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Is There a “Party” in Your Genes?
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Utilizing quantitative genetic models, the authors examine the sources of party identification and the intensity of that identification. The results indicate genes exert little, if any, influence on party identification, directly or indirectly through covariates. However, we find that genes appear to play a pivotal role in shaping the strength of an individual’s party identification. Together with recent examinations of political attitudes and vote choice, these findings begin to provide a more complete picture of the source of partisanship and the complex nature of the political phenotype.
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... It is of great concern that knowledge of behavior-related variation in the genome could be misused in social and political aspects such as voting. A study by Hatemi et al. (2009) showed that there is genome variation between liberal and conservative voters in the US and that it is related to the cognitive processing of fear [32]. ...
... It is of great concern that knowledge of behavior-related variation in the genome could be misused in social and political aspects such as voting. A study by Hatemi et al. (2009) showed that there is genome variation between liberal and conservative voters in the US and that it is related to the cognitive processing of fear [32]. ...
Cybersecurity (CS) is a contemporary field for research and applied study of a range of aspects from across multiple disciplines. A cybersecurity expert has an in-depth knowledge of technology but is often also recognized for the ability to view technology in a non-standard way. This paper explores how CS specialists are both a combination of professional computing-based skills and genetically encoded traits. Almost every human behavioral trait is a result of many genome variants in action altogether with environmental factors. The review focuses on contextualizing the behavior genetics aspects in the application of cybersecurity. It reconsiders methods that help to identify aspects of human behavior from the genetic information. And stress is an illustrative factor to start the discussion within the community on what methodology should be used in an ethical way to approach those questions. CS positions are considered stressful due to the complexity of the domain and the social impact it can have in cases of failure. An individual risk profile could be created combining known genome variants linked to a trait of particular behavior using a special biostatistical approach such as a polygenic score. These revised advancements bring challenging possibilities in the applications of human behavior genetics and CS.
... They will vote or they will not vote (abstain). This is consistent with the messages conveyed by , Hatemi et al. (2009), andShultziner (2013). ...
This study is about the influence of genes on political attitudes and behavior in the subfield of biopolitics. Genopolitics arose as a critique of the political science approach which was deemed insufficient to explain political attitudes and behavior both theoretically and methodologically. To find the origins of political attitudes and behavior, interdisciplinary studies are needed. It is genes that can explain the origin of individual preferences on which all rational choices are based. The method used in this study was a literature review to see the development of genopolitics, debates, and criticisms related to political attitudes and behavior from the point of view of political science and genopolitics. The literature used was derived from books, journals, magazines, and news on the internet. Regarding voter turnout, 32 different social factors can only be explained by 31% by differences in political behavior, while the remaining 69% of differences can be explained by genetic differences. This study concludes that genopolitics as a new approach used to see political attitudes and behavior can be applied in Indonesia to answer and complete the survey-based study of political behavior.
... Regarding technology acceptance, research in this vein then outlines one way in which more affective, interpersonal influences can be assessed. Moreover, a series of fMRI studies from the domain of political decisionmaking examined and established a strong correlation between neural level responses to disgusting images and political orientation (e.g., Hatemi et al. 2009;Smith et al. 2011;Ahn et al. 2014). The way in which people responded at a neural level to such stimuli was shown to offer a highly reliable measure-with more than 95% accuracy-of whether they identified as liberal or conservative, most notably, even when this implicit measure diverged from their conscious ratings of disgust. ...
