The genus Rhizopogon in Europe
... The identification of sporocarps was based on contemporary keys and monographic papers of Martín (1996), Montecchi and Sarasini (2000), and Moreau et al. (2011). Macroscopic features were observed on fresh and dry specimens. ...
... The species was described by Lange in 1957, who based its description on the specimen collected by Franz Petrak in Moravia. Because of the peculiar bulletshaped thick-walled pigmented spores, it was believed to occupy a transitional position between the genera Rhizopogon and Melanogaster (Lange, 1957;Martín, 1996;Trappe, 1975). In the monograph of the European species of Rhizopogon, Martín (1996) included R. melanogastroides in this genus; however, phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS nrDNA region suggested that the taxon should be placed outside Rhizopogon (Martín & Raidl, 2002). ...
... Because of the peculiar bulletshaped thick-walled pigmented spores, it was believed to occupy a transitional position between the genera Rhizopogon and Melanogaster (Lange, 1957;Martín, 1996;Trappe, 1975). In the monograph of the European species of Rhizopogon, Martín (1996) included R. melanogastroides in this genus; however, phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS nrDNA region suggested that the taxon should be placed outside Rhizopogon (Martín & Raidl, 2002). The results of molecular studies as well as the features of the ectomycorrhizas were arguments against including this species in the genus Melanogaster. ...
Investigations carried out in recent years have provided new data on the localities of some rare hypogeous fungi in Central Europe. In this study, we present new localities of Leucangium carthusianum , Melanogaster luteus , and Rhizopogon melanogastroides , two of which are new for Poland. Sporocarps of L. carthusianum were found in seven new localities in mixed and coniferous forests in the Western Carpathians as well as in Sudetes. In Poland, the species was also recorded in a mixed forest in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. Fir, Abies alba , accompanied the fungus in almost all known localities. Three localities of M. luteus were found in the Polish Western and Eastern Carpathians in Alnus incana communities mostly associated with streams. Knowledge of the distribution of this species in Europe is incomplete due to the complicated taxonomic history; nevertheless, it is regarded as rare, despite its wide distribution. One new locality of R. melanogastroides recorded in the Tatra Mts, Western Carpathians, is the fourth known to date. This species is mostly associated with Pinus mugo in high mountain localities (the Alps, the Tatra Mts). In this study, detailed descriptions and illustrations of the macro- and micromorphological features of the species are provided.
... The species of the genus Rhizopogon Fr. belong to the order Boletales and suborder Suillineae in the Agaricomycetidae (Binder and Hibbett 2006). The genus is represented with over 100 species distributed worldwide (Smith and Zeller 1966;Martín 1996;Martín and García 2009). All species produce hypogeous or semi-hypogeous basidiomes and form ectomycorrhizae (EcM) with members of the Pinaceae (Pinus, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga). ...
... Since this paper, the Pacific Northwestern USA has been considered the greatest area of diversity of the genus (Hosford 1975;Molina et al. 1997;Grubisha et al. 2002), as well as other parts of the USA (Harrison and Smith 1968;Miller 1986). However, in posterior systematic studies undertaken in several part of the world, authors described new species in Mexico Guzmán 1971, Cázares et al. 1992), Tunisia (Pacioni 1984a), China (Liu 1985), Japan (Mujic et al. 2014), and different countries of Europe (Pacioni 1984b, Martín 1996, Martín and Calonge 2001; as well as new records, such as those of Mexico and Caribean countries (Hosford and Trappe 1980), Italy (Montecchi and Sarasini 2000), Japan (Hosford and Trappe 1988) and Spain (Martín and Calonge 2006), showing that the knowledge of the genus is not yet complete. ...
... Rhizopogon verii Pacioni (Pacioni 1984a) was described from Tunisia under Pinus pinaster. However, studies related to the systematic and distributions of R. verii are limited to only few collections from Italy, Spain, and Tunisia (Martín 1996). From other continents, R. verii has not been cited yet. ...
The genus Rhizopogon includes species with hypogeous or subepigeus habit, forming ectomycorrhizae with naturally occurring or planted pines (Pinaceae). Species of the genus Rhizopogon can be distinguished easily from the other hypogeous basidiomycetes by their lacunose gleba without columella and their smooth elliptical spores; however, the limit between species is not always easy to establish. Rhizopogon luteolus, the type species of the genus, has been considered one of the species that are more abundant in Europe, as well as it has been cited in pine plantation of North and South America, different parts of Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. However, in this study, based on molecular analyses of the ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences (19 new sequences; 37 sequences from GenBank/UNITE, including those from type specimens), we prove that many GenBank sequences under R. luteolus were misidentified and correspond to Rhizopogon verii, a species described from Tunisia. Also, we confirm that basidiomes and ectomycorrhizae recently collected in Germany under Pinus sylvestris, as well as specimens from South of Brazil under Pinus taeda belong to R. verii. Thanks to the numerous ectomycorrhizal tips collected in Germany, a complete description of R. verii/P. sylvestris ectomycorrhiza is provided. Moreover, since in this paper the presence of R. verii in South America is here reported for the first time, a short description of basidiomes collected in Brazil, compared with collections located in different European herbaria, is included.
