Content uploaded by Fatma Matpan Bekler
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Fatma Matpan Bekler
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of commercial tea extracts against some pathogen fungi and bacteria
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol, methanol, hexane and aqueous extracts of commercial tea types such as fennel (Foeniculum sp.), senna (Cassia sp.), basil-rosemary (Ocimum sp.-Rosmarinus sp), daisy (Bellis sp.) and sage (Salvia sp) against pathogen fungi (Colletotrichum coccodes, Epicoccum nigrum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis) and foodborne pathogen bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp.) were investigated with disk diffusion method. Senna (Cassia sp.) exhibed the most effective antimicrobial activity in both ethanolic and methanolic extracts. The best antimicrobial effect (30.6 mm) against E. nigrium was seen in methanolic senna (Cassia sp.) extract. The results of the study indicate that commercial tea types have showed various levels of antimicrobial activity depend on the type of solvent used in the extraction procedure.
... It was reported that essential oils of R. officinalis had weak or moderate antibacterial activity [55]. Sienkiewicz and coauthors [43], Burt [56] Sirocchi and coauthors [57] and Yildirim and coauthors [58] demonstrated the antibacterial activities of R. officinalis in their studies. Rosmarinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, carnosol, epirosmanol, carnosic acid, rosmanol and isorosmanol in rosemary are inhibitory in cells due to their interaction with the cell membrane, which causes loss of membrane functionality and structure, changes in genetic material and nutrients, changes in electron transport, leakage of cellular components, and changes in fatty acid production [59]. ...
Medicinal and aromatic plants have been widely using in folk medicine as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents. The aim of this study was to determine essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of T. spicata, L. X Intermedia, S. macrantha and R. officinalis. Essential oil components of these plants were obtained by water vapor distillation method using Neo-Clevenger apparatus. Essential oil components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The main components of these plants are carvacrol (74.26 %) and γ-terpinene (10.28%) in T. spicata, 1,8-cineol (32.48%), linalool (24.38%) and camphor (14.73%) in L. X Intermedia, p-cymene (56.70%), carvacrol (10.96 %) in S. macrantha and camphor (18.26 %), α-pinene (15.51%), 1,8-cineole (11.86%) and borneol (10.39%) in R. officinalis were determined. T. spicata and S. macrantha showed strong effects against three microorganisms. L. X Intermedia and R. officinalis showed strong activity against Candida albicans, while they had moderate effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.
... The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol, methanol, hexane and aqueous extracts of commercial tea types of fennel (Foeniculum sp.) against pathogenic fungi and foodborne pathogenic bacteria were investigated with disk diffusion method and hexane crude extract of tea fennel types especially showed the antifungal activity (Yildirim et al., 2010). ...
A phytochemical study was conducted on the leaves of Foeniculum vulgare collected from Haramaya University main campus. Two positional isomeric compounds were isolated as a mixture using column chromatography over silica gel and structures of these compounds were characterized using 1H – NMR, 13C–NMR, DEPT –135, COSY, HMQC and HMBC as 1-methoxy-4-((E)-1’’-prop-enyl)benzene and 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene. A phytochemical screening test of chloroform crude extract confirmed the presence of flavonoid, cholesterol, terpenoids, steroids and carbohydrates. Essential oil was also extracted from the leaves of the plant by hydrodistillation. And antimicrobial activity of crude extract, fractions and essential oils were tested against two bacteria (Gram negative bacteria Escherchia coli strain 10 and Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Aspargillus niger and Fusarium solani). The essential oil of the leaves was active against the tested bacteria and fungi. However, the separated isomeric compounds were only active against the tested fungi. On the basis of the results obtained, the separated isomeric compounds showed a better
antifungal activity against Aspargillus niger relative to the essential oil.
