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Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert
European Red List of
Non-marine Molluscs
IUCN Global Species Programme
IUCN Regional Ofce for Europe
IUCN Species Survival Commission
Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert
European Red List of
Non-marine Molluscs
ii
Published by the European Commission.
is publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and the Natural History of
Bern, Switzerland.
e designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Union concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. e views
expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European
Commission.
Citation: Cuttelod, A., Seddon, M. and Neubert, E. 2011. European Red List of Non-marine
Molluscs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
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Picture credits on cover page: e rare “Hélice catalorzu” Tacheocampylaea acropachia acropachia is endemic to the
southern half of Corsica and is considered as Endangered. Its populations are very scattered
and poor in individuals. is picture was taken in the Forêt de Muracciole in Central
Corsica, an occurrence which was known since the end of the 19th century, but was
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Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2011
ISBN 978-92-79-20198-1
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iii
Table of contents
Foreword .......... .......................................................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... vii
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................ix
1. Background .......................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 e European context ...................................................................................................................................1
1.2 European molluscs: diversity and endemism .................................................................................................2
1.3 Species threat status .....................................................................................................................................3
1.4 Objectives of the assessment .........................................................................................................................4
2. Assessment methodology ..................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Global and regional assessments ...................................................................................................................5
2.2 Geographic scope .........................................................................................................................................5
2.3 Taxonomic scope ..........................................................................................................................................5
2.4 Preliminary assessments ................................................................................................................................6
2.5 Review workshop and evaluation of assessments ..........................................................................................6
3. Freshwater Molluscs – Species selection and results ........................................................................................ 9
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Species selection ...........................................................................................................................................9
3.3 reat status of freshwater molluscs ............................................................................................................11
3.4 Status by taxonomic groups ........................................................................................................................13
3.5 Spatial distribution of species ......................................................................................................................14
3.5.1 Species richness of freshwater molluscs .............................................................................................14
3.5.2 Distribution of threatened species .....................................................................................................16
3.5.3 Distribution of endemic species .........................................................................................................16
3.6 Major threats to freshwater molluscs in Europe ...........................................................................................18
3.7 Population trends ........................................................................................................................................21
4. Terrestrial molluscs – Species selection and results .......................................................................................23
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................23
4.2 Species selection .........................................................................................................................................23
4.3 reat status of terrestrial molluscs ..............................................................................................................24
4.4 Status by taxonomic groups ........................................................................................................................26
4.5 Spatial distribution of species ......................................................................................................................27
4.5.1 Species richness of terrestrial molluscs ............................................................................................... 27
4.5.2 Distribution of threatened species .....................................................................................................29
4.5.3 Distribution of endemic species .........................................................................................................31
4.6 Major threats to terrestrial molluscs in Europe ............................................................................................ 32
4.7 Population trends ........................................................................................................................................36
5. Conservation measures ...................................................................................................................................37
5.1 Protection of habitats and species in Europe................................................................................................37
5.2 Protection of habitats and species in the EU ...............................................................................................37
5.3 Conservation management of molluscs in the EU ....................................................................................... 38
5.4 Extinction risk versus conservation status ....................................................................................................39
5.5 Red List versus priority for conservation action ........................................................................................... 39
5.6 Recommendations for conservation actions.................................................................................................40
iv
6. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................43
6.1 Overview and recommendations for conservation measures ........................................................................ 43
6.2 Application of project outputs .................................................................................................................... 43
6.3 Future work ...............................................................................................................................................44
References ..........................................................................................................................................................45
Appendix 1. Red List status of European freshwater Molluscs ................................................................................ 48
Appendix 2. Red List status of European terrestrial Molluscs ..................................................................................65
Appendix 3. Bern Convention and Habitats Directive mollusc species ................................................................... 90
Appendix 4. Methodology for spatial analyses ........................................................................................................92
Appendix 5. Example of species summary and distribution map.............................................................................93
v
Europe is a continent rich in
natural and cultural heritage,
with a diverse range of
habitat conditions from dry
Mediterranean maquis in the
south to the Arctic tundra of the
far north.
Possibly more than anywhere else in the world the
European landscapes have been changed by human
activities so that now the continent is covered with a
mosaic of natural and semi-natural habitats surrounding
urbanized areas. Although bringing higher diversity, this
modification has obviously also placed great pressures
on our wildlife and natural areas. In consequence,
biodiversity loss is an enormous challenge in the
EU today, with around one in four species currently
threatened with extinction and 88% of fish stocks over-
exploited or significantly depleted.
In line with global commitments made in Nagoya
in October 2010, where world leaders adopted of a
package of measures to address global biodiversity loss
over the coming decade, the European Commission has
adopted in May 2011 an ambitious new strategy to halt
the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the EU
by 2020. ere are six main targets, and 20 actions to
help Europe reach its goal.
e six targets cover:
full implementation of EU nature legislation to 1.
protect biodiversity
better protection for ecosystems, and more use of 2.
green infrastructure
more sustainable agriculture and forestry 3.
better management of fish stocks 4.
tighter controls on invasive alien species 5.
a bigger EU contribution to averting global 6.
biodiversity loss
Numerous scientific studies show that biodiversity
in Europe has been declining rapidly for some time
during periods of expansion and intensification of land
use. e reporting process under Article 17 of the EU
Habitats Directive underlines this fact as most species
and habitats of community interest are still not under a
favourable conservation status.
Regional European Red Lists are another important
tool to scientifically assess and communicate the status
of species. ey usefully complement the reporting
under the Habitats Directive as they usually address
all species in a specific taxonomic group, not just those
protected by EU legislation. ey hence give important
complementary and comprehensive information about
the situation of biodiversity in Europe.
is first regional assessment of all Europe’s freshwater
molluscs and selected terrestrial molluscs has evaluated
the conservation status for more than 2,000 species
present in Europe.
Snails and bivalves are found in almost all European
freshwater bodies and terrestrial habitats except at high
altitudes above 3,000 m. ey are an important part
of Europe’s natural heritage and provide crucial services
for the ecosystem as they recycle nutrients and form an
essential part of the food chain. Furthermore, bivalves
such as mussels are responsible for cleaning large
quantities of water.
is European Red List highlights that almost half
(44%) of the freshwater species and one out of five
(20%) of the selected terrestrial molluscs are threatened.
is compares with 37% of freshwater fishes, 23%
of amphibians, 19% of reptiles, 15% of mammals
and dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and
7% of the aquatic plants, the other groups that have
been comprehensively assessed in Europe. Additional
European Red Lists assessing a selection from species
groups indicate that 12% of the crop wild relatives and
11% of the saproxylic beetles are also threatened.
Furthermore, there are declining populations in 11%
of Europe’s freshwater molluscs and 6% of selected
terrestrial species, but for 82% of freshwater and 53% of
terrestrial species the population trend is still unknown
and could also be declining.
e main reason for these declines include pollution,
dams and water extraction (mainly for agriculture and
drinking purposes) for the freshwater mollusc species
and urbanisation, agriculture and recreational activities
for the terrestrial molluscs.
What can we as Europeans do about this? First and
foremost, we need to fully implement the existing
European legislation. e EU Habitats and Birds
Foreword
vi
Directives are the main pieces of legislation ensuring
the protection of Europe’s nature. e Natura 2000
network of protected sites and the efforts to conserve and
restore biodiversity in the wider countryside are helping
to guarantee its future conservation. But the challenge
is a wider one, as the new EU Biodiversity Strategy
shows. Sustainable use of our wider environment and
the maintaining of ecosystem services have come to the
centre of our attention.
I hope that this European Red List for Non-marine
Molluscs will add another piece of evidence for the fact
that efforts aimed at halting the loss of biodiversity need
a major boost in the coming years.
Pia Bucella
Director
Directorate B: Nature, Biodiversity & Land Use
European Commission
vii
Acknowledgements
e IUCN Red Listing process relies on the willingness
of experts to contribute and pool their collective
knowledge to make the most reliable estimates of
the conservation status of species. Without their
enthusiastic commitment to species conservation,
these regional overviews would not be possible.
Coordination of the European Red List of Non-
Marine Molluscs was carried out initially by Helen
Temple and then by Annabelle Cuttelod (IUCN
Global Species Programme). Mary Seddon (Chair of
the IUCN SSC Molluscs Specialist Group) led the
freshwater molluscs component, compiling data for
the assessments of European freshwater molluscs, and
provided taxonomy overview and technical advice
throughout the project, whilst Eike Neubert (Natural
History Museum of Bern, Switzerland) coordinated
the evaluation of the terrestrial molluscs.
Jean-Christophe Vié, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Caroline
Pollock and Rebecca Miller provided guidance,
encouragement, and good advice throughout the
project. Ana Nieto offered support and guidance
on finance, facilitation, data editing, review, and
fundraising. She also organized one of the evaluation
workshops, in collaboration with David Collins.
