Lichenicolous Fungi and Lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy)

Abstract

BRACKEL, W. v. 2011. Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy). — Herzogia 24: 65–101. During an excursion to Puglia and Basilicata in summer 2010, 50 sites of lichenological interest were visited. The results of this field study with special emphasis on lichenicolous fungi are presented here. The new genus Asteroglobulus, the new species Asteroglobulus giselae, Phoma melanelixiae and Unguiculariopsis lucaniae are described, and a list of 92 taxa of lichenicolous fungi, including some lichenicolous lichens, is provided. Notes on some remarkable lichens (e.g., Collema italicum) and on two hepaticolous fungi are added.

Full text

Herzogia 24 (1), 2011: 65 –101 65
Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata
(southern Italy)
Wolfgang von Brackel
Abstract: Brackel, W. v. 2011. Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy). –
Herzogia 24: 65 –101.
During an excursion to Puglia and Basilicata in summer 2010, 50 sites of lichenological interest were visited. The re-
sults of this field study with special emphasis on lichenicolous fungi are presented here. The new genus Asteroglobulus,
the new species Asteroglobulus giselae, Phoma melanelixiae and Unguiculariopsis lucaniae are described, and a list
of 92 taxa of lichenicolous fungi, including some lichenicolous lichens, is provided. Notes on some remarkable li-
chens (e.g., Collema italicum) and on two hepaticolous fungi are added.
Zusammenfassung: Brackel, W. v. 2011. Lichenicole Pilze und Flechten aus Apulien und der Basilicata (Süditalien).
– Herzogia 24: 65 –101.
Während einer Exkursion durch Apulien und die Basilicata im Sommer 2010 wurden 50 lichenologisch interessante
Stellen besucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Geländeerhebungen, mit besonderem Gewicht auf den lichenicolen Pilzen,
werden hier vorgestellt. Die neue Gattung Asteroglobulus, die neuen Arten Asteroglobulus giselae, Phoma melaneli-
xiae und Unguiculariopsis lucaniae werden beschrieben und eine Liste von 92 Arten lichenicoler Pilze (einschließlich
einiger lichenicoler Flechten) wird vorgestellt. Erwähnt werden weiterhin einige bemerkenswerte Flechten (z. B.
Collema italicum) und zwei hepaticole Pilze.
Key words: Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, anamorphic fungi, Mediterranean.
Introduction
The two regions Puglia and Basilicata in the southern part of Italy had a glorious past in the Antiquity
and in the Middle Ages. They were a part of Magna Graecia with the important cities Taras (Taranto),
Metapontion (Metaponto), Heracleia (Policoro), Kallipolis (Gallipoli), and others, before they were
conquered by the Romans. After the fall of the Roman Empire a lot of conquerers came and the
Italian south lost importance. Under the reign of the famous emperor Federico II they saw a last
bloom as a part of the kingdom of Sicilia. The following terrible wars destroyed the cities and the
country, and feudalism did the rest, so that Puglia and especially Basilicata belonged to the poor-
est regions of Europe till the middle of the last century1, when a land reform and programs for the
Mezzogiorno (Italian South) began to work. The economic situation improved a little with tourism
especially on the coast of Puglia, whereas the interior of Basilicata is still almost free of tourists.
As in almost all Mediterranean coastal areas the forest was reduced to relics already in ancient
times due to the need of wood for vessels and to gain pasture for sheep. Hence in Puglia no
1 To get an impression of the situation in the Basilicata in the first half of the 20th century, read Carlo Levi‘s „Cristo si
è fermato a Eboli“ (Christ stopped at Eboli) or see some of his pictures; the medician, poet and painter was banned
to Aliano in the Basilicata in the fascist era.

66 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
bigger areas of forest are found except of the famous Foresta Umbra at the promontory of
Gargano; the situation is better in the mountains of Basilicata, where in several National or
Natural Parcs large areas covered with forests especially of beeches and different species of
oaks can be found. But even in the deforested region Puglia trees are not rare thanks to the vast
plantations of olive trees.
In August 2010 we made an excursion of four weeks through both regions, covering all im-
portant land forms. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi on rocks might be somewhat under-
represented due to the weather conditions.
Material and Methods
The specimens were studied macroscopically with a Zeiss stereo microscope at magnifications
up to ×40 and microscopically with an Olympus BX 51 microscope fitted with Normarski
differential interference contrast optics. Measurements were taken on thin hand-cut sections
mounted in water. Statistical measurements are indicated as (minimum–)
X
– σx –
X
+ σx (–ma-
ximum) followed by the number of measurements; the length/breadth ratio of ascospores and
conidia is indicated as l/b and given in the same way. For identification and staining the stand-
ard reagents 10 % KOH, Steiner’s solution, lactic acid, Lugol’s solution, and cotton blue were
used. The specimens are deposited in the private herbarium of the author at the Institut für
Vegetationskunde und Landschaftsökologie (hb ivl), the type specimens of the new taxa in
M. Only from very common species (e.g. Athelia arachnoidea, Lichenoconium erodens) the
investigated specimens were not kept in the herbarium.
Fig. 1: Collection sites 1–50.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 67
Results
The underlined numbers 1–50 indicate the localities described below. All specimens leg. W. &
G. v. Brackel, det. W. v. Brackel. Species marked with an “L" are lichenized (parasitic lichens).
Abrothallus acetabuli Diederich
49: on Pleurosticta acetabulum, thallus (hb ivl 5661).
This species is rarely reported from Europe [Belgium (Diederich et al. 2009), Germany (Diederich
1990), France (Diederich 1990, Roux et al. 2008), Luxemburg (Diederich 1990), Netherlands
(Aptroot et al. 2004), Spain (Calatayud et al. 1995, Etayo & Lopez de Silano 2008)]. We do not
know about any previous records from Italy. It is clearly distinguished from A. parmeliarum mainly
by the missing K reaction of the hymenium (turning greenish in A. parmeliarum). In our specimen we
found slightly smaller ascospores than given in the original description of Diederich (1990): (12–)
12.5 –14.6(–16) × (4.5 –)4.7–5.7(– 6) µm, l/b = (2.3 –)2.4 –2.8(–3.1) (n = 20) vs. (12.5 –)13.5 –15.5(–
16) × 5.5 – 6.5(– 8) µm, lb = (2–)2.2–2.6(–3) (n = 35). Intermixed were pycnidia with conidia of the
Vouauxiomyces type.
Abrothallus bertianus De Not.
1a: on Melanohalea exasperata, thallus (hb ivl 5414); 3a: on M. exasperatula, thallus (hb ivl 5429).
A cosmopolitan species with a preference to mountainous regions. In Italy it was known until now
from Trentino-Alto Adige, Lombardia, and Sicilia (De Notaris 1845, Lettau 1958b, Brackel
2008b, 2010b).
Abrothallus sp.
28a: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5491).
Apothecia black, slightly greenish-pruinose, c. 0.3 mm in diam.; hypothecium brown, hymenium hy-
aline to pale brown, K+ greenish, epithecium brown; asci 8-spored, ascospores 1-septate, brown, ver-
rucose, 8 –11 × 3.5 – 4.5 µm, easily splitting into part-spores.
First we were tempted to name this specimen Abrothallus viduus Körb., as the description of this spe-
cies does not show any reliable contradiction to its features. But according to Ave Suija (pers. comm.)
the type specimen of A. viduus is Dactylospora lobariella. No other species of the genus Abrothallus
was known on Lobaria until Suija et al. (2011) recently described A. halei Pérez-Ortega, Suija, D.
Hawksw. & R.Sant., distinguished from our specimen by 4-celled ascospores. The latter was sent to A.
Suija and is most probably one of the undescribed species of Abrothallus on Lobaria being currently
studied by Suija (pers. comm.).
Acremonium sp.
31: on Pertusaria pertusa, thallus and apothecial warts (hb ivl 5498).
This obviously undescribed taxon will be studied further, as molecular methods are necessary to clarify
the relations to its possible teleomorph Pronectria pertusariicola.
Arthonia molendoi (Heufl. ex Frauenf.) R.Sant.
20b: on Xanthoria parietina, thallus and apothecial disc (hb ivl 5470) and on Caloplaca cerina, thallus
(hb ivl 5472 in the specimen of Lichenodiplis lecanorae).
A cosmopolitan species, growing on Caloplaca and Xanthoria, usually on the thallus. In Italy it was
known from Abruzzo, Sicilia, and Toscana (Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Brackel 2008a, c).
Arthonia subfuscicola (Linds.) Triebel
14a: on Lecanora horiza (hb ivl 5455).
This fungus, confined to corticolous species of Lecanora, is a rarely recorded, probably cosmopolitan
species. In Italy it was known until now from Lombardia and Sicilia (Anzi 1860, Brackel 2008b). In
our specimen the ascomata of A. subfuscicola are infected with Intralichen sp., so most of the asci are
misformed and only a few ascospores are developed.

68 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Fig. 2: Asteroglobulus giselae (holotypus). A – section through a conidioma. B – conidiophore with conidiogenous
cells and young conidia. C – conidia.
Fig. 3: Asteroglobulus giselae (holotypus): infected part of the tallus of Ramalina farinacea with several conidiomata
in different stages.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 69
Asteroglobulus Brackel gen. nov. [MycoBank 561009]
Conidiomata lichenicola, superficialia, fusca deinde nigra, globosa. Conidiophora macronemata, hya-
lina, partim basalis conidiomatis emanens. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae vel raro polyblasti-
cae, terminales vel laterales, integratae, subcylindricae, hyalinae. Conidia solitaria, unicellularis, stel-
lata, hyalina.
Typus generis: Asteroglobulus giselae Brackel
Conidiomata superficial, spherical or slightly compressed, pycnidial, opening irregularly by splitting
of the upper wall. Conidiomatal wall composed of one or two layers of elongate, dark brown cells,
intermixed with hyaline or pale brown, thin-walled cells. In the lower part with an additional inner
layer of hyaline, irregular cells. Conidiophores originating from hyaline, irregular cells at the bottom
of the conidiomatal cavity, macronematous, branched, septate; first filling the conidiomatal cavity,
then pressed to the inner wall by the mass of conidia, imitating an additional layer of long and nar-
row cells, and finally disappearing. Conidiogenous cells integrated, appearing laterally and apically,
subcylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline, enteroblastic, monoblastic or rarely polyblastic. Conidia hyaline,
tetrahedral to stellate, base rounded, or pointed, or slightly truncate, expanding in the upper part and
forming tapered projections at approximately the same level. The conidia are embedded in a mucilagi-
nous mass.
Etymology: From Greek astér = star (referring to the shape of the conidia), Latin globulus = small ball
(referring to the almost perfectly spherical conidiomata).
Discussion: The new genus is characterized by the tetrahedral to star-like shape of its non-septate co-
nidia. The only other genus with similar conidia is Asteroconium Syd. & P.Syd., which is distinguished
by subepidermal to acervular conidiomata and the lack of conidiophores. The very long and narrow
conidiogenous cells of Asteroconium arise directly from a basal stroma. Other conidial fungi with star-
like conidia (e. g., Asterosporium Kunze), or conidia with several arms (treated in Punithalingam
2003), are distinguished by septate conidia. The only lichenicolous of them, Lichenostella Calat. &
Etayo, is also distinguished by the sporodochial conidiomata. Except of the other type of conidiomata
and the non-septate conidia the new genus is similar to Lichenostella in the type of conidiogenesis and
in the formation and shape of the conidia. In the genus Cornutispora the conidia show also projections,
but the site of attachment is one of the arms in coplanarity with the other arms and not perpendicular
to the projections like in Asteroglobulus. Moreover the conidia of Cornutispora show filiform ap-
pendages on each of the three arms. In both of these characters (projections in three instead of two
dimensions, missing appendages) the recently described Cornutispora pyramidalis (Etayo 2010a)
does not fit the diagnostic characters of the genus given in Pirozynski (1973) and Punithalingam
(2003). However, before formally combining this species to Asteroglobulus, the conidiogenesis should
be restudied (conidiophores and conidiogenous cells could not be clearly observed in the holotype; see
Etayo 2010a).
Asteroglobulus giselae Brackel sp. nov. [MycoBank 561010] (Fig. 2, 3)
Conidiomata lichenicola, superficialia, fusca deinde nigra, globosa, (30 –)60 –100 µm diam.
Conidiophora macronemata, hyalina. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae vel raro polyblasticae, ter-
minales vel laterales, integratae, subcylindricae, hyalinae, ca. 4 × 2 µm. Conidia solitaria, unicellularia,
laevia, stellata, hyalina, 7–10 µm diam.
Typus: Italy, Basilicata, Prov. di Potenza, Parco Nazionale del Pollino, SE Mezzana Frido, beech and
fir forest, on Fagus sylvatica, on Ramalina farinacea, 1420 m alt., 39°57'55"N/16°12'27"E, 15.8.2010,
W. & G. v. Brackel (M – holotypus, hb ivl 5485 – isotypus).
Conidiomata superficial, spherical or slightly compressed, pycnidial, (30 –)60 –100 µm wide,
(30 –)40 –90 µm high, first brown, then black, opening irregularly by splitting of the upper
wall. Conidiomatal wall composed of one or two layers of elongate, dark brown, cells, 3 –10(–
12) × 2–5(– 8) µm, intermixed with hyaline or pale brown thin-walled cells; some bigger protuding
dark brown cells give the wall a rough texture. In the lower part with an additional inner layer of hya-
line, irregular cells of 2– 4 µm diam. Vegetative hyphae immersed in a necrotic layer, branched, septate,

