters are more effective than the force parameter in gender. These results can be used by coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, and sport scientists to create a comprehensive physical and physiological profile of wrestlers that will help them adapt their training programs.
... In current studies, the maximal lower-extremity strength can be divided into dynamic strength (usually measured by 1RM squat) and isometric strength (e.g., peak force obtained from IMTP). In theory, dynamic and isometric strength measures the same basic concept of maximum force-production capability, and several studies have examined a strong correlation between the two [42]. Fourteen related studies were included in this review, with a 50/50 dynamic and isometric strength distribution. ...
The aim of the present study is to determine the associations between lower-extremity muscle strength qualities and change of direction (CoD) performance. Three databases were used to perform a systematic literature search, and up to September 30 2022. From the studies that met the inclusion criteria, the Pearson’s r correlation coefficient to examine relationships muscle strength qualities and COD performance was extracted. The quality of included studies was evaluated by the modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index tool. Heterogeneity was testified via the Q statistic and I2, and Egger’s test was used to assess small study bias. The results revealed that lower-extremity maximal strength (pooled: r=-0.54, dynamic: r=-0.60, static: r=-0.41), joint strength (pooled: r=-0.59, EXT-ecc: r=-0.63, FLEX-ecc: r=-0.59), reactive strength (r=-0.42) and power (pooled: r=-0.45, jump height: r=-0.41, jump distance: r=-0.60, peak power: r=-0.41) were negatively and moderately related to CoD performance. To conclude, the results highlight that a number of muscle strength qualities are associated with CoD performance, that are pertinent to specific phases of a directional change. It should be noted that the conclusions of this study do not establish causality and further research is needed to better understand their training effects and underlying mechanisms.
... The ability to generate CMJ PF in an unloaded condition is not reflective of the change in velocity attained in the CMJ across loading conditions. This is supported by research which suggests that different individuals possess different F-v characteristics, and that this difference may impact the ability to generate high velocities across different loading conditions (30). ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the dynamic strength index (DSI) and the lower-body Force-velocity (F-v) profile. Eighty-six (n = 58 females) resistance-trained individuals were recruited to perform both the DSI and F-v profile testing protocols to evaluate this relationship, as well as relationships between the components that comprise each test. Spearman correlations were calculated between DSI, F-v profile slope, countermovement jump (CMJ) peak force (PF), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) PF, and CMJ peak velocity (PV) across a series of loading conditions from an unloaded CMJ to an additional 100% bodyweight (BW) CMJ condition. No significant correlations (rs = 0.01; p > 0.05) were found between the DSI value and the F-v profile slope. Significant correlations were found between the DSI and CMJ/IMTP PF (rs range = -0.63 to 0.22; p < 0.05) and between CMJ/IMTP PF and measures of CMJ PV (rs range = 0.45 to 0.73; p < 0.05) across the loading conditions. Results suggest that the DSI is not correlated to the F-v profile slope. Two different means of evaluating muscular force in athletes are not correlated; we suggest that athletes require specific evaluations for specific performance characteristics when assessing muscular force.
... Results of this exemplary calculation shows that correlations stated as high (r ≥ 0.7), which are partially higher than the stated correlations in literature with r = 0.52-0.97 (7,48,69,79,80,107) seem not to be sufficient to evaluate the replaceability of dynamic testing conditions with isometric testing. Expecting increases between 10%-19% with a strength training program of 6-24 weeks, a MAPE between isometric and dynamic testing of 7%-17% seems to be intolerably high, considering scientific quality criteria (see Table 2). ...
Measuring maximal strength (MSt) is a very common performance diagnoses, especially in elite and competitive sports. The most popular procedure in test batteries is to test the one repetition maximum (1RM). Since testing maximum dynamic strength is very time consuming, it often suggested to use isometric testing conditions instead. This suggestion is based on the assumption that the high Pearson correlation coefficients of r = 0.7 between isometric and dynamic conditions indicate that both tests would provide similar measures of MSt. However, calculating r provides information about the relationship between two parameters, but does not provide any statement about the agreement or concordance of two testing procedures. Hence, to assess replaceability, the concordance correlation coefficient (rhoc) and the Bland-Altman analysis including the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) seem to be more appropriate. Therefore, an exemplary model based on r=0.55 showed rhoc = 0.53, A MAE of 413.58N and a MAPE = 23.6% with a range of -1000 – 800N within 95% Confidence interval (95%CI), while r=0.7 and 0.92 showed rhoc =0.68 with a MAE = 304.51N/MAPE = 17.4% with a range of -750N – 600N within a 95% CI and rhoc =0.9 with a MAE = 139.99/MAPE =7.1% with a range of -200-450N within a 95% CI, respectively. This model illustrates the limited validity of correlation coefficients to evaluate the replaceability of two testing procedures. Interpretation and classification of rhoc, MAE and MAPE seem to depend on expected changes of the measured parameter. A MAPE of about 17% between two testing procedures can be assumed to be intolerably high.
... Üst ekstremitenin izometrik kuvvetine ek olarak, kavrama kuvvetini artıracak spesifik izometrik eylemler elit güreşçilerin antrenman programının önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. 6 Birçok spor branşında yapılan hareketin patlayıcı formda sergilenebilmesi performansın göstergesi olarak karşımıza çıkarken, anaerobik performans patlayıcı formda kısa süreli ve yüksek şiddetli uygulamaların temel belirleyicisi olmaktadır. 7 Güreş; patlayıcı güce yönelik anaerobik enerji sisteminin baskın olarak kullanıldığı, bir spor dalı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. ...
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı grekoromen stil güreşçilerde spor yaralanmalarının izometrik kuvvet ve anaerobik güç ile ilişkisini araştırmak, yaralanma geçiren ve geçirmeyen sporcuları bu parametreler açısından karşılaştırmaktır. Yöntem: Bu çalışma; 11-16 yaş arası Grekoromen stil güreşçiler üzerinde yapıldı. Üst ekstremite izometrik kuvvetini değerlendirmek için “Jamar” marka el dinamometresi kullanıldı. Alt ekstremite izometrik kuvvetini değerlendirmek için “Duvarda Çömelme Testi”, üst ekstremite anaerobik (patlayıcı) gücünü ölçmek için “Sağlık Topu Fırlatma Testi”, alt ekstremite anaerobik gücü için “Modifiye Üç Kutu Atlama Testi” yapıldı. Spor yaralanma profilinin belirlenmesinde “Kerlan-Jobe Omuz Dirsek Skoru” ve “Fonksiyonel Ayak Bileği İnstabilitesi Ölçeği” kullanıldı. Bulgular: Omuz veya kol bölgesinde herhangi bir yaralanma geçiren sporcuların sağ ve sol el kavrama kuvvetleri ve “Sağlık Topu Fırlatma Testi” skorları yaralanma geçirmeyenlere göre daha yüksekti (p<0,05). Ayak bileğinde herhangi bir yaralanma geçiren sporcularla geçirmeyen sporcular arasında, Duvarda Çömelme ve Modifiye 3 Kutu Atlama Testi skorları açısından bir fark bulunmadı (p>0,05). Sonuç: Yaralanma geçiren güreşçilerin üst ekstremite izometrik kuvvet ve anaerobik gücü hiç yaralanma geçirmeyenlere göre yüksektir. Alt ekstremite izometrik kuvvet ve anaerobik güç açısından farklılık yoktur. Güreşçilerde, özellikle üst ekstremite spor yaralanmaları; güç ve kuvvet parametrelerini olumsuz etkilememektedir.
... Training and fighting in wrestling is characterized by significant risks of common musculoskeletal injuries [1][2][3][4][5]. In sports training in wrestling a high value is put on the development of muscular strength and power mainly through the isometric work of muscles [6], however, any actions are undertaken to apply an activity focused on improved motor control. It is forgotten that an inadequate motor control is responsible for abnormal motor pattern, which in turn reduces the effectiveness of sports training. ...
Backgorund: Wrestling is a contact sport with a high risk of injury occurrence caused by typical motor system dysfunctions. In wrestling training a high value is put on the development of power and muscle strength, however, a program aimed at improving motor control is not introduced. Methods: The study involved 25 men wrestlers from School of Sporting Excellence in Radom Poland. To identify musculoskeletal system weak links low threshold Performance Matrix Tests were used. An analysis of weak links occurrence in biokine-matics chain was done using ANalysis Of Variance (ANOVA), location and direction of weak links occurrence was identified. Results: The low threshold tests provide the information that tested athletes (n = 25) have weak links in musculoskeletal system. Players training experience has significant influence on their occurrence Pr (>F) 0.01809. The values p3 = Pr (>F) 0.03215 and p5 = Pr (>F) 0.04042 reflect significant correlation with occurrence of weak links number in various places in wrestlers musculoskeletal system. The results Pr (>F) for training frequency, wrestlers age and sports level indicate no significant effect of these characteristics on weak links location in musculoskeletal system. Conclusions: Obtained results lead to the following conclusions: (1) training loads in wrestling cause weak links occurrence in musculoskeletal system among juniors; (2) wrestlers training in junior category significantly affects weak links occurrence in chain of musculoskeletal system in different locations; (3) wrestlers training frequency does not have a significant impact on weak links location estimated by low threshold tests.
... An overview of averaged RFD and impulsion over testing sessions indicates that RF D peak and RF D 0−100 significantly increased between LI and MI (p < 0.001), but changes remain not significant between MI and HI sessions despite a large increase of exercise intensity (see Figure 2.15). These results are in line with the literature, suggesting that changes in RFD are partially related to exercise intensity (McGuigan and Winchester 2008;McGuigan, Winchester, and Erickson 2006). More generally, it has even been stated that RFD is not fully correlated with muscle strength (Guizelini, Aguiar, Denadai, et al. 2018) but also depends 2. Training loads: from an objective training-load quantification to physiological responses -2.1. ...