Teresa Oliveros Martinez, Maureen Martindell, Anna
Rosenberg and Hugo Ruiz Lozano provided substantial
assistance with financial management of the project.
Yichuan Shi, Adrian Hughes, Susannah Ohanlon,
Vineet Katariya and Jim Ragle provided high-
quality support on GIS and database issues. Rebecca
Miller, Maiko Lutz and Caroline Pollock conducted
consistency checks and supported the publication of
the species accounts on the Red List website.
For the organisation of the workshop on freshwater
molluscs held in Budapest (Hungary) in November
2009, we would like to thank the Hungarian Ministry
of Environment and the Hungarian Natural History
Museum, as well as Zoltan Feher and Ildikó Varga. For
the organization of the evaluation workshop in London
(UK) in February 2010, we would like to thank the
Zoological Society of London, and in particular Nadia
Richman, Ben Collen and Jonathan Baillie. Finally,
for the evaluation workshop on terrestrial molluscs
organized in the Natural History Museum of Bern
(Switzerland) in September 2010, we are deeply
grateful to Eike Neubert, Regula Markwalder, Esther
Bögli, Marcel Güntert and Christopher Sherry. Our
hosts arranged for effective working environments in
beautiful surroundings and we enjoyed their warm
hospitality. e expert working groups during the
various evaluation workshops were facilited by: Dania
Abdul Malak, Amy Burden, Melanie Bilz, Annabelle
Cuttelod, Nieves Garcia, Maiko Lutz, Nadia Richman,
Rachel Roberts and Mary Seddon.
is project had furthermore the help of many
volunteers who dedicated their time to edit and
review assessments and to create maps. We would
like to say our gratitude to Claire Nichols, Jack Ward,
Sophie George, Suzanne Livingstone, Juan José Suárez
Fernández, Laurel Benett, Kirsty Newberry, Anne-
Marie Soulsby, Renuka Badhe, Mia Derhé and Valerie
Darwall.
e European Molluscs Assessments and consequently
this report were requirements of a service contract
with the European Commission (Service Contract
No. 070307/2007/483305/MAR/B2). We would
like to thank Isabel Lourenco De Faria, for ensuring
the smooth coordination between the project and
the European Commission and Frank Vassen for his
constructive comments and feedbacks. Any opinions,
findings, and conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this material are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the European
Commission, the Natural History Museum of Bern,
or the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN).
Expert participants at the Freshwater Molluscs Red List workshop, 23 - 27 November
2009, Budapest, Hungary. Photo © Nieves Garcia.
viii
Experts reviewing species assessments in working groups at the Molluscs Red List
workshop, 1-5 February 2010, London, UK. Photo © Nadia Richman
Cristina Abreu
Christian Albrecht
David Aldridge
Maria Alonso
Rosario Alonso
Rafael Araujo
Beatriz Arconada
Jose Ramon Arrebola Burgos
Ruud Bank
Jean-Michel Bichain
Michel Bichain
Helena Bilandzija
Marco Bodon
Philippe Bouchet
Robert Cameron
Maryvonne Charrier
Simone Cianfanelli
Olivia Cioboiu
Brian Coles
Barry Colville
António Manuel de Frias Martin
Zoltán Erõss
Gerhard Falkner
Margrit Falkner
Andrezj Falniowski
Zoltan Feher
Olivier Gargominy
Dimitri Georgiev
Dilian Georgiev
Lefteris Giotis
Folco Giusti
Peter Glöer
Benjamín Gómez-Moliner
Klaus Groh
Martin Haase
Alessandro Hallgass
Torsten Hauffe
Branko Jalzic
Ümit Kebapçı
Ian Killeen
Jasna Lajtner
Giuseppe Manganelli
Alberto Martinez-Orti
Alex Menez
Evelyn Moorkens
Eike Neubert
Hans-Jörg Niederhöfer
Barna Páll-Gergely
Vladimir Pešić
Vincent Prie
Biljana Rađa
Kanella Radea
Marian Ramos
Claire Regnier
Alexander Reischütz
Peter Reischütz
Emilio Rolan
Jörg Rüetschi
Kirsten Schreiber
Mary Seddon
Roberto Sinaco
Boris Sket
Rajko Slapnik
Peter Solymos
Mikhail Son
Vesna Stamol
Peter Subai
Jelena Tomovic
Konstantinos Triantis
Dirk Van Damme
Katerina Vardinoyannis
Lubomira Vavrova
Maxim Vinarksi
Jackie von Goetham
Ted von Proschwitz
Workshop participants reviewing species assessments at the terrestrial molluscs
workshop, September 2010, Bern (Switzerland). Photo © Annabelle Cuttelod.
We are deeply gratefully to the many people and
organizations in Europe who have provided us with
support and assistance during our work. We warmly
thank the following people that contributed a
considerable amount of their time and knowledge in the
data compilation, preliminary assessments, evaluation
or peer-review of all these species, asking for forgiveness
from anyone whose name is inadvertently omitted
or misspelled. Without these dedicated experts, this
project could never have been completed:
ix
Aim
e European Red List is a review of the conservation
status of c.6,000 European species (dragonflies, butterflies,
freshwater fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and
selected groups of beetles, molluscs, and vascular plants)
conducted according to IUCN regional Red Listing
guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened
with extinction at the regional level – in order that
appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve
their status. is Red List publication summarises results
for a selection of European non-marine molluscs.
Scope
About 2,000 mollusc species (all freshwater mollusc
species and terrestrial mollusc species from selected
families) native to Europe are included. e geographical
scope is continent-wide, extending from Iceland in the
west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz Josef Land
in the north to the Canary Islands in the south. e
Caucasus region is not included. Red List assessments
were made at two regional levels: for geographical
Europe, and for the 27 current Member States of the
European Union.
Status assessment
e conservation status of all species was assessed using
the IUCN Red List Criteria (IUCN 2001), which is
the world’s most widely accepted system for measuring
extinction risk. All assessments followed the Guidelines
for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional
Levels (IUCN 2003). ese assessments were compiled
from information from a network of over 75 compilers
from almost every European country and reviewed
during various evaluation workshops, in Budapest
(Hungary), London (UK) and Bern (Switzerland) and
through discussions and correspondence with relevant
experts. Assessments are available on the European
Red List website and data portal: http://ec.europa.eu/
environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist and
http://www.iucnredlist.org/europe.
Results
Overall, about 44% (373 species) of freshwater molluscs
and 20% (246 species) of the selected terrestrial molluscs
are threatened in Europe, while at the EU 27 level, a
slightly higher percentage is observed with 50% (273
species) of freshwater molluscs and 21% (235 species)
of the selected terrestrial molluscs being threatened.
A further 9% of freshwater and 15% of the selected
terrestrial molluscs are considered Near reatened at
the European level. However, these figures are minimum
estimates, as almost a quarter of all European freshwater
molluscs and 10% of the selected European terrestrial
molluscs are Data Deficient and many of them might
prove to be threatened once enough data becomes
available to evaluate their extinction risk.
By comparison, 37% of freshwater fishes, 23% of
amphibians, 19% of reptiles, 15% of mammals and
dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and 7% of
aquatic plants are threatened, the other groups that have
been comprehensively assessed in Europe (Freyhof and
Brooks 2011, Temple and Cox 2009, Cox and Temple
2009, Temple and Terry 2007, Kalkman et al. 2010,
BirdLife International 2004a, van Swaay et al. 2010, Bilz
et al. 2011). Additional European Red Lists assessing a
selection from species groups have shown that 12% of
the crop wild relatives and 11% of the saproxylic beetles
are also threatened (Bilz et al. 2011, Nieto and Alexander
2010).
ere is a lack of good population trend data and a vast
majority of the assessed non-marine mollusc species have
unknown population trends (83% for the freshwater
molluscs and more than half (53%) for the terrestrial
molluscs), whilst in both cases, less than one percent of
species are seen to be increasing.
e main centres of diversity, endemism and threats are
found in the Mediterranean, from the Iberian Peninsula
to the Balkans, around the Alpine Arc and in various
island groups, highlighting the richness, but also the
vulnerability of these areas. e ancient lakes in the
Executive summary
x
Balkans, underground karstic systems, the Macaronesian
(Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands) and Mediterranean
(Greek, Maltese and Balearic islands, Sicily, Sardinia,
Corsica) islands deserve special attention in that regard.
e main threat to European molluscs is the loss and
degradation of suitable habitat. For the freshwater
species, this is due to water pollution (nitrates and other
chemicals from agricultural sources and poor domestic
sewage management) and over-abstraction of water from
springs and groundwater sources, while for terrestrial
molluscs, the major problems are related to encroaching
urbanisation, agricultural improvements, tourism
and recreation activities, wildfires and infrastructure
construction.