... The genus Rhizopogon belongs to the order Boletales and comprises ca 100 species. Martín (1996) reported 21 species of Rhizopogon for Europe with R. roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. sensu M.P. Martín cited as the most abundant. ...
... Fr. sensu M.P. Martín cited as the most abundant. However, the taxonomy of R. roseolus has long been controversial (Smith & Zeller 1966, Groβ & Schmitt 1974 and current authors (Martín 1996 also disagree over its species concept. ...
... The absence of yellow in the Corda illustration caused many authors to describe new taxa. However, recent morphological analyses by Martín (1996) proposed that 36 taxa described by many different authors (Corda 1854;Boudier 1885;Karsten 1886Karsten , 1889Fries 1909;Velenovský 1931Velenovský , 1939Vacek 1948;Soehner 1956;Svrček 1958;Smith & Zeller 1966;Pacioni 1984a,b) are synonymous with R. roseolus. Smith & Zeller (1966) included some of these taxa in Rhizopogon subgen. ...
Species concepts in the Rhizopogon roseolus species group (Boletales, Basidiomycotina) are analyzed using nrDNA ITS sequence data. This group includes taxa traditionally placed in sect. Rhizopogon in subsect. Rhizopogon (stirps Rubescens) and subsect.
Angustipori (stirps Vulgaris) along with many other European species. ITS sequence analyses separate the collections into numerous clades and imply the existence of five phylogenetic species.
... In an additional macromorphological inspection conducted on an X. lenis isotype for this study, we could observe color change from orange toward violet after the application of KOH. Therefore, as in other fungal groups 23,24 , this character emerges as a useful trait for taxonomic classification when closely related species are compared. Another morphological character that points to a relation among these three species is the cracked hymenial surface, described in several studies 3,22 , and also shown by X. magallanesii. ...
The use of different sources of evidence has been recommended in order to conduct species delimitation analyses to solve taxonomic issues. In this study, we use a maximum likelihood framework to combine morphological and molecular traits to study the case of Xylodon australis (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) using the locate.yeti function from the phytools R package. Xylodon australis has been considered a single species distributed across Australia, New Zealand and Patagonia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were conducted to unmask the actual diversity under X. australis as well as the kinship relations respect their relatives. To assess the taxonomic position of each clade, locate.yeti function was used to locate in a molecular phylogeny the X. australis type material for which no molecular data was available using morphological continuous traits. Two different species were distinguished under the X. australis name, one from Australia–New Zealand and other from Patagonia. In addition, a close relationship with Xylodon lenis, a species from the South East of Asia, was confirmed for the Patagonian clade. We discuss the implications of our results for the biogeographical history of this genus and we evaluate the potential of this method to be used with historical collections for which molecular data is not available.
... Species of Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordholm (Fries and Nordholm 1817) and Scleroderma Pers. (Persoon 1801) are broadly distributed and most frequently recorded in forest plantations with introduced pines, eucalypts or pecan trees (Martín 1996;Giachini et al. 2000;Baseia and Milanez 2002;Nouhra et al. 2012;Sulzbacher et al. 2016aSulzbacher et al. , 2018. However, there are relatively few citations of sequestrate taxa from native ectotrophic forests. ...
A new monotypic sequestrate genus, Longistriata is described based on collections from the Neotropical forest of Atlantic forest in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil – an area known for its high degree of endemism. The striking features of this new fungus are the hypogeous habit, the vivid yellow peridium in mature basidiomes, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with a distinct wall that is ornamented with longitudinal striations and lageniform cystidia with rounded apices. Phylogenetic analysis, based on LSU and tef-1α regions, showed that the type species, Longistriata flava , is phylogenetically sister to the monotypic sequestrate African genus Mackintoshia in Boletaceae. Together these two species formed the earliest diverging lineage in the subfamily Zangioideae. Longistriata flava is found in nutrient-poor white sand habitats where plants in the genera Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) and Guapira (Nyctaginaceae) are the only potential ectomycorrhizal host symbionts.
... ¼ 89%]). Among the unsequenced species, the morphological descriptions of Martín (1996) and Smith and Zeller (1966) suggest that R. brunneicolor and R. molligleba had a possibility to be the same species as R. yakushimensis. But their type specimens were clearly different from R. yakushimensis in the spore sizes and peridium characteristics. ...