The first models of training effects on athletic performance emerged with the work of Banister and Calvert through the so-called Fitness-Fatigue model (FFM). One major drawback of FFMs is that the features stem from a single source of data. That is not in line with the existing consensus about a multifactorial aspect of athletic performance. Hence, multivariate modelling approaches from statistics and machine-learning (ML) emerged.
A research issue arises from the quantification of training Loads (TL) in resistance training (RT) which lack of physiological evidence. In the first study, we provided a new method of TL quantification in RT based on physiological observations. To achieve that, we initially modelled the torque-velocity profiles of fifteen participants during an isokinetic leg extension task and assessed a set of physiological responses to various resistance exercises intensities. Each session was volume-equated according to the formulation of volume load (i.e. the product of the number of repetitions and the relative intensity).
Higher led to greater muscular fatigue described by neuromuscular impairments. Conversely, systemic and local pulmonary responses (measured through oxygen uptake) and metabolic changes (according to blood lactate concentrations) were more significant at low intensities, suggesting different contributions of metabolic pathways.
From these results, we provided a new index of TL based on the neuromuscu- lar impairments observed at exercise. We showed that to exponentially weight TL by the average rate decay of force development rate yielded better correla- tions with any of the significant physiological responses to exercise. In addition, information compressed within a principal component could be a valuable TL index.
In the second study, we provided a robust modelling methodology that relies on model generalisation. Using data from elite speed skaters, we compared a dose-response model to regularisation methods and machine-learning models.
Regularisation procedures provided the greatest performances in both generalisa- tion and accuracy. Also, we highlighted the pertinence of computing one model over the group of athletes instead of a model per athlete in a context of a small sample size.
Finally, ML approaches could be a way of improving FFMs through ensemble learning methods.
In the third study, we modelled acceleration-velocity directly from global posi- tioning system (GPS) measurements and attempted to predict the coefficients of the relationship between acceleration and velocity.
First, a baseline model was defined by time-series forecasting using game data only. Then, we proceeded to multivariate modelling using commercial features. A regularised linear regression and a long short term memory neural network were compared. Finally, we extracted features directly from raw GPS data and compared these features to the commercial ones for prediction purposes.
The results showed only slight differences between model accuracy, and no models significantly outperformed the baseline in the prediction task. Given the multi- factorial nature of athletic performance, using only GPS data for predicting such athletic performance criterion provided an acceptable accuracy. Using time-domain and frequency-domain features extracted from raw data led to similar performances compared to the commercial ones, despite being evidence-based. It suggests that raw data should be considered for future athletic performance and injury occurrence analysis.
Lastly, we developed an athlete management system for long-distance runners. This application provided an athlete monitoring module and a predictive module based on a physiological model of running performance.
A second development was realised under the SAP analytics cloud solution. Team management and automated dashboards were provided herein, in close collaboration with a professional Rugby team.
... Another study in female handball players assessed the range of motion (ROM) and isometric force with speed at which the ball was struck (Schwesig et al., 2016). It has been also shown how maximum isometric force allowed for the improvement of aspects related to soccer and wrestling (Kraska et al., 2009;McGuigan et al., 2006;McGuigan and Winchester, 2008;Stone et al., 2003Stone et al., , 2004. Furthermore, ROM and isometric strength of the shoulders and elbow contributed to the improvement in the speed of the ball in experienced handball players, according to Van Der Tillaar and Ettema (2004). ...
The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between isometric force produced in different joints and its effects on the power kick serve speed in beach volleyball as a predictive aspect to improve sports performance. Seven athletes competing at national and international levels (mean ± standard deviation; age: 21.6 ± 3.20 years; body height: 1.87 ± 0.08 cm; body mass 80.18 ± 7.11 kg) were evaluated using maximum isometric force contractions (i.e., spinal and knee extension, grip by a hand dynamometer (handgrip), internal shoulder rotation, shoulder flexion, elbow flexion and extension, and wrist flexion). Speed of the ball was recorded with a pistol radar and force was measured with a strain gauge. Results showed a relationship between isometric force developed in the internal rotation of the shoulder and speed of the ball (r = 0.76*; p < 0.05). In the remaining isometric exercises, positive low to moderate correlations were found in the spine and knee extension (r = 0.56; p = 0.200) and elbow flexion (r = 0.41; p = 0.375). On the other hand, the remaining isometric exercises obtained weak or non-significant correlations. Force developed in the internal rotation of the shoulder highly correlated with the speed of the power kick, explaining, together with the elbow flexion and the extension of the knee and back, much of the variability of the power kick of beach volleyball athletes.
... Wrestling is one of the oldest competitive sports in the world as a high-intensity sport that requires regional power and whole-body power [23][24][25][26]. While athletes exhibit these skills on the mat, they apply many physical and affective characteristics such as strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, agility, strategy to the opponent during the match, in transforming the skill into points. ...
Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to identify and correlate some factors that are thought to affect the dynamic-static balance and proprioceptive senses of elite level wrestlers. Material and Methods. Descriptive statistics of a total of 13 volunteer elite freestyle wrestlers were determined after body weights, height, WAnT, active-squat jump tests, proprioceptive sense measurements, static and dynamic balance test measurements were taken. Then, the relationship test with the values obtained from static-dynamic balance and proprioceptive sense measurements, the Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT) and vertical jump (active-squat) was examined. Results. As a result of Pearson Products Moment Relationship analyses, a significant relationship was found between static balance measurements and, WAnT anaerobic performance measurements, anaerobic performance measurements obtained from jumping, lower extremity isoinertial strength imbalance measurements (p>0.05). In addition, a significant relationship was found between dynamic balance measurements and WAnT anaerobic performance measurements (p>0.05). In addition, a significant relationship was found between proprioceptive joint angle deviation values and WAnT anaerobic performance measurements, anaerobic performance measurements obtained from jumping, and lower extremity isoinertial strength imbalance measurements (p>0.05). Conclusions. In conclusion, as the findings of the study, the determining factors of the balance and angular error rates differ in the left and right legs of wrestlers. Especially, in order to minimize left leg balance and angular errors, training modules that increase proprioceptive performance should be applied to athletes.
... During a wrestling match, efforts of high intensity are perceived and they are characterized by demanding strength levels and muscular potency both in the upper body and lower body, prevailing a predominance of the production system of the anaerobic energy, and also the isometric component for the technical performance (Horswill, 1992;McGuigan et al., 2006;Vardar et al., 2007;García-Pallarés et al., 2010). ...
Purpose: to compare the body composition and the maximum of handgrip strength of Venezuelan cadet wrestlers. The sample was of ten wrestlers of Greco-Roman (GR=5; M±SD, age: 16.81±0.34 yrs.-old; weight: 58.76±4.43 kg; height: 167.2±0.31 cm) and Freestyle (FS=5; M±SD, age: 16.35±0.59 yrs.-old; weight: 60.92±3.34 kg; height: 166.7±0.39 cm). Methods: the procedure used to estimate the body composition (BC) followed the established standards by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. The handgrip strength (HGS) was measured using the manual dynamometer (Takei), recording the best value of three (3) attempts for both right and left hand. The "t Student" was used to compare GR vs. FS wrestlers and to verify statistical differences between the strength of handgrip (left and right), p ≤0.05 value. Results: No effects were observed between GR and FS; the reported values of BC were 12.98±3.08 % for the % body fat and 52.07±3.73 kg for the fat-free mass. The handgrip strength was registered in absolute and relative terms to body weight having as a result for the right hand: (HGS: 49,70±3,53kg.s; 0,83±0,41Kg⋅kg.s-1) and the left hand (HGS: 43,90±4,07kg.s; 0,74±0,05Kg⋅kg.s-1). Significant differences were found between the (HGS) of the right hand compared with the left hand (absolute, p ≤0.05; relative, p ≤0.05). Conclusion: The differences obtained in the (HGS-asymmetrical) could be due to the predominance of the right hand in relationship with the left hand, or to the actions performed with greater emphasis of the right handed side in this group of wrestlers.
... development outputs) [14,15], and are able to distinguish between athletes of different competitive levels [11,[16][17][18]. ...
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to examine the relationships between force outputs
measured in the isometric horizontal push test (IHPT) and athletic performances; (ii) to compare IHPT outputs between football players and recreationally active controls. Thirty-two male subjects (football players, n = 16; university students, n = 16) completed the IHPT, countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 5 m, 10 m and 20 m sprint tests, randomly across two testing sessions. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between IHPT outputs and athletic performances by accounting for the subjects’ athletic background. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the IHPT outputs between groups. Moderate to very strong linear relationships (r2 range: 0.16–0.56) were found between the IHPT and all athletic performances (all p < .026). Percent variance explained by the IHPT outputs after accounting for groups difference was 16%, 56%, 54%, 48% and 40% for CMJ height, SLJ distance, 5 m, 10 m and 20 m sprint performances, respectively. Compared to controls (6.18 ± 0.89 N/kg), football players (10.09 ± 1.57 N/kg) achieved greater IHPT force outputs (p < .001, Hedges’ g = 3.2, large ES). The IHPT is clearly correlated to horizontal and vertical athletic performances and can adequately distinguish between athletes and recreationally active controls based on their IHPT results. Future studies should examine the usefulness of the IHPT as a testing tool informing training prescription and performance monitoring practices.
... Hasil pengukuran ini jauh lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Mirzaei (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa atlet gulat yang dapat meraih medali emas memiliki rata -rata 77 kali/menit. 12 sama halnya dengan atlet gulat puteri untuk komponen daya tahan otot perut termasuk kategori cukup dengan rata -rata 24,5 kali/menit. Sedangkan, untuk power otot tungkai atlet gulat putera PON XVIII Jawa Barat termasuk kategori baik dengan rata -rata 55,7 cm. ...
