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Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families
... Based on the morphological characteristics of the parasitoids such as the shape and venation of the wings, legs, and type of antennae on Leica DMC5400 digital microscope, a Leica Z6 APO digital camera and the LAS.V.4.13.0 (Build:310) connected to the computer. The reference for the parasitoid identification was [21] and several scientific articles that discussed the key to the determination of Telenomus species. ...
... Male genetalia are short and rather broad with concave media plate near the digiri. Male limbs and antennae are paler in color than female limbs and antennae [21]. ...
... Table 3 indicates that the dominant parasitoid in this study was the species of Telenomus remus compared to the Telenomus dignus parasitoid. This may be attributed to the smaller body size of Telenomus remus between 0,44-0,60 mm, while the body size of Telenomus dignus ranges between 0,61-0,78 mm [21]. The Telenomus genus is typically characterized by small size and simple morphology, making species identification challenging [37]. ...
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the pests that attacks maize. There are many ways to control this pest problem one of which is to use insecticides. However, biological control this pest with nature conservation based on the concept of integrated pest control. Refugia plants offer pest control properties based on the IPM (Integrated Pest Management) concept by providing food for parasitoids as the natural enemies. This study aimed to know capacity parasitism of egg parasitoid S. frugiperda in refugia system. This research uses non-factorial randomized group design (RGD) study, the number of S. frugiperda egg parasitoids on maize fields with refugia plants around it was counted. There were 5 treatments with 5 replications applied in this study: Control/without refugia, maize plants with red refugia (Zinnia elegans), maize plants with yellow refugia (Melanpodium paludosumi), maize plants with white refugia (Turnera subulata), maize plants with red refugia, yellow and white. This study found two species of S. frugiperda egg parasitoids namely Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Telenomus dignus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in the field. The overall rate of parasitism egg S. frugiperda was no significant effect. The treatment of maize plants with white and mixed-colour refugia (red, yellow, white) showed the highest egg parasitization at 15 days after planting (DAP). Meanwhile, the dominance of Telenomus remus Nixon parasitoid was at an average of 0.202% and the lowest dominance of Telenomus dignus at 0.030%.
... Foram incluídas neste estudo todas as famílias da série Parasitica (Terebrantia) e da superfamília Chrysidoidea; nele não se incluiu as famílias de Vespoidea que também apresentam o hábito parasitóide. Os himenópteros parasitóides foram identificados ao nível de família segundo GOULET & HUBER (1993 Nas coletas realizadas na trilha obteve-se, em média, 16 famílias/amostragem; a acumulação de famílias atingiu a 19 (86,4% das famílias amostradas) na quarta amostragem e a máxima acumulação ocorreu na oitava amostragem (Fig. 1). No bosque foram obtidas, em média, 15 famílias/amostragem; a acumulação de famílias atingiu a 20 (90,9% das famílias amostradas) na quarta amostragem e a máxima acumulação foi alcançada na décima primeira amostragem (Fig. 2). ...
Hymenoptera parasitoids were collected on trails inside Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (23º01'55" S / 44º51'01" W), located in an area of the Atlantic Forest, during January 2002. A total of 7,208 specimens belonging to 23 families were collected. Platygastridae, Scelionidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Ceraphronidae, Diapriidae, Figitidae and Encyrtidae were the most common families, with relative abundance of 16.6%, 14.7%, 13.2%, 12.2%, 11.1%, 9.9%, 8.4% and 5.8% respectively. Fifteen families showed relative frequency lower than 2.2%.
KEY WORDS:
Abundance; Atlantic Forest; Hymenoptera; parasitoids; survey.
... All collected specimens were identified to Family level, except for the snails and ants that were identified to Order and Genus level, respectively. The latter was done because there are only a reduced Goulet and Huber 1993;Roberts 1995;Barrientos 1998;Czechowski et al. 2002). Snails were also an exception because of effects of the fire in their remains that in most cases only allowed Order level identification. ...