Pinus amamiana is an endangered Pinus species found only on Yakushima Island and Tanegashima Island, Japan. We surveyed remaining P. amamiana forests and found some sporocarps of Rhizopogon (Boletales), many species of which exhibit strict host specificity to a narrow range of Pinaceae trees and play critical roles in host establishment. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, here we describe Rhizopogon yakushimensis sp. nov. This new species belongs to a new clade, phylogenetically related to the subgenera Versicolores and Rhizopogon. We also confirmed its ectomycorrhizal association with P. amamiana by comparing rDNA ITS sequences between the sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal root tips.
... Despite this cosmopolitan range, most known species are found in pine (Pinus) and Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States, Europe and New Zealand (Smith 1964;Smith and Zeller 1966;Martín 1996;Visnovsky et al. 2010;Walbert et al. 2010;Cooper 2012). Rhizopogon are common ectomycorrhizal fungi in these coniferous forests and play an important role in the ecology of these forest ecosystems. ...
Rhizopogon fruiting bodies were collected from Pinus forests in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in southwest China. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, three new species are described as Rhizopogon jiyaozi, Rhizopogon flavidus and Rhizopogon sinoalbidus. Their phylogenetic relationships to each other and previously described species are discussed.
... Our analysis also confirmed that the two sequences identified as L. semisanguifluus from Spain, that fell into the L. quieticolor clade, are possibly misidentified. BLAST search yielded highest similarity of the Chilean Rhizopogon sequences with R. rubescens (= R. roseolus) (Martin 1996) with 98% and 99% respectively. In the cladogram (Fig. 3. B), the taxa from Machalí–El Teniente, Los Ángeles–Aeródromo, Los Ángeles–Llano Blanco and San Pedro de la Paz–Escuadrón group with 87% bootstrap together with R. rubescens (= Rhizopogon roseolus) from New Zealand (distance ≤0.007), and with R. roseolus from Portugal (distance 0.017). ...
Pinus and Eucalyptus, being grown worldwide for timber and paper pulp industry, are depending on ectomycorrhizal fungi during their entire life cycle; especially Pinus is frequently found to be colonized by highly host-specific root mycobionts such as Suillus spp. or Rhizopogon spp. Although compatible fungi are usually not naturally present when the host tree ge-nus is not native in the planted area, as in the case of Southern Chile, adventitious communities of ectomycorrhizal fungal partners with unknown origin are commonly observed along the extensive range of Chilean Pinus radiata plantations. We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis focused on two taxa of Lactarius sect. Deliciosi and Rhizopogon, two very common but insufficiently studied ectomycorrhizal fungi in plantations of P. radiata in central Chile, in order to clarify both identity and origin of adventitious fungal strains. Based on ITS sequences from different specimens covering a larger distribution area, we identified the examined taxa as Lactarius quieticolor and Rhizopogon roseolus. This is the first record of L. quieticolor for South America and there is some evidence that the geographic origin of the examined strains of both species is in the Eurasian region rather than in North America where their host tree P. radiata is native, which raises the discussion how mycorrhizal partners of different geographical origins meet in an allochthonous area.
... For example, Rh. fuscorubens and Rh. nigrescens occur in the southeastern states (Miller 1986); it is thought that Rh. fuscorubens has also been introduced into Spain (Martin 1996 Yokomizo (1986) collected Lacc. laccata and Sc. ...
The occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) was assessed during 4 seasons (1 yr) in 10 plantations of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus spp. in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Forty-nine presumed EMF taxa representing 9 orders and 12 families were identified, including epigeous and sequestrate species. Many are first reports for South America, and 3 are new species, Chondrogaster augustisporus, Descomyces giachinii, and Scleroderma bougheri. Fruiting patterns of EMF differed by host, and host specificity was apparent for some. Laccaria and Scleroderma were the prevalent genera throughout the year in both plantation types. The results of the study show that species richness of EMF in Brazil is higher than previously demonstrated.
... A detailed evaluation of these revisions is given by Bratek and Halász (2005). The following species were removed from Table 1 The occurrence data of taxons found in the Carpathian-Pannonian region based on the published data of Hollós (1911), Szemere (1970) (Corda) T. M. Fr. (Martín, 1996). Species new to the list due to rearrangements are: Glomus macrocarpum Tul. and Glomus microcarpum Tul. ...
The exploration of hypogeous fungi in the Carpathian-Pannonian region speeded up in the past decades, owing to the widespread of truffle hunting with dogs. As a result, not only several new species were found in the region, but our view of the frequency of truffles also changed fundamentally. It became evident that Tuber aestivum, T. brumale, T. macrosporum, T. magnatum, T. mesentericum and Mattirolomyces terfezioides can be collected in commercial quantity. Among the dog preferred hypogeous fungi (DPH) several species, earlier believed to be rare like Octaviania asterosperma and Stephensia bombycina, also occurred. The taxonomic alterations and revisions brought about changes in the list of hypogeous fungi, and further changes are expected from molecular taxonomy research on a number of genera at present.