Crops are constantly challenged by different (a)biotic stress including pests and diseases, or environmental factors such as cold or drought; that could lead to low yields, compromising the food security and incomes for producers. One of the main strategies to overcome this scenario is the development of resistant crops to pests and diseases or with increased nutrient content, that could produce high yield and profit. Different methodologies are applied to genetically improved crops, including conventional breeding, induced mutations, genetic engineering and new breeding techniques. The development of transgenic crops has been a success worldwide, due to an increasing number of events cultivated and the increasing area of adoption over the years for different crops, mainly maize and soybean. However, transgenic crops are constantly under sight due to concerns about human and environmental risks. Therefore, cisgenic crops are developed as an alternative to transgenic plants because no exogenous gene is used on them; even if it uses the same biotechnological tools to be developed. In this chapter, we will discuss the legal framework for cisgenic research and application in crops in Ecuador, showing different crops which are important for the food security or export market in the country.KeywordsGMOsTransgenicIntragenicRiceBananaApplePotato
... Regarding technology acceptance, research in this vein then outlines one way in which more affective, interpersonal influences can be assessed. Moreover, a series of fMRI studies from the domain of political decisionmaking examined and established a strong correlation between neural level responses to disgusting images and political orientation (e.g., Hatemi et al. 2009;Smith et al. 2011;Ahn et al. 2014). The way in which people responded at a neural level to such stimuli was shown to offer a highly reliable measure-with more than 95% accuracy-of whether they identified as liberal or conservative, most notably, even when this implicit measure diverged from their conscious ratings of disgust. ...
Since the introduction in the European Union of specific legislation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the 1990s, plant genetic modification techniques have rapidly evolved in the direction of decreasing the impact on the recipient plant genome with the result that, in some instances, products that shall be classified as GMOs within current regulation are hardly distinguishable from those obtained by conventional breeding. An extensive debate is going on about the appropriateness of the current regulatory framework to deal with the products of the so-called New plant Breeding Techniques (NBTs) while reconciling environment and agricultural sector competitiveness protection. Cisgenesis is often considered among NBTs despite being a particular case of genetic modification rather than a technique. In this chapter, the molecular characteristics of cisgenesis relevant for safety, legal and social issues will be discussed together with the state of the art of the debate going on in Europe and Italy, and the knowledge gained from field trials of cisgenic products. In addition, some applications of cisgenesis illustrating how this approach could contribute to the EU goal of increasing yield, quality and sustainability of agricultural production will be reported.KeywordsCisgenic plantAgricultureBiotechnologyRisk assessmentItalyEuropean regulatory frameworkEuropean Green Deal
... Regarding technology acceptance, research in this vein then outlines one way in which more affective, interpersonal influences can be assessed. Moreover, a series of fMRI studies from the domain of political decisionmaking examined and established a strong correlation between neural level responses to disgusting images and political orientation (e.g., Hatemi et al. 2009;Smith et al. 2011;Ahn et al. 2014). The way in which people responded at a neural level to such stimuli was shown to offer a highly reliable measure-with more than 95% accuracy-of whether they identified as liberal or conservative, most notably, even when this implicit measure diverged from their conscious ratings of disgust. ...
Novel plant-breeding techniques (NPBTs) have been hailed for their potential contributions to the global transition towards sustainable agri-food systems but are still surrounded by controversy and debate. This chapter examines the challenges and prospective insights that a decision-focused research agenda can offer for the evaluation of NPBTs. Drawing on findings related to the practical context of decision-making and drawing on insights from decision neuroscience, we propose a novel, complementary approach to better understand the orientation and foundation of individual decision-making about NPBTs. Our critical review first shows that the research models currently applied to better understand acceptance typically rely on a similar pool of factors. Future research must therefore aim to not only better understand these and other underlying factors, but also how they work in combination with one another. Among other things, accounting for the various ways of defining and measuring acceptance will help to further reduce cognitive biases that often undermine the communication of findings to the public. What is more, there is a fundamental need to acknowledge and reckon with the variations within and between individual responses to NPBT-related information, both to better understand informational effects for public acceptance and to thereby aim for deeper public engagement and to be able to potentially speak with the public “on their own terms”. A decision-focused research agenda thus focuses not only on outcomes but also on the process of decision-making. Through exploring the potential relevance of decision neuroscience, this review highlights the specific potential of fMRI studies for examining risk perceptions and explaining consumer behavior. These and other alternative approaches, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and implicit association testing (IAT) can provide a remedy to the heavy reliance on self-reported measurements in consumer acceptance research. While this research agenda is targeted towards NPBTs, it addresses common challenges across, and provides broad insights for, consumer evaluation research on agri-food technologies and innovations.KeywordDecision neuroscienceFunctional magnetic resonance imagingGenome editingNovel plant-breeding technologiesPublic acceptanceConsumer behaviorImplicit association test
... The bulk of these studies are based on the classical twin design, in which differences in concordance between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins are used to trace out the share of different traits that can be accounted for by genetic and environmental factors, respectively. Such studies have shown sizeable heritability estimates for political orientation and ideology (Alford, Funk and Hibbing, 2005;Bell, Schermer and Vernon, 2009;Hatemi et al., 2014;Oskarsson et al., 2015), strength of party identification (Hatemi et al., 2009;Settle, Dawes and Fowler, 2009), and political participation (Fowler, Baker and Dawes, 2008;Klemmensen et al., 2012;Dawes et al., 2014Dawes et al., , 2015. 1 All of the above-mentioned studies have been criticized due to the assumptions that are necessary to estimate the heritability component in the classical twin design (see, e.g., Beckwith and Morris 2008;Charney 2008). Above all, the equal environments assumption, stating that identical and fraternal twin pairs experience equivalent trait-relevant environments, has been questioned. ...