Assessments are available on the European Red List website
and data portal: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/
conservation/species/redlist and http://www.iucnredlist.
org/europe.
Conclusions
With nearly half of all European freshwater ■
molluscs facing extinction (44%), this is by far the
most threatened group assessed to date in Europe,
highlighting the worrying situation of European
freshwater ecosystems.
Terrestrial molluscs are also in need of protection, as ■
one in five (20%) of the assessed species are considered
to be threatened in Europe.
In Europe, 8 species are already Extinct, with a further
■
35 species considered Critically Endangered (Possibly
Extinct) indicating that actions are needed before
2020, in order to reach the new EU target to halt
biodiversity loss.
More than 90% of the European molluscs are endemic,
■
which means that they don’t occur anywhere else in
the world and represent Europe’s natural heritage.
To revert the dramatic decline of molluscs in Europe,
■
urgent conservation actions are needed:
National and European legislation should be fully
implemented and revised to include the threatened
species identified during this project.
Key sites should be protected and the
management of these habitats and of existing
protected areas should take into consideration
the specific requirement of molluscs.
Water management should be improved,
especially regarding the over-exploitation of
springs and groundwater and the pollution
resulting from agriculture and urbanisation.
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)
should be conducted for any major project,
such as dams, drainage, waste disposal sites
and new industrial estates, to assess the impact
and mitigation measures needed for native
molluscs.
Species Action Plans should be drawn for the
most threatened species; however a multi-taxon
approach through the use of habitat action plans
may be more appropriate for some species. For
the most threatened species, captive breeding
programmes might need to be set in place.
Invasive species should be controlled to reduce
their impact on the native fauna.
e importance and role of molluscs, and of
invertebrates in general, should be promoted
through a campaign to raise awareness.
Monitoring of the population size, distribution
and trend (possibly through the monitoring of
the habitat as a proxy) should be undertaken for
the threatened and Data Deficient species.
Further taxonomic research should be
undertaken to clarify the taxonomic status of
the European molluscan fauna.
It should be noted that the current results indicate
■
the main trends from the last 30 years, however
in the last two centuries, the distribution and
population of many widespread species have been
declining since the 1880’s, and the greatest losses
were seen between 1920 and 1960 due to habitat
change and degradation.
is project contributes to improving the coverage
■
of invertebrates on the global IUCN Red List,
thanks to the comprehensive assessment of
European freshwater molluscs, and it doubles the
number of assessed terrestrial molluscs, through
the addition of the selected families.
1
1.1 The European context
Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of
the Earth, although physically and geologically it is the
westernmost peninsula of Eurasia. Europe is bound to
the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic
Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the
southeast by the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains.
In the east, Europe is separated from Asia by the Ural
Mountains and the Caspian Sea (see Figure 3 below). It
is the world’s second-smallest continent in terms of area,
covering approximately 10,400,000 square kilometres
(4,010,000 square miles) or 2% of the Earth’s surface. In
terms of human population, Europe is the third-largest
continent (after Asia and Africa) with a population of
some 731 million – about 11% of the world’s population.
Europe is the most urbanised and, together with Asia,
the most densely populated continent in the world.
e European Union, comprising 27 Member States, is
Europe’s largest political and economic entity. It is the
world’s largest economy with an estimated GDP in 2008
of 18.9 trillion US dollars (Central Intelligence Agency
2009). Per-capita GDP in many EU states is among the
highest in the world, and rates of resource consumption
and waste production are correspondingly high – the EU
27’s “ecological footprint” has been estimated to exceed
the region’s biological capacity (the total area of cropland,
pasture, forest, and fishing grounds available to produce
food, fibre and timber, and absorb waste) by 2.6 times
(WWF 2007).
1. Background
e EU’s Member States stretch from the Arctic Circle in
the north to the Mediterranean in the south, and from the
Atlantic coast in the west to the Pannonian steppes in the
east – an area containing a great diversity of landscapes
and habitats and a wealth of flora and fauna. European
biodiversity includes 488 species of birds (IUCN 2009),
260 species of mammals (Temple and Terry 2007, 2009),
151 species of reptiles, 85 species of amphibians, 546
species of freshwater fishes (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007),
20-25,000 species of vascular plants
1
and well over
100,000 species of invertebrates (Fauna Europaea 2004).
e Mediterranean part of Europe which is particularly
rich in plant and animal species, has been recognised as
a global “biodiversity hotspot” (Mittermeier et al. 2004,
Cuttelod et al. 2008).
Europe has arguably the most highly fragmented
landscape of all continents, and only a tiny fraction
of its land surface can be considered as wilderness.
For centuries humans have occupied most of Europe’s
land to produce food, timber and fuel and to provide
living space, and currently in western Europe more than
80% of land is under some form of direct management
(European Environment Agency 2007). Consequently,
European species are to a large extent dependent
upon semi-natural habitats created and maintained by
human activity, particularly traditional, non-intensive
forms of land management. ese habitats are under
pressure from agricultural intensification, urban sprawl,
infrastructure development, land abandonment,
acidification, eutrophication and desertification.
1 Source: Euro+Med PlantBase, http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
Molluscs are present in the seas, rivers and on land. ey show a great variety of size, shape, behavior and habitat. ey include (from top left to bottom right) snails, slugs, clams,
mussels, chitons, squids, cuttlefishes and octopuses. Photos (from top left to bottom right) © António Manuel de Frias Martins, Eike Neubert, Naotake Murayama, Rebecca Wood,
Malcolm Carlaw, Dan Hershman, Marc Lehmann, Prilfish.
2
Many species are directly affected by overexploitation,
persecution and impacts of alien invasive species, as well
as climate change being set to become an increasingly
serious threat in the future. Europe is a very diverse
continent and the relative importance of different
threats varies widely across its biogeographic regions
and countries. Even though considerable efforts have
been made to protect and conserve European habitats
and species (e.g. see Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3), biodiversity
decline and the associated loss of vital ecosystem services
(such as water purification, crop pollination, and carbon
sequestration) continues to be a major concern all over
Europe.
1.2 European molluscs: diversity and
endemism
e Phylum Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams, mussels,
chitons, squids, cuttlefishes and octopuses) contains
an estimated 81,000 described species (Bouchet 2007),
comprising about 55,000 marine molluscs, 6,000
freshwater and 25,000 terrestrial species worldwide.
However the numbers are increasing annually, as more
research is carried out, especially in regions of the world
that are less well known.
Molluscs can be found in almost all types of habitats,
from the bottom of the oceans to mountain tops and
tundra regions. ey are very diverse, not only in size
and shape, but also in their life-cycle, life-span and
habitat. ey are an important food source for birds,
fish, mammals and other invertebrates, as well as for
humans, and play a key role in the recycling of nutrients,
soil-generation and water filtration. ey are also good
indicators of environmental quality, especially for rivers,
lakes, marshes, ancient grasslands and ancient woodlands.
Terrestrial molluscs are often known as garden pests.
However the pest species represent only a minority of
the species existing in Europe.
e EU Fauna Europaea project (2004) provided the
first compilation of a regional checklist of non-marine
molluscs for Europe (excluding Asiatic Turkey) and is
available online (www.faunaeur.org). Studies led between
2005 and 2011 have added another c. 500 species to this
list, the majority resulting from work on the molecular
systematics of selected groups and through fieldwork
in regions which had been rarely surveyed previously,
with a total of almost 3,400 species for the entire region
(Fauna Europaea, Bank et al. 2011). is 17% increase
in the number of known species over a relatively short
period indicates that many additional species might be
recognized once they are better studied.
Within Europe, there are major geographic differences in
the level of endemism and species diversity of non-marine
Figure 1. Number of subspecies per species for each European country
3
molluscs. ere is an increase in the species diversity from
northern to southern Europe, as well as an increase in the
number of subspecies currently recognized (see Figure
1) in southern and eastern Europe (Yugoslavia here
includes Serbia, Kosovo and the Voivodina, Montenegro
is listed as a separate country, and FYROM means the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia). e patterns
of radiations are thought to reflect the contribution of
particular families to both species and subspecies diversity,
which differs deeply between western and eastern Europe.
In Eastern Europe, Clausiliidae, Oxychilidae and Enidae
contribute the most to the diversity, but these families
are not well represented in the Iberian Peninsula, which
is dominated by the freshwater snails of the Superfamilia
Rissooidea, family Hydrobiidae, the terrestrial family
Chondrinidae, as well as radiations within the families
Hygromiidae and Trisexodontidae. ese patterns may
reflect various species radiation waves that occurred
within Europe during late Miocene and early Pleistocene
following the depletion of the former subtropical
European molluscan fauna.
e Council of Europe report on Invertebrates in need of
conservation (Wells and Chatfield 1992) provided the
last major overview on the conservation status of non-
marine mollusc species in Europe. is document listed
many of the species that were considered at the time as
potentially threatened. e 1996 Red List released at
the World Conservation Congress in Montreal included
assessments of 1428 species of molluscs, of which 604
were threatened and 237 considered to be extinct (Seddon
1998). Only 145 assessments were for European species,
which Bouchet et al. (1999) pointed out did not reflect
the levels of threat to either narrow range endemics or to
the broad-ranging, declining species in Europe. When
this project started, a total of 2,213 molluscs species were
listed on the IUCN Red List, of which only 335 were
European including 174 considered threatened (IUCN
2007).