... Rhizopogon is a hypogeous (truffle) genus, with more than 100 species recorded in Europe (Martín 1996) and over 150 species worldwide (Trappe et al. 2009). Among these, only Rhizopogon roseolus Corda (synonym R. rubescens Tul.) (Fig. 16.4) has commercial value. ...
Significant progress has been made in the cultivation of edible basidiomycete mycorrhizal mushrooms, especially members of Tricholoma, Lactarius, and Rhizopogon. The development and optimization of mycorrhization methods have led to the successful laboratory or field cultivation of several species in these genera. Modern microscopy combined with molecular techniques has allowed effective monitoring of specific fungal isolates introduced to non-sterile field environments. Molecular tools also continue to clarify phylogenetic relationships between species and provide solutions to commercial issues, including traceability and quality assurance. Gourmet species such as the saffron milk cap (Lactarius deliciosus) and shoro (Rhizopogon roseolus) can now be cultivated reliably in Pinus plantations, and, in New Zealand, we can foresee the commercial cultivation of these fungi in the next few years. Matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake), one of the most sought-after gourmet species, still defies cultivation attempts. This is in spite of considerable research and recent progress in understanding mycorrhiza and shiro formation, host interactions, and fundamental biology (including sexual reproduction, saprophytic capability, and relationships with other microorganisms). The management of natural populations of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and the further development and improvement of cultivation techniques are critical to ensure the preservation of the long-term benefits offered by these fungi. Continued research is essential to promote further cultivation successes and to reverse the dramatic decline of natural populations of economically important species currently threatened by environmental disturbance and non-sustainable commercial harvesting.
... Zeller & C.W. Dodge Two collections in October 2000 and November 2004 under Pinus nigra mixed with Robinia pseudoacacia or with Juniperus oxycedrus (A1S5). Characteristic for these collections is the absence of rhizomorphs except near the base of basidioma, the smooth surface, the Abietis type structure of the peridium (Martin 1996) and the spore volume ranging 42-76 µm 3 (Montecchi & Sarasini 2000). Spores 7-10 x 3.2-4 µm (Q: 2.2-3) cylindrical to ellipsoid. ...
In the course of a nine-year inventory in Mt. Oxya (central Greece) fir forests, a total of 358 taxa of macromycetes, belonging in 149 genera, have been recorded. Ninety-eight taxa constitute new records, and five of them are first reports for the respective genera (Athelopsis, Crustodertna, Lentaria, Protodontia, Urnula). One hundred and one records for habitat/host/substrate are new for Greece, while some of these associations are reported for the first time in literature. Full text can be accessed at http://www.mycotaxon.com/ resources/weblists.html.
... Rhizopogon (Boletales) is the largest genus of ectomycorrhizal hypogeous basidiomycetes, with more than 100 described species (Martín 1996), and is an important component of forest ecosystems. Research to elucidate aspects of the life cycle of ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as basidiosporogenesis and dispersal strategy, is fundamental to extending our understanding of the ecological significance of these fungi. ...
Karyological characteristics during basidiosporogenesis of Rhizopogon roseolus, a member of the hypogeous Agaricomycetes, were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. More than 1000 tissue fragments of young basidiomata were stained with HCl-Giemsa and observed by a light microscopy to evaluate nuclear behavior. Basidium morphology in the hymenium was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Meiosis and post-meiotic mitosis took place in the center of the basidium. Sterigmata appeared when the first meiotic division occurred, and the center of the basidium became constricted when the second meiotic division occurred. Asynchronous nuclear migration from the basidium into the basidiospores occurred after post-meiotic mitosis, producing eight uninucleate basidiospores. The nucleus migrated patchily into basidiospores. The pattern of post-meiotic mitosis of R. roseolus, in which post-meiotic mitosis took place in the center of the basidium, is reported for the first time.
... Fries (Basidiomycota, Rhizopogonaceae) contains more than 100 species (Martín 1996). It is ectomycorrhizal mostly with Pinaceae and its worldwide distribution correlates with natural and exotic Pinaceae forests (Molina et al 1999 ). ...
Rhizopogon (Basidiomycota, Boletales) is a genus of hypogeous fungi that form ectomycorrhizal associations mostly with members of the Pinaceae. This genus comprises an estimated 100(+) species, with the greatest diversity found in coniferous forests of the Pacific northwestern United States. Maximum parsimony analyses of 54 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences including 27 Rhizopogon and 10 Suillus species were conducted to test sectional relationships in Rhizopogon and examine phylogenetic relationships with the closely related epigeous genus, Suillus. Sequences from 10 Rhizopogon type collections were included in these analyses. Rhizopogon and Suillus were both monophyletic. Rhizopogon section Rhizopogon is not monophyletic and comprised two clades, one of which consisted of two well supported lineages characterized by several long insertions. Rhizopogon sections Amylopogon and Villosuli formed well supported groups, but certain species concepts within these sections were unresolved. Four species from section Fulviglebae formed a strongly supported clade within section Villosuli. Subgeneric taxonomic revisions are presented.