Previous research has found that political traits have some degree of genetic basis, but researchers have had less success unpacking the relationship between genes and political behavior. We propose an approach for examining this relationship that can overcome many of the limitations of previous research: polygenic indices (PGIs). PGIs are DNA-based individual-level variables that capture the genetic propensity to exhibit a given trait. We begin by outlining how PGIs are derived, how they can be utilized in conventional regression-based research, and how results should be interpreted. We then provide proof of concept, using data on over 50,000 individuals in four samples from the U.S. and Sweden to show that PGIs for health and psychological traits significantly predict measures of political participation, even within families. We conclude by outlining several ideas and providing empirical examples for researchers who may be interested in building on the PGI approach.
Research shows that parents have a strong influence on the party preferences of their children. Yet little is known about how such preferences are transmitted in multiparty systems with weak party identification and high electoral volatility. We propose a model of intergenerational transmission that includes both direct effects of parents' party preferences on those of their children, as well as indirect effects through left–right and issue positions. We test this model with original survey data of Dutch adolescents (14–20 years old) and their parents (N = 751 adolescent‐parent pairs). We find two paths through which parents exert influence on the party preferences of their adolescent children. On the first path, parental party preferences function as a direct predictor of adolescent party preferences. On the second path, adolescent left–right and issue positions function as a mediator between parental left–right and issue positions and adolescent party preferences, with the effect of left–right positions being stronger than that of issue positions. The frequency with which adolescents discuss political topics with their parents moderates these effects.
Until recently, explanations of the origins of social traits relied nearly exclusively on the environment. While early evidence in favor of biologically based accounts received mixed reactions and were slow to gain traction in the social sciences, the 2005 breakthrough study of John Alford and colleagues was followed by an explosion of studies looking into the genetic and environmental bases of interests and attitudes. Twin studies became widely discussed and published in mainstream social science journals, providing an additional explanation for the origins of social traits. Far from the deterministic mechanisms some believed it, genetic influence was shown to be context-dependent and have a less stable effect that initially assumed. This chapter offers an overview of how twin studies and related designs were employed to analyze the heritability of social traits and the reception of their findings, discussing the possibilities they offer for the advancement of the field and the challenges that lie ahead for social-genetic research.
Two books have been particularly influential in contemporary philosophy of science: Karl R. Popper's Logic of Scientific Discovery, and Thomas S. Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Both agree upon the importance of revolutions in science, but differ about the role of criticism in science's revolutionary growth. This volume arose out of a symposium on Kuhn's work, with Popper in the chair, at an international colloquium held in London in 1965. The book begins with Kuhn's statement of his position followed by seven essays offering criticism and analysis, and finally by Kuhn's reply. The book will interest senior undergraduates and graduate students of the philosophy and history of science, as well as professional philosophers, philosophically inclined scientists, and some psychologists and sociologists.