1.3 Species threat status
e conservation status of plants and animals is one
of the most widely used indicators for assessing the
condition of ecosystems and their biodiversity. It also
provides an important tool in establishing priorities for
species conservation. At the global scale, the best source
of information on the conservation status of plants
and animals is the IUCN Red List of reatened Species
(see www.iucnredlist.org; IUCN 2009). e Red List
is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction,
with the main purpose of cataloguing and highlighting
those taxa that are facing a higher risk of extinction. It
provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution
information on taxa that have been evaluated using the
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 (IUCN
2001). ere are nine Categories, ranging from Least
Concern, for species that are not threatened, through to
Figure 2. IUCN Red List Categories at regional scale
4
the Extinct category, for species that have disappeared
from the planet
2
. e IUCN Red List Categories are
based on a set of quantitative criteria linked to changes in
either population trends, population size and structure,
and/or geographic range. ose species classified as
Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered are
considered as ‘threatened’. When conducting regional or
national assessments, two additional categories are used
(Regionally Extinct and Not Applicable) for non-native
species (IUCN 2003) (Figure 2).
1.4 Objectives of the assessment
e European regional assessment has four main
objectives:
To contribute to continental conservation planning
■
through the provision of a baseline dataset describing
the conservation status of European non-marine
molluscs.
To identify those geographic areas and habitats that
■
need conservation measures to prevent extinctions
and ensure that European non-marine Molluscs reach
and maintain a Favourable Conservation Status.
To identify the major threats and propose mitigating
■
measures and conservation actions to address them.
To strengthen the network of experts focused on
■
conservation of molluscs in Europe, so that the
Cornu asperum, commonly known as the Garden Snail or “Petit Gris”, is widespread in the Mediterranean and western parts of Europe, where it is locally abundant. It is found in
Mediterranean shrubland, base-rich grassland, coastal sand dunes, and is also associated with human disturbed environments such as gardens or stonewalls. It is consumed for food in
some parts of Europe. It has been introduced across the world, including other parts of Europe, North and South America, South Africa and Australasia, where it is often regarded as
a pest species. It has a stable population trend, and may even expand its range to suitable habitats made available with climate change.. It is currently considered as Least Concern. ©
Matthew Hutchinson
assessments can be kept up-to-date, and expertise
be targeted to address the highest conservation
priorities.
e assessment provides three main outputs:
is summary report on the status and distribution
■
of European molluscs; their main threats and
recommendations for conservation measures, as well
as a poster on their status.
A freely available database holding the baseline
■
data for monitoring the status and distribution of
European molluscs;
A website and data portal (http://ec.europa.eu/
■
environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist
and http://www.iucnredlist.org/europe) showcasing
this data in the form of species factsheets for all
European molluscs, along with background and other
interpretative material;
e data presented in this report provides a snapshot
based on the knowledge available at the time of
writing. e database will continue to be updated and
made freely and widely available. IUCN will ensure a
wide dissemination of these data to relevant decision
makers, NGOs and scientists to strengthen and support
the implementation of conservation actions on the
ground.
2 For a description of each of the global IUCN Red List Categories go to: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-
categories-criteria#categories
5
Figure 3. Regional assessments were made for two areas – geographical Europe and the EU 27.
2.1 Global and regional assessments
e extinction risk of a species can be assessed at
global, regional or national level. One species can
have a different category in the Global Red List and
in a Regional Red List. For example, a species that is
common worldwide and classed as Least Concern (LC)
in the Global Red List could face a high level of threat
and fit the Endangered category (EN) in a particular
region (see Figure 2). In order to avoid an over- or
underestimation of the regional extinction risk of a
species, the Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red
List Criteria at Regional Level should be applied (IUCN
2003). Logically, an endemic species should have the
same category at regional and global levels, as it is not
present in any other part of the world.
2.2 Geographic scope
e geographical scope of this report is continent-wide,
extending from Iceland in the west to the Urals in the east
(including European parts of the Russian Federation), and
from Franz Josef Land in the north to the Mediterranean
in the south (see Figure 3). e Canary Islands, Madeira
and the Azores were also included. In the southeast,
where definitions of Europe are most contentious, the
Caucasus region was not included.
Red List assessments were made at two regional levels:
for geographical Europe (limits described above); and1)
for the area of the 27 Member States of the European 2)
Union.
2.3 Taxonomic scope
For this project, more than 2,000 molluscs species (over
1,200 terrestrial molluscs from selected families and 854
freshwater species) have been assessed. According to the
latest census available, geographical Europe (excluding
Russia) is inhabited by more than 3,373 species, which
are currently known to split into another 1352 subspecies
(Fauna Europaea, Bank 2011, unpublished, status June
2011). is means that 2/3 of the molluscan fauna of
2. Assessment methodology
6
Europe is covered by the project, which can thus claim
to be representative in a statistical sense. e addition
of species from European Russia (defined as up to the
Ural Mts but not including the Caucaus) is likely to only
slightly change this figure.
e nomenclature and checklist for the non-marine
molluscs follows Fauna Europaea (Bank et al. 2006),
with subsequent additions of new species from the period
2005-2011, as well as various nomenclatural changes,
which have been through a peer-review process and are
largely based on published papers. It should be noted
that subspecies were not individually assessed as part of
this project, and that these represent a large number of
endemic subspecies restricted to separate islands, valleys
or mountain ranges, which might prove to be valid species
once more research is carried out.
Subspecies currently represent at least 30% of the taxa
found in Europe. Molecular analyses of several terrestrial
and freshwater mollusc species of Europe have shown that
many species are “cryptic”, i.e. that they are biologically
valid and distinct species, but their morphology is very
similar, if not identical, and they have been overlooked.
At present the molecular results are insufficient to
understand the potential changes in species limits in
all groups, but this is one factor that has led and will
probably lead in the future to the increasing number of
species that are recognized in Europe.
A small number of species (approximately 1%) are
introductions from outside Europe (North American/
Asian/African species); these have not been assessed as
part of the IUCN Red List.
2.4 Preliminary assessments
More than 75 experts gathered species specific information,
obtained from primary literature, museum collection
and personal knowledge, and provided a preliminary
assessment for all the native European molluscs species
included in this project.
e following data were entered into the IUCN database,
the Species Information Service (SIS):
Species’ taxonomic classification
■
Geographic range (including a distribution map) ■
Red List Category and Criteria ■
Population information ■
Habitat preferences ■
Major threats ■
Conservation measures ■
Other general information ■
Key literature references ■
A digital distribution map was also created for each
species, using ArcGIS software.
2.5 Review workshop and evaluation of
assessments
e preliminary assessments were evaluated through
review workshops and correspondence with relevant
experts. New information was added to the species
summaries and maps, and corrections to existing data
were made.
Two workshops were organised to cover the freshwater
mollusc species: the Balkans and south-east Europe
species were reviewed from 23 to 27 November 2009,
in Budapest (Hungary), whilst species occurring in
northern Europe and the western Mediterranean
regions were considered from 1 to 5 February 2010 in
London (UK). e remaining freshwater species were
dealt with by correspondence and meetings with the
relevant experts. Another workshop was dedicated to
threatened terrestrial molluscs, from 28 September to 2
October 2010 in Bern (Switzerland). e list of non-
threatened terrestrial species was agreed during the latter
workshop and these species were only evaluated through
correspondence.
Following the review workshops, the data were edited,
and outstanding questions were resolved through
Henrigirardia wienini is endemic to a single cave in the Hérault valley in southern
France, where it inhabits the subterranean waters. is locality may be threatened
by lowering of the groundwater level though the over abstraction of groundwater for
domestic water supplies. is species has never been found alive and could already be
extinct; therefore it is considered Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). Material
from museum collections is used to inform species assessments in addition to primary
literature and expert knowledge, and in some cases may be the main source of
information, due to difficulties in sampling some habitats, for example groundwater.
Surveys are required to establish whether this cryptic species is still extant, and thereafter
monitoring to establish any decline in habitat quality. is species may benefit from
restrictions on drawdown to maintain suitable habitat. ©Vincent Prié / Caracol
7
communications with the workshop participants. e
post-workshop draft categories and criteria were also
made available to allow the participating scientists to
make any final corrections.