... Furtehermore, Salvia species were reported to have a strong antifungal activity in many studies. In the study conducted by Yıldırım et al (2010), they investigated the antifungal activity of the methanol, ethanol, hexane and water extracts of the Salvia species and reported that the hexane extract had the most effective antifungal activity. In another study, it was found that the essential oils of S. lavandulifolia, S. officinalis and S. sclarea species exhibited high antifungal activity against Candida species (Seyoum et al. 2006). ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical components, antioxidant and antifungal
activities of the essential oil and plant methanolic extract of Salvia candidissima Vahl. plant,
which is one of the sage species. By using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method, it was determined that there are 54
components in the essential oil of S. candidissima. These identified components were found to
constitute 99.98% of the essential oil. The main components of the essential oil were
determined as Spathulenol (12.75%), Caryophyllene oxide (8.67%), Ledene oxide (6.98%)
and o-Cymene (6.03%). A antifungal activity of the essential oil against Rhizoctonia solani
and Aternaria solani was found. As a result of the study, it was determined that the mycelial
growth of A. solani was inhibited by 57.92% as a result of application of 10 μL petri1
essential oil, while that of R. solani was inhibited by 51.87%. As a result of the antioxidant
study conducted with plant extract, the values of Free Radical Scavenging DPPH
(lC50 22.96 ± 0.45), Iron Reduction Power (FRAP 1.20 ± 0.16 mmol TE g
-1
extract), Copper
Reduction Power (CUPRAC 3.30 ± 0.12 mmol TE g
-1
extract) and Free Cation Radical
Scavenging TEAC (lC50 9.25 ± 0.40 (µg ml-1
)) were determined. The Total Phenolic (TP) and
Total Flavonoid (TF) contents were found as 83.53 ± 5.92 mg GAE g
-1 extract and 59.02 ± 3.59 mg QE g -1 extract, respectively. These results showed that the essential oil and plant methanolic extract of S.candidissima has a significant antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi and strong antioxidant activity.
... Variation in activity among different extracting solvents has earlier been reported [28,29]. In our study; hexane and methanol extract of M. aucheri did not showed activity against tested fungus. ...
Total antioxidant status and antifungal activities of three endemic plants from the Munzur Valley in Tunceli, Turkey; Bellevalia gracilis Feinbrun, Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker ve Tulipa armena Boiss. var. lycica (Baker) Marais were evaluated for the first time. Aqueous, hexanic, methanolic and ethanolic extracts were obtained from leaves and bulbs of B. gracilis, M. aucheri ve T. armena var. lycica. Total antioxidant status was determined by using TAS assay kit (Rel assay diagnostics). Antifungal assays were performed according to amended agar method against white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor.Among the plants tested, the leaves of B. gracilis exhibited highest total antioxidant status among all samples evaluated in this study. According to the results, M. aucheri plant exhibited the lowest antioxidant status. The results of this study showed that the aqueous leaf extract of T. armena var. lycica at a concentration 2.5% (w/v) suppressed significantly the radial growth of C. versicolor by 68.00%. It can be concluded that the plant species assayed possess antifungal and antioxidant properties.
The essential oil composition and in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activity of the Salvia sclarea L. from Munzur Valley in Tunceli, Turkey were evaluated in this research. The in vitro antifungal activity of ethanol, hexane and aqueous extracts of S. sclarea against pathogen fungi Epicoccum nigrum and Colletotrichum coccodes were investigated. The essential oil of aerial parts of S. sclarea was obtained by hydrodistillation and was analysed by GC and GC—MS. Total antioxidant status was determined by using Rel assay diagnostics TAS assay kit (Lot.RL024) by Multiscan FC (Thermo). 33 compounds were identified representing the 85.0% of the total oil. The most abundant components (>5%) of the S. sclarea essential oils were caryophyllene oxide (24.1%), sclareol (11.5%), spathulenol (11.4%), 1H—naphtho (2,1,6) pyran (8.6%) and b—caryophyllene (5.1%). The best antifungal and antioxidant effect was seen in ethanolic S. sclarea extract. It can be said that Salvia sclerae could be used as natural antioxidant.