During the National Sports Week XVIII held in September 2012, wrestling athletes from West Java Province could not meet the expected performance; since they got only one gold and two bronze medals. The athlete’s performance usually affected by three factors; physical condition, technique, and mental condition. To achieve the best result, the gold medal, athletes should have good predominant physical condition indicators, such as muscle strength, endurance, power, and flexibility. The purpose of this study is to know the physical condition of West Java’s wrestling athletes in the National Sports Week XVIII. The method used was a cross-sectional descriptive study using secondary data obtained from the Sports Medicine Department of the National Sports Committee of Indonesia in Bandung. The data are chosen from the predominant physical condition indicator explained before, along with cardio-respiratory endurance. After that, we compared the data we obtained with the National Sports Committee of Indonesia’s standards and categorized it specific type; less, enough, good, very good, and perfect. Male and female athletes had different category systems. After analysis, we found that several predominant physical components of wrestling athletes of West Java Province in National Sports Week XVIII had not met the requirement for the good and perfect category andneeded to be improved. In conclusion, athletes should be able to get a gold medal if their predominant physical component achieves the good and perfect category.
... Sedangkan, untuk power otot tungkai atlet gulat putera PON XVIII Jawa Barat termasuk kategori baik dengan rata -rata 55,7 cm. Hasil pengukuran ini sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh McGuigan (2006) yang menyatakan bahwa atlet gulat yang dapat berprestasi memiliki nilai 45 cm 13 . ...
Wrestlers of West Java Province had not met the performance sought in the National Sports Week XVIII as they got one gold and two bronze medals. Athletes performance is affected by three factors; there are physical condition, technique, and mental condition of athlete. Athletes should have a perfect predominant physical component in order to achieve a gold medal. This study aims to know the physical condition of West Javas wrestling athletes in the National Sports Week XVIII. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study using secondary data obtained from Sports Medicine Department of National Sports Committee of Indonesia in Bandung. The data consisted of various predominant physical components, which were muscle strength, endurance, power, and flexibility, as well as cardiorespiratory endurance. The data was compared to National Sports Committee of Indonesias standards and categorized into less, enough, good, very good, and perfect. Male athletes had several components which were categorized as less and enough; those are abdominal muscle endurance, arm and shoulder muscle endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance; Whereas, female athletes were less and enough in abdominal muscle endurance, limb muscles strength, limb muscles power, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Several predominant physical components of wrestling athletes of West Java Province in National Sports Week XVIII had not met the requirement for good and perfect category and needed to be improved. Generally, athletes will be able to get a gold medal if their predominant physical component achieves the good and perfect category.
... Hasil pengukuran ini jauh lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Mirzaei (2011) yang menyatakan bahwa atlet gulat yang dapat meraih medali emas memiliki rata -rata 77 kali/menit. 12 sama halnya dengan atlet gulat puteri untuk komponen daya tahan otot perut termasuk kategori cukup dengan rata -rata 24,5 kali/menit. Sedangkan, untuk power otot tungkai atlet gulat putera PON XVIII Jawa Barat termasuk kategori baik dengan rata -rata 55,7 cm. ...
During the National Sports Week XVIII held in September 2012, wrestling athletes from WestJava Province could not meet the expected performance; since they got only one gold and twobronze medals. The athletes performance usually affected by three factors; physicalcondition, technique, and mental condition. To achieve the best result, the gold medal, athletesshould have good predominant physical condition indicators, such as muscle strength,endurance, power, and flexibility. The purpose of this study is to know the physical conditionof West Javas wrestling athletes in the National Sports Week XVIII. The method used wascross-sectional descriptive study using secondary data obtained from Sports MedicineDepartment of National Sports Committee of Indonesia in Bandung. The data are chosen frompredominant physical condition indicator explained before, along with cardio-respiratoryendurance. After that, we compared the data we obtained with National Sports Committee ofIndonesias standards and categorized it specific type; less, enough, good, very good, andperfect. Male and female athletes had different category system. After analyzed, we found thatseveral predominant physical components of wrestling athletes of West Java Province inNational Sports Week XVIII had not met the requirement for good and perfect category andneeded to be improved. In conclusion, athletes should be able to get a gold medal if theirpredominant physical component achieves the good and perfect category.
... Dazu zählen zum einen unspezifische Krafttests zur Erfassung der isometrischen Rumpfkraft (Pegasus) und verschiedener Einwiederholungsmaxima. Zum anderen kommen im DRB Tests zur Erfassung der allgemeinen Ausdauer (Laufbandstufentest, Feldstufentest) zur Anwendung. Verfahren zur Erfassung der spezifischen sowie unspezifischen Kraft und Ausdauer werden im Ringen auch international im Rahmen der Evaluationsforschung genutzt (McGuigan, Winchester, & Erickson, 2006;Garcia-Pallares, Lopez-Gullon, Murie, Diaz & Izquierdo, 2011). Während sich die o. g. ...
Eine permanente Aufgabe der prozessbegleitenden Trainings- und Wettkampfforschung am Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft ist die Evaluierung und Weiterentwicklung sportartspezifischer Leistungsstrukturmodelle. Diese sind wichtige Grundlage, um eine effektive Trainingsgestaltung innerhalb unterschiedlicher Trainingszyklen, d. h. vom Mikrozyklus bis zum Olympiazyklus, zu gewährleisten.
Die Beiträge in dieser Publikation beschäftigen sich mit unterschiedlichen, aber dennoch gleichermaßen bedeutsamen Leistungsfaktoren in den Spiel- und Zweikampfsporten. Diese sind Gegenstand der aktuellen Forschungsprojekte, die sich an der Forschungsstrategie der prozessbegleitenden Trainings- und Wettkampfforschung orientieren. Insbesondere die Wechselwirkungen zwischen einzelnen Leistungsfaktoren müssen so gestaltet sein, dass zum Wettkampfhöhepunkt die beste Leistung abgerufen und damit die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit entsprechend hoch angesetzt werden kann. Perspektivisch rücken dabei die Entwicklung von deskriptiven zu präskriptiven Leistungsstrukturmodellen sowie zunehmende Fragen zur Individualisierung auch in den Spielsportarten sowie die mathematische Modellierung von Wettkampfleistungen in situativen Sportarten in den Fokus.
... Strength is a fundamental quality necessary in achieving optimal physical function and is defined as the ability to produce more force [51,54]. Strong relationships between isometric strength and performance (e.g., jumping and throwing ability) have been reported in various athletic populations [31,39,40,55,56]. In many sports, apart from anthropometric measurements, a number of strength and power tests have been used to assess the athletic performance. ...
Study aim : In a volleyball game, multiple elements can influence competitive success, e.g. height, arm span and other anthropometric variables. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to find out whether any differences exist between Indian inter-university male and female volleyball players as well as between players and a reference group in terms of anthropometry and handgrip strength.
Materials and methods : The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 114 randomly selected Indian inter-university male (n = 50) and female (n = 64) volleyball players aged 18–25 years. An equal number of reference group individuals who did not participate in any exercise or training programme were also taken. Height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m ² ), hand length, hand breadth, second digit length, fourth digit length, second and fourth digit ratio (2D/4D ratio), upper arm length, forearm length, total arm length, upper arm circumference, hip circumference; humerus and femur biepicondylar diameters, handgrip strength (dominant/non-dominant), arm muscle area, arm area, arm fat area, arm fat index, % body fat, and % lean body mass were measured with equipment including an anthropometer, sliding caliper, handgrip dynamometer and skinfold caliper using standard techniques. The data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Student’s t-test was applied for the comparison of data between players and the reference group. Differences between the groups were analysed using the oneway ANOVA test. Bonferroni post hoc test was applied after application of the ANOVA test. Effect size was also calculated. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was indicated using a 5% level of probability.
Results : Male volleyball players had higher mean values in height, body weight, hand length, hand breadth, second and fourth digit length, dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength, humerus and femur biepicondylar diameter, upper arm length, forearm length and total arm length, arm muscle area, arm area and percent lean body mass than the reference group. Similar findings were observed between female players and the reference group also. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05–0.001) were also observed between male and female players except BMI, 2D/4D ratio, and arm fat area. These findings were supported by the effect size (η) calculations.
Conclusion : Volleyball players had better height, weight, hand and arm anthropometrics, handgrip strength and % lean body mass as compared to the reference group. Significant differences were found in anthropometry and handgrip strength between players and reference group individuals, suggesting that these findings could be very useful for player selection and talent identification in sports.
... A wrestling match consists of a series of dynamic movements of the legs, hips, and back and also involves isometric grasping for position maintenance. It has been shown that these patterns of muscular force appear sensitive to the accumulated effects of fatigue i.e., muscle damage or acid-base balance (McGuigan et al., 2006). ...
Maximal strength, muscular endurance, maximal aerobic power, and anaerobic capabilities, power are needed to have victory for wrestlers in a wrestling competition.The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of acute muscular fatigue on static and dynamic balance performances in elite wrestlers. Ten elite male wrestlers (25 ± 2.3 years, 181 ± 6.5 cm, 84 ± 4.2 kg) participated in the study voluntarily. Participants were undertaken dynamic and static balance test before fatigue exercise (in Cybex) and immediately after fatigue exercise, theywere undertaken dynamic and static balance test again. SPSS packet program was used to evaluate the data. There were no statistically significant differences in static and dynamic balance before and after fatigue. The results show that wrestlers’ balance is not affected by muscular fatigue, so there is no need for balance exercise after fatigue at least according to this study.
... Furthermore, De Witt et al. (2016) found that isometric mid-thigh pull has a strong correlation to conventional deadlift 1RM, whilst being a less provocative test (De Witt et al 2016). Earlier research also indicates a link between isometric testing and 1RM in collegiate wrestlers (McGuigan, Winchester and Erickson, 2006.) The isometric mid-thigh pull has also shown strong correlations between and within session reliability for testing PF and RFD (Moeskops et al., 2018). ...