Facilitating staff from the IUCN Red List Unit and
the IUCN Regional Office for Europe reviewed the
assessments to ensure they complied with the guidelines
for application of the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria and included the most up-to-date comprehensive
information.
e resulting finalized IUCN Red List assessments are
a product of scientific consensus concerning species
status and are backed by relevant literature and data
sources.
Expert participants at the Terrestrial Molluscs Red List workshop, 28 September – 2 October 2010, Bern, Switzerland. Photo © Lisa Schäublin-NMBE.
8
Spengler’s Freshwater Mussel
(Margaritifera auricularia) was
originally widespread throughout
Europe, but nowadays it is restricted
to France and Spain. It is currently
listed as Critically Endangered.
In the 1980’s it was considered to
be nearly extinct. It is difficult to
survey, as the species occurs in beds
of the slow-flowing channels of
large river systems. Survey work in
France and Spain, has increased the
known sites in the last 10 years, but
as a long-lived species that requires
unpolluted waters as well as a host
fish during part of its life-cycle,
it is still highly threatened. e
major threats are construction of
dams on the rivers, dredging of the
river channels for navigation, water
pollution and the decline of host
fish populations, as well as the loss
of migrating fish passing over the
mussel beds. e species is one of
two, for which a European-level
Action Plan was written, and there
are active conservation programmes
ongoing in Spain and France, with
ex-situ conservation breeding, as
well as experiments to determine
suitable fish hosts and levels of
tolerance to pollution.
Photo © Vincent Prié / Caracol.
9
3.1 Introduction
Freshwater molluscs are found in a wide range of freshwater
habitats and have varied life-history strategies, with life-
spans that vary from three months (pea-clams) to over 120
years (pearl mussels). In general the freshwater molluscs
of Europe are much more diverse than some continental
faunas such as the one of Africa, with an estimated 856
European species compared to an estimated 560 African
species (Seddon et al. 2011).
Freshwater molluscs fall into two main groups, the
Bivalves and the Gastropods, the latter group having
proportionally higher species diversity in Europe than in
Africa and North America.
Freshwater bivalves
e freshwater bivalves represent about 6% (48 species)
of the total freshwater molluscs in Europe. e term
bivalve is derived from the Latin bis, meaning ‘two’, and
valvae, meaning leaves of a door. ey are divided into two
globally distributed orders: Unionoida (otherwise known
as freshwater mussels) and Veneroida (clams and pea-
clams). At present the diversity of European freshwater
mussels is relatively low compared to the North American
and the Africa fauna (Bogan 2010). It lies largely in the
genera Margaritifera, Unio, Anodonta, and Potomida that
are Palaearctic, extending into the Maghreb region of
Northern Africa and east into Russia, in some cases to
Siberia. e genus Anodonta is a widespread Eurasian and
North American genus that, in the western Palaearctic,
reaches its southern limit in north-west Africa. Similarly,
the Veneroida (32 species) occupy a wide range of habitats,
from brackish estuarine waters to pools, rivers and lakes
and many of the pea-clams (Family Sphaeriidae) are more
cosmopolitan taxa.
Certain taxa are both morphologically variable and
widespread in the western Palaearctic, from the British
Isles and Iberia east into Russia and Central Asia (Araujo
et al. 2009) and some of these taxa have been listed as
subspecies in the current list from Fauna Europaea.
However, the traditional concepts of Palaearctic genera
and species are holdovers from early in the last century
and they have only begun to be reevaluated using modern
analytical methods and species concepts (Araujo et al.
3. Freshwater Molluscs – Species
selection and results
Freshwater molluscs are separated in two groups, the bivalves (with two shells) and the
gastropods (with one single shell). Photos © Paul E Aspholm, Zoltan Feher.
2009). More recent work (Van Damme et al. 2010,
R. Araujo pers comm. 2010) suggests that some of the
species originally listed as present in both the Iberian
Peninsula and North Africa, are now viewed as distinct
range-restricted species found in only North Africa
or the Iberian Peninsula. Amongst the 39 bivalve sub-
species currently listed as present in Europe, more may
be upgraded to the rank of species once more genetic
analyses are done. Hence the number of species is likely
to increase as this taxonomic research continues.
All of the freshwater bivalves possess a common suite
of adaptations to life in fresh water. ese include
larval brooding, direct development, and, in the case
of freshwater mussels, obligate larval parasitism upon
freshwater fishes (Araujo et al. 2009). is has a major
impact on the ability of the species to reproduce, and
hence is a factor in the level of endangerment in this
group.
Freshwater Gastropods
e freshwater gastropods represent about 94% (808
species) of the total number of freshwater mollusc
species in Europe, dividing into two groups, the
Prosobranchs (Orders Allogastropoda, Architaenoglossa,
Cycloneritimorpha, Litttorinomorpha, with the largest
family Hydrobiidae) and the Pulmonates (Order
Hygrophila, containing the Lymnaeidae, Acroloxidae,
Planorbidae), which contain a higher proportion of the
widespread, more cosmopolitan species (see Table 1).
3.2 Species selection
All freshwater mollusc species native to Europe or
naturalised before AD 1500 were included in the
10
Table 1. Diversity and endemism in freshwater molluscs families in Europe*.
* is table includes species that are native or naturalized since before AD 1500; species introduced after 1500 are not included. Species of marginal occurrence
in Europe and/or the EU are included. For the EU 27 assessment, the Not Evaluated species (species which do not occur in the EU) are excluded.
assessment, except two that only have a marginal
occurrence in Europe. is includes both freshwater
bivalves (including those that occur in brackish and
freshwaters) and freshwater gastropods (some species that
occur in brackish waters were included, where their range
was predominantly freshwater). In total, 854 species were
considered.
e Family Hydrobiidae has undergone a major radiation
(i.e. the diversification of a single ancestral type into several
forms that are each adaptively specialized to a specific
environmental niche) and has high species diversity in
Europe. However there is considerable revisionary work
ongoing looking at the status of species and the species
limits for this challenging group. For example, in the
Class
Order
Family
Europe EU 27
Number of
species
Number of
endemic
species
% of
endemic
species
Number of
species
Number of
endemic
species
% of
endemic
species
Bivalvia
Unionoida Margaritiferidae 2 1 50% 2 1 50%
Unionidae 14 4 29% 14 3 21%
Veneroida
Corbiculidae 0 0 0% 0 0 0%
Dreissenidae 4 3 75% 4 1 25%
Sphaeriidae 28 3 11% 27 0 0%
Gastropoda
Allogastropoda Valvatidae 12 6 50% 8 1 13%
Architaenioglossa Viviparidae 5 3 60% 5 0 0%
Cycloneritimorpha Neritidae 12 7 58% 11 4 36%
Eupulmonata Ellobiidae 2 2 100% 2 2 100%
Hygrophila
Acroloxidae 4 3 75% 2 1 50%
Lymnaeidae 20 9 45% 17 4 24%
Physidae 3 0 0% 3 0 0%
Planorbidae 42 22 52% 28 5 18%
Littorinimorpha
Amnicolidae 4 4 100% 1 0 0%
Assimineidae 3 3 100% 3 3 100%
Bithyniidae 35 33 94% 26 20 77%
Cochliopidae 14 13 93% 11 10 91%
Hydrobiidae 586 570 97% 440 378 86%
Moitessieriidae 54 54 100% 54 54 100%
Sorbeoconcha Melanopsidae 11 8 73% 11 6 55%
iaridae 1 0 0% 1 0 0%
Total 856 748 87% 670 493 74%
checklists for Germany, some experts have listed as few
as 3 species for the genus Bythiospeum (B. acicula, B.
quenstedti, B. sandbergi), whereas now, Fauna Europaea
(Bank et al. 2006) considers there are over 25 valid
species in this country. As a consequence, during the
initial phase of data gathering, there were considerable
discrepancies, with some countries listing all of their taxa
as Data Deficient due to taxonomic issues and others
classifying the majority of their species as threatened,
based on the current data for species that were known to
be range restricted.
During an evaluation workshop in London, experts
discussed this issue and estimated that the levels of
taxonomic uncertainty were similar in many regions,
11
Table 2. Freshwater molluscs species of marginal
occurrence or introduced to Europe after AD 1500.
except where there had been molecular and anatomical
work to support the species limits. Hence a precautionary
approach to identication of species limits was adopted,
in order to allow conservation assessments to be made,
based on the current evidence for species limits, so that
the sites containing species of conservation interest
can be identied and actions can be taken to establish
the status of the species and implement measures to
conserve the habitats. erefore, between February
2010 and December 2010, over 450 freshwater species
were reviewed again, to improve the consistency of their
treatment.