Wildfires are considered a major disturbance to forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe. Although ground-dwelling macroinvertebrates are crucial to many soil functions, there is a fundamental lack of understanding of how wildfires impact this community in the immediate term and of the role of stones in their survival. Hence, in the present study we assessed the immediate effects of wildfires in the ground-dwelling macroinvertebrate community found under stones by comparing communities in burnt and non-burnt Mediterranean oak forests. Our results revealed that stones allowed the survival of many taxa in the burnt area. However, abundance, richness, diversity, and equitability per stone were significantly lower at the burnt than unburnt sites. Furthermore, the results also showed that richness and abundance increased significantly with increasing stone depth and area, both at the burnt and unburnt sites. Significant changes at the trophic level were observed in the burnt area comparing to the unburnt, particularly a decline in predators. No significant differences were identified concerning habitat associations among taxa. Overall, this study stressed the role of stones as microhabitats and refuge for the ground-dwelling macroinvertebrate community during wildfires.
... We focus on herbivore and natural enemy trophic levels in this study, and in order to identify arthropods in our field survey, we identified all hand-collected representative arthropods under a stereomicroscope using various identification keys (McAlpine, 1981;Goulet and Huber, 1993;Arnett and Thomas, 2000;Arnett et al., 2002), BugGuide (2023), GLOBI database (Poelen et al., 2014), and iNaturalist (https://www.ina turalist.org/). ...
Herbivory is a major fitness pressure for plants and a key driver of crop losses in agroecosystems. Dense monocultures are expected to favor specialist herbivorous insects, particularly those who primarily consume crop species; yet, levels and types of herbivory are not uniform within regional cropping systems. It is essential to determine which local and regional ecological factors drive variation in herbivory in order to support functional agroecosystems that rely less on chemical inputs. Crops in the genus Cucurbita host a suite of both generalist and specialist herbivores that inflict significant damage, yet little is known about the relative contribution of these herbivores to variation in herbivory and how local- and landscape-scale Cucurbita resource concentrations, management practices, and natural enemies mediate this relationship. In this study, we tested whether three foundational ecological hypotheses influenced Cucurbita herbivory across 20 pumpkin fields in the semi-arid Southern High Plains Region of Texas. We used generalized linear mixed models and confirmatory path analysis to assess whether the Density-dependent Herbivory Hypothesis, Resource Concentration Hypothesis, or the Natural Enemies Hypothesis, could explain variation in Cucurbita herbivory and insect dynamics in the context of conventional agronomic practices. We found that herbivory increased over time, indicating that herbivores were causing sustained damage throughout the growing season. We also found that fields with higher local Cucurbita resources had lower herbivory, suggesting a resource dilution effect. Natural enemy communities were more abundant and taxonomically rich in sites with greater generalist herbivore abundance, though predator abundance declined over time, indicating that late-season crop fields are most at risk given high herbivory and low natural enemy-based control. Our findings also suggest that while local resource availability may drive the abundance and richness of arthropod communities, additional agronomic and phenological information is needed to anticipate herbivory risk in an agriculturally dominated landscape.
... We then followed foragers until they returned to their nests, at which point we hand-collected workers and confirmed their identity with a 20x hand 86 lens. We collected voucher specimens at each site and stored them in 95% ethanol until they could be identified in the lab (Wagner et al., 2018;Goulet and Huber, 1993). 88 Treatment application 90 We tested the hypothesis that access to more insect prey would lead to reductions in the intensity of pavement ant predatory behaviors using a before-after design. ...