Barefoot training effects on peak force and rate of force development
... When expressed as PF relative to body weight IMTP correlates with 10 m sprint r=-0.37 (38) and CMJ height 0.45 (38) 0.61 (20). Testing is typically conducted using standard power racks or custom-built racks that are adjusted in 2 cm or smaller increments to allow the user to assume the correct position and repeat this position across multiple tests (22)(23)(24)40). These procedures often result in strong within-and between-session reliability for PF outputs, as indicated frequently by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values of 0.83-0.98 ...
It is looking into the validity and reliability of a £30 crane scale to conduct Isometric mid-thigh pull testing on instead of requiring a force plate.
... Moreover, it has been shown that running economy can be improved by performing either IST [18] and dynamic strength training [7,48]. Furthermore, although dynamic strength measures have been shown to be highly correlated to sports-related dynamic performance such as sprinting and jumping [52,60], studies have also shown similar findings for isometric strength measures (peak force, rate of force development (RFD), impulse) [45,46,54,59]. ...
This review used a narrative summary of findings from studies that focused on isometric strength training (IST), covering the training considerations that affect strength adaptations and its effects on sports related dynamic performances. IST has been shown to induce less fatigue and resulted in superior joint angle specific strength than dynamic strength training, and benefited sports related dynamic performances such as running, jumping and cycling. IST may be included into athletes’ training regime to avoid getting overly fatigue while still acquiring positive neuromuscular adaptations; to improve the strength at a biomechanically disadvantaged joint position of a specific movement; to improve sports specific movements that require mainly isometric contraction; and when athletes have limited mobility due to injuries. To increase muscle hypertrophy, IST should be performed at 70–75% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) with sustained contraction of 3–30 s per repetition, and total contraction duration of>80–150 s per session for>36 sessions. To increase maximum strength, IST should be performed at 80–100% MVC with sustained contraction of 1–5 s, and total contraction time of 30–90 s per session, while adopting multiple joint angles or targeted joint angle. Performing IST in a ballistic manner can maximize the improvement of rate of force development.
... Consequently, the combination of the I and W 1 I loads could provide the most effective stimulus for the development of Pmax. The F iso and the 1RM are 2 of the measures more commonly used to evaluate maximal strength capacity (12,18,22). More recently, several studies have recommended the use of the F 0 parameter derived from the F-V relationship as an indicator of maximal strength capacity (3,7,23). ...
This study aimed (I) to evaluate the degree of linearity of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship across different types of loads, (II) to compare the magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters (maximum values of force [F0], velocity [V0] and power [Pmax]) between the different types of loads, and (III) to explore the concurrent validity of F0 with traditional measures of maximal strength. The F-V relationships of 15 physically active men (age: 20.9±2.0 years, bench press 1-repetition maximum [1RM] relative to body mass: 1.20±0.10 kg·kg-1) were determined during the bench press throw exercise using predominantly gravitational (W), inertial (I) and combined (W+I) loads. The bench press maximal isometric force (Fiso) and the 1RM were also assessed. The individual F-V relationships were highly linear regardless of the type of load considered (median r [range] = 0.98 [0.94, 1.00]). The W+I load provided the largest value of F0 (972±45 N; 6.0% and 14.6% higher than W and I, respectively), the I load the largest value of V0 (2.99±0.34 m·s-1; 40.4% and 20.1% higher than W and W+I, respectively), and the W load the lowest value of Pmax (501±46 W; -22.7% and -17.1% lower than I and W+I, respectively). The F0 obtained from the W load presented the highest association with Fiso and 1RM values (r > 0.90). The W+I and the I loads should be recommended to work closer to the F0 and V0 capacities, respectively. However, the W load should be recommended to assess maximal strength capacity through the value of F0.
Core Antrenmanının Sürat Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi (Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışması) İdris KAYANTAŞ Mehmet SÖYLER Core Egzersiz Kavramı ve Anatomisi Yıldırım Gökhan GENCER Covid-19 Salgınının Beş Büyük Avrupa Ligine Olan Ekonomik Etkilerinin İncelenmesi Atakan AKSU Gürkan TANOĞLU Tuba Fatma KARADAĞ Covid-19 Salgınının Spor Organizasyonlarına Etkisi ve Ekonomik Zararları Gülsüm YILMAZ Enes BELTEKİN Egzersiz ve Bazı Hormon Parametreleri Arasındaki İlişki Nilüfer BULUT Güreş Sporunun Fiziksel ve Fizyolojik Özellikleri Hüseyin EROĞLU Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Yaşam Tatmini ve Boş Zaman Yönetimleri Barış KARAOĞLU Mali Tablolar Bakımından Spor Kulüpleri Yasasının Gerekliliği (Dört Büyükler Örneği) Oğuzhan EROĞLU Tuba Fatma KARADAĞ Pandemide (Covid-19) Egzersiz ve Beslenme Ali TÜRKER Kahramanmaraş Kültüründe Yüzük Oyunu Abdullah DOĞAN Genç Kadın Futbolcularda Şuttaki Top Hızı: Kuvvet, Güç ve Antropometre Yıldırım Gökhan GENCER Mücahit SARİKAYA Fatih ERİŞ Emre Can IĞDIR Salih ÖNER
The rate of force development (RFD), is seen as a determining characteristic in fast actions present in basketball. However, we observed different relationships between RFD and maximum strength, as well as different relationships between RFD and neuromuscular variables according to the evaluated population. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the degree of determination of maximum strength (Tmax) and neuromuscular recruitment variables (RMS), Absolute Energy (AE) and the motor units firing frequencies (MPF) in rate of force development (RFD) for basketball athletes. Nine basketball athletes from the same team (mean ± SD; age: 20.8 ± 2.08 years; body mass: 84.33 ± 8.80kg; height: 1.86 ± 0.095 meters; practice time: 11.67 ± 1.65 years) were evaluated through maximum isometric contraction with highest value of maximum force among 3 attempts. The RFD were evaluated and correlated with the RMS and AE values and the MPF values of the electromyographic signal at instants 0-50; 50-100, 100-150 and 150-200 milliseconds. The results show a reduction in RFD and MPF over the evaluated time windows and also a correlation between MPF and TDF in the 0-50ms time window (R2 0.67 p<0.05). The results show no relationship between RFD and RMS and AE, in addition to these variables not showing significant reductions in the evaluated time windows. The levels of RFD show to be more related to the firing frequency of the motor units than the maximum force and the level of recruitment of the motor units.
Abstract
Aim: Wrestling is a popular sport which included Freestyle and GrecoRoman. The aim of the present study was to examine Core stability, Balance and FMS scores differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman youth wrestlers. Methodology: 30 Freestyle wrestlers and 30 Greco-Roman wrestlers participated in this study. Core stability determined using a standard sit and reach test, Balance determined using YBT. The FMS developed by Cook was used to assess functional movement. Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers were analyzed by the Independent Sample t-Test.
Results: The Greco-Roman wrestlers had a significantly higher scores Core stability than Freestyle wrestlers. The Freestyle wrestlers had a significantly higher scores Balance than Greco-Roman wrestlers. No significant differences were found in the FMS scores between Freestyle and GrecoRoman wrestlers (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Greco-Roman wrestlers have a higher level of Core stability than Freestyle wrestlers. Greco-Roman wrestlers perform dynamic moves (e.g., lifting, throwing, and resisting opponents) that require upper body strength and endurance, and all of the techniques in Greco-Roman wrestling must be performed with the upper body, both in competitions and training. The Freestyle wrestlers have a
higher level of Balance than Greco-Roman wrestlers. Therefore, the differences between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers may be due to the wrestling style differences in training and to competition related demands.
Key words: Core stability, FMS, Wrestle, YBT
Weightlifters produce strength and power in the vertical plane, while canoeists produce strength and power in the horizontal plane. The purpose of the study is to examine the difference between isometric strength and ballistic force of athletes in weightlifting and canoeing, at which strength and power production occurs in different planes. 84 athletes aged 14-21 were included in the study. Demographic information of the athletes was taken on a working day and a standard warm-up protocol was applied. Dynamic Strength Index (DSI) was calculated to evaluate the ballistic force. Data for DSI were obtained by Opto-Jump device with counter-movement jump (CMJ) test and Isometric Mid-Thigh Test (IMTP). The IMTP test was performed with the Kistler+Noraxon Measurement Device to evaluate isometric strength. According to the findings of the study, the ballistic force, jump height and DSI values of male weightlifters had higher values than male canoe athletes (p0.05). While the jump height and DSI values of female weightlifters were higher than female canoe athletes (p
Beattie, K and Ruddock, AD. The role of strength on punch impact force in boxing. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The ability to punch with a high impact force is beneficial to boxers as there is an increased likelihood of success. Punch impact force differentiates between performance level, weight class, gender, and punch type in competitive boxers. Although technique is likely to play a major role in punch impact force, the capabilities of the neuromuscular system may also be a limiting factor. This review examines the role of strength on punch impact force in amateur and professional boxers. The maximal strength qualities of the lower body, as well as explosive strength qualities of both the upper and lower body, are largely associated with punch impact force in elite amateur boxers. Specifically, elite amateur boxers who punch with "high" impact forces have greater levels of lower-body maximal strength and explosive strength when compared with elite amateurs who punch with "low" impact forces. However, the maximal strength capabilities of the upper body are not associated with punch impact force and does not differentiate between elite boxers who punch with "high" and "low" impact forces. Therefore, based off the present evidence, this review recommends that for boxers who aim to develop their punch impact force, it may be advantageous to emphasize both maximal and explosive strength development of the legs, with only an explosive strength focus in the upper body. However, it is important to highlight that, to date, there are a lack of experimental studies in both elite amateur and professional boxing. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research in female boxing. Future experimental studies are needed to infer causality regarding the role that strength training has on punch impact force in both elite amateur and professional boxers.