70 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
of brown, globose to irregular or elongated, somewhat torulose cells, 2–5 × 2– 4 µm. Conidiophores
originating from hyaline, irregular cells of c. 3 –5 µm diam. at the bottom of the conidiomatal cavity,
macronematous, branched, septate, 2–3 µm wide; first filling the conidiomatal cavity, then pressed
to the inner wall by the mass of conidia, imitating an additional layer of long and narrow cells, and
finally disappearing. Conidiogenous cells integrated, appearing laterally and apically, subcylindrical,
thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, c. 4 × 2 µm, enteroblastic, monoblastic or rarely polyblastic. Conidia
hyaline, smooth, tetrahedral, base rounded, pointed, or slightly truncate, expanding in the upper part
and forming 3 (or very rarely 4) tapered projections at approximately the same level, inscribed in a
circle of 7–10 µm diam. The projections appear after the release from the conidiogenous cells; at the
time of release the conidia are obpyriform to narrowly triangular with at the most small outgrowths.
The conidia are embedded in a mucilaginous mass.
Etymology: I dedicate this “globe filled with stars" to my beloved wife Gisela.
Distribution and host: The new species is known from two localities in Basilicata and two others
in Sicilia, southern Italy, where it lives in montane deciduous forests on the thallus of Ramalina fari-
nacea. The infected areas are blackened and become eroded in an advanced stage, so the fungus is
considered to be pathogenic.
Additional specimens examined (all on Ramalina farinacea): Italy, Basilicata, Prov. di Potenza,
between Cogliandrino and Bagni, oak forest, on Quercus cerris, 835 m, 40°05'07"N/15°56'47"E,
16.8.2010, W. & G. v. Brackel (hb ivl 5496); Sicilia, Prov. di Messina, Monti Nebrodi, between Caronia
and Capizzi, SP 168 at km 19/VI, mixed oak forest, on Q. cerris, 1150 m, 37°57'17.7"N/14°30'28.6"E,
15.8.2007, W. & G. v. Brackel (hb ivl 5667); Sicilia, Prov. di Messina, between Mistretta and
Nicosia, Bosco della Giumenta, N of Mte. Sambughetti, mixed oak forest, on Q. cerris, 1225 m,
37°50'27.2"N/14°21'14.8"E, 16.8.2007, W. & G. v. Brackel (hb ivl 5668).
Athelia arachnoidea (Berk.) Jülich
7: on Physcia adscendens, P. aipolia and Xanthoria parietina; 10: on X. parietina; 23c: on Physcia
aipolia; 24a, c: on Physcia leptalea and Physconia venusta (hb ivl 5477); 48a: on Phaeophyscia or-
bicularis, Physcia tenella, Physconia venusta, and Xanthoria parietina; 50: on Physcia tenella and
Xanthoria parietina.
A common and worldwide distributed pathogenic species, unspecific mainly in the Xanthorion parietinae
communities. In Italy it was known from Sicilia and Lombardia (Brackel 2008b, 2010b), but surely it
is distributed all over the country at least in nutrient enriched sites. According to Arvidsson (1976) the
parasites on lichens and algae with sclerotia belong to A. arachnoidea, whilst the saprophytic group of A.
epiphylla does not develop sclerotia. We list here only finds where sclerotia could be observed.
Buelliella lecanorae Suija & Alstrup
1b: on Lecanora chlarotera, thallus (hb ivl 5419).
This recently described species was known until now only from Estonia (Suija & Alstrup 2004) and
from Germany (Brackel 2009). New to Italy.
LCatillaria mediterranea Hafellner
27a: on Anaptychia ciliaris, thallus (hb ivl 5482); 38: on A. ciliaris, thallus (hb ivl 5620).
This lichenicolous lichen is known from the Mediterranean region as well as from the Canary Islands.
Italian records are from Basilicata, Calabria, Molise, and Sicilia (Hafellner 1982a, Nimis et al. 1994,
Tretiach & Hafellner 1998, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, van den Boom 2002, Nimis & Martellos
2008, Brackel 2008b).
LCatillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) Schuler
38: on Melanelixia glabra, thallus and apothecial disc (hb ivl 5618).
This autonomous lichen, rather common throughout Italy, is usually living on bark; sometimes it is
found growing on lichens. Etayo (2010b) reported it from Spain frequent on Melanelixia glabra.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 71
Cercidospora caudata Kernstock
11: on Caloplaca aurantia, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5442 and 5441 sub Muellerella lichenicola).
A cosmopolitan species on Caloplaca spp. In Italy it was known until now from Trentino-Alto Adige
and Sardegna (Kernstock 1895, Hafellner 1987b, Nimis & Poelt 1987).
Chalara lobariae Etayo
42: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5640).
This rarely reported hyphomycete was found until now only in the French and Spanish Pyrenees,
in Norway, Ukraine, and in Alaska (Etayo & Diederich 1996b, Holien 2001, Etayo 2002,
Kondratyuk et al. 2003, Zhurbenko & Dillman 2010). It is confined to necrosed parts of the host
Lobaria pulmonaria. In our specimen C. lobariae grew on thallus parts infested by Plectocarpon li-
chenum and could also be found on the black galls induced by this species. New to Italy.
Cladosporium licheniphilum Heuchert & U.Braun
1b: on Ramalina fastigiata, thallus and apothecial discs (hb ivl 5423); 29: on Flavoparmelia caperata,
thallus (hb ivl 5495); 48a: on Parmelina tiliacea, thallus, and Physcia tenella, thallus.
This lichenicolous hyphomycete seems to be rather common, but underrecorded. In Italy it was known
until now from Lombardia, Toscana, and Sicilia (Brackel 2008b, c, 2010b).
Dactylospora lobariella (Nyl.) Hafellner
2: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5427); 31: on L. pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5601).
This cosmopolitan but rare species was known in Italy until now only from Friuli-Venezia Giulia and
Toscana (Brackel 2008c).
Dactylospora parasitica (Floerke ex Sprengel) Zopf
3a: on Pertusaria albescens var. corallina, thallus (hb ivl 5428); 4: on P. albescens, thallus (hb ivl
5433); 28a: on P. albescens, thallus (hb ivl 5489); 37: on Ochrolechia pallescens, thallus and apo-
thecial disc, and P. pertusa, apothecial warts (hb ivl 5612); 42: on P. pertusa, apothecial warts (hb ibl
5641); 43b: on P. albescens, thallus (hb ivl 5644).
A cosmopolitan species on the members of the family Pertusariaceae. In Italy it was known until
now from Trentino-Alto Adige, Toscana, Sardegna, and Sicilia (Baglietto 1879 as Leciographa
floerkei Massal., Bellemère & Hafellner 1982, Nimis & Poelt 1987, Grillo & Caniglia 2004,
Triebel 2006 –2010, Brackel 2008b). Zedda & Sipman (2001) reported this species from Sardegna
on Caloplaca ferruginea, which is an unusual host, as D. parasitica seems to be restricted to hosts
of the genera Pertusaria and Ochrolechia; we saw the specimen and confirm the identification of D.
parasitica, seemingly growing on Caloplaca ferruginea. However, the specimen is intermixed with
Pertusaria albescens and Pertusaria sp.; maybe the fungus has contact to the thallus of one of these
species.
Ellisembia lichenicola Heuchert & U.Braun
8a: on Bacidia rubella, thallus and apothecia (hb ivl 5438) and on the perithecia of Zwackhiomyces aff.
physciicola (hb ivl 5439 sub Z. aff. physciicola).
This recently described hyphomycete was known until now only from Denmark, Germany, and Canada
(Heuchert & Braun 2006, Brackel 2010a).
Illosporiopsis christiansenii (B.L.Brady & D.Hawksw.) D.Hawksw.
3b: on Physcia tenella, thallus (hb ivl 5430).
This anamorphic ascomycete is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere. In Italy it was known
until now from Lombardia (Hawksworth 1979). The species is a parasite of members of the family
Physciaceae; sometimes it seems to attack other species (mainly of the Xanthorion communities), such
as Xanthoria spp., Candelariella spp., Melanohalea spp. or Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, but we
always found at least minute squamules or destroyed thalli of Physcia connected with the infection.

72 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Intralichen lichenum (Diederich) D.Hawksw. & M.S.Cole
47: on Candelariella xanthostigma, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5649); on Tremella ramalinae, basidiocarps
(hb ivl 5652 sub T. ramalinae).
This cosmopolitan species is reported from different host genera. In Italy it was known until now from
Lombarida and Sicilia (Brackel 2008b, 2010b).
Leptosphaeria ramalinae (Desm.) Sacc.
1a: on Ramalina fastigiata, thallus (hb ivl 5416); 3b: on Ramalina sp., thallus (hb ivl 5431); 4: on R.
fastigiata, thallus (hb ivl 5434); 9: on R. fastigiata; thallus, apothecial margin and disc.
A rarely reported species, distributed in Europe and on the Canary Islands, but not rare in the studied
area as well as in Sicilia (Brackel 2008a, b).
Lichenochora obscuroides (Linds.) Triebel & Rambold
1c: on Phaeophyscia orbicularis, thallus (hb ivl 5425).
This species is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere. In Italy it was known until now only
from Sicilia (Brackel 2008a, b).
Lichenoconium cargillianum (Linds.) D.Hawksw.
49: on Hypogymnia farinacea, H. tubulosa, thallus (hb ivl 5659).
This cosmopolitan species is very rarely reported. It is mainly growing in the apothecia of different fo-
liose and fruticose lichens of the families Parmeliaceae and Ramalinaceae. We do not know about any
previous record from Italy. In our specimen we found the immersed part of the pycnidial wall almost
hyaline. The conidiomata measure c. 100 µm in diam., the conidiogenous cells c. 8 –10 × 3 – 4 µm, and
the brown and verrucose, strongly truncate conidia (6 –)6.4 – 8.1(–9) × (5 –)5.5 – 6.5(–7) µm, l/b = (1–
)1.1–1.4(–1.5) (n = 20). The type of infection is very similar to that of L. erodens: the infected areas,
surrounded by a blackish line, are bleached and become eroded. According to Diederich (2003) more
than one species might be involved in the specimens collected under this name.
Lichenoconium erodens M.S.Christ. & D.Hawksw.
8b: on Parmelia sulcata, thallus; 16: on Parmotrema hypoleucinum, thallus; 28a: on Ramalina fa-
rinacea, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Evernia prunastri, thallus; 38: on Parmelia sulcata, thallus;
39: on P. sulcata, thallus; 41: on P. sulcata, thallus; 27a: on P. sulcata, thallus; 31: on Melanelixia
subaurifera and Parmelia sulcata, thallus and soralia; 34: on P. submontana, thallus; 35: on P. sulcata,
thallus; 37: on P. sulcata and Ramalina farinacea, thallus; 40a: on Usnea sp., thallus; 40c: on Evernia
prunastri, thallus (hb ivl 5631 sub Unguiculariopsis lettaui); 41: on Evernia prunastri, thallus; 42: on
Platismatia glauca, thallus; 45: on Parmelia sulcata, thallus; 46: on Parmelina tiliacea, thallus; 48a:
on Melanelixia glabra, thallus.
This very common species is known in Italy from Lombardia, Emilia-Romagna, Toscana, and Sicilia
(Tretiach et al. 2008, Brackel 2008a, b, c, 2010b), but surely spread all over the country. We exami-
nated most specimens under the microscope but did not keep them in the herbarium.
Lichenoconium lecanorae (Jaap) D.Hawksw.
1b: on Lecanora carpinea, apothecial disc; 22b: on Squamarina lentigera, apothecial disc (hb ivl
5408); 14a: on L. horiza, apothecial disc; 35: on L. horiza, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5608).
A widespread and common species mostly found on the apothecial discs of members of the family
Lecanoraceae. In Italy it was known from Trentino-Alto Adige, Sardegna, Puglia, and Sicilia (Nimis &
Poelt 1987, Roux & Triebel 1994, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Brackel 2008a, b). We examinated all
specimens under the microscope but did not keep all of them in the herbarium.
In loc. 19 we found a similar taxon on Ochrolechia pallescens (hb ivl 5672) with smaller, ellip-
soid conidia [2.5 – 4 × 2.5 –3 µm vs. (2.5 –)3 – 4(–5.5) µm diam.] and narrower conidio genous cells
[6 – 8 × 2–2.5 µm vs. (4 –)7(– 8) × (2–)3 –3.5(– 4) µm].

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 73
Lichenoconium lichenicola (P.Karst.) Petr. & Syd.
48a: on Physcia adscendens, thallus (hb ivl 5655).
This species, confined to hosts of the genus Physcia, is known from Europe, the Canary Islands, and
both Americas, but rarely reported. We do not know about any previous records from Italy.
Fig. 4: Lichenodiplis rinodinicola (hb ivl 5435, from Gargano, southern Italy): A: section through the basal part of the
conidiomatal wall with conidiogenous cells and adhering conidia. B: mature conidia.
Fig. 5: Lichenodiplis rinodinicola (hb ivl 5435, from Gargano, southern Italy): surface view of an infected apothecium
of Rinodina sophodes.