Iron oxide, iron-cobalt core shell nanoparticle and zero valent iron nanoparticles were synthesized by a one pot, room temperature method using co-precipitation, micro emulsion and wet chemical method using gallic acid as the surfactant and reducing agent. The properties and distribution of the particles were confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The stability of the particles were evaluated by observation for visible aggregates over a weeks period and progressed for further studies. In this report the anti microbial activities of three different forms of iron namely iron oxide, iron-cobalt composite and zero valent iron were evaluated by zone of inhibition studies by agar well diffusion method on multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus sp. The drug kanamycin an amino glycoside antibiotic was used as the positive control for the comparison of the antimicrobial activity. The incubation period of the evaluated microbial inhibition assay was 12 hours from the time on inoculation and well assay. During repeated trials the zone of inhibition remained at high areas proving the particles are toxic to the microbes.
A novel botanic biopreservative was successfully prepared by the combination of the bamboo leaves extracts and ebony extracts, designated as ebony-bamboo leaves complex extracts (EBLCE), whose antimicrobial activity was assessed according to an inhibition zone method against 10 common pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. It was found that EBLCE was more effective from all the chosen microorganisms, as compared by potassium sorbate. Due to its excellent antimicrobial activity, and some additional properties like edibility, safety and economy, EBLCE was selected for further study to evaluate the efficacy in prolonging shelf life and improving the quality of peeled Penaeus vannamei during storage at 4 °C, based on periodical microbiological, chemical and sensory analysis. As a result, EBLCE was observed to prevent spoilage of peeled P. vannamei efficiently as reflected by a distinct decrease in total viable count, pH and total volatile basic nitrogen, as well as a slower decline in the sensory evaluation scores. Therefore, a prolonged shelf life of 16 days was obtained for EBLCE pre-treated peeled shrimps with comparison of 6 days for the control group, demonstrating EBLCE as a promising alternative for preserving food.
Euphobia heterophylla is a local medicinal plant used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of constipation, bronchitis and asthma. The aqueous decoction and the methanolic extracts were subjected to anti-inflammatory activity using experimental animal model, in the presence of the positive control drugs. The inflammation was induced by carraegenean. From the results obtained the aqueous extract showed significant activity (P < 0.001) comparable to the reference drug used. At the different dose range used (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg), there was no significant differences in their anti-inflammatory activity hence they were not dose-dependent. However, the methanolic extract did not show any appreciable activity (20-24% inhibition) and were also not dose-dependent. The results of the study showed the justification of the use of the plant in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions, and the active chemical constituents when isolated will be added to the present anti-inflammatory agents.
Methanol extract of Senna podocarpa leaf was obtained using the cold extraction method. The extract was tested for antimicrobial activity against ten organisms, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus feacalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphyloccoccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Microccoccus leutus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. The agar well diffusion method was used to carry out this test. Antimicrobial activity was indicated by appearance of zones of inhibition around wells. Results showed that the extract inhibited the growth of all the organisms except E. coli, with zones of inhibition ranging from 3 mm in S. aureus and M. leutus, to 28 mm in C. albicans. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was also determined using four different concentrations of the extract (30, 25, 20, 15 mg/ml). The death rate of the susceptible microorganism by 30 mg/ml concentration of the extract was investigated, whereby P. aeruginosa, K. pnuemoniae and S. typhi continually reduced from 420, 350 and 600 cfu/ml respectively to zero after 12, 9 and 8 h of respective interaction between them and the extract. However, S. feacalis reduced gradually from 550 cfu/ml to zero at the 10 th h. Mechanism of action of the extract on the organism inhibited was also carried out. Results showed that potassium ions were continuously leaked throughout the time of interaction (24 h) between the extract and the susceptible organisms. Result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, tanins anthraquinone, phlobatanin, and alkaloids. The percentage yield of the plant as recorded is 4.6%.