... The genus Rhizopogon Fries (Basidiomycota, Boletales) contains more than 100 species of hypogeous fungi (24), which form ECM associations mostly with members of the Pinaceae (44). The greatest diversity of Rhizopogon can be found in the coniferous forests of the Pacific northwestern United States (40,30), although a number of species are known to occur in Europe (40) and Asia (3). ...
Rhizopogon roseolus Corda (synonym Rhizopogon rubescens Tul.), an economically important edible mushroom associated with the Pinaceae (mostly Pinus sp.), has a global distribution resulting from the introduction of exotic trees into the Southern Hemisphere for plantation forestry. However, the marketability of R. roseolus varies with the place of origin. R. roseolus strains cultivated in New Zealand from local carpophores for the Japanese market are morphologically and biologically distinct from those produced in Japan and are consequently considered less valuable. In this study, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) region was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of R. roseolus and other closely related fungi belonging to Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli to determine the genetic basis for phenotypic differences among R. roseolus isolates from different geographic regions. Phylogenetic comparison revealed phylogeographic variation within Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli. Collections from the United States and Europe grouped into four distinct clades. Rhizopogon roseolus isolates found in New Zealand were closely related to those from the United States, likely due to introduction of Pinus radiata from its native California in the United States. In contrast, Japanese R. roseolus isolates clustered closely with European collections. Phylogenetic differences between Japanese and New Zealand R. roseolus isolates may explain the morphological and biological properties attributed to these geographical variants. The ITS region was subsequently used to design a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous identification of Japanese and New Zealand R. roseolus isolates to track the establishment of ectomycorrhiza on P. radiata seedlings inoculated with commercially valuable R. roseolus. This diagnostic demonstrated the first fruiting of Japanese shoro cultivated on P. radiata in the Southern Hemisphere.
The true truffles, Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., are among the most studied fungal species; they also have a high economic value due to their special aromatic and nutritional properties that make them a much sought delicacy. Despite this, their identification has been based on morphological and then molecular characters in the absence of reference type specimens. Although long of scientific, commercial and regulatory use, these four scientific names are at risk due to a lack of nomenclatural priority. To provide the scientific community with reference voucher samples and to initiate nomenclatural proposals for the recognition of their status as conserved names, three collections from sites mentioned by their authors (Picco and Vittadini) are proposed as epitypes for Tuber aestivum, T. borchii and T. melanosporum, and one as a neotype for T. magnatum. The type of each name is described morphologically and molecularly characterized with the sequences of three markers: ITS, β-tubulin, elongation factor 1α. The taxonomy and nomenclature of each species are discussed. The conservation of the names Tuber aestivum against the previous homonymous Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. and the competing name Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl., T. magnatum against Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., and T. melanosporum against Tuber nigrum Bull. will be proposed. The name Tuber borchii has no previous synonyms and therefore it is legitimate and does not require conservation.
Este manual ofrece una guía para el reconocimiento de las especies de hongos comestibles que crecen en las plantaciones de la Región Andino Patagónica, y presenta información sobre el modo de vida y hábito de cada especie, sus características organolépticas, su distribución y hábitat, los momentos de aparición de cada especie, opciones de conservación post cosecha, y su valor comestible y el modo de consumo recomendado.
También se presentan criterios para la colecta segura, eficaz y sustentable, modos de preservación y uso gastronómico de los hongos. Finalmente, varias recetas ofrecen ideas de cómo maximizar su utilización sin perder sus sabores y aromas particulares.
Résumé: Les auteurs présentent la liste des champignons hypogés (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina et Zygomycotina) récoltés à ce jour au grand-duché de Luxembourg. En 1988, seulement 14 espèces y étaient signalées. Actuellement, grâce à une prospection accrue en 2000 et 2001, le nombre de taxons reconnus dans le territoire est passé à 44. La richesse spécifique des hypogés du Luxembourg est comparée à celle de quelques autres territoires d'Europe occidentale. Zusammenfassung: Die Autoren möchten in ihrem Beitrag alle bis zum heutigen Tag aus Luxemburg bekannten Funde von hypogäischen Pilzen auflisten (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina und Zygomycotina). Waren bis 1988 erst 14 verschiedene Arten bekannt, so konnte dank intensiver Nachforschung in den Jahren 2000 und 2001 die Anzahl auf 44 erhöht werden. Die Reichhaltigkeit der Hypogäen in Luxemburg wird mit einigen anderen westeuropäischen Gebieten verglichen. Summary: The list of the hypogeous fungi (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Zygomycotina) collected in Luxemburg is presented. Only 14 species were known in 1988. A more intensive survey of the territory during 2000 and 2001 has led to the description of 44 taxa in Luxemburg. The diversity of the hypogeous fungi of Luxemburg is compared to that of some other Western European countries.