74 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Lichenoconium pyxidatae (Oudem.) Petr. & Syd.
17b: on Cladonia convoluta, squamules (hb ivl 5462).
A species widely distributed over the northern hemisphere. In Italy it was known from Lombardia
(Brackel 2010b).
Lichenoconium reichlingii Diederich
28a: on Ramalina farinacea, thallus (hb ivl 5486).
This very rare coelomycete is known only from a few European countries. It is new to Italy.
Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D.Hawksw.
3b: on Physcia tenella and Xanthoria parietina, thallus; 12c: on Evernia prunastri, thallus; 14a: on
Ramalina sp., thallus; 48a: on Melanelixia glabra, thallus.
A cosmopolitan species on a wide range of foliose and fruticose lichens. In Italy it was known until
now from Trentino-Alto Adige, Lombardia, Abruzzo, and Sicilia (Anzi 1868, Hawksworth 1977a,
Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Brackel 2008a). We examinated all specimens under the microscope but
did not keep them in the herbarium.
Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D.Hawksw.
20b: on Caloplaca cerina, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5472); 28b: on Fellhanera cf. subtilis, apothecial disc
(hb ivl 5484).
This cosmopolitan and rather common coelomycete is growing mainly on the apothecial disc of
Lecanora, Caloplaca and some other genera. In Italy it was known until now from Sicilia (Nimis et al.
1994, Brackel 2008a, b).
Lichenodiplis lecanoricola (M.S.Cole & D.Hawksw.) Diederich
43a: on Lecanora chlarotera, apothecial disc and thallus (hb ivl 5642).
This coelomycete was known until now only from North America (Cole & Hawksworth 2001,
Diederich 2003). It is distinguished from L. lecanorae by the non-septate conidia. In our specimen
we found it growing on the apothecial disc, but also on the thallus. New to Europe.
In a specimen from Sicilia we found slightly bigger conidia of (4 –)4.3 –5 × 3 –3.3(–3.5) µm,
l/b = (1.3 –)1.4 –1.6(–1.7) (n = 20):
Italy, Sicilia, Prov. di Palermo, Bosco della Ficuzza, near Crocifisso, coppice forest, on Fraxinus excelsior,
on Lecanora chlarotera, 925 m, 37°51'51,6"N/13°23'00,9"E, W. & G. v. Brackel, 13.8.2007 (hb ivl 5669).
Lichenodiplis pertusariicola (Nyl.) Diederich
37: on Pertusaria pertusa, ascomatal warts (hb ivl 5614).
This species is rarely reported at least outside of Europe. We do not know about any previous records
from Italy.
Lichenodiplis rinodinicola Kocourk. & K.Knudsen (Fig. 4, 5)
7: on Rinodina sophodes (hb ivl 5435).
As our material slightly differs from the type from North America (Knudsen & Kocourková 2009),
we give here a description of our specimen:
Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, first immersed in the host hymenium and later erumpent with the up-
per quarter, ellipsoid, hyaline in the lower part, pale brown to brown in the upper third, c. 120 × 60 µm;
wall in the lower part composed of 1–2(–3) layers of hyaline, thin-walled cells, up to 7 µm thick, in
the upper part of 2–3 layers of brownish cells, up to 9 µm thick; in surface view irregular to almost
isodiametric, 3 –7 µm diam.; ostiolum not defined. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner wall, narrowly
ellipsoid to cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 4 –7 × 2–3 µm. Conidiogenesis holoblastic. Conidia ellipsoid,
slightly constricted at the septum, pale brown to brown, smooth, 1-septate, thin-walled, with one big
guttule in each cell; apex rounded, base truncate with a distinct scar of 1.25 –1.75 µm, (6.5 –)7.4 –9.1(–
10) × (3.5 –)3.9 – 4.5(–5) µm, l/b = (1.4 –)1.8 –2.2(–2.6) (n = 40).

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 75
The specimen fits the description of L. rinodinicola Kocourk. & K.Knudsen from North America,
but the conidia as well as the conspicious scar are broader and the conidiogenous cells are shorter
[4 –7 × 2–3 µm vs. (4 –)7–10 × 2–3.5 µm]. Another Lichenodiplis on the host genus Rinodina, L. li-
chenicola Dyko & D.Hawksw., has longer conidia (9.5 –13 µm) and much longer conidiogenous cells
(8.5 –17 µm) (Hawksworth & Dyko 1979). Examination of more material is necessary to find out if
these differences are constant, suggesting the presence of a distinct, undescribed species, or if they just
reflect the variability of a poorly known species.
Lichenostigma epipolina Nav.-Ros., Calatayud & Hafellner
20c: on Diplotomma venustum, thallus (hb ivl 5474).
A circum-Mediterranean species, also known from Asia, growing on Diplotomma epipolium s. l. In
Italy it was known from Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Liguria, and Toscana (Calatayud et al. 2002).
Lichenostigma maureri Hafellner
38: on Evernia prunastri, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea, thallus (hb ivl
5623, 5625); 39: on R. fraxinea, thallus; 49: on Pseudevernia furfuracea, thallus (hb ivl 5660).
This cosmopolitan species is known from most European countries. Previously known Italian records are
from the Alps, from Lombardia and Trentino-Alto Adige (Hafellner 1982b). According to Hafellner
(1996) it is a “widely distributed and common inhabitant of epiphytic macrolichens". Known host genera
are Evernia, Hypogymnia, Letharia, Pseudevernia, Protousnea, Ramalina, and Usnea. In our specimens
5623 and 5660 it grew intermixed with its putative anamorph Phaeosporobolus usneae.
Marchandiomyces corallinus (Roberge) Diederich & D.Hawksw.
1b: on Physcia stellaris and P. tenella, thallus (hb ivl 5418); 7: on Xanthoria parietina and Physcia
aipolia, thallus (hb ivl 5436); 24a: on Physcia leptalea, thallus (hb ivl 5480).
A cosmopolitan species that is not rare on many lichen genera, often on Parmeliaceae, but also on
Physcia spp. and Xanthoria parietina. Unlike Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum (mainly on Physcia),
it shows no preference to nutrient enriched respectively air polluted sites. We do not now about any
previous records from Italy.
Merismatium nigritellum (Nyl.) Vouaux (Fig. 6)
19: on Rinodina exigua, thallus (hb ivl 5466).
The genus Merismatium is in an urgent need of a revision, as some of its species show a very broad
host spectrum and a large variability of some morphological characters, such as ascospore dimensions.
M. nigritellum was described by Nylander (1865) as a terricolous species, living between the squa-
mules of Catapyrenium cinereum (as Verrucaria tephroides), with ascospores of 21–36 × 9 –14 µm;
Triebel (1989) neotypified it with a specimen on Lopadium pezizoideum, described by Anzi (1868)
as Celidium lopadii with 5-septate ascospores of 14 × 8 µm. Etayo & Sancho (2008) mention three
samples on different hosts with different features.
Our specimen on Rinodina exigua fits M. nigritellum in the broad concept of Triebel (1989), but as
we presume that this is a complex of more than one species (see also Zhurbenko 2009, Hafellner
2011), we give a short description of our material:
Ascomata perithecioid, black, almost superficial, 125 –175 µm diam. Asci broadly claviform, 8-spored,
65 –70 × 25 –35 µm. Hamathecium not visible. Ascospores (sub-)muriform, with (3 –)5 –7 transseptae
and (0 –)1(–2) longitudinal septae in each cell, medium greyish brown, end cell often paler, smooth,
in mature state slightly constricted at the septae, (14.5 –)15.2–18.8(–20) × (7–)7.6 –9.1(–10) µm,
l/b = 1.9 –2.2(–2.4) (n = 20).
Minutoexcipula mariana V.Atienza
4: on Pertusaria albescens, thallus (hb ivl 5432); 16: on Pertusaria pertusa, thallus and ascomatal
warts (hb ivl 5458).

76 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
This rarely reported species is confined to hosts of the genus Pertusaria. We do not know about any
previous records from Italy. In our specimen 5458 the conidia are a little smaller than in the desciption
of Atienza (2002): 5 – 6.3 × 2–3 µm vs. 6.25 –7.5 × 2.5 –3.75 µm; also van den Boom & Etayo (2006)
found smaller conidia (5.5 – 6.5 × 2.5 –3.5 µm) in their specimen on Pertusaria pluripuncta.
Muellerella erratica (A.Massal.) Hafellner & V.John
13b: on Lecania cyrtella, thallus and margin of apothecia.
This cosmopolitan species is growing on a lot of host genera. In Italy it was known from Trentino-Alto
Adige, Lombardia, Marche, Abruzzo, and Sicilia (Nimis et al. 1994, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Triebel
2006 –2010, Brackel 2008b, 2010b).
Muellerella hospitans Stizenb.
8a: on Bacidia rubella, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5437).
A widely distributed species in the northern hemisphere confined to the apothecial discs of Bacidia
species. In Italy it was known until now from Piemonte, Sardegna, and Abruzzo (Ferraris 1906,
Keissler 1930, Nimis & Poelt 1987, Nimis & Tretiach 1999).
Muellerella lichenicola (Sommerf.: Fr.) D.Hawksw.
11: on Caloplaca aurantia, thallus (hb ivl 5441); 20b: on C. cerina, thallus (hb ivl 5471 sub Rosellinula
sp.); 20c: on C. aurantia, thallus and apothecia (hb ivl 5475); 44: on C. cerina, apothecial disc (hb ivl
5646).
A cosmopolitan and common species, preferably on crustose lichens on limestone rocks. In Italy it
was known until now from Trentino-Alto Adige, Sardegna, and Sicilia (Nimis & Poelt 1987, Triebel
1989, Nimis et al. 1994, Brackel 2008a, b).
Nectriopsis physciicola D.Hawksw. & Earl.-Benn.
50: on Physcia biziana, thallus, apothecial margin, and apothecial disc (hb ivl 5664).
This recently descibed species was known until now only from Spain and from the British Isles
(Earland-Bennett et al. 2006, Hitch 2010). Physcia biziana is a new host.
Our specimen fits in all features the original description (Earland-Bennett et al. 2006), except of
the colour of the ascomata and the size of the ascospores. The ascomata in our specimen are orange in
a young state and brownish at maturity (instead of pinkish), and also the colour of the peridial wall in
section is orange instead of subhyaline to pinkish. We could find only ascomata either with immature
asci or filled with mature ascospores, released from the asci. The ascospores are somewhat bigger and
especially broader than in the original description: (19.5 –)20.1–22.3(–23) × (8 –)8.9 –10.8(–11.5) µm,
l/b = (1.8 –)1.9 –2.4(–2.6) (n = 20) vs. (14 –)14.5 –18(–22.5) × 5.5 – 8 µm. According to the measure-
ments, they are broadly ellipsoid with both ends broadly rounded. Some narrower ascospores (with a
shape similar to the drawings in the original description) are most probably misbuilt. The mentioned
differences may be due to the different stages of maturity.
Fig. 6: Merismatium nigritellum (hb ivl 5466): Ascospores.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 77
Nectriopsis rubefaciens (Ellis & Everh.) M.S.Cole & D.Hawksw.
37: on Ramalina farinacea, thallus (hb ivl 5611).
From this cosmopolitan species only a few non European records are known. In Italy it was known
from Lombardia and Sicilia (Brackel 2008b, 2010b). All previous records are from hosts of the fami-
ly Parmeliaceae.
Opegrapha rotunda Hafellner
25: on Physconia distorta, thallus (hb ivl 5481).
This rarely recorded European species is confined to Physconia distorta. In Italy it was known until
now only from Sicilia (Brackel 2008b).
Opegrapha rupestris Pers.
11: on Verrucaria nigrescens, thallus (hb ivl 5443 and 5441 sub Muellerella lichenicola).
This species is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere. It is parasitic on different species of
Verrucaria. There are several records for Italy in Nimis (1993), Nimis & Martellos (2008) and from
other authors (Albo 1926, van den Boom 1992, Puntillo 1996, Grillo & Caniglia 2004, Nimis
& Poelt 1987) but used in a broad sense (incl. O. parasitica and others) or not indicating the licheni-
colous habit.
Pezizella aff. epithallina (Fig. 7)
24c: on Physcia leptalea, thallus (hb ivl 5674).
The species of the genus Pezizella, most of them saprophytes on flowering plants, are rather host
specific (Hawksworth 1980), and P. epithallina has been found until now only on species of the
Fig. 7: Pezizella aff. epithallina: ascomata of the fungus on the apothecia and the thallus of Physcia leptalea.