Research into the Family Bithyniidae has also revealed
an overlooked area of species diversity in the Balkan
region, with several cryptic species (i.e. species that
are biologically valid and distinct species, but whose
morphology is very similar, if not identical) revealed
(e.g. Gloer and Pesic 2007, Gloer, Albrecht and Wilke
2009, Gloer and Maasen 2009). Molecular research
into the Lymaneidae and Planorbiidae is also showing
cryptic diversity, however, at present the results are
insufficient to understand the potential changes in
species limits, and as such further research is required
on these groups.
Eleven species that were introduced in Europe after AD
1500 and two species that are only of marginal occurrence
in Europe were classed as Not Applicable (Table 2).
3.3 Threat status of freshwater molluscs
e status of freshwater molluscs was assessed at two
regional levels: geographical Europe and the EU 27. At
the European level, at least 43.7% of the species (373
species) are considered as threatened, with at least 12.8%
of them being Critically Endangered, 10.5% Endangered
and 20.4% Vulnerable (Table 3 and Figure 4 and 5). In
addition 23 of the 109 Critically Endangered species are
considered Possibly Extinct and five species are listed as
already Extinct. A further 8.8% of the species (75 species)
are classified as Near reatened. By contrast, only 22%
of the freshwater fauna was assessed as Least Concern,
revealing a proportionately high level of threat to these
species.
Within the EU 27, the pattern is very similar: at least
40.9% of the freshwater molluscs (273 species) are
threatened with extinction, of which at least 11.8%
are Critically Endangered, 8.1% Endangered and 21%
Vulnerable. In addition, 8.4% of species are considered
as Near reatened.
Family Genus Species
CORBICULIDAE Corbicula fluminalis
CORBICULIDAE Corbicula fluminea
DREISSENIDAE Dreissena polymorpha
PLANORBIDAE Gyraulus piscinarum
DREISSENIDAE Mytilopsis leucophaeata
HYDROBIIDAE Potamopyrgus antipodarum
LYMNAEIDAE Pseudosuccinea columella
PHYSIDAE Physella gyrina
PLANORBIDAE Helisoma trivolvis
PLANORBIDAE Planorbella duryi
SPHAERIIDAE Musculium transversum
UNIONIDAE Sinanodonta woodiana
NERITIDAE eodoxus anatolicus
e majority of bivalves, such as this ick Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus)
(Vulnerable at the European level) are filter feeders, using their gills to capture
particulate food from the water and purifying large amounts of water. Most of these
large river mussels have suffered declines in the last 100 years, with major impacts
from water pollution, from industrial sources, poor sewage management and nowadays
nitrates from agricultural run-off. ese species provide the water cleansing services for
our major rivers, and hence are key for the quality of our river systems.
Photo © Vincent Prié / Caracol.
12
However, almost a quarter of the freshwater molluscs
(24.7% - 211 species) are assessed as Data Deficient, i.e.
there was not enough scientific information to estimate
their risk of extinction. is does not mean that they
are not threatened, on the contrary, some have not been
observed for several decades, which might indicate that
they are rare or even already extinct. e main reasons for
the Data Deficiency were taxonomic issues, lack of recent
observations and the difficulty with sampling some of the
species living in groundwater.
ree species are considered Near reatened at the
European level, but Vulnerable at the EU 27 level
(Dreissena presbensis, Istriana mirnae and Pisidium
hinzi), as their EU 27 population is smaller and facing
comparatively greater threats.
irteen species were considered as Not Applicable,
two due to their marginal occurrence in Europe and 11
because they were introduced to Europe after 1500 AD.
Amongst all taxonomic groups assessed so far at the
European level, freshwater molluscs are the most
threatened group, as 37% of freshwater fishes, 23% of
amphibians, 19% of reptiles, 15% of mammals and
dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and 7%
of the aquatic plants, the other groups that have been
comprehensively assessed in Europe, are threatened with
extinction (Freyhof and Brooks 2011, Temple and Cox
2009, Cox and Temple 2009, Temple and Terry 2007,
Kalkman et al. 2010, BirdLife International 2004a, van
Swaay et al. 2010, Bilz et al. 2011). Additional European
Red Lists assessing a selection from species groups
* is table does not include the Not Applicable species in Europe and/or the EU (species introduced after AD 1500 or species of
marginal occurrence). For the EU 27 assessment the Not Evaluated species (species which do not occur in the EU) are also excluded.
Table 3. Summary of numbers of European freshwater molluscs within each category of threat
IUCN Red List categories No. species Europe
(no. endemic species)
No. species EU 27
(no. endemic species)
Extinct (EX) 5 (5) 4 (3)
reatened
categories
Critically Endangered (CR) 109 (107) 79 (72)
Endangered (EN) 90 (90) 54 (48)
Vulnerable (VU) 174 (173) 140 (127)
Near reatened (NT) 75 (66) 56 (46)
Least Concern (LC) 190 (109) 172 (65)
Data Deficient (DD) 211 (198) 162 (132)
Total number of species assessed 854 (748) 667 (493)
Figure 4. Red List status of freshwater molluscs in Europe Figure 5. Red List status of freshwater molluscs
in the EU 27
13
indicate that 12% of the crop wild relatives and 11%
of the saproxylic beetles are also threatened (Nieto and
Alexander 2010, Bilz et al. 2011).
All, but three, of the threatened and Extinct species
are endemic to Europe (over 99%), highlighting the
responsibility that European countries have to protect the
entire global populations of these species.
It should be noted that the percentages of threatened
freshwater molluscs mentioned earlier represent
minimum estimates. If we consider only the species
for which sufficient data are available to assess the
threat status (i.e. excluding Data Deficient and Extinct
species), then 58.5% of European freshwater molluscs
and 54.5% of EU 27 species are threatened with
extinction.
3.4 Status by taxonomic groups
e European freshwater molluscs belong to a number
of different families (see Section 3.1), among which
considerable differences exist both in species numbers
as well as in threat status (Table 4). Certain families are
of particular concern: the Margaritiferidae, Acroloxidae,
Hydrobiidae, Dreissenidae and Amnicolidae are the
families with the highest percentage of threats, while
the Moitessieriidae, Bithyniidae and Hydrobiidae have
numerous Data Deficient species and require further
studies.
e situation is slightly different for the Bivalves and the
Gastropods: the Bivalves are slightly less threatened, with
21% of the species facing extinction. is is mainly due
to the fact that the Family Sphaeriidae contains many
Table 4. Red List status (at the European level) of freshwater molluscs by taxonomic family
Family Total* EX CR EN VU NT LC DD % reatened
Bivalvia
Dreissenidae 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 50.0%
Margaritiferidae 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 100.0%
Sphaeriidae 28 0 0 2 0 2 23 1 7.1%
Unionidae 14 0 1 0 3 5 3 2 28.6%
Gastropoda
Acroloxidae 4 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 75.0%
Amnicolidae 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 50.0%
Assimineidae 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0.0%
Bithyniidae 35 0 4 4 6 2 5 14 40.0%
Cochliopidae 14 1 2 1 1 0 1 8 28.6%
Corbiculidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
Ellobiidae 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0%
Hydrobiidae 586 4 91 65 139 52 90 145 50.3%
Lymnaeidae 20 0 0 2 0 2 13 3 10.0%
Melanopsidae 11 0 2 1 0 2 4 2 27.3%
Moitessieriidae 54 0 2 2 14 4 7 25 33.3%
Neritidae 11 0 2 3 0 0 5 1 41.7%
Physidae 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0.0%
Planorbidae 41 0 2 8 3 2 19 7 31.7%
iaridae 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0%
Valvatidae 12 0 0 2 2 3 5 0 33.3%
Viviparidae 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0.0%
Total 854 5 109 90 174 75 190 11 43.6%
* Does not include species classed as Not Applicable (NA).
14
Figure 6. Red List status of freshwater bivalves in Europe Figure 7. Red List status of freshwater gastropods in
Europe
cosmopolitan, widespread species, with few threats.
However, the large freshwater mussels (Unionidae and
Margaritiferidae) have been in decline over most of their
global range and there are many threatened or declining
species of special conservation concern. On the other
hand, 45% of the Gastropods are at risk of extinction
(see Figures 6 and 7).
3.5 Spatial distribution of species
3.5.1 Species richness of freshwater molluscs
Information on the species richness of freshwater molluscs
within families has already been given in Section 3.1 and
Table 1. e geographic distribution of species richness
in Europe is presented in Figure 8.
Figure 8 highlights areas of particularly high
concentrations of freshwater mollusc species. Within
Europe, the highest species richness is found within the
Mediterranean area, from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece,
as there is replacement from catchment to catchment by
different range restricted species. In Northern Europe the
majority of the freshwater fauna is made up of widespread
cosmopolitan species.
Molluscs biodiversity in freshwater springs
e Family Hydrobiidae currently has the highest
diversity of species in Europe. ese species are frequently
restricted to a small number of freshwater springs. e
main diversity is found in the Mediterranean regions,
with areas of high diversity found in the limestone
regions of Iberian Peninsula, French Mediterranean, Italy,
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Montenegro,
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece.
ere is also high diversity seen in Germany, Austria and
Poland.