Die Fruchtkörper und Rhizomorphen von Gastrosporium simplex werden detailliert beschrieben. Die Rhizomorphen sind charakterisiert durch ampullenförmige Anschwellungen an den Septen innerer Hyphen, durch das Fehlen von gefäßartigen Hyphen mit sich auflösenden Septen, durch eine auffällige gelatinöse Matrix und einer dicken und dichten Lage von sternförmig zusammengesetzten Kristallen, sowie an Hand ballonförmiger, terminaler Hyphenzellen der Rhizomophenoberfläche. Besonders die ampullenförmig aufgetriebenen Hyphen sind von Bedeutung, da Rhizomorphen mit solchen Hyphen innerhalb der Hymenomycetes nicht weit verbreitet sind. Sie kommen offensichtlich generell in den nahe verwandten Ordnungen Gomphales, Geastrales und Gautieriales vor und sind wahrscheinlich auch für die Phallales charakteristisch sowie für die Gattungen Hydnum, Kavinia und für einige Arten der Gattungen Phlebiella und Trechispora. All diese Gruppen werden mit Gastrosporium simplex verglichen. Wir schließen, dass die Gastrosporiaceae wahrscheinlich einerseits mit dem Ordnungskomplex ‘Gomphales-Geastrales-Gautieriales’ und andererseits mit den Phallales verwandt sind. Aber wahrscheinlicher ist sogar eine nähere Verwandtschaft mit den Gattungen Ramaricium, Kavinia, Phlebiella und Trechispora. Denn Gastrosporium simplex bildet weder Acantho-Oleocystiden oder Acantho-Oleohyphen, die von sehr dünnwandigen, rundlichen, mit gelbem Inhalt gefüllten Zel-len begleitet werden – diese Merkmalskombination ist kennzeichnend für den Komplex ‘Gomphales-Geastrales-Gautieriales’ – noch formen sie in blasenförmigen Zellen die für Phallales bekannten, zusammengesetzten Kristalle. Die Unterschiede in der Glebaontogenie im Vergleich zu den Phallales rechtfertigt eine separate Ordnung Gastrosporiales. Eine Beziehung zu den Lycoperdales kann schon hinsichtlich der vollkommen abweichenden Glebaontogenie ausgeschlossen werden, aber auch wegen der grundsätzlich andersartigen Ontogenie der Rhizomorphen. Im Gegensatz zu den Gastrosporiales sind die Lycoperdales nämlich durch so genannte agaricoide Rhizomorphen gekennzeichnet, die dicke, gefäßartige Hyphen aufweisen, wie sie auch für die ihnen verwandten Gattungen Agaricus, Macrolepiota und Bovista kennzeichnend sind.The rhizomorphs of Gastrosporium simplex and some ideas to the systematic position of the Gastrosporiaceae (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota)Fruitbodies and rhizomorphs of Gastrosporium simplex are described in detail. The rhizomorphs are characterized by ampullate inflations at the septa of internal hyphae, by the lack of vessel-like hyphae with dissolving septa, by a prominent gelatinous matrix, and a dense and thick layer of star-like arranged crystals on their surface and by balloon-shaped to globose terminal cells. Particularly the hyphae with ampullate inflations are important, as rhizomorphs with such hyphae are not widely distributed within Hymenomycetes. They apparently consistently occur in the closely related orders Gomphales, Geastrales and Gautieriales and are probably also characteristic of Phallales and of the genera Hydnum, Kavinia,and some Phlebiella and Trechispora species. All these groups are compared with Gastrosporium simplex and it is concluded that Gastrosporiaceae are likely related on the one hand to the complex ‘Gomphales-Geastrales-Gautieriales’ and, on the other, to the Phallales. But possibly, there is even a closer relation to the resupinate genera Ramaricium, Kavinia, Phlebiella and Trechispora, as Gastrosporium simplex neither forms acantho-oleocystidia or acantho-oleohyphae accompanied by very thin-walled, roundish cells with yellowish contents – characteristic of the complex ‘Gomphales-Geastrales-Gautieriales’ – nor do they form composed crystals in globular cells as they are found in Phallales. The differences in gleba ontogeny as compared to that of Phallales justifies a separate order for Gastrosporiaceae. A relation to Lycoperdales can be excluded with respect to the gleba formation and with respect to the completely different ontogeny of the rhizomorphs as well. In contrast to Gastrosporiales, the Lycoperdales are characterized by so-called agaricoid rhizomorphs with vessel-like thick hyphae as they are known to occur also in their relatives Agaricus, Macrolepiota and Bovista.