78 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
genus Peltigera. Hence it is very unlikely that our specimen (unfortunately poor, with only very few
ascomata and few mature asci), belongs to this species. It is very similar to P. epithallina in several
features, as the superficial, very pale and translucent ascomata, the numerous, unbranched, non-septate
paraphyses, and the small amyloid structure in the ascus apex. It differs from that species by the smal-
ler ascomata [100 –225 vs. (250 –)300 – 400 µm], the thinner, apically not enlarged paraphyses, and the
broader ascospores [8.5 –1.5(–12) × (4 –)4.5 –5 vs. (7–)8 –10(–12) × 2–3(–3.5) µm]. As this is apparent-
ly an undescribed taxon (the other two known lichenicolous species, P. stictae and P. ucrainica, have
distinctly smaller ascospores), we give here a short description:
Ascomata apothecia, superficial, very pale ochre to orange, translucent, 100 –225 µm diam., on the
apothecial discs, margins and on the thallus of Physcia leptalea. Excipulum at the base composed
of more or less isodiametric cells, c. 5 µm diam., upwards more elongated and narrower, hyaline.
Hypothecium c. 25 µm high, hymenium c. 50 µm high, both hyaline. Paraphyses numerous, non-sep-
tate, unbranched, apically not enlarged, 1–1.5 µm thick. Asci cylindrical, wall slightly thickened at the
apex, with an annular I+ blue ring, 8-spored, 38 –50 × 8 –10 µm. Ascospores irregularly uni- to biseriate
in the asci, simple, hyaline, 8.5 –11.5(–12) × (4 –)4.5 –5 µm (n = 10).
Phacographa zwackhii (A.Massal. ex Zwackh) Hafellner
43a: on Phlyctis argena, thallus (hb ivl 5643).
This species, restricted to hosts of the genus Phlyctis, is known until now only from Europe (Hafellner
2009). New to Italy.
The genus Phaeosporobolus actually comprises four species (Lawrey & Diederich 2011, Index fungo-
rum), and the description of one additional species is in preparation (Berger & Brackel, in prep.). The
main distinguishing features are the size of the conidiomata, conidia, and individual cells of the conidia,
the structure of the outer layer of the conidiomata, and the number of cells of the conidia. Whereas P. us-
neae has a wide range of host lichens (many corticolous fruticose and foliose genera), the host spectrum
of the other species is restricted to one or two related genera: P. alpina on Ochrolechia and Pertusaria, P.
fellhanerae on Fellhanera, and P. minutus on Coccotrema and Pertusaria.
Phaeosporobolus alpinus R.Sant., Alstrup & D.Hawksw.
2: on Pertusaria albescens, thallus (hb ivl 5426); 14a: on Diploicia canescens (hb ivl 5454); 14b:
on P. pertusa, thallus; 16: on P. albescens, thallus, on P. pertusa, thallus (hb ivl 5460, and 5457 sub
Sphinctrina tubiformis); 33: on P. albescens, thallus and soralia (hb ivl 5604); 41: on P. amara, P. sp.,
thallus and soralia (hb ivl 5638; 5634 sub Sphaerellothecium parmeliae).
A cosmopolitan species, rather common in mountainous and boreal regions. In Italy it was known from
Sicila (Brackel 2008b). Diploicia canescens is a new host.
In the specimen of Dactylospora parasitica from Sardegna (see above) we could find P. alpinus on
Pertusaria sp. and report it here as new to Sardegna: Phaeosporobolus alpinus: Italy, Sardegna, Prov.
di Nuoro, Supramonte, Campo de Su Disterru, E of Fontana Bona (Orgosolo), 40°09'N/9°28'E, c.
900 m, stunted forest of Quercus and Juniperus on rocky limestone plateau, on Juniperus oxycedrus,
on Pertusaria sp., H. Sipman & L. Zedda, 12.4.1997 (B – 60 0104513).
Phaeosporobolus aff. minutus
20b: on Diplotomma alboatrum, thallus (hb ivl 5473).
This specimen represents most likely an undescribed taxon. In several features it is very similar to
Phaeosporobolus minutus, especially in the very small conidiomata and the conidia composed of only
4 –5 individual cells. The main difference is the shape of the individual cells of the conidia: in P. mi-
nutus they are described as subglobose and in the drawing they look somewhat angular, some cells
with almost attenuated ends (Etayo & Sancho 2008). In our specimen on Diplotomma alboatrum the
individual cells are perfectly orbicular to slightly ellipsoid.
Conidiomata 20 – 40(–50) µm, conidia 4 –5-celled, 9 –11 × 7– 8 µm, single cells 3.5 – 4.5 µm diam., mi-
nutely verruculose, orbicular, subhyaline to pale brown.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 79
Phaeosporobolus usneae D.Hawksw. & Hafellner
1a: on Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea, thallus (hb ivl 5412); on Lecanora chlarotera, thallus (hb ivl
5415); 16: on Parmotrema hypoleucinum, thallus (hb ivl 5461); 28a: on Pseudevernia furfuracea, thal-
lus (hb ivl 5488); 38: on Ramalina fraxinea, thallus (hb ivl 5619; 5623 sub Lichenostigma maureri),
on Anaptychia ciliaris, thallus (hb ivl 5620 sub Catillaria mediterranea); 40c: on Evernia prunastri,
thallus (hb ivl 5631 sub Unguiculariopsis lettaui); 47: on Hypogymnia tubulosa, thallus and soralia (hb
ivl 5648); 49: on Pseudevernia furfuracea, thallus (hb ivl 5660 sub Lichenostigma maureri).
A cosmopolitan and very common species, living on several genera of mostly foliose and fruticose
lichens. In Italy the species was known until now only from Trentino-Alto Adige (Hawksworth &
Hafellner 1986). Lecanora chlarotera is an unusual host of this fungus; here Lecanora was growing
between dense cushions of different species of Ramalina, all infected with Phaeosporobolus usneae.
So some of the conidia produced here abundandly managed to grow also on Lecanora. This may be a
similar phenomenon like the occurance of epiphytic lichens on stone or even on iron under trees richly
covered with epiphytes.
Phaeosporobolus sp. (Fig. 8, 9)
41: on Fuscidea stiriaca (hb ivl 5635).
As our specimen shows a distinctly verrucose ornamentation and does not fit any of the described spe-
cies, we give a description:
Conidiomata superficial, suborbicular or flattened, up to 250 µm diam., single, black, slightly constricted
at the base, composed of orbicular to suborbicular cells, 3 – 8 µm diam.; the inner ones smooth, hyaline,
and thin-walled, the outermost brown, outwardly dark brown and thick-walled, rough; the outermost cells
at the base (in contact with the host) less brown and, with thinner walls, but clearly delimited from the host
tissue. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells rarely to see, developing from the stromatic cells, of differ-
ent shape, hyaline. Conidia suborbicular to ellipsoid, medium brown, delicately but distinctly echinulate
(visible already at ×400), 12–18 µm diam., composed of 12–15(–20) individual cells, 4 – 6(–7) µm diam.
The only described species of Phaeosporobolus with ornamented conidia is P. usneae, which is found
on several mainly fruticose lichen genera; occasionally it is able to colonize also crustose lichens living
between the fruticose species. Our specimen 5635 is distinguished from P. usneae by the echinulate
ornamentation, visible already at a magnification of ×400; in P. usneae the minute ornamentation is
visible with difficulties at a magnification of ×1000. Furthermore, the conidiomata of our specimen
are much bigger (up to 250 µm diam. vs. up to 130 µm in P. usneae), and the outermost cells are (sub-)
orbicular and do not form a pellicle-like layer of narrower cells. The outermost layer of brown cells is
continuous at the base of the conidia, forming a well-defined border against the host tissue.
According to Diederich (pers. comm.) the value of the ornamentation as a diagnostic feature in
Phaeosporobolus is uncertain. He found also echinulate conidia in P. alpinus on Ochrolechia (www.
lichenology.info).
Similar specimens: both on Lecanora carpinea: 38: (hb ivl 5675); 47: (hb ivl 5649): The specimens on
Lecanora carpinea are similar in all metric features to the specimen 5635, but have paler conidia with
a less visible ornamentation. However, they are also different from P. usneae by the missing pellicle-
like structures on the outermost wall.
Phoma cytospora (Vouaux) D.Hawksw.
48a: on Pleurosticta acetabulum, thallus (hb ivl 5657).
This species, confined to hosts of the family Parmeliaceae, is widely distributed in Europe and in
both Americas. In Italy it was known until now from Lombardia and Sardegna (Nimis & Poelt 1987,
Brackel 2010b).
Phoma epiphyscia Vouaux
13: on Xanthoria parietina, thallus (hb ivl 5446); 28b: on Physcia tenella, thallus.
This species, distributed over the northern hemisphere, is confined to species of the family Physciaceae
and of the genus Xanthoria. In Italy it was known from Sicilia (Brackel 2008b).

80 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Phoma ficuzzae Brackel
1b: on Ramalina fastigiata, thallus and margin of apothecial discs (hb ivl 5420); 34: on R. fraxinea,
thallus and apothecia (hb ivl 5605); 47: on R. fraxinea, thallus and rarely apothecial disc (hb ivl
5651).
This rarely reported coelomycete is known until now only from Italy (Sicilia, Toscana: Brackel
2008a, b, c) and from Lithuania (Motiejūnaitė et al. 2011). It is confined to hosts of the genus
Ramalina. The here listed specimens fit well the description, especially concerning the size of conidi-
omata and conidia; one specimen with different conidia on R. fastigiata is not included.
Phoma foliaceiphila Diederich, Kocourk. & Etayo
19b: on Cladonia convoluta, thallus (hb ivl 5467).
This recently described coelomycete (Diederich et al. 2007) is known from several European coun-
tries and confined to the squamules of Cladonia species. The fungus is new to Italy, and Cladonia
convoluta is a new host. The type specimen of the species was found on Cladonia foliacea, others were
found on C. fimbriata and C. rangiferina. According to Pino-Bodas et al. (2010) there are no constant
differences between C. foliacea and C. convoluta; the host in our specimen is the taxon we consider as
C. convoluta, with broader and less dissected squamules than the taxon on acid soil.
Phoma lobariae Diederich & Etayo
28b: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5492); 36: on L. pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5609).
This species is known from several European countries, as well as from North America. We do not
know about any previous records from Italy. The conidia of the species were described as “subglo-
bose to shortly ellipsoid, often angular due to mutual compression, distinctly truncate at the base, ..."
(Etayo & Diederich 1995). According to Etayo (2006) it does not belong to Phoma s. str. because
of the slightly truncate base and the single guttule of the conidia. In our specimen we found conidia
according to the description but slightly smaller (2.5 –3 × 2 µm vs. 3 – 4 × 2.5 –3 µm), also sometimes
angular but not distinctly truncate, and with (0 –)1–2(– 4) guttules. Intermixed with the conidiomata
of P. lobariae were very similar conidiomata of another, obviously undescribed coelomycete; in this
taxon, surely not a member of the genus Phoma, the conidia have a distinctly truncate base and one big
guttule.
Fig. 8: Phaeosporobolus sp. (hb ivl 5635, from Basilicata, southern Italy): A: section through a conidioma with co-
nidia. B: conidia. C: conidiophores with conidiogenous cells.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 81
Phoma melanelixiae Brackel sp. nov. [MycoBank 561013] (Fig. 10, 11)
Fungus lichenicola in thallo lichenis Melanelixia glabra vigens. Conidiomata immersa, (sub-)globosa,
90 µm diam. Cellulae conidiogenae ampulliformes, 4 –5 × 3 – 4 µm. Conidia ellipsoidea, (4 –)4.4 –5.3(–
5.5) × 3 –3.5(– 4) µm, l/b = (1.1–)1.3 –1.7(–1.8) (n = 40).
Typus: Italy, Basilicata, Prov. di Potenza, Monte Vulture, near “Femmina Morta", 1145 m alt.,
40°57'24"N/15°37'17"E, in mixed forest of oaks, elders and maples, on the bark of Acer pseudoplata-
nus, on Melanelixia glabra, 22.8.2010, W. & G. v. Brackel 5658 (M – holotypus).
Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed in the host thallus, black in macroscopical view, in section brown
in lower parts and dark brown around the ostiole, (sub-)spherical, ostiolate, 60 –90 µm diam.; con-
idiomatal wall 5 –10 µm thick, pseudoparenchymateous, composed of 2–3(– 4) layers of polyhedral
cells, 3 – 8(-10) × 2–5 µm in section, 4 – 8 µm diam. in surface view; the outermost radially compressed,
brown, and with moderately thickened walls, the inner cells more isodiametric and hyaline with thin-
ner walls. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner wall of the pycnidial cavity, short ampulliform, hya-
line, smooth, 4 –5 × 3 – 4 µm; conidiogenesis enteroblastic. Conidia abundantly produced, arising sin-
gly, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, hyaline, simple, smooth-walled, with one big excentric guttule or
rarely with two smaller guttules, (4 –)4.4 –5.3(–5.5) × 3 –3.5(– 4) µm, l/b = (1.1–)1.3 –1.7(–1.8) (n = 40).
Distribution and host: The species is known only from the type locality in Italy, Basilicata, where it
grows on the thallus of Melanelixia glabra. Phoma melanelixiae causes severe damage to the host. The
infected parts are bleached and surrounded by a blackish line. In a later stage they become eroded. The
type of infection is very similar to that of Lichenoconium erodens.
Observations: Phoma melanelixiae is similar to P. melanohaleicola D.Hawksw. & Earl.-Benn. in
the size of the conidiomata and the length of the conidia, but in P. melanelixiae these are broader
and the length/breadth ratio is 1.3 –1.7 instead of 2–2.5 in P. melanohaleicola (Earland-Bennett
et al. 2006). In addition, P. melanelixiae misses the almost seta-like hyphae rising from the wall of
Fig. 9: Phaeosporobolus sp. (hb ivl 5635, from Basilicata, southern Italy): infected area of the thallus of Fuscidea
stiriaca with one apothecium of the host and the minute black conidiomata of the fungus.

82 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
the pycnidia mentioned for P. melanohaleicola, and the type of infection is completely different (P.
melanohaleicola is not discolouring the thallus nor forming necrotic patches). Unfortunately nothing
is mentioned about guttules in the description of the latter; also no guttules are shown in the drawings.
Another Phoma occuring on hosts of the family Parmeliaceae is P. cytospora, but in this species the co-
nidia are much narrower (5 –7 × 1.5 –2 µm). The only other species of Phoma with similar dimensions
of the conidia is P. physciicola (4 –5.5 × 2.5 –3.5 µm); this species is distinguished by the broader con-
idiogenous cells, the two-guttulate conidia (with one small guttule near each end) and the occurance on
hosts of the family Physciaceae. Keissler (1911) described it as growing in the apothecia of Physcia
aipolia, whilst in a specimen from Sweden mentioned by Hawksworth (1981) it was growing in the
apothecia of Physconia distorta. In our specimens on the thallus of Physcia tenella and Phaeophyscia
orbicularis, only a moderate bleaching of the host thallus is visible. All other known lichenicolous spe-
cies of Phoma are distinguished by the size of the conidia. Our new species additionally differs from
most lichenicolous species of Phoma in the presence of only one big guttule in each conidium instead
of two small ones.
This characteristic feature of two small guttules in bipolar position is not constant in the multitude of
Phoma species on vascular plants (see Sutton 1980); even the type species of the genus, Phoma her-
barum, has eguttulate conidia resp. conidia with one or several irregularly arranged guttules (Boerema
et al. 2004).
Compared specimens: Phoma physciicola: Germany, Bavaria, Unterfranken, Kreis Kitzingen,
Gereutholz NE Willanzheim, 245 m alt., on twigs of Quercus robur, on Physcia tenella, 14.12.2006,
W. v. Brackel (hb ivl 4236); Oberbayern, Kreis Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch, 720 m alt., on
trunk of Carpinus betulus, on Phaeophyscia orbicularis, 23.4.2009, W. v. Brackel (hb ivl 4956).
Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf.) D.Hawksw.
Always on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus: 27a: (hb ivl 5483); 28a: (hb ivl 5494; 5493); 31: (hb ivl 5602);
40c: (hb ivl 5633); 42: (hb ivl 5640 sub Chalara lobariae).
This cosmopolitan species is known in Italy from Basilicata, Calabria, Campagna, Lazio, Lombardia,
Molise, Puglia, Sardegna, and Toscana (Anzi 1860, Jatta 1875, 1880, Baglietto 1879, Nimis &
Poelt 1987, Nimis 1993, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Hafellner 2009a, etc.).
Plectocarpon aff. nashii (Fig. 12, 13)
30: on Ramalina farinacea (hb ivl 5673).
Plectocarpon nashii Hafellner is known from North America, growing on Niebla robusta (Hafellner
et al. 2002, Ertz et al. 2005). In the Basilicata we found a taxon of Plectocarpon growing on Ramalina
farinacea, in most features similar to this species. Because of differences in the measurements of the
ascospores and macroconidia and a different host we give here a description:
Ascomata developing on the thallus of the host, often in or at the edge of the soralia, single or in small
groups, first black but soon covered with a rusty yellow pruina, rounded, 120 –350 µm diam.; not in-
ducing galls. Pruina of crystalline granules, shining golden in polarized light, K+ dissolving into a tran-
siently violet solution. Stromatic tissue dark brown, composed of interwoven hyphae, 3 – 4 µm thick,
penetrating without a distinct border into the host tissue; with a dark brown, granulose pigment, K+ dark
olivaceous brown, not dissolving. Ascomatal wall dark brown, in the upper (free) part 10 –15(–20) µm
thick, composed of irregular cells, 2– 4 × 2– 8 µm. Hymenium hyaline, up to 130 µm high, sometimes
separated into parts by stromatic tissue, hymenial gel I+ deep red, KI+ pale blue. Paraphyses richly
branched and anastomosing, hyaline, 1.5 –2.5 µm wide, apically not markedly thickened. Asci (2–
)4(– 8)-spored, narrowly ellipsoid to claviform, straight or slightly curved, 50 – 60(– 80) × 15 –18 µm,
I+ with a faint blue tube structure in the apex. Ascospores (3 –)4-celled, hyaline, not constricted be-
tween the cells, (14 –)15.8 –18.7(–20.5) × (4 –)4.6 –5.9(– 6) µm, l/b = (2.6 –)2.9 –3.8(– 4.6) (n = 40,
measured without perispore); perispore distinct, hyaline, 0.5 –1.5 µm wide; overmature ascospores
brownish, with a verruculose perispor.
Ascomata intermixed with pycnidia of similar size (or smaller) and structure of the wall. Conidiogenous
cells lining the inner wall of the cavity, hyaline with some brownish granules at the base and some-