Molluscs biodiversity in freshwater groundwater
systems
e Family Hydrobiidae and Moitessieridae are more
restricted to underground waters, only being recorded in
outflow points (springs, rivers) and rarely been sampled
in situ. ese are also present in key areas, contributing
to the regions of highest diversity of species in Europe,
especially found in the limestone regions of Mediterranean
(e.g. the Iberian Peninsula, French Mediterranean, Italy,
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Montenegro,
FYROM and Greece) and in the areas near the Alps to
the Carpathians (Germany, Austria to Bulgaria, Romania,
Poland).
Molluscs biodiversity in ancient lakes
Lake Ohrid is a World Heritage Site, spanning three
countries and has the largest freshwater molluscs diversity
of the Balkan lakes, and the majority of these species are
listed as threatened. However there are a considerable
number of other ancient lakes (e.g. Prespa, Skadar), in
Albania, Greece, Montenegro and Macedonia (Albrecht
et al. 2009) all containing numerous, often endemic,
freshwater species, and increasing numbers of cryptic
endemic species have been recognized in these lakes, so
their importance is still increasing. e issue is complex,
as some lakes are divided between more than one
country, making catchment management plans more
complicated.
15
Figure 8. Species richness of European freshwater molluscs
Congeria kusceri is a freshwater bivalve restricted to subterranean waters in the Balkan region, listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. It was rediscovered in the 1980’s, and prior
to this, the species was thought to be subfossil only. is species requires unpolluted water, and is currently assessed as Vulnerable. Photo © Helena Biljandra.
16
Molluscan biodiversity in river systems
Europe contains several major river systems that have
endemic species present in their catchment. e Danube
(Donau) river is the second longest in Europe, and passes
through 14 countries. e Danube delta is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in part for the biological diversity,
and some species are restricted to lagoons and channels in
the delta. Other notable rivers include the lower Dnieper
River in Ukraine, the Sava River in Slovenia, and other
tributaries of the Danube River which also have a
proportion of endemic species.
e top five EU countries in terms of freshwater mollusc
species richness (in descending order) are: France, Spain,
Italy, Greece and Germany (Table 5). However, Austria
and Slovenia can be highlighted as holding an important
number of species within a small area.
e high number of species in some of these countries
may reflect high levels of taxonomic research. If more
research into freshwater mollusc diversity would be
initiated, for example, in Greece, it is not unlikely that
the number of freshwater species in this country may
substantially increase.
Recent work in Bulgaria has seen an increase in the
number of described species, and so as work continues
in the more remote parts of some countries, the number
of range restricted species may well be found to increase
further.
3.5.2 Distribution of threatened species
e majority of the threatened freshwater molluscs are
found within the Mediterranean zone, and the patterns
follow closely the areas of endemism (see Figure 9). Areas
of threat include the Iberian Peninsula, where springs are
being converted to off-take water, and the vegetation is
removed to improve the “cleanliness” of the offtake area,
thus removing habitats (Verdu and Galante 2009). In the
French Mediterranean area, threatened species include the
groundwater and spring dependant species, for example,
in the areas surrounding Marseille and Nice, several
species are known to have been declining, and some have
not been seen for decades. Similar factors threaten the
endemic species in Germany and Austria, albeit to a lesser
degree. In Greece, the major threats lie in the continental
areas, around the major cities and the ancient lakes.
3.5.3 Distribution of endemic species
Figure 10 shows the distribution of endemic freshwater
mollusc species (e.g. those that are unique to Europe and
are found nowhere else in the world).
e majority of the freshwater molluscs are endemic to
Europe, with the areas of high endemism reflecting the
areas of high species and subspecies diversity. Similar
patterns of endemism are seen for the Gastropods and the
freshwater mussels, with an increase in endemism from
north to south, and high levels of endemism throughout
the Mediterranean zone.
e majority of the range-restricted species are found
in the family Hydrobiidae, and the highest numbers of
threatened species also lie in this group. ese species
are either restricted to a few freshwater springs, lakes or
single groundwater catchment system, all of which are
easily impacted by off-take of water for domestic and
agricultural supplies. e family is amongst the most
Country Total number of species
Austria 118
Belgium 74
Bulgaria 85
Cyprus 5
Czech Republic 76
Denmark 64
Estonia 58
Finland 55
France 215
Germany 124
Greece 132
Hungary 77
Ireland 57
Italy 138
Latvia 70
Lithuania 64
Luxembourg 51
Malta 11
Netherlands 74
Poland 79
Portugal 56
Romania 75
Slovakia 77
Slovenia 96
Spain 157
Sweden 72
United Kingdom 76
Table 5. Number of freshwater mollusc species in the 27
current EU Member States (excluding introduced species).
17
Figure 9. Distribution of threatened freshwater molluscs in Europe
Figure 10. Distribution of endemic freshwater molluscs species in Europe
18
highly threatened group worldwide, and there are also
regions of high species diversity for this family in North
America and Australia (Lydeard et al. 2004).
Ancient lakes, such as Ohrid and Prespa, deserve special
attention, as they have a fascinating radiation of pyrguline
Hydrobiidae. Recently, it was discovered that they are
also home to a cryptic diversity in the other prosobranch
families Valvatidae and Bithyniidae. Most of the narrow-
range endemics restricted to these lakes are threatened.
Given the rapid deterioration of the quality of some of
these lakes, it is now likely that some of their endemic
species will go extinct before their scientific description
(based on museum material collected in the 1980’s) is
completed.
3.6 Major threats to freshwater molluscs
in Europe
e major threats to each species were coded using the
IUCN reats Classification Scheme. A summary of the
relative importance of the different threatening processes
is shown in Figure 11.
ere are multiple sources of threats to freshwater
molluscs in Europe. In the majority of cases there is no
single source of threats to each species, but usually a series
of threats that combine to lead to declining populations.
In general, most threatened species are suffering as a
consequence of declining water quality in the freshwater
rivers and lakes, throughout Europe. is is mainly due to
intensification of agriculture (affecting 36% of the species)
and urbanisation (poor sewage control, impacting 29% of
the species). e other major threat is the over-utilization
of water which impacts 33% of freshwater species.
By contrast, although invasive species are now widely
present, and have had an impact on some species, in
general their presence is not a significant factor and
impacts less than 5% of the threatened species.
Based on current climate change scenarios, the increased
frequency and intensity of droughts may become another
major threat. In certain areas of Europe, springs are
already seeing declines in recharge during summer
drought events.
Pollution and water quality decline
Freshwater molluscs are very sensitive to the changes
in water quality. e decline in habitat quality in the
freshwater rivers and lakes is a problem throughout
Europe, however the cause of habitat decline is quite
variable from region to region.
Raw sewage: is is still an important problem in certain
parts of Southern and Eastern Europe, where sewage
management has yet to meet the standards required by
the EU Water Directive. Even in Western Europe, poor
control can sometimes lead to sudden discharges during
storm events, leading to contamination of rivers and
groundwaters that would otherwise be in a good state.
Fertilizers and Pesticides: e strong intensification
of agriculture throughout Europe in the last 50 years
Figure 11. Major threats to freshwater molluscs in Europe
19
Decline in the water quality is the main threat to freshwater molluscs. Waterfall in karstic limestone area, Korakos Mts (Greece). Photo © Eike Neubert.
Freshwater pearl mussels Margaritifera margaritifera (Critically Endangered) require
a salmonid fish host for completing the larval stage of their life cycle. If dams are
preventing fishes to swim up the rivers to their breeding grounds, the lack of young fish
in headwater streams will reduce the survival rate of the mussel larvae. Photo © L. Miles,
Freshwater Biological Association.
has lead to an increased use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides. is has lead to increased levels of phosphates
and nitrates in both surface water and groundwater.
Even in regions that are sparsely populated, the impact
can be seen in the loss of the spring-snails that are
sensitive to changes in water quality (van Damme et al.
2010). Consequently species are rapidly disappearing in
particular in the lowlands where urban expansions and
agricultural exploitation are highest.
Mining waste: ere are relatively few areas in Europe
where the habitats in rivers are declining as run-off from
mining. e most widely publicised case was the impact
on the Danube from a waste settlement tank in Hungary
which impacted tens of kilometres of river, which affected
some restricted range endemic species.
Dam construction
In Europe, there are a high number of dams, with most
construction on major rivers for electric generation
for industrial and domestic supplies. In upland areas,
damming to create water storage reservoirs impacts the
upper reaches of the rivers. In general, data from Europe
and North America, indicate biodiversity loss, whereas
gains in widespread cosmopolitan species appear to be
the result of dam construction (Seddon 2000).