Sulzbacher MA, Grebenc T, Jacques RJS, Antoniolli ZI 2013 – Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts. Mycosphere 4(1), 61– 95, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/4/1/5 A first list of ectomycorrhizal and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil (the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná), their potential hosts and origin is presented. The list is based on literature and authors observations. Ectomycorrhizal status and putative origin of listed species was assessed based on worldwide published data and, for some genera, deduced from taxonomic position of otherwise locally distributed species. A total of 144 species (including 18 doubtfull species) in 49 genera were recorded for this region, all accompanied with a brief distribution, habitat and substrate data. At least 30 collections were published only to the genus level and require further taxonomic review.
PCR was used to amplify ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and 5-8 S DNA from type material of Rhizopogon colossus var. colossus, R. hawkerae, R. parksii, R. reticulatus and R. villosulus plus a number of collections belonging to the same section (Sect. Villosuli). Different restriction enzymes were used to digest these amplified rDNAs to find polymorphisms useful in identification. On the basis of these studies and our previous morphological observations, the conclusion is that the names proposed by Smith & Zeller for collections studied, as well as R. reticulatus, represent only one species, R. villosulus.
The ultrastructure of developing basidiospores in Rhizopogon roseolus is described. When viewed in the fruiting body chamber using scanning electron microscopy, basidiospores appear narrowly
ellipsoid and have smooth walls. Eight basidiospores are usually produced on the apex of each sterigma on the basidium. Transmission
electron micrographs showed that basidiospores formed by movement of cytoplasm (including the nuclei) via the sterigmata,
and then each basidiospore eventually became separated from its sterigma by an electron-lucent septum. The sterigma and basidium
subsequently collapsed, resulting in spore release. Freshly released spores retained the sterigmal appendage connected to
the collapsed basidium. After spore release, the major ultrastructural changes in the spore concerned the lipid bodies and
the spore wall. During maturation, lipid bodies formed and then expanded. Before release, the spore wall was homogeneous and
electronlucent, but after release the spore wall comprised two distinct layers with electron-dense depositions at the inner
wall, and the dense depositions formed an electron-dense third layer. The mature spore wall complex comprised at least four
distinct layers: the outer electron-lucent thin double layers, the mottled electron-dense third layer, and the electron-lucent
fourth layer in which electron-lucent granular substances were dispersed.
In this study we examine the distribution of Rhizopogon species in spore banks from five California pine forests. Four of the forest sites were discontinuous populations of Pinus muricata and a fifth was a Pinus ponderosa stand in Sierra National Forest. Rhizopogon species were retrieved by bioassaying the soils with pine seedlings followed by isolation of axenic cultures from individual root tips with typical Rhizopogon ectomycorrhizal morphology. The cultures were screened by ITS-RFLP and all unique patterns were sequenced. These sequences then were compared with those derived from identified sporocarp material. Bioassaying proved to be an efficient way to bring Rhizopogon species into culture. Approximately 50% of the pots contained ectomycorrhizal tips with Rhizopogon-like morphology, and axenic Rhizopogon cultures were obtained from half these pots. Our results showed that Rhizopogon spores usually are well distributed within local forest areas, while there is significant structuring of species at the regional scale. Spore longevity and homogenization by soil and water movement might explain their distribution within local forest areas, while the regional pattern might be explained by limited long distance dispersal or climatic and edaphic differences.
The putative ectomycorrhizal fungal species registered from sporocarps associated with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests in their natural range distribution (i.e., western Canada, USA, and Mexico) and from plantations in south Argentina and other parts of the world are listed. One hundred and fifty seven taxa are reported for native ponderosa pine forests and 514 taxa for native Douglas-fir forests based on available literature and databases. A small group of genera comprises a high proportion of the species richness for native Douglas-fir (i.e., Cortinarius, Inocybe, and Russula), whereas in native ponderosa pine, the species richness is more evenly distributed among several genera. The comparison between ectomycorrhizal species richness associated with both trees in native forests and in Patagonia (Argentina) shows far fewer species in the latter, with 18 taxa for the ponderosa pine and 15 for the Douglas-fir. Epigeous species richness is clearly dominant in native Douglas-fir, whereas a more balanced relation epigeous/hypogeous richness is observed for native ponderosa pine; a similar trend was observed for Patagonian plantations. Most fungi in Patagonian Douglas-fir plantations have not been recorded in plantations elsewhere, except Suillus lakei and Thelephora terrestris, and only 56% of the fungal taxa recorded in Douglas-fir plantations around the world are known from native forests, the other taxa being new associations for this host, suggesting that new tree + ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa associations are favored in artificial situations as plantations.
Three rare and interesting Gasteromycetes collected in Catalonia are here described and commented. The species discussed are the following: Bovista paludosa Lév., Ileodictyon gracile Berk. and Lysurus mokusin (Cibot : Pers.) Fr.