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 83
what striate above, 2–3 µm wide and up to 25 µm high, with multiple annellations. Conidia (macroco-
nidia) 2-celled, claviform to slightly soleiform, hyaline, thick-walled, septa up to 1 µm thick, truncate,
(10 –)11.2–12.6(–13) × 4 – 4.8(–5.5) µm, l/b = (2.2–)2.5 –3(–3.3) (n = 40).
With its hymenium enclosed in a carbonized stromatic tissue that sometimes extends between parts of
the hymenium and divides the ascomata into loculi, the KI+ blue hymenial gel, asci of the Opegrapha-
type, the 3-septate, hyaline ascospores surrounded by a hyaline perispore that later becomes brownish
and granulose, and the ascomata covered by a pruina, our specimen belongs to Plectocarpon s.lat. Like
in P. nashii the septation of the hymenium in several loculi is not as evident as in other species of the
genus. Following the key in Ertz et al. (2005), our specimen has to be compared with P. nashii and
P. leuckertii, the only two species in which the hymenial disc is covered with an orange or reddish
pruina that dissolves with K into a purplish solution. In P. leuckertii the ascospores are distinctly longer,
21.5 –25.5 µm. Moreover, in P. leuckertii the ascomata are lirellate. Except of the bigger ascospores, the
bigger asci and the longer macroconidia [(12–)15 –17 µm vs. (10 –)11.2–12.6(–13) µm] P. nashii is very
similar to our specimen. Moreover it is the only species of the genus with similar macroconida. Whereas
most Plectocarpon species grow on members of the Lobariaceae, P. nashii grows on Niebla robusta, a
member of the Ramalinaceae and hence related to Ramalina farinacea, the host of our specimen.
Pronectria echinulata Lowen
23c: on Physcia aipolia, thallus (hb ivl 5410); 24b: on Physconia venusta, thallus (hb ivl 5478); 47: on
Physcia stellaris, thallus (hb ivl 5650); 50: on Phaeophyscia orbicularis, thallus (hb ivl 5665).
A rarely reported species, known from Europe and North America, living on the thallus of members of the
family Physciaceae. In Italy it was known until now from Lombardia and Sicilia (Brackel 2008b, 2010b).
Pronectria pertusariicola Lowen
31: on Pertusaria pertusa, apothecial warts (hb ivl 5600); 38: on P. pertusa, apothecial warts (hb ivl
5622); on P. albescens, P. pertusa, thallus and apothecial warts (hb ivl 5632); 41: on P. pertusa, apo-
thecial warts (hb ivl 5636).
This species is known from several European countries as well as from the Canary Islands and Madeira.
In Italy it was known until now only from Sicilia (one specimen from the author in Triebel 2006 –2010).
The ascospores in specimen 5622 measured (11.5 –)12.2–13.7(–14.5) × (5 –)5.4 – 6.0 µm,
l/b = (1.9 –)2.0 –2.5(–2.6) (n = 20), which fits well the measurements given in Serusiaux et al. (2003)
and Motiejūnaitė et al. (2007), whereas the stated values in Rossman et al. (1999) are inconsist-
ent. We measured only ascospores with well developed, perfectly rounded guttules (one per cell);
ascospores with elongated guttules or with more than one guttule per cell are narrower.
Pronectria septemseptata Etayo
23b: on Melanelixia glabra, thallus (hb ivl 5409).
Until now this very rare species was known only from the type locality in the Sierra de Urbasa, Navarra,
Spain (Etayo 1998) and from some neighbouring locations in northern Spain (J. Etayo, pers. comm.).
Recently we found it in Bavaria, Germany, on Melanohalea elegantula. The type specimen was found
on Melanelixia glabratula in northern Spain in a beech forest at the altitude of 1100 m. New to Italy.
Pronectria xanthoriae Lowen & Diederich
48b: on Xanthoria parietina, apothecial disc and thallus (hb ivl 5653).
This species, confined to the host genus Xanthoria, is known from several European countries as well
as from Turkey. In Italy it was known until now only from Sicilia (Brackel 2008b). The features of our
specimen fit well the description given in Lowen & Diederich (1990), although the ascospores are a
little bigger and show a wider variation in the dimensions: (18 –)20 –25.5(–28) × (4.5 –)5 –5.8(– 6) µm,
l/b = (3.3 –)3.6 – 4.9(– 6) (n = 40) vs. 17–24 × 4 –5 µm in the original description. Also Ihlen & Wedin
(2005) found larger ascospores in their Swedish material (c. 15 –30 × 4 – 6 µm), whereas Halici et al.
(2009) report shorter ascospores (15 –16 × 4 –5 µm) from their Turkish material. Probably the latter is
due to immature ascospores (as mentioned by the authors and as the ascospores were said to be smooth).

84 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Pyrenochaeta xanthoriae Diederich
18: on Xanthoria parietina, thallus, apothecial disc and margin; 21: on X. parietina, apothecial disc
and margin (hb ivl 5385); 24c: on Physcia leptalea, thallus (hb ivl 5674 sub Pezizella sp.); 50: on
Physcia biziana, decaying thallus (hb ivl 5662).
Fig. 10: Phoma melanelixiae (holotypus): section through the basal part of the conidiomatal wall with conidiogenous
cells and adhering young conidia, free mature conidia.
Fig. 11: Phoma melanelixiae (holotypus): surface view of the infected area of the thallus of Melanelixia glabra.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 85
Fig. 13: Plectocarpon aff. nashii (hb ivl 5673, from Basilicata, southern Italy): surface view of the infected area of
the thallus of Ramalina farinacea.
Fig. 12: Plectocarpon aff. nashii (hb ivl 5673, from Basilicata, southern Italy): A: section through an ascoma, two
loculi with asci, one pycnidium. B: asci. C: ascospores. D: conidia, partly with conidiogenous cells.

86 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
This “very rare lichenicolous coelomycete" (Ertz et al. 2008) is known only from some European
countries, always growing on Xanthoria. In Italy it was known from Sicilia (Brackel 2008b). In
our specimen 5674 we found it on the decaying thallus of Physcia leptalea, infected by Pezizella sp.,
in 5662 on P. biziana, infected by Nectriopsis physciicola, Athelia arachnoidea, and Syzygospora
physciacearum. As the hosts were weakened, this may be a secondary infection and Physcia leptalea
and P. biziana are paratenic hosts. Both should not be included in the host spectrum of Pyrenochaeta
xanthoriae without the mark “paratenic host".
Pyrenochaeta sp.
1b: on Lecanora chlarotera, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5422).
In our specimen the fungus is growing on the apothecial disc of Lecanora chlarotera. The sim-
ilar P. xanthoriae is growing on the thallus of Xanthoria species, mainly X. parietina. Our speci-
men is distinguished from P. xanthoriae by the bigger conidia, (3.5 –)4(–5) × (1.8 –)2(–2.2) µm vs.
3 –3.5(– 4) × 1.4 –1.8(–2) µm according to Diederich (1990). Unfortunately the material of this appar-
ently undescribed taxon is too poor for further investigations and for a formal description.
Rosellinula sp.
20b: on Rinodina exigua, thallus (hb ivl 5471).
Our specimen does not fit any of the described Rosellinula species. As the members of the genus seem
to be rather host-specific and no species is described on the host genus Rinodina or a member of the
family Physciaceae, we consider it as an undescribed species. Unfortunately our specimen is too poor
for a formal description and so we give here a provisional description:
Ascomata perithecia, scattered, erumpent from the host thallus or apothecial margin, black, c.
60 – 80 µm wide and 100 –120 µm high. Ascomatal wall in the lower part of a textura angularis, single
cells irregular to isodiametric, 4 –7 µm diam., hyaline, not clearly delimited from the host tissue, in
the upper part brown, of interwoven hyphae. Hamathecium of septate, anastomosing, and guttulate
elements, 1.5 –2.5 µm wide. Asci broadly claviform, 55 –75 × 25 –35 µm, more than 200-spored, wall
I+ blue, with a up to 6 µm thick, amyloid gelatinous layer mainly around the apex. Ascospores simple,
hyaline to pale brown, (sub-)globose, c. 3 – 4 × 3 µm.
The taxon is similar to Rosellinula lopadii (Vouaux) D.J.Galloway in the size and number of the
ascospores, but the ascomata are much smaller [60 – 80 µm diam. vs. (150 –)200 –300 µm] and the
hamathecial elements are wider [1.5 –2.5 µm vs. (0.25 –)1 µm] (Vouaux 1913, Hafellner 1985).
Another species of Rosellinula with more than 200 ascospores per ascus is R. kalbii, also with bigger
ascomata (c. 200 mm diam.) and narrower hamathecial elements (1–1.5 µm). The other two species of
the genus differ in the smaller number of ascospores per ascus, c. 50 in R. haplospora and c. 100 in R.
frustulosae (Hafellner loc. cit.). All members of the genus Muellerella, also with multispored asci,
differ in the missing interascal filaments.
Sclerococcum serusiauxii Boqueras & Diederich
38: on Parmelina quercina, thallus (hb ivl 5617).
This species is known only from a few European countries. We do not know about any previous re-
cords from Italy. Until now it was reported only from the hosts Parmelina pastillifera and P. tiliacea,
so P. quercina is a new host.
LScoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold
41: on Pertusaria amara, thallus (hb ivl 5637).
Scoliciosporum umbrinum is a widespread and common autonomous lichen, which rarely assumes a
lichenicolous habit (Rambold & Triebel 1992, Hafellner 2002). Except slight decolorations no
damage of the host thallus is visible.
Sphaerellothecium parmeliae Diederich & Etayo
28a: on Parmelia sulcata, thallus (hb ivl 5490); 41: on P. sulcata, thallus (hb ivl 5634).

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 87
This species is widespread over the northern hemisphere, but measured against the commonness of
its host, rather rarely recorded. We do not know about any previous previous records from Italy. The
small black perithecia on the black necrotic patches are not easy to see in the field; a helpful hint is the
presence of radiating dark hyphae on the edges of the black necrotic areas.
Sphaerellothecium reticulatum (Zopf) Etayo
16: on Flavoparmelia caperata, thallus (hb ivl 5456); 38: on Parmelina quercina, thallus (hb ivl 5615).
A cosmopolitan species on members of the genus Parmelia s. l. In Italy it was known from Trentino-
Alto Adige, Sardegna, and Sicilia (Arnold 1897, Nimis & Poelt 1987, Brackel 2008b).
Sphinctrina tubiformis A.Massal.
16: on Pertusaria pertusa, thallus (hb ivl 5457).
This cosmopolitan species was known in Italy from Trentino-Alto Adige, Lombardia, Piemonte,
Veneto, Liguria, Toscana, Lazio, Sardegna, Campania, Puglia, and Calabria (Nimis & Poelt 1987,
Nimis 1993 – see here for further references, Puntillo 1996).
Stigmidium acetabuli Calatayud & Triebel
46b: on Pleurosticta acetabulum, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5647).
This rare species was known until now only from France and Spain (Calatayud & Triebel 2001),
and in Italy from Sicilia (Brackel 2008b). Possibly it is overlooked, because the multitude of minute
perithecia is causing no visible damage or discoloration on the apothecial disc. Notwithstanding the
production of ascospores is surpressed in the infested apothecia and on the discs starts a colonisation
of algae; so the fungus is not commensalistic but shows at least a slight pathogenic effect.
Stigmidium congestum Triebel
37: on Lecanora chlarotera, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5610).
This cosmopolitan fungus is confined to corticolous species of Lecanora. In Italy it was known from
Abruzzo, Campagna, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Puglia, Sardegna, and Sicilia (Jatta 1875, 1880,
Nimis & Poelt 1987, Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Triebel 2006 –2010, Brackel 2008a, b).
Stigmidium lecidellae Triebel, Roux & Le Coeur
8b: on Lecidella elaeochroma, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5440).
Despite of the commonness of its host (Lecidella elaeochroma group) this species is quite rarely col-
lected and known only from Europe. Italian records are from Sardegna and Sicilia (Nimis & Poelt
1987, Roux et al. 1995, Brackel 2008b).
Stigmidium tabacinae (Arnold) Triebel
12b: on Toninia opuntioides, thallus (hb ivl 5445).
According to Hafellner & Casares-Porcel (2003) Stigmidium tabacinae is „one of the most com-
mon lichenicolous fungi on terricolous lichens in arid habitats“. We know only about reports on spe-
cies of the genus Toninia. In Italy it was known from Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Sardegna, and Sicilia
(Arnold 1881, Nimis & Poelt 1987, Triebel 1989, Nimis et al. 1996b, Brackel 2008b).
Stigmidium aff. ramalinae (Müll.-Arg.) Etayo & Diederich
30: on Ramalina farinacea, thallus (hb ivl 5497); 39: on Ramalina sp., thallus (hb ivl 5628; x443 sub
Lichenoconium aff. lecanorae).
This species, including S. epiramalina (Vouaux) Hafellner (see Etayo & Osorio 2004), is spread
over both hemispheres, but rarely recorded. It seems to have a preference for warmer climates. In our
specimens we found the ascospores turning brown when mature, a feature also mentioned by Etayo
& Osorio (loc. cit). With 7.5 × 3 –3.5 µm the ascospores are constantly smaller than in the published
descriptions of S. ramalinae: 12–15 × 4 –5 µm (Vouaux 1913), 11.5 –13.5 × 2.5 –3.5 µm (Etayo &
Osorio 2004) and 10 –11 × 3 –5 µm (van den Boom & Etayo 2006). For S. epiramalina Vouaux
(1913) gave them as 8 –12 × 2.5 –3.5 µm