The diverse and grueling nature of activities undertaken during Special Forces selection makes it difficult to develop physical training to improve performance and reduce injury risk. It is generally accepted that increased strength is protective against injury, but it is unclear if this is evident in a Special Forces selection environment. This study investigated the effect of the rigors of a Special Forces selection course has on performance of the isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, squat jump, drop landing, elastic utilization ratio (EUR), and injury occurrence. Throughout the course, 26% of participants sustained a preventable lower limb injury, with 65% of these occurring at the knee. The uninjured had higher values of absolute strength as measured by isometric mid-thigh pull peak absolute force (3399 [371] N, 3146 [307] N; P = .022) and lower EUR (0.94 [0.08], 1.01 [0.09]; P = .025) compared to the injured. Preventable knee injury was significantly correlated with isometric mid-thigh pull ( r = −.245, P = .031) and EUR ( r = .227, P = .044). The selection course altered EUR for uninjured individuals only ( P = .004). Findings indicate that individuals with higher strength levels may be at a lower risk of injury than their weaker counterparts.
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to examine the relationships between force outputs measured in the isometric horizontal push test (IHPT) and athletic performances; (ii) to compare IHPT outputs between football players and recreationally active controls. Thirty-two male subjects (football players, n = 16; university students, n = 16) completed the IHPT, countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 5 m, 10 m and 20 m sprint tests, randomly across two testing sessions. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between IHPT outputs and athletic performances by accounting for the subjects' athletic background. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the IHPT outputs between groups. Moderate to very strong linear relationships (r2 range: 0.16-0.56) were found between the IHPT and all athletic performances (all p < .026). Percent variance explained by the IHPT outputs after accounting for groups difference was 16%, 56%, 54%, 48% and 40% for CMJ height, SLJ distance, 5 m, 10 m and 20 m sprint performances, respectively. Compared to controls (6.18 ± 0.89 N/kg), football players (10.09 ± 1.57 N/kg) achieved greater IHPT force outputs (p < .001, Hedges' g = 3.2, large ES). The IHPT is clearly correlated to horizontal and vertical athletic performances and can adequately distinguish between athletes and recreationally active controls based on their IHPT results. Future studies should examine the usefulness of the IHPT as a testing tool informing training prescription and performance monitoring practices.
Szyszka, P and Czaplicki, A. Analysis of record scores in the clean and its variations in the long-term training of young weightlifters. J
Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2383–2388, 2021—The main objectives of this study were to determine the time trajectories of record
scores in the clean lift (C) and its derivatives achieved by young weightlifters in a 2-year training cycle and to estimate the quantitative
relationships between these scores. The study involved 17 weightlifters who were tested 7 times at 3-month intervals. The
computations were based on an individual growth curve approach. The study found statistically significant increases (p , 0.05) in
record scores between consecutive measurements until the last measurement for the hang clean (HC), the second to last
measurement for the C, and the fourth measurement for the power clean (PC) and the hang power clean (HPC). The overall mean
ratios of the record scores in the C to those in the HC, PC, and HPC were approximately constant and amounted to 0.96, 0.89, and
0.80, respectively. Statistically significant differences (p,0.05) between individual time trajectories of record scores in the C and its
derivatives were also identified in the 2 consecutive annual training macrocycles. The results suggest that the long-term analysis of
record scores in the C and its derivatives can be useful in assessing athletes’ sport level, in predicting their performance, and in
proper exercise selection in the training of young weightlifters.
The importance of change and development process in enterprises which render the services with globalization and rapid technological progressis increasing every passing day. The reason of this change arises from wishing of enterprises to provide quality service and place the customer at center of that service. A similar situation applies to the sports enterprises as well. The sports enterpriseswhich are in business nowadays recognize that they should go beyond the meeting customer needs and requests to be remained standing. Accordingly, it‟s essential to make programs for customer satisfaction by determining the levels of customer value that customers perceive as well as continuity and efficiency in services provided.Based upon these statements,analysing the effects‟ relationship on brand loyalty and customer relationship management performance through customer satisfaction of the customer value forms the purpose of this study. In Manisa town, 292 members registered at a fitness center which provide services in accordance with the principles above constitute the group of study. In order to obtain data in research; it was applied the scale of Sweenay and Soutar (2001), to the customer value; the scale of Onaran, Bulut and Ozmen (2013) who made Turkish adaptation of Wang, Lo, Chi, and Yang‟s (2004) scales to the customer satisfaction, brand loyalty and customer relationship management (CRM) performance. Also it was used personal information form in order to obtain customers' personal characteristics. In the research, path analyisis was made with statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the relationship between variables in the model. According to path analyisis between variables, it was found that there is effect of high levels through customer satisfaction on brand loyalty and CRM performanceof the customer value.
Keywords: Fitness Centers, Customer Value, Customer Satisfaction, Brand Loyalty,Customer Relationship Management Performance
Anatomik açıdan core, insan vücudunda gövde iskelet sistemi
(toraks, columna vertebralis, pelvis) ile yumuşak dokularla (kıkırdak
ve bağ dokular) koordinasyon içinde vücudun stabilitesini
sağlayan ya da hareketlerde aktif rol alan kasların bütünü olarak
ifade edilebilir (Samson ve ark., 2007).
Türkçe için bu anatomik bölgeyi kapsayan bir kelime yoktur,
onun yerine gövde stabilizasyonu terimi kullanılsa da, gövde sözcüğü
daha geniş bir anatomik yapıyı ifade etmektedir. İngilizce
yayınlanan kitapların birçoğunda kor egzersiz kavramı vücudun
merkez noktası dokularını antrene eden gövde egzersizlerini kapsayarak
ifade edilmektedir. (Sever, 2016)
Aim. The article deals with classifying the methods of “Koresh” fighting and developing the criteria for assessing their performance for studying in the groups of beginners. Materials and methods. Two groups of 1st-year wrestlers participated in the study. To assess the performance of a back-arch throw to be acquired on this stage of preparation, we tested the technical preparedness of young wrestlers with the method of expert assessment. Results. During the study, we established the classification of “Koresh” fighting methods and revealed that there was a necessity to study a back-arch throw in two variants in the groups of young wrestlers. We developed the criteria for assessing the back-arch throw performed by young wrestlers. Conclusions. As a result of the study, we developed the classification of “Koresh” fighting methods, which are necessary for studying in 1st-year wrestlers. To control the quality of fighting methods acquiring and to assess their performance, we developed the criteria, which allowed us to assess these methods stage-by-stage and in general.
Purpose:
To investigate the test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the isometric horizontal push test (IHPT), a newly designed test that selectively measures the horizontal component of maximal isometric force.
Methods:
Twenty-four active males with ≥3 years of resistance training experience performed 2 testing sessions of the IHPT, separated by 3 to 4 days of rest. In each session, subjects performed 3 maximal trials of the IHPT with 3 minutes of rest between them. The peak force outputs were collected simultaneously using a strain gauge and the criterion equipment consisting of a floor-embedded force plate.
Results:
The test-retest reliability of peak force values was nearly perfect (intraclass correlation coefficient = ∼.99). Bland-Altman analysis showed excellent agreement between days with nearly no bias for strain gauge 1.2 N (95% confidence interval [CI], -3 to 6 N) and force plate 0.8 N (95% CI, -4 to 6 N). A nearly perfect correlation was observed between the strain gauge and force plate (r = .98, P < .001), with a small bias of 8 N (95% CI, 1.2 to 15 N) in favor of the force plate. The sensitivity of the IHPT was also good, with smallest worthwhile change greater than standard error of measurement for both the strain gauge (smallest worthwhile change: 29 N; standard error of measurement: 17 N; 95% CI, 14 to 20 N) and the force plate (smallest worthwhile change: 29 N; standard error of measurement: 18 N; 95% CI, 14 to 19 N) devices.
Conclusions:
The high degree of validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the IHPT, coupled with its affordability, portability, ease of use, and time efficacy, point to the potential of the test for assessment and monitoring purposes.
The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between elite wrestlers' body composition and static strength, anaerobic power and static balance characteristics. Eleven elite male freestyle wrestlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.1 years, height = 170.9 ± 5.3 cm, weight = 75.2 ± 9.6 kg, BMI = 25.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2) who struggle in Turkish Wrestling Super League from Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Sports Club, voluntary participated. Subjects’ height, weight, body composition, balance (Peri Length 443.1 ± 140.6 cm, Aria Gap P 20.6 ± 12.9 cm), anaerobic power (106.3 ± 16.8 kg/m/sec), back strength (140.2 ± 30.7 kg) and grip strength (47.6 ± 6.4 kg) test were measured. Pearson correlation coefficient were performed to determine the relationship between variables. In conclusion, anaerobic power, strength and balance are related to body composition components such as height, body weight, BMI, arm and leg fat %, muscle mass and body weight.
The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is commonly used to assess an athlete’s force generation ability. This test is highly reliable and is simple and relatively quick to perform. The data that can be determined from the force-time curves generated by the test have been shown to be closely related to performance capacities in a variety of dynamic athletic tasks. However, within the scientific literature there are inconsistencies in the data collection procedures and methods used for data analysis that may impact the resultant output and the ability to compare and generalize results. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to identify the differences in IMTP testing procedures and data analysis techniques, while identifying the potential impact this may have on the data collected. The secondary aim is to provide recommendations for the standardization of testing procedures to ensure that future IMTP data is of maximal benefit to practitioners and researchers.