THE false-truffles (Hymenogastrales) are a group of basidomycetous fungi that produce underground truffle-like basidiocarps. They are generally believed to be independently derived from several mushroom lineages, but extensive morphological divergence often obscures recognition of these phylogenetic connections. Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA now demonstrate a surprisingly close relationship between species of false-truffles in the genus Rhizopogon (Hymenogastraceae) and the mushroom genus Suillus (Boletaceae). The striking morphological differences separating all Suillus species from Rhizopogon imply an acceleration in the rate of morphological change relative to molecular change during the evolution of these false-truffles from their mushroom ancestors. This acceleration can best be explained by rapid morphological divergence resulting from selective pressures which may have acted on a small number of developmental genes.
Walls of sporangiophores and sporangia of Gilbertella persicaria contain conspicuous deposits of calcium oxalate. The morphology of these crystalline deposits varies with location on the fruiting structure. Deposits over most of the sporangiophore consist of elongate, flattened plates embedded in the sporangiophore wall, and these plates often bear single or paired, upright appendages. In the area of transition between sporangiophore and sporangium the crystals consist of short, verrucose projections borne on flattened, polygonal basal plates. Crystals on the sporangium proper are morphologically complex, composed of an apical, flattened, polygonal cap, an angular, upright column, and a flattened, polygonal base plate. Scanning electron micrographs and X-ray elemental analysis of these crystals are presented. The morphology of these crystals and their relationship to sporangiophore and sporangium development are discussed, along with speculations on the function of these deposits.
A basidiomycete fungus was found growing on rotting Pinus ponderosa wood near Pagosa Springs, Colorado. This fungus produces large masses of calcium oxalate crystals in association with the hyphae. The calcium oxalate deposits take the form of druses, multiple crystal aggregates. Examination of the hyphae and druses by transmission electron microscopy shows that a crystal sheath covers the individual crystals. The crystal sheath is continuous with the external part of the hyphal cell wall, and zones of the wall, just below the druses, are substantially thinner than the adjacent cell wall. Results of this research support the hypothesis that crystals are produced by the hyphae and do not support the idea that the crystals are precipitated on the hyphal surface.
Two species of hypogeous basidiomycetes in the genus Zelleromyces which had been previously recognized as provisional taxa from the southeastern United States, Z. sculptisporus and Z. versicaulis, are formally described as new. Additional discussion is provided for Z. cinnabarinus, and Z. ravenelii, another species described from the southeastern United States, is synonomized with Z. cinnabarinus.
The following 12 new species and two varieties of Rhizopogon are described from collections made around Nelson, British Columbia, and Santa Fe, New Mexico: R.amoenus Harrison and Smith, R.armeniacus Harrison and Smith, R. canadensis Harrison and Smith, R. cinnamomeus Harrison and Smith, R. columbianus Harrison and Smith, R. inversus Harrison and Smith, R. pachydermus Harrison and Smith, R. pinyonensis Harrison and Smith var. pinyonensis, R. pinyonensis var. sublutescens Harrison and Smith, R. pinyonensis var. albidus Harrison and Smith, R. praestans Harrison and Smith, R. singularis Harrison and Smith, R. tephrogleba Harrison and Smith, and R. vestitus Harrison and Smith. Additional information is presented on four recently described species, and the ranges of 29 species are extended. It has been found that, when rainfall conditions are favorable, a distinctive and characteristic Rhizopogon flora occurs under pinyon pines in the pinyon pine – juniper forests of the arid regions of the south west.
Forest litter samples from the Wasatch National Forest of Utah were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. Gymnosperm and aspen leaves in the litter have numerous hyphae growing on their surfaces. These white hyphae are covered with a plethora of needle-shaped crystals. By x-ray diffraction the crystals were identified as weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate). It was possible to find what appear to be stages in crystal development. The crystals develop inside the hyphae; they grow to an intermediate stage in which the ends cause the extension of the hyphal wall. Following this, the crystals become more and more external. Mature crystals become disassociated from the hyphae and sometimes collect in groups.
Seven Devils Mountains, Heaven's gate Ridge
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- Co
Idaho,
Idaho Co., Seven Devils Mountains, Heaven's gate Ridge, under white bark pine & alpine fir,
2.8.1958, leg. A.H. Smith 59481 (UPS, PARATYPE);
In the following new paragraphs, to clarify the concept of this species, the large amount of collections studied (1458), has been separated, according to their spore volume in five groups
- Gross
[Preliminary Note: Earlier authors distributed Rhizopogon roseolus complex in two, three, four or five
species according to the spore size and spore volume. In the following new paragraphs, to clarify the
concept of this species, the large amount of collections studied (1458), has been separated, according to
their spore volume in five groups (Gross et al., 1980): (A) volume inferior to 22.5 |im 3, (B) volume
between 22.6 and 37.5 |im 3, (C) volume 37.6 to 52.5 |im 3, (D) volume superior to 52.6 nm 3 and (E)
specimens with monosporic basidia and abnormally large spores.]
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