88 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Syzygospora physciacearum Diederich
1b: on Physcia tenella, thallus; 50: on P. biziana, thallus (hb ivl 5663).
A cosmopolitan and common species with a preference to nutrient enriched sites. We do not now about
any previous records from Italy. Several species of the family Physciaceae, all potential hosts, are
abundantly spread over the investigated area, but we could find S. physciacearum only twice. At least
in the case of loc. 50, an impact of nutrients from a neighboured factory farming seems probable.
Taeniolella phaeophysciae D.Hawksw.
All on Phaeophyscia orbicularis, thallus: 1c: (hb ivl 5425 sub Lichenochora obscuroides); 24c; 44: (hb
ivl 5645); 48a, b: (hb ivl 5654).
This species is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere. In Italy it was known until now only
from Lombardia (Brackel 2010b).
Taeniolella pertusariicola D.Hawksw. & H.Mayrhofer
2: on Pertusaria albescens, thallus (hb ivl 5426, sub Phaeosporobolus alpinus).
This species is distributed over the northern hemisphere, mainly in the boreal zone, but there is also a
record from Turkey (Halici 2010). We do not know about any previous records from Italy.
Telogalla olivieri (Vouaux) Nik.Hoffm. & Hafellner
18: on Xanthoria parietina, thallus (hb ivl 5463); 20a, b: on X. parietina, thallus (hb ivl 5468).
A widespread species in Europe and Asia, always on thalli of Xanthoria species. In Italy it was known
from Lombardia and Sicilia (Brackel 2008a, b, 2010b).
Toninia aff. subfuscae (Arnold) Timdal
20c: on Verrucaria nigrescens, thallus (hb ivl 5476).
Our specimen fits in all features the descriptions of Toninia subfuscae (Arnold 1864, Timdal 1991).
We are in doubts of the identity because T. subfuscae was described on Lecanora subfusca agg. and no
other reports than from L. campestris, L. horiza, L. muralis, and Lecidella scabra are known.
Tremella ramalinae Diederich
All on Ramalina fraxinea, thallus: 1a: (hb ivl 5413); 34: (hb ivl 5607); 38: (hb ivl 5626); 47: (hb ivl
5652).
A widespread but rarely recorded species in the northern hemisphere. In Italy it was known from Sicilia
(Brackel 2008a, b). In specimen 5652 some of the basidiocarps are hyperparasitized by Intralichen
lichenum.
Unguiculariopsis lettaui (Grummann) Coppins (Fig. 14, 15)
28a: on Evernia prunastri, thallus (hb ivl 5487); 40c: on E. prunastri, thallus (hb ivl 5631).
This species, confined to Evernia prunastri, is widespread over the northern hemisphere, but measured
against the commonness of its host, rarely recorded. In Italy it was known from Toscana and Trentino-
Alto Adige (Diederich & Etayo 2000).
Unguiculariopsis thallophila (P.Karst.) W.-Y.Zhuang
38: on Lecanora carpinea, thallus (hb ivl 5616).
This species is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, but outside of Europe it is rarely re-
ported. In Italy it was known until now only from Sicilia (Brackel 2008b).
Unguiculariopsis lucaniae Brackel sp. nov. [MycoBank 561015]
Fungus lichenicola in thallo lichenis Lecidella elaeochroma crescens. Ascomata superficialia, fusca,
100 –200 µm diam. et ca. 100 µm alta. Setae excipulariae hyalinae, basaliter turgidae, apicaliter unci-
natae, 13 –25 × 1–5 µm. Excipulum fusco-aurantiacum, hypothecium et hymenium hyalinum. Asci cla-
vati vel subcylindrici, octospori, 24 –35 × 5 – 6.5 µm. Ascosporae ellipsoideae, simplices, 2-guttulatae,
(4.5 –)5 – 6 × 2–2.6 µm.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 89
Fig. 14: Unguiculariopsis lucaniae (holotypus): A – section through an ascoma. B – asci with ascospores. C – para-
physes. D – excipular hairs.
Fig. 15: Unguiculariopsis lucaniae (holotypus): part of the infected thallus of Lecidella elaeochroma with the bigger
ascomata of the host and the smaller ascomata of Unguiculariopsis.

90 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
Typus: Italy, Basilicata, Prov. di Potenza, Parco Nazionale dell’Appennino Lucano, between Laurenzana
and Monte Caldarosa, mixed beech and fir forest in a small valley, on twigs of Abies alba, on Lecidella
elaeochroma, 40°24'24"N/15°57'26"E, 1120 m, 18.8.2010, W. & G. v. Brackel (M – holotypus).
Ascomata superficial, dark brown to almost black, at the apothecial margin covered with whitish
hairs, first urceolate and later cupulate, 100 –200 µm diam. and c. 100 µm high. Exciple orange to
reddish brown, pigment K+ brown without a reddish tinge, paraplectenchymatous, cells subglobose,
3 –5(– 8) µm diam., longer and thinner versus the hypothecium. Excipular hairs densely covering
the margin, hyaline, unseptate, smooth, with a broad base and a hooked apex, 13 –25 µm long, 3 –5
wide at the base and 1–1.5 µm at the tip. Hypothecium hyaline, 5 –10 µm thick, hymenium hyaline,
30 – 40 µm thick, epihymenium not distinguishable; paraphyses scarce, unbranched or rarely bran-
ched, sparsely septate, thin-walled, apically not swollen, 1–2 µm thick. Asci clavate, wall apically
not conspicuously thickened, basally with a short stipe, 8-spored, 24 – 40 × 5 – 6.5 µm. Hymenium
and asci I–, KI–. Ascospores irregularly obliquely uni- to biseriate, simple, ellipsoid, 2-guttulate,
(4.5 –)5 – 6 × 2–2.6 µm, l/b = (2–)2.2–2.6(–2.7) (n = 20).
Etymology: Lucania is the name of the Roman province situated in southern Italy on the territory of
the region Basilicata, named after the tribe of the Lucani. The old name is still used in the popular
language and in poetry.
Distribution and host: The new species is known from the type locality in Italy, Basilicata and from
one locality in Spain, Catalunya. It lives on the thallus of Lecidella elaeochroma without causing any
visible damage to the host. The Spanish specimen was already reported as Unguiculariopsis aff. thal-
lophila resp. Unguiculariopsis sp. (Navarro-Rosinés et al. 1994, Boqueras 2000).
Additional specimen examined: Spain, Catalunya, Prov. de Tarragona, Montsianès, La Sènia, Font del
Bassiol (Serra dels Ports), sobre líquens estérils que creixen sobre Juniperus communis, on Lecidella elaeo-
chroma f. soralifera, UTM 31TBF6513, 1140 m, 1.8.1984, M. Boqueras & R. Balada (BCN–lich. 18013).
Observations: The genus Unguiculariopsis is characterized by orange to brown apothecia with non-sep-
tate excipular hairs with swollen bases and often curved or hooked apices, and simple hyaline ascospores.
According to Lawrey & Diederich (2011) until now 13 species of Unguiculariopsis were known, plus
Llimoniella muralicola, which might belong to the genus as well (Diederich et al. 2010); the very recent-
ly described U. fasciculata was transfered to Protounguicularia (Etayo & Triebel 2010, Etayo 2010b).
Until now no species of Ungiculariopsis was known on hosts of the genus Lecidella. As the lichenicolous
species appear to be very host specific, this is a strong hint that the taxon on Lecidella is not conspe-
cific with one of the described species. Four of the known lichenicolous species of Unguiculariopsis
have similarly sized ascospores: U. manriquei on Lobaria, U. lesdainii on Lecanora, U. acrocordiae
on Acrocordia, and U. damingshanica on an unidentified crustose lichen thallus on Bamboo. All other
species have either bigger (at least 6 µm long) or globose ascospores (U. cribriformis). The first three of
the species with a similar size of ascospores are distinguished from the new species by straight, curved,
or flexuose, but not hooked excipular hairs. Furthermore, U. lesdainii and U. acrocordiae are distinguis-
hed by the K+ reddish exciple, and U. manriquei by the orange hymenium and epithecium. The fourth,
U. damingshanica, is very similar in several features to the new species, especially in the size of the
ascospores and in size and shape of the excipular hairs. However, there are some distinguishing features:
U. damingshanica has much bigger ascomata (up to 1000 µm vs. 100 –200 µm), a thicker hymenium
(60 – 65 µm vs. 30 – 40 µm), longer and narrower asci (40 – 48 × 4 –5 µm vs. 24 – 40 × 5 – 6.5 µm), ascomata
of another colour (dark vinaceous inside with a grey margin vs. dark brown to almost black), and the hairs
are subhyaline at apex and brown at base, whereas they are almost throughout hyaline in U. lucaniae; in
addition the ascospores of U. lucaniae are wider (2–2.6 vs. 2 µm). Unfortunately the host of U. damings-
hanica is not known, it is described as “a thin layer of lichen thalli on bamboo" (Zhuang 2000, W.-Y.
Zhuang, pers. comm.). Since no species of Lecidella is known to live on bamboo in China (A. Aptroot,
pers. comm.), also the hosts of the two species are most likely different.
Vouauxiella lichenicola (Linds.) Petr. & Syd.
16: on Lecanora chlarotera, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5459).

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 91
A cosmopolitan species, growing on the apothecia of corticolous Lecanora species. In Italy it was
known from Lombardia and Sicilia (Lettau 1958b, Nimis et al. 1994).
Vouauxiella verrucosa (Vouaux) Petr. & Syd.
20b: on Lecanora horiza, apothecia and thallus (hb ivl 5469).
This species is widely distributed over the northern hemisphere; according to Hafellner (1996) it is
rather common in the Mediterranean region, but we do not know about any previous records from Italy.
Vouauxiomyces ramalinae (Nordin) D.Hawksw.
1b: on Ramalina fastigiata, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5424); 31: on R. farinacea, thallus; 34: on R. fasti-
giata, apothecial disc (hb ivl 5606); 38: on R. fraxinea, apothecial disc and rarely margin (hb ivl 5621);
39: on R. fraxinea, apothecial disc, R. fastigiata, thallus and apothecial disc (hb ivl 5629, 5630).
A widespread but not very common species. In Italy it was known until now only from Sicilia
(Brackel 2008a, b). V. ramalinae, the anamorph of Abrothallus suecicus, is confined to species of
the genus Ramalina and occurs mainly on the apothecial disc, rarely on the margin or on the thallus.
Both thallus and apothecial disc turn deep black in the infected areas, but as the apothecial discs are
coverded by a pruina-like necrotic layer, they appear greyish. In specimen 5424, V. ramalinae grew on
the apothecial disc, whereas the thallus was infected by Phoma ficuzzae.
Vouauxiomyces sp.
27a: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl x433); 28a: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5493;
5491 sub Abrothallus sp.); 31: on Lobaria pulmonaria, thallus (hb ivl 5603).
In some specimens of Lobaria pulmonaria we found an undescribed species of Vouauxiomyces, which
might be the anamorph of the above mentioned Abrothallus sp. In 5491, it grew intermixed with this
taxon. The conidia are 1-celled, hyaline, and truncate with a broad scar, 3.5 × 2.5 µm.
Xanthoriicola physciae (Kalchbr.) D.Hawksw.
All on Xanthoria parietina, apothecial disc and sometimes also on the thallus: 19: (hb ivl 5465); 20a;
47; 48: (hb ivl 5653 sub Pronectria xanthoriae).
This widely distributed and common species is reported from Europe and its neighbourhood. In Italy
it was known from Lombardia, Toscana, Basilicata, and Sicilia (Santesson 1994a, Nimis et al. 1994,
Nimis & Tretiach 1999, Brackel 2008c).
Xenonectriella leptaleae (Steiner) Rossman & Lowen
48a: on Physconia venusta, apothecial disc and margin, rarely thallus (hb ivl 5656).
This rarely reported species is confined to hosts of the family Physciaceae; contrary to Pronectria
echinulata it is mostly found on the apothecial disc. In Italy it was known until now only from Sicilia
(Brackel 2008a, b).
Zwackhiomyces aff. physciicola
8a: on Bacidia rubella, thallus (hb ivl 5439 and 5438 sub Ellisembia lichenicola).
This specimen fits in all features Zwackhiomyces physciicola Alstrup (Alstrup 1993b, Calatayud &
Barreno 1995): perithecia 150 –200 µm in diam, asci 4 – 6-spored, ascospores hyaline, partly smooth,
partly finely verruculose, c. 20 × 7 µm. We only have doubts because of the different host. Some of the
perithecia were covered by Ellisembia lichenicola, looking macroscopically like setose.
Notes on some remarkable lichens
The lichen flora of Italy is very well investigated, and new records of lichens for a certain
province are not easily made. Apparently this is not the case for Puglia (except of the promon-
tory of Gargano), perhaps due to the absence of mountainous regions and extensive forests.
Nevertheless the old and widespread olive plantations with a very long tradition are of high