The antimicrobial activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of this herb were investigated against 10 bacterial and 5 fungal species using the dilution method on solid agar medium. The acetone extracts from the leaf and root were active against Gram-positive bacteria with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.0 and 7.0 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>, whereas the acetone stem extract was able to inhibit all the bacterial strains at 0.5-7.0 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. The methanol extracts of the 3 plant parts showed activity against all the bacterial isolates with MIC values ranging between 0.1 and 10.0 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. Again all the extracts exhibited appreciable activity against all the fungi species investigated. The methanol extract of the root showed 100% inhibition against Aspergillus niger , A. flavus and Penicilium notatum at 5 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> while it was 88.61% inhibition in Mucor hiemalis . The ability of the extracts of F. muricata to inhibit the growth of several bacteria and fungi is an indication of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of bacterial and fungal infections.
In vitro antibacterial activities of four fractions of stem bark of Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. against some bacterial isolates implicated in oro-dental infections were investigated using standard microbiological methods. The aqueous and chloroform fractions exhibited significant inhibitory action against all twelve bacterial isolates tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. The zones of inhibition due to the aqueous fraction ranged between 10 and 15 mm while that of chloroform fraction ranged between 8 and 13 mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) exhibited by aqueous fraction against the bacterial isolates ranged between 0.625 and 2.5 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> while that of chloroform fraction ranged between 0.313 and 5.0 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. Phytochemical analysis of Distemonanthus benthamianus extract revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, saponins and alkaloids. Between 18 and 76% of Streptococcus mutans were killed within 120 min contact time in aqueous extract concentration of between 0.3125 and 2.50 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>, while between 15 and 60% of Bacteroides gingivalis were killed within the same period and concentration by the aqueous fraction of the crude extract. The same concentrations of extracts resulted in protein leakages in the test organisms and we proposed disruption of cell membrane as a mechanism of action of the plant extract.
Antimicrobial activities of the crude ethanolic extracts of five plants were screened against multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. ATCC strains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Pseudimonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were also tested. The strains that showed resistance against the maximum number of antibiotics tested were selected for an antibacterial assay. The MDR strains were sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of Acacia nilotica, Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamum zeylanicum, whereas they exhibited strong resistance to the extracts of Terminalia arjuna and Eucalyptus globulus. Community-acquired infections showed higher sensitivity than the nosocomial infections against these extracts. The most potent antimicrobial plant was A. nilotica (MIC range 9.75-313 microg/ml), whereas other crude plant extracts studied in this report were found to exhibit higher MIC values than A. nilotica against community acquired as well as nosocomial infection. This study concludes that A. nilotica, C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum can be used against multidrug resistant microbes causing nosocomial and community acquired infections.
The methanolic bark extract of Khaya senegalensis was investigated for its effects on the cardiovascular system. The extract increased the blood pressure of chloralose anaesthetized rats. The increase in rate and force of contraction of isolated, spontaneous rabbit atria evoked by the extract were dose dependent and less pronounced than those produced by isoprenaline. The chronotropic effects of the extract and isoprenaline were antagonized by propranolol which also abolished the ionotropic effect of the extract and antagonized isoprenaline-induced inotrophy. The vasoconstrictor effect of the extract observed with isolated spiral strips of rabbit aorta was dose dependent, less potent than noradrenaline and was abolished by prazosin. These findings indicate that the hypertensive effect of the methanolic bark extract of K. senegalensis is partly due to the stimulation of β-receptors and -adrenoceptors.
Rosmarinus officinalis is widely found in the lands of Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. The goal of this work was to test the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils and methanolic extracts of R. officinalis collected from three different regions at four different time intervals of the year against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Essential oils were obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by using a Clevenger apparatus, for 4 h. After distillation, the distillates were filtered, air-dried and then extracted by using a Soxhlet apparatus for 9 h to obtain the methanolic extracts. The antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extracts were tested by the disc diffusion technique. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils obtained from R. officinalis were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).The results indicated that the tested bacteria were sensitive to the essential oils and partially to the methanolic extracts. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils against the tested bacteria differed, depending on location and seasonal variations.