The U.S. Freestyle Wrestling Team was evaluated while in preparation for the 1997 World Championships. Athletes were tested on 6 physiological parameters: upper-body muscular power and endurance (5.6-m rope climb, RC, and 5-stage modified Wingate); body composition (BF%, skinfold measures); lower-body muscular power (vertical jump, VJ); upper-body power and anaerobic capacity (5-stage modified Wingate protocol); peak aerobic power (peak Vo2) using the treadmill or cycle ergometer; and lower back/hamstring flexibility (sit and reach). Blood lactate (HLa) measures were taken 2 minutes after the Wingate and peak Vo2 tests. Major results (mean +/- SD) are as follows: BF% 7.6 +/- 3.4; VJ (cm) 60 +/- 10; RC (seconds) 9.3 +/- 4.4; flexibility (cm) 3.8 +/- 5.8. Mean peak Vo2, HLa, and heart rate results from the treadmill test were 54.6 +/- 2.0 ml[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1, 15.1 +/- 3.5 mmol[middle dot]L-1, and 186 +/- 7.0 b[middle dot]min-1, respectively. Mean peak Vo2, HLa, and heart rate results from the cycle ergometer test were 41.2 +/- 6.1 ml[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1, 10.6 +/- 0.2 mmol[middle dot]L-1, and 176 +/- 1.0 b[middle dot]min-1, respectively. For repetitions 1-5 of the upper-body Wingate test, peak power averaged 6.3, 4.7, 3.8, 3.5, and 3.5 W[middle dot]kg body weight-1, respectively. The fatigue indices for efforts 1-5 were 35.0, 33.2, 30.9, 29.4, and 31.6%, respectively. These results may provide a profile of elite freestyle wrestlers that can be used as training targets for developing athletes. The results may also provide information for training and tactical emphases.
(C) 2000 National Strength and Conditioning Association
The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and performance responses to a simulated freestyle wrestling tournament after typical weight loss techniques used by amateur wrestlers.
Twelve Division I collegiate wrestlers (mean +/- SD;19.33 +/- 1.16 yr) lost 6% of total body weight during the week before a simulated, 2-d freestyle wrestling tournament. A battery of tests was performed at baseline and before and immediately after each individual match of the tournament. The test battery included assessment for body composition, reaction/movement time, lower and upper body power and isokinetic strength, and a venous blood sample.
Lower body power and upper body isometric strength were significantly reduced as the tournament progressed (P < or = 0.05). Significant elevations in testosterone, cortisol, and lactate were observed after each match (P < or = 0.05). However, there was a significant reduction (P < or = 0.05) in resting testosterone values in the later matches. Norepinephrine increased significantly (P < or = 0.05) after each match, whereas epinephrine increased significantly (P < or = 0.05) after each match except the last match of each day. Plasma osmolality was consistently higher than normal values at all times including baseline, with significant increases observed after each match (P < or = 0.05).
Tournament wrestling augments the physiological and performance decrements of weight loss and its impact is progressive over 2 d of competition. The combined effects of these stresses may ultimately be reflected in a wrestler's ability to maintain physical performance throughout a tournament.
The present investigation has been designed to confirm the effect of instruction (hard-and-fast instruction compared to fast instruction) upon maximal voluntary isometric force (MVF) and maximal rate of force development (MRFD) in muscle groups which differ with regards to muscle mass and usage. In addition, we took advantage of the force data collected during unilateral and bilateral leg extension, to compare the instruction effects on the indices of the bilateral deficits (BI, the differences between the data collected during bilateral extensions and the sum of the data collected during unilateral left and right extensions) with regard to MVF (BIMVF) and MRFD (BIMRFD). Force-time curves were recorded during maximal isometric contractions of the elbow flexors, the leg extensors of the take-off and lead legs and during bilateral leg extension in 26 healthy young male volunteers from the track-and-field national team of Tunisia. In the first protocol, the subjects were instructed to produce MFV as hard-and-fast as possible (instruction I). In the second protocol (instruction II) the subjects were instructed to provide MFRD, that is the most explosive force, by concentrating on the fastest contraction without concern for achieving maximal force. The present study confirmed the importance of an appropriate instruction for the measurement of MRDF The MRFD (F = 40.8, P < 0.001) were significantly higher when measured after instruction II compared to instruction I. The effect of the instruction upon MRFD were similar for muscle groups with different volumes, cortical representations and uses. The same results (F = 52.1; P < 0.001) were observed when MRFD was related to MVF [MRFD% = (MRFD/MVF) x 100]. On the other hand, MVF was similar following both instructions (ANOVA, F = 0.562; P = 0.454). Moreover, the results of the present study suggested that the effect of instruction was significantly larger for BIMRFD than for BIMVF.
To perform excellently in international competitions, wrestlers have to achieve an excellent level of physical fitness and physical condition during training. This article reviews the physiological profiles of elite wrestlers. In general, successful wrestlers showed higher dynamic and isokinetic strength than unsuccessful wrestlers. In particular, upper body strength and anaerobic power were significantly different between the two groups.
Aerobic capacity is one of themost important physical factors to achieve good results in wrestling competitions. The maximal oxygen uptake of national and international wrestlers taking part in international competition has been shown to be about 53 to 56 ml/kg/min. Around the time of the Seoul Olympics, typical values for wrestlers were about 60 ml/kg/min, with values of >70 ml/kg/min in some cases (the latter being similar to values reported for some endurance runners). The flexibility of the wrestlers was found to be lower than that of weight lifters and gymnasts. However, the flexibility of top-level wrestlers was higher than that of lower level wrestlers. To fully understand the physiological profiles of successful wrestlers, further research regarding anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolism, cardiopulmonary responses, body fat content, and changes inmuscle hypertrophy both during the wrestling season and off-season is warranted.
The maximal rate of rise in muscle force [rate of force development (RFD)] has important functional consequences as it determines the force that can be generated in the early phase of muscle contraction (0-200 ms). The present study examined the effect of resistance training on contractile RFD and efferent motor outflow ("neural drive") during maximal muscle contraction. Contractile RFD (slope of force-time curve), impulse (time-integrated force), electromyography (EMG) signal amplitude (mean average voltage), and rate of EMG rise (slope of EMG-time curve) were determined (1-kHz sampling rate) during maximal isometric muscle contraction (quadriceps femoris) in 15 male subjects before and after 14 wk of heavy-resistance strength training (38 sessions). Maximal isometric muscle strength [maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] increased from 291.1 +/- 9.8 to 339.0 +/- 10.2 N. m after training. Contractile RFD determined within time intervals of 30, 50, 100, and 200 ms relative to onset of contraction increased from 1,601 +/- 117 to 2,020 +/- 119 (P < 0.05), 1,802 +/- 121 to 2,201 +/- 106 (P < 0.01), 1,543 +/- 83 to 1,806 +/- 69 (P < 0.01), and 1,141 +/- 45 to 1,363 +/- 44 N. m. s(-1) (P < 0.01), respectively. Corresponding increases were observed in contractile impulse (P < 0.01-0.05). When normalized relative to MVC, contractile RFD increased 15% after training (at zero to one-sixth MVC; P < 0.05). Furthermore, muscle EMG increased (P < 0.01-0.05) 22-143% (mean average voltage) and 41-106% (rate of EMG rise) in the early contraction phase (0-200 ms). In conclusion, increases in explosive muscle strength (contractile RFD and impulse) were observed after heavy-resistance strength training. These findings could be explained by an enhanced neural drive, as evidenced by marked increases in EMG signal amplitude and rate of EMG rise in the early phase of muscle contraction.
This study was designed to investigate the relationship of whole-body maximum strength to variables potentially associated with track sprint-cycling success. These variables included body composition, power measures, coach's rank, and sprint-cycling times. The study was carried out in 2 parts. The first part (n = 30) served as a pilot for the second part (n = 20). Subjects for both parts ranged from international-caliber sprint cyclists to local-level cyclists. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull (IPF). Explosive strength was measured as the peak rate-of-force development (IPRFD) from the isometric force-time curve. Peak power was estimated from countermovement (CMJPP) and static vertical jumps (SJPP) and measured by modified Wingate tests. Athletes were ranked by the U.S. national cycling coach (part 1). Sprint times (from a standing start) were measured using timing gates placed at 25, 82.5, 165, 247.5, and 330 m of an outdoor velodrome (part 2). Maximum strength (both absolute and body-mass corrected) and explosive strength were shown to be strongly correlated with jump and Wingate power. Additionally, maximum strength was strongly correlated with both coach's rank (parts 1 and 2) and sprint cycling times (part 2). The results suggest that larger, stronger sprint cyclists have an advantage in producing power and are generally faster sprint cyclists.
Free style and Greco-Roman are two types of wrestling. [figure: see text]
The aim of this study was to examine the maximal isometric strength of cervical extension (ISCE) and the maximal isometric strength of cervical flexion (ISCF) in two groups of elite wrestlers and a group of non-athletic subjects.
Fourteen elite Greco-Roman wrestlers (aged 19-25 years), 16 elite free style wrestlers (aged 18-25 years), and 16 non-athletic subjects (aged 18-25 years) participated in this study. All wrestlers competed at international level with the Iranian national team. Maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) of cervical extensor and flexor muscles were measured using a custom made device. The ratios of ISCE to weight (ISCE/weight), ISCF to weight (ISCF/weight), and ISCF to ISCE (ISCF/ISCE) were calculated for group comparisons. Pearson product moment test was used to estimate correlation between maximal isometric strength measurements and anthropometric variables. A one way analysis of variance was computed to compare ISCE/weight, ISCF/weight, and ISCF/ISCE among groups.
There was significant correlation between maximum cervical extension and flexion strengths and weight in all groups (p<0.05, n = 46). The ratios of cervical muscle strengths to weight were significantly higher in wrestlers than in non-athletic subjects (p<0.00). Greco-Roman wrestlers appeared to be stronger than free style wrestlers following comparison of all ratios.