92 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
lichenological interest. As reference for the occurance of species we refer mainly to the data-
base ITALIC (Nimis & Martellos 2008).
Caloplaca cerinelloides (Erichsen) Poelt
13b.
According to Nimis & Martellos (2008) this species was not reported until now from Puglia. We
found it once in a hedge of Myoporum sp. at the coast of the Adriatic Sea near Lecce. New to Puglia.
Collema italicum de Lesd.
16: conf. S. Ravera (R).
This epiphytic species is very rare in Italy, known only from one (lost) locality in Liguria and two locali-
ties in Lazio (Ravera & Giordani 2007). In GBIF some additional records are listed from Portugal,
France, Montenegro, Croatia, and Slovenia; it is also known from Spain, including the Canary Islands
(Marcos Laso 1985, Pérez-Ortega & Álvarez-Lafuente 2006, etc.) and East Africa (Swinscow
& Krog 1988). We found it once in an old olive plantation S of Lecce. New to Puglia and southern Italy.
Collema occultatum Bagl.
24c: (hb ivl 5531).
This easily overlooked lichen is known from several Italian regions with gaps in the north and in the
south (Nimis & Martellos 2008). We found it once in the Parco Nazionale del Pollino (Basilicata) in
a valley on Tilia platyphyllos. New to the Basilicata.
Lobaria amplissima (Scop.) Forssell
30: (hb ivl 5538).
This oceanic species, member of the Lobarion community, is widely spread over Italy but everywhere
extremely rare (Nimis & Martellos 2008). We found it once in the Parco Nazionale del Pollino.
Potenza (2006) mentiones the species for the Appennino Lucano, indicated as “new to Basilicata".
Puntillo et al. (2009) give another recent record from the Basilicata.
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.
2; 4; 24: (hb ivl 5534); 27; 28; 30; 31; 36; 40; 42.
According to Nimis (1993) and Nimis & Martellos (2008) Lobaria pulmonaria is spread all over
Italy except of some coastal plains and the great plain of the Po in northern Italy, but everywhere it
ranges from extremely rare to rare. The eye-catching species is used as a flagship in conservation
strategies for ancient forests (Nascimbene et al. 2009). We found some big populations of the species
in the mountainous forests of the promontory of Gargano in Puglia and in the mountains of the Parco
Nazionale del Pollino and the Parco Nazionale dell’Appennino Lucano in Basilicata.
Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O.Blanco et al.
3; 7; 28.
According to Nimis & Martellos (2008) this species, of a cool-tempertate to boreal-montane dis-
tribution, was not reported until now from Puglia. We found it in two localities on the promontory of
Gargano (Puglia) and once in the Parco Nazionale del Pollino (Basilicata).
Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory
30: (hb ivl 5539).
This member of the Lobarion community is spread over Italy, but indicated as “extremely rare" in all
regions (Nimis & Martellos 2008). Potenza (2006) mentioned it for the Appennino Lucano as a
recovery after the last record of Jatta at the end of the 19th century. We found it once in an oak forest in
the Parco Nazionale del Pollino.
Parmotrema hypoleucinum (J.Steiner) Hale
14: (hb ivl 5520); 16: (hb ivl 5525).

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 93
According to Nimis & Martellos (2008) this “mediterranean-atlantic lichen is found in undisturbed
Mediterranean maquis along the coast, exclusively Tyrrhenian in Italy" and is known from Toscana,
Lazio, Sardegna, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicilia. Potenza (2006) and Potenza et al. (2010) re-
ported it from the Ionian coast of the Basilicata. We found it twice in big populations in plantations of
olive trees in the southeastern part of Puglia; new to this region.
Protopannaria pezizoides (Weber) M.Jørg. & S.Ekman
24b: (hb ivl 5533).
This arctic-alpine to boreal-montane lichen is extremely rare in the mountains of southern Italy (Nimis
& Martellos 2008). We found it at the base of Quercus pubescens in a valley in the Parco Nazionale
del Pollino.
Ramalina pusilla Duby
14: (hb ivl 5522).
This very characteristic species with an almost orbicular growth and apothecia deeply sunk in the ends
of the inflated branches was known until now only from the Tyrrhenian coasts of Italy in Toscana,
Lazio, Sardegna and Sicilia (Nimis 1993, Nimis & Martellos 2008). We found it once on the twigs
of Pinus halepensis in the southeastern part of Puglia; new to this region.
Strangospora moriformis (Ach.) Stein
12: (hb ivl 5513).
This species seems to be extremely rare in Italy. In southern Italy it was known until now only from
Calabria (Puntillo 1996) and from Sicilia (Falco Scampatelli 2005). We found it once on the bark
of Pinus halepensis near Castel del Monte in Puglia; new to this region.
Hepaticolous fungi
We mention here two fungi on liverworts that were found by chance in the collected specimens
under the dissecting microscope.
Bryocentria brongniartii (P.Crouan & H.Crouan) Döbbeler
24b: on Frullania dilatata (hb ivl 5479).
According to Döbbeler (2006) this species is “widely distributed in Europe". In Italy it was known
from Toscana (Döbbeler, loc. cit.).
Octosporella ornithocephala Döbbeler
31: on Radula complanata, leaves (hb ivl 5499).
This species, parasitic on the hepatic Radula complanata, was known until now from Finland
(Döbbeler 1980), France (Ascofrance) and Germany (Döbbeler 1984, Brackel, in prep.).
Localities with lists of lichens checked for lichenicolous fungi.
Puglia (provinces: BT = Barletta-Andria-Trani, FG = Foggia, LE = Lecce, TA = Taranto):
1) FG, Promontorio del Gargano, Foresta Umbra, SSE Vico del Gargano, forest of Quercus cerris (a), Q. ilex, Acer
pseudoplatanus (b), Fagus sylvatica (c), 590 m, 41°51'39"N/15°59'51"E, 4.8.2010. – a: Candelariella reflexa, C.
xanthostigma, Catillaria nigroclavata, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella
elaeochroma, Melanelixia subaurifera, Melanohalea elegantula, M. exasperata, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina
carporrhizans (hb ivl 5508), Physcia stellaris, P. tenella, Physconia servitii, Ramalina calcicaris, R. farinacea, R.
fastigiata, R. fraxinea, Xanthoria parietina; b: Caloplaca holocarpa, Lecanora carpinea, Physcia adscendens, P.
stellaris, P. tenella, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, Xanthoria parietina; c: Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Phlyctis
argena, Physcia tenella.
2) ibid., beech forest, on Fagus sylvatica, 765 m, 41°48'32"N/15°58'58"E, 4.8.2010. – Lobaria pulmonaria,
Pertusaria albescens.

94 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
3) ibid., mixed beech forest, on Fagus sylvatica (a) and on twigs of Acer pseudoplatanus (b), 800 m,
41°49'02"N/15°59'23"E, 4.8.2010. – a: Melanohalea exasperatula, Melanelixia subaurifera, Parmelia saxatilis s.
l., P. sulcata, Pertusaria albescens var. corallina, P. leucostoma; b: Evernia prunastri, Lecania cyrtella, Lecanora
carpinea, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea exasperata, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina pastilli-
fera, Pertusaria leucostoma, Physcia leptalea (hb ivl 5509), P. stellaris, P. tenella, Physconia venusta, Ramalina
calcicaris, R. farinacea, R. fastigiata, Xanthoria parietina, X. polycarpa.
4) ibid., mixed beech forest, on Acer pseudoplatanus, 820 m, 41°49'19"N/15°59'54"E, 4.8.2010. – Lecanora chla-
rotera, Lobaria pulmonaria, Pertusaria albescens, Phlyctis argena, Physcia adscendens, P. tenella, Ramalina
farinacea, R. fastigiata.
5) ibid., beech forest, on Ilex aquifolium, 775 m, 41°49'38"N/16°00'29"E, 4.8.2010. – (no lichens, but Denisiella
babingtonii and Atichia glomerulosa, hb ivl A002).
6) ibid., old Quercus cerris near the road in the forest, 355 m, 41°51'17"/16°02'41"E, 4.8.2010. – Pertusaria coccodes.
7) FG, Promontorio del Gargano, SS 89 between Vieste and Mattinata, solitary Quercus cerris in the macchia,
550 m, 41°45'33"/16°04'56"E, 5.8.2010. – Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochro-
ma, Melanelixia glabra, Melanohalea exasperata, M. exasperatula, Parmelina tiliacea, Pertusaria albescens,
Physcia adscendens, P. aipolia, P. stellaris, P. tenella, Physconia venusta, Rinodina sophodes (hb ivl 5435 sub
Lichenodiplis rinodinicola var. garganica), Xanthoria parietina.
8) ibid., forest in a small ravine, on Acer pseudoplatanus (a), Carpinus betulus (b), limestone rock (c), 590 m,
41°46'07"/16°04'44"E, 5.8.2010. – a: Bacidia rubella, Opegrapha varia, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia
tenella, Physconia venusta; b: Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia subaurifera, Parmelia
sulcata, Pertusaria leucostoma, Physconia venusta; c: Collema auriforme.
9) ibid., old oak on the roadside, 575 m, 41°45'42"/15°52'16"E. – Evernia prunastri, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina
tiliacea, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, R. fraxinea.
10) FG, Promontorio del Gargano, SS 272 between Monte Sant’Angelo and San Giovanni Rotondo, oaks on the ro-
adside, 655 m, 41°42'46"/15°52'16"E, 6.8.2010. – Candelariella reflexa, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecanora car-
pinea, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia subaurifera, Parmelina carporrhizans, Phaeophyscia
orbicularis, Physcia adscendens, P. biziana var. biziana, P. leptalea, P. stellaris, P. tenella, Rinodina sophodes,
Xanthoria parietina.
11) FG, Promontorio del Gargano, SP 57 near Masseria Valente, garden with olive and almond trees, limestone outcrops,
205 m, 41°39'48"/15°53'24"E, 6.8.2010. – Bagliettoa parmigera, Caloplaca aurantia, Verrucaria nigrescens.
12) BT, Castel del Monte S Andria, outcrops (a), walls with clefts (b) and trees of Pinus halepensis (c) near the
castle, 530 m, 41°05'04"/16°16'15"E, 6.8.2010. – a: Aspicilia calcarea, Bagliettoa parmigera, Caloplaca auran-
tia, C. flavescens; b: Squamarina cartilaginea, Toninia opuntioides; c: Evernia prunastri, Lecidella elaeochroma,
Physcia adscendens, Strangospora moriformis (hb ivl 5513), Xanthoria parietina.
13) LE, coast between Casalabate and Torre Rinalda, on Olea europaea (a) in a hedge of Myoporum sp. (b), 7 m,
40°29'03"/18°08'54"E, 7.8.2010. – a: Lecanora pulicaris, Lecidella elaeochroma, Physcia tenella, Xanthoria
parietina; b: Caloplaca cerina, C. cerinelloides, Lecania cyrtella, P. biziana var. biziana, Xanthoria parietina.
14) LE, Masseria Ferranterusso between Martano and Otranto, garden of olive trees (a) and forest of Pinus halepensis
(b), 60 m, 40°10'25"/18°23'45"E, 9.8.2010. – a: Diploicia canescens, Lecanora horiza, Opegrapha celtidicola (hb
ivl 5516 sub Schismatomma decolorans), Ramalina sp., Schismatomma decolorans (hb ivl 5516), Tephromela
atra var. torulosa (hb ivl 5517), Xanthoria parietina; b: Diploicia canescens, Lecanora horiza, Lecidella elaeo-
chroma, Parmotrema hypoleucinum (hb ivl 5520), Pertusaria pertusa, Physcia adscendens, Ramalina farinacea,
R. fastigiata, R. pusilla (hb ivl 5522), Xanthoria parietina.
15) LE, Otranto, walls of the castle, 20 m, 40°08'40"/18°29'34"E, 9.8.2010. – Roccella phycopsis (hb ivl 5521).
16) LE, between Máglie and Cutrofiano, garden with old olive trees, on Olea europaea, 120 m, 40°05'01"/18°13'50"E,
10.8.2010. – Cladonia pyxidata, Collema italicum (conf. S. Ravera; R), Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora
chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Parmotrema hypoleucinum (hb ivl 5525), Parmotrema reticulatum (hb ivl
5523), Pertusaria albescens, P. pertusa, Phlyctis argena, Xanthoria parietina.
17) TA, Lido Azzurro, dunes with Pinus halepensis, Salix spp. (a), and bare soil (b), 10 m, 40°31'23"/17°06'17"E,
10.8.2010. – a: Xanthoria parietina; b: Cladonia convoluta (hb ivl 5526), Cladonia furcata ssp. furcata.
18) TA, Gravina di Leucaspide near Statte, young fruit trees on a meadow, 150 m, 40°34'43"/17°12'06"E, 11.8.2010.
– Lecidella elaeochroma, Physcia adscendens, P. tenella, Xanthoria parietina.
19) TA, Gravina di Laterza, Quercus cerris shrubbery, on Quercus cerris and Qu. ilex (a), and on soil (b), 325 m,
40°36'58"/16°48'37"E, 11.8.2010. – a: Caloplaca cerinella, Catillaria nigroclavata, Flavoparmelia soredians