Personality: Determinants, Dynamics and Potentials, first published in 2000, is a comprehensive survey of research and theory in personality psychology. The book provides balanced coverage of biological, cognitive, affective, social, and interpersonal determinants of personality functioning and individual differences. The authors organize these factors within an overarching theoretical framework that highlights the dynamic transactions between individuals and the sociocultural environment, and the human capacities for self-reflection and self-regulation. The book's broad, integrative approach to the study of personality reveals how advances throughout the psychological sciences illuminate the classic questions of personality psychology. The volume is designed as a textbook for advanced-level courses and as a reference for professionals in psychology and related disciplines. The book meets personality psychology's need for an integrative analysis of the field that reviews recent advances, places them in their historical context, and identifies particularly promising avenues for the discipline's future development.
The term postmodern is generally used to refer to current work in philosophy, literary criticism, and feminist thought inspired by Continental thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Jacques Derrida. In this book, Nancey Murphy appropriates the term to describe emerging patterns in Anglo-American thought and to indicate their radical break from the thought patterns of Enlightened modernity.The book examines the shift from modern to postmodern in three areas: epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. Murphy contends that whole clusters of terms in each of these disciplines have taken on new uses in the past fifty years and that these changes have radical consequences for all areas of academia, especially in philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, and ethics. The term postmodern is generally used to refer to current work in philosophy, literary criticism, and feminist thought inspired by Continental thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Jacques Derrida. In this book, Nancey Murphy appropriates the term to describe emerging patterns in Anglo-American thought and to indicate their radical break from the thought patterns of Enlightened modernity. The book examines the shift from modern to postmodern in three areas: epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. Murphy contends that whole clusters of terms in each of these disciplines have taken on new uses in the past fifty years and that these changes have radical consequences for all areas of academia, especially in philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, and ethics.
Preface. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1. The Scope of Genetic Analyses. 2. Data Summary. 3. Biometrical Genetics. 4. Matrix Algebra. 5. Path Analysis and Structural Equations. 6. LISREL Models and Methods. 7. Model Fitting Functions and Optimization. 8. Univariate Analysis. 9. Power and Sample Size. 10. Social Interaction. 11. Sex Limitation and GE Interaction. 12. Multivariate Analysis. 13. Direction of Causation. 14. Repeated Measures. 15. Longitudinal Mean Trends. 16. Observer Ratings. 17. Assortment and Cultural Transmission. 18. Future Directions. Appendices: A. List of Participants. B. The Greek Alphabet. C. LISREL Scripts for Univariate Models. D. LISREL Script for Power Calculation. E. LISREL Scripts for Multivariate Models. F. LISREL Script for Sibling Interaction Model. G. LISREL Scripts for Sex and GE Interaction. H. LISREL Script for Rater Bias Model. I. LISREL Scripts for Direction of Causation. J. LISREL Script and Data for Simplex Model. K. LISREL Scripts for Assortment Models. Bibliography. Index.
Political behavior just as all human behavior has biological origins. This examination explains the variation in political behavior as being partly heritable potentially derived from evolutionary natural selection pressures, partly familial socialization and finally, partly unique experience. I present empirical evidence that the traditional environmental theories of political behavior, rational choice and behavioralism, do not adequately explain all the variance in human political behavior; neither theory attempts to take into account where preferences come from, rather they focus entirely on an individual's reaction to their environment. Analyzing twin data from the perspective of biometrical genetic theory combined with the methods of behavior genetics, this study examines the additive genetic, common environment and unique environmental sources of political attitudes, party identification and vote choice.
This study examines hypotheses of attitude transmission across three ideological domains (gender roles, politics, religion) to access the adequacy of direct socialization, status inheritance, and reciprocal influence models in a developmental aging perspective. Data are from 2,044 individuals, members of three generation families, grouped to form parent-youth (G2-G3) and grandparent-parent (G1-G2) dyads. Results suggest, first, that there is little convergence of parent-child attitudes with age when viewed cross-sectionally. Second, status inheritance processes do account for a substantial amount of observed parent-child similarity, but parental attitudes continue to significantly predict childrens' orientations after childhood. Third, child influences on parental attitudes are relatively strong and stable across age groups, while parental influence decreases with age, although the exact pattern of influence varies by attitude domain.