Neck muscle force measurements may be a useful test for athletes in combat sports like wrestling. They can be applied to identify the weakness of a group of muscles in the neck area and to devise a proper training program.
This chapter contains section titled:
The purpose of this review was to consider the association of measures of maximum strength inrelation to sports performance and performance variables, which rely on high levels of power and speed, in essence it is an expansion of the ideas and concepts presented by 39. Evidence from different types of cross-sectional research as well as observational data was considered. Collectively the data indicate that the association between maximum strength and sport performance related variables such as peak power and peak rate of force development is quite strong. While explaining performance in strength/power sports is a multi-factorial problem, there is little doubt that maximum strength is a key component.
Changes in body composition, muscular strength, and anaerobic power of 25 college-age wrestlers were studied throughout the season. Wrestlers were divided into cyclers (n=14) and noncyclers (n=11) based on their reported weight-cutting and dieting history. Isometric strength measures were evaluated from a midthigh clean pull using a special isometric rack with the subject standing on a 61.0 +/- 121.9-cm AMTI force plate. Body density was measured via hydrostatic weighing and residual volume was determined via nitrogen washout. For fat-free mass (FFM) and body weight (BW), there was a significant difference in the pattern of change (p < 0.001), highlighted by a decrease in FFM and BW at midseason compared to preseason for the cyclers. A significant increase in FFM occurred postseason. No significant interaction effects were seen for % body fat, fat mass (FM), anaerobic power, or any isometric strength measure. Significant time main effects were found for % fat, BW, FM, and FFM. FFM correlated to isometric peak force and isometric rate of force development at midseason. Taken together, the data indicate that college wrestlers who fluctuate their weight throughout the competitive season lose a significant amount of FFM without concomitant decreases in isometric strength or power.
(C) 1998 National Strength and Conditioning Association
summary: It is possible with proper training to improve the body's buffer system, increase isometric strength, and heighten total body strength and power capabilities in wrestlers within a fatigued environment. The suggestions included in this article provide some general guidelines from which to build a highly integrated wrestling program.
(C) 2004 National Strength and Conditioning Association
Eight trained men were used to compare isometric and dynamic force-time variables. Subjects performed maximum isometric and dynamic pulls at 80% (DP80), 90% (DP90), and 100% (DP100) of their current 1-RM power clean from a standardized postion on a 61.0- x 121.9-cm AMTI force plate. Isometric peak force showed moderate to strong correlations with peak force during DP80, DP90, and DP100 (r = 0.66, 0.77, and 0.80, respectively). Isometric rate of force development showed moderate to strong correlations with dynamic peak force during DP80, DP90, and DP100 (r = 0.65, 0.73, and 0.75, respectively) and was strongly correlated with peak dynamic rate of force development during DP80, DP90, and DP100 (r = 0.84, 0.88, and 0.84, respectively). This suggests that the ability to exert both isometric and dynamic peak force shares some structural and functional foundation with the ability to generate force rapidly.
(C) 1997 National Strength and Conditioning Association
ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study is to examine the ability of certain psychological attributes to predict performance in six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate sports Eighty-four athletes from the varsity sports teams of cross country running, alpine and nordic skiing tennis, basketball, and track and field at the University of Colorado completed a questionnaire adapted from Martens (1977, Martens et al 1983) that measured their trait levels of self-confidence (Bandura, 1977), somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety (Martens, 1977 Martens et al, 1983) In addition, at three to six competitions during the season, the members of the cross country running and tennis teams filled out a state measure (Martens et al 1983) of the three attributes from one to two hours prior to the competition Following each competition, subjective and objective ratings of performance were obtained, and for all sports coaches' ratings of performance and an overall seasonal team ranking were determined as seasonal performance measures The sports were dichotomized along motor and physiological dimensions Results indicate that all three psychological attributes were significant predictors of performance in both fine motor anaerobic sports and gross motor, aerobic sports Further, clear differences in these relationships emerged as a function of the dichotomization In addition, unexpected sex differences emerged The findings are discussed relative to prior research and their implications for future research
The primary objective was to assess the relationship of maximum strength to weightlifting ability using established scaling methods. The secondary objective was to compare men and women weightlifters on strength and weightlifting ability.
Two correlational observations were carried out using Pearson's r. In the first observation (N = 65) the relationship of dynamic maximum strength (one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat) was compared with weightlifting ability; in the second observation (N = 16), isometric maximum strength (midthigh pull) was studied. Scaling methods for equating maximum strength and weightlifting results were used (load x (Ht), load x kg, load x lbm(-1), allometric, and Sinclair formula) to assess the association between measures of maximum strength and weightlifting performance.
Using scaled values; correlations between maximum strength and weightlifting results were generally strong in both observations (e.g., using allometric scaling for the 1RM squat vs the 1RM snatch: r = 0.84, N = 65). Men were stronger than women (e.g., 1RM squat, N = 65: men = 188.1 +/- 48.6 kg; women = 126.7 +/- 28.3 kg); differences generally held when scaling was applied (e.g., 1RM squat scaled with the Sinclair formula: men = 224.7 +/- 36.5 kg; women = 144.2 +/- 25.4 kg).
When collectively considering scaling methods, maximum strength is strongly related to weightlifting performance independent of body mass and height differences. Furthermore, men are stronger than women even when body mass and height are obviated by scaling methods.
The purpose of this study was to determine if the factors which coaches feel indicated superior player potential were the same as those factors which contribute to successful competition outcome. Players from two colleges were evaluated for general and specific performance variables prior to a regular season match between the teams. A player's ability rating was the total of four coaches' ranking on a 1-to-10 scale. Multiple regression analysis to predict player ability rating selected age, vertical jump, total body movement time, and agility (R = 0.87). However, step-wise discriminant analysis to differentiate winning and losing team members selected shoulder flexibility, agility, forearm bump, and sit-and-reach flexibility. The canonical correlation between the winning-losing dichotomy and these skills was 0.74 and resulted in proper classification of 84.6% of the correct team members. It was concluded that the skills coaches consider indicative of superior ability are not necessarily the factors which dictate winning performance.
Various aspects of neuromuscular, anaerobic, and aerobic performance capacity were investigated in four powerlifters, seven bodybuilders, and three wrestlers with a history of specific training for several years. The data (means ± SD) showed that the three subject groups possessed similar values for maximal isometric force per unit bodyweight (50.7±9.6, 49.3±4.1, and 49.3±10.9 N/kg, respectively).
However, significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in the times for isometric force production, so that e.g., times to produce a 30% force level were shorter for the wrestlers and bodybuilders (28.3±3.1 and 26.4±6.6 ms) than that (53.3±23.7 ms) for the powerlifters. Utilization of elastic energy by the wrestlers was significantly (P<0.05) better than that of the other two subject groups, as judged from differences between the counter-movement and squat jumps at 0, 40, and 100 kg's loads. No differences were observed between the groups in anaerobic power in a 1-min maximal test, but the values for \(\dot V_{O_2 } \) max were higher (P<0.05) among the wrestlers and bodybuilders (57.8±6.6 and 50.8±6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) as compared to the powerlifters (41.9±7.2 ml ·kg−1·min−1). Within the limitations of the subject sample, no differences of a statistical significancy were observed between the groups in fibre distribution, fibre areas, or the area ratio of fast (FT) and slow (ST) twitch fibres in vastus lateralis. In all subjects the vertical jumping height was positively (P<0.01) correlated with the FT fibre distribution, and negatively with the time of isometric force production (P<0.05). Maximal force was correlated (P<0.001) with thigh girth. Muscle cross-sectional area did not correlate with mean fibre area. It was assumed that the selected aspects of neuromuscular, anaerobic, and aerobic performance capacity may be influenced by muscle structure, but also specifically and/or simultaneously by training lasting for several years.
The purpose of the present study was to replicate the use of a psychophysiological model in the assessment of variables that influence elite wrestling success. The subjects were 15 males participating in the 1979 United States Junior World Wrestling Camp. Athletic performance in the camp determined whether a wrestler qualified or did not qualify for the touring United States team. Several psychological tests were administered to subjects over a three-day interval. Subjects were also evaluated on anthropometric and physiological variables. Descriptive data analysis indicated that physiologically the average qualifier was: marginally lower in grip strength, lower in relative dynamic anaerobic muscular endurance, more aerobically fit, and slightly higher in percentage of body fat as compared to the average nonqualifier. Psychologically, the average qualifier was higher in state anxiety and tension but less depressed, angry, vigorous, fatigued, and confused than the nonqualifiers. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the group centroids differed significantly on the selected psychophysiological variables considered in this study. Discriminant function analyses of the data supported the psychophysiological model as the most accurate in predicting group membership. The variables anger, tension, total grip strength, dynamic muscular endurance, relative muscular endurance, and VE BTPS were found to be the factors that most accurately discriminated qualifiers from nonqualifiers. These variables had a canonical correlation of .89 and using these six variables it was possible to classify the wrestlers to their appropriate groups with 93.3% accuracy. A revised model including factors such as psychomotor skill, memory, balance, and additional psychophysiological measures is suggested.