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 95
(hb ivl 5527), Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia subauri-
fera, Parmelia sulcata, Physcia adscendens, P. leptalea, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, Rinodina exigua,
Tephromela atra var. torulosa, Xanthoria parietina; b: Cladonia convoluta, Cladonia subrangiformis.
Basilicata (provinces: MT = Matera, PZ = Potenza):
20) MT, ravine of the Torrenta Gravina di Matera near Parco dei Mónaci, macchia with Robinia pseudacacia (a),
Pistacia lentiscus (b) and limestone rocks (c), 130 m, 40°36'41"/16°38'50"E, 13.8.2010. – a: Caloplaca cerina,
Lecidella elaeochroma, Xanthoria parietina; b: Amandinea punctata, Caloplaca cerina, Diplotomma alboatrum
(hb ivl 5529), Lecanora horiza, L. sambuci, Lecidella elaeochroma, Rinodina exigua, Xanthoria parietina; c:
Aspicilia calcarea, A. farinosa, Caloplaca aurantia, C. flavescens, Catapyrenium sp., Diplotomma venustum,
Fulgensia fulgida (hb ivl 5530), Lecanora dispersa, Lobothallia radiosa, Verrucaria muralis, V. nigrescens.
21) MT, northern shore of the Lago di San Giuliano, on Ostrya carpinifolia, 120 m, 40°37'25"/16°30'00"E, 13.8.2010.
– Lecidella elaeochroma, Physcia tenella, Xanthoria parietina,
22) MT, valley of the Sarmento near Tenuta Rosando, river bed with Populus sp. (a) and open soil (b), 170 m,
40°09'18"/16°25'14"E, 14.8.2010. – a: Lecanora chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Physcia adscendens, P. bi-
ziana var. biziana (hb ivl 5505), P. stellaris, P. tenella, Xanthoria parietina; b: Fulgensia fulgens (hb IVL 5503),
F. subbracteata (hb IVL 5504), Placidium squamulosum, Psora decipiens, Squamarina lentigera (hb IVL 5502),
Toninia opuntioides.
23) PZ, Parco Nazionale del Pollino, 2 km SW Terranova, valley of the Sarmento, forest of Quercus pubescens (a),
Acer monspessulanum (b), and Fraxinus excelsior (c), 850 m, 39°58'01"/16°17'02"E, 14.8.2010. – a: Anaptychia
ciliaris, Collema nigrescens, Evernia prunastri, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia glabra (hb ivl 5507),
Parmelina tiliacea, Physcia stellaris, P. tenella, Physconia perisidiosa, P servitii (hb ivl 5506), P. venusta,
Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina calcicaris, R. farinacea, R. fastigiata, R. fraxinea; b: Lecidella elaeochroma,
Melanelixia glabra, Parmelina tiliacea, Physconia venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum; c: Lecidella elaeochroma,
Melanohalea exasperata, Physcia aipolia, P. tenella, Xanthoria parietina.
24) ibid., forest of Quercus cerris (a), Qu. pubescens (b), and Tilia platyphyllos (c), 900 m, 39°58'03"/16°16'41"E,
14.8.2010. – a: Anaptychia ciliaris, Lecanora carpinea, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Lobaria pulmonar-
ia (hb ivl 5534), Melanohalea elegantula, Melanelixia glabra, Parmelina tiliacea, Physcia leptalea, Physconia
servitii, Pleurosticta acetabulum; b: Cladonia coniocraea, Lepraria incana agg., Nephroma laevigatum (hb ivl
5532), Physconia venusta, Protopannaria pezizoides (hb ivl 5533); c: Collema nigrescens, C. occultatum (hb ivl
5531), Lecanora carpinea, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Parmelina tiliacea, Phaeophyscia orbicularis,
Physcia aipolia, P. leptalea, Physconia distorta, P. servitii, P. venusta.
25) PZ, Parco Nazionale del Pollino, SW San Costantino Albanese, Piano Martorino, solitary old Quercus frainetto,
880 m, 40°02'21"/16°16'40"E, 14.8.2010. – Anaptychia ciliaris, Caloplaca cerina, Candelariella aurella, C. re-
flexa, Collema nigrescens, Lecanora carpinea, L. chlarotera, Melanelixia glabra (hb ivl 5535), Melanohalea
exasperata, Parmelina carporrhizans, P. tiliacea, Pertusaria sp., Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia aipolia, P.
tenella, Physconia distorta, P. grisea, P. venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, Rinodina exigua,
Xanthoria parietina.
26) PZ, Parco Nazionale del Pollino, near San Severino, forest of Fagus sylvatica and Alnus glutinosa (a) with
limestone outcrops (b) in a small valley, 980 m, 40°00'46"/16°06'26"E, 15.8.2010. – a: Lepraria incana agg., L.
rigidula, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelia sulcata; b: Collema crispum.
27) PZ, Parco Nazionale del Pollino, SE Mezzana Frido, forest of Fagus sylvatica (a) in a small valley with outcrops
(b), 1280 m, 39°57'48"/16°11'48"E, 15.8.2010. – a: Anaptychia ciliaris, Evernia prunastri, Lecanora chlarote-
ra, Lobaria pulmonaria, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina pastillifera, Physconia venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum,
Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata; b: Peltigera praetextata.
28) ibid., forest of Fagus sylvatica (a) and Abies alba (b, twigs), dry, 1420 m, 39°57'55"/16°12'27"E, 15.8.2010. –
a: Bryoria fuscescens, Collema furfuraceum (hb ivl 5537), C. nigrescens, Evernia prunastri, Lecanora horiza,
Lecidella elaeochroma, Lobaria pulmonaria, Melanelixia subaurifera, Nephroma resupinatum (hb ivl 5536),
Parmelia sulcata, Pertusaria albescens, P. pertusa, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina farinacea; b: Caloplaca
cerina, Fellhanera cf. subtilis, Melanohalea exasperatula, Physcia adscendens, P. tenella.
29) PZ, NW shore of the Lago di Cogliandrino between Lauria and Latrónico, oak forest, on Quercus cerris, 715 m,
40°05'36"/15°55'18"E, 16.8.2010. – Flavoparmelia caperata, Parmelia sulcata.
30) PZ, between Cogliandrino and Bagni, oak forest, on Quercus cerris, 835 m, 40°05'07"/15°56'47"E, 16.8.2010. –
Agonimia tristicula, Anaptychia ciliaris, Evernia prunastri, Lecidella elaeochroma, Lobaria amplissima (hb ivl
5538), L. pulmonaria, Normandina pulchella, Pannaria conoplea (hb ivl 5539), Parmelia sulcata, Pertusaria
albescens, P. amara, P. flavida, Physconia venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata.

96 Herzogia 24 (1), 2011
31) PZ, Bosco Teduri near Bagni, old beech forest, on Fagus sylvatica, 1260 m, 40°06'26"/15°58'25"E, 16.8.2010. –
Lecanora horiza, Lobaria pulmonaria, Melanelixia subauifera, Nephroma resupinatum (hb ivl 5540), Parmelia
saxatilis, P. sulcata, Parmelina pastillifera, Pertusaria albescens, P. pertusa, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata.
32) PZ, above Bosco Teduri near Bagni, meadow, 1445 m, 40°06'21"/15°58'34"E, 16.8.2010. – Peltigera rufescens.
33) PZ, below Bosco Teduri near Bagni, old Quercus cerris tree, 1155 m, 40°05'42"/15°58'18"E, 16.8.2010. –
Pertusaria albescens.
34) PZ, Monte Sirino, Lago Laudermio, beech forest near the lake, on Fagus sylvatica, 1575 m, 40°08'20"/15°50'11"E,
17.8.2010. – Anaptychia ciliaris, Lecidella elaeochroma, Parmelia submontana (hb ivl 5541), P. sulcata,
Parmelina pastillifera, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, R. fraxinea.
35) PZ, Monte Sirino, beech forest on N-exposed slope, on Fagus sylvatica, 1540 m, 40°08'46"/15°49'55"E,
17.8.2010. – Lecanora horiza, Lecidella elaeochroma, Parmelia sulcata, Pertusaria albescens, Platismatia glau-
ca, Tephromela atra var. torulosa.
36) ibid., beech forest on N-exposed slope, on Fagus sylvatica, 1500 m, 40°08'50"/15°49'52"E, 17.8.2010. – Lobaria
pulmonaria.
37) PZ, Val d’Agri, Grumentum, Parco Verde, oak forest, on Quercus cerris and Qu. pubescens, 600 m,
40°17'06"/15°54'00"E, 17.8.2010. – Anaptychia ciliaris, Caloplaca ferruginea (hb ivl 5543), Catillaria nigro-
clavata, Evernia prunastri, Lecanora carpinea, L. chlarotera, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia glabratula,
Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina tiliacea, Pertusaria albescens, P. pertusa, Phlyctis argena, Physcia adscendens, P.
stellaris, P. tenella, Physconia venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, R. fraxinea,
Xanthoria parietina.
38) PZ, Parco Nazionale dell’Appennino Lucano, SS 92 between Corleto Perticara and Laurenzana, oak forest,
on Quercus cerris, 1040 m, 40°25'17"/16°01'32"E, 18.8.2010. – Anaptychia ciliaris, Calicium salicinum (hb
ivl 5622, sub Pronectria pertusariicola), Candelariella vitellina, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Lecanora carpinea,
Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia glabra, Melanohalea exasperata, Ochrolechia pallescens, Parmelia sulcata,
Parmelina quercina, P. tiliacea, Peltigera horizontalis, Pertusaria albescens, P. pertusa, Physcia leptalea, P. stel-
laris, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, R. fraxinea.
39) PZ, Parco Nazionale dell’Appennino Lucano, between Laurenzana and Monte Caldarosa, oak forest, on Quercus
cerris, 1170 m, 40°24'54"/15°58'03"E, 18.8.2010. – Melanohalea elegantula, Ochrolechia pallescens, Parmelia
sulcata, Phlyctis argena, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, R. fraxinea.
40) ibid., mixed forest, on Fagus sylvatica (a), Abies alba (twigs, b), and Quercus spp. (c) in a small valley, 1120 m,
40°24'24"/15°57'26"E, 18.8.2010. – a: Anaptychia ciliaris, Hypogymnia physodes, Lecidella elaeochroma,
Parmelia sulcata, Pertusaria albescens, P. amara, P. pertusa, Phlyctis argena, Physcia tenella, Physconia ve-
nusta, Ramalina farinacea; b: Caloplaca cerina, Graphis scripta, Phlyctis argena, Porina aenea, Usnea sp.; c:
Evernia prunastri, Lobaria pulmonaria.
41) PZ, Parco Nazionale dell’Appennino Lucano, N Marsico Nuovo, beech forest, on Fagus sylvatica on S-exposed
slope, 1260 m, 40°28'15"/15°44'58"E, 19.8.2010. – Fuscidea stiriaca, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Leptogium li-
chenoides, Melanelixia subaurifera, Nephroma sp., Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina tiliacea, Peltigera praetextata,
Pertusaria amara, P. pertusa, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata.
42) ibid., beech forest on hilltop, on Fagus sylvatica, 1430 m, 40°28'51"/15°45'06"E, 19.8.2010. – Lobaria pulmo-
naria, Nephroma resupinatum, Parmelia sulcata, Pertusaria pertusa, Platismatia glauca.
43) PZ, SW Calvello, small ravine with flowing water, mixed beech forest, on Fagus sylvatica (a), Carpinus betulus
(b), and on rocks (c), 1015 m, 40°27'42"/15°48'08"E, 20.8.2010. – a: Lecanora chlarotera, Phlyctis argena; b:
Pertusaria albescens, Porina aenea; c: Collema auriculatum, C. crispum, Dermatocarpon miniatum.
44) PZ, Castel Lagopesole, on young Robinia pseudacacia trees, 825 m, 40°48'26"/15°43'58"E, 20.8.2010. –
Caloplaca cerina, Candelaria concolor, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Physcia biziana, P. leptalea, P. stellaris,
Physconia grisea, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Xanthoria parietina.
45) PZ, Monte Vulture, Laghi di Monticchio, slope S of the bigger lake, beech forest, on Fagus sylvatica, 700 m,
40°55'32"/15°36'24"E, 20.8.2010. – Bacicia rosella, Lecanora chlarotera, Lepraria incana agg., Melanelixia
fuliginosa, Parmelia sulcata, Pertusara albescens, P. pertusa, Phlyctis argena.
46) PZ, Monte Vulture, near the top, beech forest with firs, on Fagus sylvatica (a) and Abies alba (b), 1255 m,
40°57'08"/15°37'56"E, 22.8.2010. – a: Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina tiliacea; b: Candelariella xanthostigma,
Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelina tiliacea, Pertusaria albescens, Physconia venusta,
Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina fastigiata.

Brackel: Lichenicolous fungi and lichens from Puglia and Basilicata (southern Italy) 97
47) PZ, Monte Vulture, near “Femmina morta", oak forest on S-exposed slope, on Quercus cerris, 1025 m,
40°57'18"/15°37'01"E, 22.8.2010. – Buellia griseovirens, Candelariella xanthostigma, Hypogymnia tubulosa,
Lecanora carpinea, L. horiza, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia glabra, M. subaurifera, Melanohalea exas-
perata, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina quercina, P. pastillifera, P. tiliacea, Physcia adscendens, P. leptalea, P.
stellaris, P. tenella, Physconia venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina fraxinea, Rinodina exigua, Xanthoria
parietina, X. polycarpa.
48) ibid., above, old trees of Acer pseudoplatanus (a) and Ulmus glabra (b), 1145 m, 40°57'24"/15°37'17"E,
22.8.2010. – a: Candelariella xanthostigma, Evernia prunastri, Lecidella elaeochroma, Melanelixia glabra, M.
subaurifera, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina carporrhizans, P. pastillifera, P. tiliacea,
Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Phlyctis argena, Physcia adscendens, P. aipolia, P. tenella, Physconia distorta, P.
enteroxantha, P. perisidiosa, P. venusta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina frainacea, Xanthoria parietina, X.
polycarpa; b: Candelariella reflexa, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Xanthoria parietina.
49) ibid., above, old pine tree forest, on Pinus nigra, 1205 m, 40°57'17"/15°37'30"E, 22.8.2010. – Evernia prunastri,
Hypogymnia farinacea, H. tubulosa, Platismatia glauca, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Pseudevernia furfuracea.
50) PZ, Monticchio Bagni, avenue of Aesculus hippocastanum, 450 m, 40°56'59"/15°33'50"E, 23.8.2010. –
Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora chlarotera, Parmelia sulcata, Parmelina tiliacea, Phaeophyscia orbicularis,
Physcia biziana, P. tenella, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Ramalina farinacea, R. fastigiata, Xanthoria parietina.
Acknowledgements
I thank André Aptroot (Soest, NL) for comments on lichens on bamboo in China, Javier Etayo (Pamplona) for com-
ments on Pronectria septemseptata, Klaus Kalb (Neumarkt) for literature, Pere Navarro-Rosinés (Barcelona) for
literature and the loan of specimens of Unguiculariopsis sp. from Spain, Raquel Pino-Bodas (Madrid) for literature,
Giovanna Potenza (Potenza) for literature and remarks on the manuscript, Sonia Ravera (Roma) for comments and
the confirmation of Collema italicum, Harrie Sipman (Berlin) for the loan of a specimen of Dactylospora parasitica,
Ave Suija (Tartu) for informations on “Abrothallus viduus" and Abrothallus sp., and Wen-Ying Zhuang (Beijing) for
comments on Unguiculariopsis damingshanica. I especially thank Paul Diederich (Luxembourg) and an anonymous
reviewer for many helpful comments on the manuscript.
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Manuscript accepted: 26 May 2011.
Address of the author
Wolfgang von Brackel, Institut für Vegetationskunde und Landschaftsökologie (IVL), Georg-
Eger-Str. 1b, 91334 Hemhofen, Germany. E-Mail: wolfgang.von.brackel@ivl-web.de