As urbanization changes our environment, species that share our cities must adapt to changing abiotic conditions. Ant species found in the most urbanized spaces within the urban habitat mosaic must cope with altered nutritional landscapes, with highly reduced arthropod prey availability and an abundance of high carbohydrate human food-waste. Outside cities, ants who consume high-carbohydrate diets are often more voracious predators relative to conspecifics with more balanced diets. Therefore, we hypothesized ants in the most urbanized habitats are more voracious predators than those in lower stress urban habitats. To better understand this relationship, we assessed the predatory behaviors of Tetramorium immigrans colonies in city parks and street medians before and after supplementing their diets with insect prey (house crickets; Acheta domesticus). Prior to cricket supplements, T. immigrans ants discovered proxy prey at equal rates in street medians and city parks during predation trials. However, T. immigrans workers attacked and removed prey at significantly faster rates compared to those in parks. After 12 weeks of supplements, T. immigrans workers in parks displayed slower predatory behaviors compared to before supplementation, while workers in medians were faster to attack and remove prey than before cricket supplements. When predatory behaviors were observed the following summer, workers in parks returned to predatory levels similar to initial trials, and workers in medians were even faster than previous trials. This study provides a new perspective on how human food waste and urbanization can influence the predatory behaviors of an ecologically dominant ant species in cities, Tetramorium immigrans.
... The presence of hamuli, tiny hooks on the anterior margin of hind wings that allow their coupling with the forewings, is the main anatomical characteristic of Hymenoptera [3]. The ovipositor in some groups representing the Aculeata has evolved into a venomous sting [3,4]. Hymenopterans have a wide distribution and show a panoply of biologies, such as herbivory, predation, parasitoidism, pollination, and eusociality [1]. ...
Hymenoptera is the fourth-most diverse insect order today, including wasps, bees, bumblebees, and ants. They show a wide panoply of modes of life, such as herbivory, predation, parasitoidism, pollination, and eusociality. This group also includes a great number of extinct species from both amber and compression outcrops. Hymenopterans probably originated in the Paleozoic, although their oldest record is from the Middle or Late Triassic, and their diversity expanded since the Cretaceous. Here, we present a review of the Hymenoptera in Lower Cretaceous ambers from Lebanon (Barremian) and Spain (Albian), which is pivotal for the study of hymenopteran evolution. Hymenoptera in Lebanese ambers are represented by 32 species in 22 genera within 15 families, while in Spanish ambers, they correspond to 49 species in 40 genera within 18 families. Most of these species belong to the ‘Parasitica’, and only a few species have been assigned to the Aculeata. The group ‘Symphyta’ is represented by one species in Spanish amber. The paleobiogeography and possible paleobiologies of the species in these ambers are reviewed. Furthermore, checklists for all Hymenoptera species in Lebanese and Spanish ambers are provided.
... Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, 1st segment petiolate; ovipositor relatively long, but retracted into the metasoma; pronotum with thin carina medially, partially covering the anterior part of the mesocosms; metacoxa close to the insertion of the metasoma. They measure about 5.0 mm [3][4][5]. ...
Proctotrupoidae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of holometabolous insect larvae. Although Proctrotrupidae can be common and readily collected by sweep netting or Malaise traps, the superfamily is poorly known biologically. Proctotrupoidae are parasitoids of Coleoptera and, to a lesser extent, Diptera larvae, with one extraordinary host record from a centipede, whereas Heloridae has been reared from Neuroptera larvae. Extralimital families attacking Coleoptera and Neuroptera (Austroniidae, Peradeniidae, Proctorenyxidae) are biologically unknown. This work studies the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the parasitoids of the Families of Roproniidae, Vanhorniidae, Austroniidae, Proctorenyxidae and Peradeniidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). In terms of the type of research source, we worked with scientific articles published in national and international journals. This modality of production, in addition to being commonly the most valued in the set of bibliographic production, is the most easily accessed. Access to articles was through virtual libraries such as Scielo, the University of São Paulo, Latin American Literature, and the University of Brasilia. This library has a specific section for Hymenoptera, with eight journals and texts of articles available in full. The journals included in this section are the following: Zootaxa, Canadian Journal of Zoology, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, Florida Entomologist, Canadian Entomologist, Neotropical Entomology, Cladistics, Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, Insect Systematics & Evolution, Journal of Hymenoptera Research. Considering only this section constitutes a limitation of the study since articles belonging to journals that integrate other sections of the aforementioned electronic library could also contribute to the discussion of the production of knowledge about the relationship between hosts and parasitoids. However, in principle, within these articles, there could not necessarily be a discussion focused on biology, ecology, and taxonomy.
... Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder Apocrita Gerstaecker, 1867 Superfamily Evanioidea Latreille, 1802 Remarks: The new specimen belongs to Evanioidea based on its metasoma articulated high on the propodeum and well above the metacoxae [29]. ...
A new praeaulacid genus and species, Azygdellitha nova gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male specimen from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber from Hukawng Valley, Myanmar. This newly discovered taxon increased the diversity of praeaulacid wasps during the Cretaceous period. While this new taxon shares similarities of wing venation with most species of the subfamily Praeaulacinae, it strongly differs from that of three genera previously described from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber: Mesevania, Paleosyncrasis, and Praegastrinus. We explore the possibility that these genera constitute a distinct tribe within the Praeaulacinae, distinguished by their wing venation. We provide illustrations and emphasize the potentially diagnostic traits supporting this classification.
Con la finalidad de evaluar la diversidad, distribución y el rol funcional de la entomofauna asociada con un cultivo de guanábana (Annona muricata, Annonaceae) en la vereda San Antonio, municipio de Quibdó, se llevaron a cabo 20 muestreos que incluyeron capturas manuales y con jamas entomológicas en distintas partes de la planta, como hojas (H), tallo (T), fruto (F), flor (Fl) y ramas (R). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos para cada etapa fenológica, calculando el número total de especies (S), el número total de individuos (N), y los índices de diversidad. Se colectaron 1.627 insectos pertenecientes a cinco órdenes, 31 familias y 53 géneros. Los órdenes con mayor representación fueron: Hymenoptera (S=17) y Hemiptera (S=14). El género predominante fue Atta con 323 individuos (21,5%). Las hojas fueron la parte de la planta que presentó la mayor diversidad de géneros e individuos. En cuanto a la fenología de la planta, se observó la mayor riqueza durante la floración (S=34), representando 38,6% del total. La riqueza estimada indicó que se registró 67% de la entomofauna, sugiriendo que el muestreo no fue completamente representativo. Finalmente, los insectos se clasificaron en cinco gremios alimenticios, destacando la preeminencias de los fitófagos con 34 géneros (64,2%) y 1.134 individuos (75,4%) en términos de riqueza y abundancia. De todos los géneros registrados 66% son considerados plagas (fitófago y polífago), mientras que 26,4% fueron catalogados como benéficos (depredadores, polinizadores, saprófago, necrófaga y polífago).
Chalcidids are important primary parasitoids for controlling several economic insect pests, and some are secondary parasitoids. These specimens were collected by using different traps during the period extending from November 2021 to October 2022, from various vegetable crops grown in different localities at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi. The larvae and pupa of the pests were brought to the lab and reared for the emergence of parasitoids at 25 ± 0.5°C and relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. Eleven species belonging to four genera in three subfamilies were identified: Brachymeria bengalensis (Cameron, 1897); B. hime (Habu, 1960); B. kassalensis (Kirby, 1886); B. lasus (Walker, 1841); B. minuta (Linnaeus, 1767); B. podagrica (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachymeriinae); Dirhinus anthracia (Walker, 1846); D. auratus Ashmead, 1905 (Dirhininae) and Antrocephalus sepyra (Walker, 1846); Kriechbaumerella kraussi (Narendran, 1989); K. rufimanus (Walker, 1860) (Haltichellinae). Among them six species are newly recorded from New Delhi. On the other hand, B. hime was recorded for the first time as a parasite on Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera, Crambidae).
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