This study was performed to determine which of three theoretically optimal resistance training modalities resulted in the greatest enhancement in the performance of a series of dynamic athletic activities. The three training modalities included 1) traditional weight training, 2) plyometric training, and 3) explosive weight training at the load that maximized mechanical power output. Sixty-four previously trained subjects were randomly allocated to four groups that included the above three training modalities and a control group. The experimental groups trained for 10 wk performing either heavy squat lifts, depth jumps, or weighted squat jumps. All subjects were tested prior to training, after 5 wk of training and at the completion of the training period. The test items included 1) 30-m sprint, 2) vertical jumps performed with and without a countermovement, 3) maximal cycle test, 4) isokinetic leg extension test, and 5) a maximal isometric test. The experimental group which trained with the load that maximized mechanical power achieved the best overall results in enhancing dynamic athletic performance recording statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvements on most test items and producing statistically superior results to the two other training modalities on the jumping and isokinetic tests.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of an 8-week training program with heavy- vs. light-load jump squats on various physical performance measures and electromyography (EMG). Twenty-six athletic men with varying levels of resistance training experience performed sessions of jump squats with either 30% (JS30, n = 9) or 80% (JS80, n = 10) of their one repetition maximum in the squat (1RM) or served as a control (C, n = 7). An agility test, 20-m sprint, and jump squats with 30% (30J), 55% (55J), and 80% (80J) of their 1RM were performed before and after training. Peak force, peak velocity (PV), peak power (PP), jump height, and average EMG (concentric phase) were calculated for the jumps. There were significant increases in PP and PV in the 30J, 55J, and 80J for the JS30 group (p <or= 0.05). The JS30 group also significantly increased in the 1RM with a trend towards improved 20-m sprint times. In contrast, the JS80 group significantly increased both PF and PP in the 55J and 80J and significantly increased in the 1RM but ran significantly slower in the 20-m sprint. In the 30J the JS30 group's percentage increase in EMG activity was significantly different from the C group. In the 80J the JS80 group's percentage increase in EMG activity was significantly different from the C group. This investigation indicates that training with light-load jump squats results in increased movement velocity capabilities and that velocity-specific changes in muscle activity may play a key role in this adaptation.
The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the physiological changes of a nationally ranked older elite freestyle wrestler during a 7-month observation period as he prepared for the 2000 Olympic freestyle wrestling trials. A 33-year-old male wrestler was evaluated 3 times during the study for measurements of body composition, resting energy expenditure, maximal oxygen consumption, isometric strength, anaerobic power and capacity, nutritional intake, and various serum plasma constituents. Body weight decreased by 1 kg, which consisted of fat-free mass (FFM), whereas body fat remained stable at 5.8%. Muscular strength and aerobic power were maintained throughout the study. Measures of anaerobic work capacity tended to be higher and blood lactate lower as the subject progressed throughout the investigation. All serum plasma constituents were within clinically normal ranges and remained relatively stable. Despite a small loss of FFM, the subject was able to maintain muscular strength and aerobic fitness while concomitantly enhancing anaerobic capacity and power capabilities throughout the study period as he prepared for the 2000 Olympic freestyle wrestling trials.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat to power output during countermovement and static weighted vertical squat jumps. The training experience of subjects (N = 22, 87.0 +/- 15.3 kg, 14.1 +/- 7.1% fat, 22.2 +/- 3.8 years) ranged from 7 weeks to 15+ years. Based on the 1RM squat, subjects were further divided into the 5 strongest and 5 weakest subjects (p <or= 0.05). Squat jumps were performed with a countermovement or statically at 2 different sessions spaced 1 week apart. Jumps were performed with weights ranging from 10 to 100% of the 1RM squat. A maximum effort was made for each trial; subjects performed jumps (feet left the floor) with weights up to approximately 90% of 1RM. Squat-jump power was determined using the V-scope 120. Results indicate strong correlations (r = 0.77-0.94) between the 1RM squat and both countermovement and static jump power up to 90% of 1RM. The highest power outputs for both jump conditions occurred at 10% of the 1RM and decreased as the relative intensity increased. Comparisons of weak and strong subjects indicate that as maximum strength increases the percentage of 1RM at which peak power occurs also increases (40 vs. 10% of 1RM). From a practical aspect, to improve jumping power output, these results suggest that improving maximum strength should be a primary component of training programs and that strength training should shift from lighter (10% 1RM) to heavier (40% 1RM) loads.
Brief periods of aerobic exercise training lead to reductions, rather then the expected increases in circulating IGF-I. We hypothesized that intense exercise training in adolescents initially leads to simultaneous increases in proinflammatory cytokines and decreases in activity of the GH/IGF-I axis; and that as exercise training proceeds, levels of proinflammatory cytokines become reduced, and a rebound in IGF-I ensues leading to the higher IGF-I levels.
To test this, we evaluated the GH/IGF-I axis and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1ra), body composition, and fitness in 13 healthy adolescent boys (mean age 15.9 +/- 0.3 yr) over the course of a high-school wrestling season. Subjects were tested preseason, midseason (6 wk), peak season (12-14 wk), and 4 wk postseason.
No significant weight loss was noted throughout the season. During the wrestling season (mid and peak) both total (P < 0.046) and free (P < 0.002) IGF-I levels decreased, whereas proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ra, P < 0.005; IGFBP-1, P < 0.013; and IGFBP-2, P < 0.025) increased. GHBP (P < 0.018) levels also decreased during the season. In the postseason, there were significant increases in GHBP, and free and total IGF-I, whereas proinflammatory cytokines decreased.
An initial catabolic-type hormonal response occurs with intense exercise training in adolescents. This is followed by a rebound in circulating growth factors when the period of heavy training ceases.
The purpose of this investigation was to: 1) compare actual peak power (PPactual) to estimated values (PPest) derived from three different prediction equations (Sayers and Harman), 2) determine the ability of the prediction formulas to monitor change following 6 wk of plyometric training, and 3) generate a new regression model.
colon; Twenty college females (age = 20.1 +/- 1.6 yr; body mass = 65.9 +/- 8.9 kg) were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Pre- and posttest countermovement jump (CMJ) height and PPactual were determined simultaneously on a force platform. Body mass and maximal CMJ height were used to predict peak power.
colon; All three PPest were significantly correlated 0.84-0.99) and post (r = 372.4 W) was significantly less to PPactual and to each other on pre (r = 0.88-0.99) tests. PPactual (2425.4 +/- 2920.8 +/- 482.6 W; CMJ = 2925.1 +/- 409.7 than PPest (Sayers: SJ = 473.0 W) but was not different from PPest (Harman: 2585.0 +/- 409.7 W). Posttests revealed similar differences between PPactual and PPest for the intervention group, however no significant differences were observed for the control group. Mean differences from pre and posttests did not differ within or between PPest. Regression analysis determined the formula: ppest = 65.1 x (jump height) + 25.8 x (body mass) - 1413.1 (R = 0.92; SEE = 120.8), which slightly determined (0.77%) peak power is compared with PPactual in our cross-validation sample (n = 7)
colon; Changes in peak power is accurate using any of the regression equations; however, the new prediction formula and that of Harman seem to more precisely estimate peak power. Strict jumping technique along with simultaneous measurement of power and jump height should be used as the standard for comparison.
The present study examines changes in muscle structure and neuromuscular performance induced by 15 weeks of power training with explosive muscle actions. Twenty-three subjects, including 10 controls, volunteered for the study. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle before and after the training period, while maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) and drop jump tests were performed once every fifth week. No statistically significant improvements in MVC of the knee extensor (KE) and plantarflexor muscles were observed during the training period. However, the maximal rate of force development (RFD) of KE increased from 18,836+/-4282 to 25,443+/-8897 N (P<0.05) during the first 10 weeks of training. In addition, vertical jump height (vertical rise of the center of body mass) in the drop jump test increased significantly (P<0.01). Simultaneously, explosive force production of KE muscles measured as knee moment and power increased significantly; however, there was no significant change (P>0.05) in muscle activity (electromyography) of KE. The mean percentage for myosin heavy chain and titin isoforms, muscle fiber-type distributions and areas were unchanged. The enhanced performance in jumping as a result of power training can be explained, in part, by some modification in the joint control strategy and/or increased RFD capabilities of the KE.
Presently the degree to which peak force influences power production or explosive performance such as strength training movements or throwing (shot-put and weight-throw) is unclear. This study describes the relationships between a measure of maximum strength, isometric peak force (IPF), dynamic peak force (PF), peak power (PP), the 1-repetition movement power snatch (SN), and throwing ability over an 8-week training period. Five male and 6 female (n = 11) well-trained collegiate throwers participated. PF was measured using an AMTI force plate; PP was measured using an infrared-ultrasonic tracking device (V-Scope, Lipman Electronics). Clean pulls from the midthigh position were assessed isometrically and dynamically at a constant load, 30% and 60% of IPF. Specific explosive strength was evaluated using an SN and using the shot-put (SP) and weight-throw (WGT) measured under meet conditions. Variables (PF, PP, SN) were assessed 3 times at 0 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Each measurement period preceded a field meet by 3 days. Peak force, peak rate of force development, and PP increased over the 8 weeks. Correlation coefficients (r) indicate that IPF is strongly related to dynamic PF and PP 30%, 60% of the IPF. Furthermore, strong correlations were found for the SN and the distance for the SP and WGT, and these relationships tended to increase over time. Results suggest that maximum strength (i.e., IPF) is strongly associated with dynamic PF. In addition, maximum strength is strongly associated with PP even at relatively light loads such as those associated with sport-specific dynamic explosiveness (i.e., SN, SP, WGT).
A new view of statistics Available from URL: http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/ index Physiological and performance responses to tournament wrestling
- W G Hopkins
- W J Kraemer
- A C Fry
- M R Rubin
- T Triplett-Mcbride
- S E Gordon
- L P Koziris
- J M Lynch
- J S Volek
- D E Meuffels
- R U Newton
- S J Fleck
Hopkins, W.G. (2004) A new view of statistics. Available
from URL: http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/
index.html
Kraemer, W.J., Fry, A.C., Rubin, M.R., Triplett-McBride,
T., Gordon, S.E., Koziris, L.P., Lynch, J.M.,
Volek, J.S., Meuffels, D.E., Newton, R.U. and
Fleck, S.J. (2001) Physiological and performance
responses to tournament wrestling. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise 33, 1367-1378.