20
Dam construction can impact freshwater molluscs in
different ways, depending on the life-history strategy of
the animal and the impact of the construction of dams is
not uniformly negative or positive (Seddon 2000). Dams,
and their reservoirs, hence do form insurmountable
barriers that will:
cut off upstream populations of molluscs from
■
downstream populations,
lead to a loss of the underlying riverine habitats and
■
their fauna,
cause changes downstream of the dam, where part of
■
the river is impacted by fluctuations in water level and
changing water-chemistry and water temperatures,
potentially impacting life-cycles through changing
reproductive patterns and reproductive success
loss of fish-host movement potentially changing
■
freshwater mussel reproductive success
Modication of water sources and changes to ow
regime
Europe has witnessed an extensive modification of aquatic
habitats for centuries. Reasons include:
Realigning river channels to control flood events
■
Realigning river channels for transportation (road ■
construction, navigation channels)
Adapting spring-sources to off-take the water to
■
local villages, removing any fringing vegetation, and
concreting the base of the pool
Adapting thermal springs to use the water for
■
bathing, again removing any fringing vegetation, and
concreting the base of the pool
Climate change and extreme weather events
e increase of frequency and intensity of droughts
pose a problem to freshwater molluscs, especially in the
Mediterranean area. Several rivers and springs now have
periods where the outflow completely dries up, causing the
extinction of the population. Freshwater molluscs are also
sensitive to changes in water quality and extreme weather
events, such as flooding, can have serious consequences,
altering for example the level of sediment, this can either
bury the smallest species, destroy their habitat or clog
filter feeders.
3.7 Population trends
Documenting population trends is key to assessing species
status, and a special effort was made to determine which
species are believed to be significantly declining, stable,
or increasing. However, the vast majority (82.6%) of
European freshwater molluscs have unknown population
trends, while 10.6% are decreasing, 6.3% are considered
In April 2010, an unusual amount
of rain flooded the river near Kàcs
(Hungary), leaving a 30 to 50 cm
thick mud layer, which totally
destroyed the habitat of eodoxus
prevostianus which lives on the
rocks at the bottom of the river.
99% of the population of this
freshwater snail was destroyed in
this river and it is considered as
Endangered . is species is now
being reintroduced to several other
springs to ensure its survival on
the long-term (Feher et al. 2011).
Photo © Sándor Ötvös and Zoltan
Feher.
21
stable and only 0.5% are increasing (see Figure 12). ese
are likely to be considerable underestimates of the number
of species declining due to a lack of good objective trend
data.
In comparison, 16% of aquatic plants (Bilz et al. 2011),
17% of freshwater fishes (Freyhof and Brooks 2011),
26% of dragonflies (Kalkman et al. 2010), 27% of
mammal species, 42% of reptile species (Cox and Temple
2009) and 59% of amphibian species (Temple and Cox
2009) are known to have declining populations. Just
under a quarter (23%) of all European bird species are
decreasing in numbers, based on population trend data
between 1990 and 2000 (BirdLife International 2004a).
Freshwater species groups have the highest proportions
of species with unknown population trends, with 83% of
freshwater molluscs and 76% of freshwater fishes falling
into this category (Freyhof and Brooks 2011).
Monitoring data is urgently required to review the
population trends of European freshwater molluscs,
however the levels of threatened species indicate, that
the probability is, that a high proportion of the species
have been declining over the last 10-30 years. Anecdotal
information suggests that in the Balkan region there has
been a substantial decline in the quality of habitats since
the 1980’s, whereas in western Europe the major decline
trends appear to have been between 1920’s and 1960’s
(based on data from national mapping projects).
Figure 12. Population trends of European freshwater
molluscs
22
e “Chapa” Iberus gualtieranus
is endemic to the south of Spain,
where it is greatly appreciated as
food. Wildfires, urbanisation and
agricultural development led to
the loss of important parts of its
habitat and it is now considered
to be Endangered. Since 2005,
a Conservation Plan has been
developed within the Programme
for Conservation and Sustainable
Use of Land Snails of Andalusia
and successful captive breeding has
been set up. Photo © Antonio Ruiz/
CMA-Junta de Andalusia.
23
4.1 Introduction
All terrestrial molluscs belong to the class of the
Gastropods. e majority of the species are pulmonates,
i.e. they have a lung and breathe air. eir body size
varies from a few millimetres to several centimetres. ey
secrete mucus to keep their bodies from drying out and
to support their locomotion. Terrestrial molluscs are
generally hermaphrodites, which means that they have
the sexual organs of both sexes, but they still need to meet
another individual to reproduce. ey will court each
other for several hours and then inseminate each other to
produce eggs. Terrestrial molluscs are usually herbivorous,
eating leaves, stems, soft bark, fruit, vegetables, fungi and
algae, thanks to their “radula”, sometimes compared to
a tongue, with multiple, almost identical rows of teeth.
However there are some species that are predatory
carnivores or omnivores.
4.2 Species selection
For this project, it was not considered possible, within
the timescale allowed, to assess and evaluate all c. 2,700
species listed at the time, so two superfamilies were
prioritised, which contained many of the European
Habitats Directive species, namely Helicoidea (with
the Families Helicidae, Hygromidae, Helicodontidae,
Trisexodonidae, Cochlicellidae, Elonidae) and
Pupillioidea (with the Families Pupillidae, Lauridae,
Enidae, Orculidae, Vallonidae, Vertiginidae,
Speleodontidae, Argniidae, Gastrocoptidae) (see Table
6). ese families have a wide European distribution
and cover a range of different habitats.
e superfamily Pupilloidea has a range of genera that are
found across Europe, on rock crags, marshes, woodland
and grassland, with taxa that climb or are ground-
dwelling. From this family, 4 species of Vertigo and 16
species of Leiostyla are listed in the Annexes of the EU
Habitats Directive.
e additional families including the semi-slugs
(Vitrinidae), are found from montane to coastal areas
throughout Europe, and are potentially more susceptible
to increased levels of drought.
In contrast, the slug families (e.g. Arioniidae, Limacidae)
are currently undergoing taxonomic reviews, and hence
4. Terrestrial molluscs – Species
selection and results
Two Heath Snails Helicella itala from the south of France mating. is species is mainly found in southern Europe, but may expand its range in suitable habitats, such as coastal sand-
dunes, further north due to climate change. Photo © Gerhard Falkner.
24
the distributional data were considered to be very
variable in quality, although there are distinct areas of
endemism, with some species of conservation interest in
the montane regions (e.g. Carpathians, Alps) as well as on
the Mediterranean islands (e.g. Corisca). erefore, it was
not considered appropriate to review these taxa until the
nomenclature and species definition limits become more
stable. Other families that were not selected, including
the family Clausiliidae, had many species in some regions
with limited geographical data and were also undergoing
taxonomic review resulting in new species descriptions,
so were not included in this assessment process, although,
certain species are classified as threatened on national
Red Lists or are included on the EU Habitat Directives
Annexes, so this family should be one of the next priorities
for assessment in Europe.
A few “Prosobranch” families were selected to provide
different phyletic range in the selected families; the Family
Aciculidae included range-restricted and widespread
taxa, found in a variety of habitats, with taxa that were
nationally Red Listed and the family Cochlostomidae
included ‘hotspot’ species from the Balkans and the
Iberian Peninsula, with taxa that have males and females,
rather than hermaphrodites like most of the other
terrestrial molluscs.
Within the families selected, all the species were included,
amounting to 1,233 species (see Table 6 for the selected
families and the number of species per family).
Only one species among these families (Oestophora
dorotheae) was considered to be likely introduced in
Europe and was therefore assessed as Not Applicable.
4.3 Threat status of selected terrestrial
molluscs
e status of selected terrestrial molluscs was assessed at
two regional levels: geographical Europe and the EU 27.
Among the species assessed at the European level, at least
20% (246 species) are considered threatened, from which
at least 4.3% are Critically Endangered, 4.1% Endangered
and 11.5% Vulnerable (Table 7 and Figures 13 and
14). Eleven of the 53 Critically Endangered species are
considered Possibly Extinct and three species are listed
as already Extinct. A further 14.8% of the species (182
species) are classified as Near reatened.
Within the EU 27, the pattern is very similar: at least
20.7% of the selected terrestrial molluscs (235 species)
are threatened with extinction, of which at least 4.6%
are Critically Endangered, 4.3% Endangered and 11.8%
Class Order Family
Europe EU 27
Number of
species
Number of
endemic
species
% of
endemic
species
Number of
species
Number of
endemic
species
% of
endemic
species
Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Aciculidae 52 51 98% 46 33 72%
Diplommatinidae 60 60 100% 47 38 81%
Stylommatophora Argnidae 30 30 100% 22 15 68%
Bradybaenidae 1 1 100% 1 0 0%
Chondrinidae 55 49 89% 55 35 64%
Cochlicellidae 27 24 89% 27 24 89%
Enidae 155 149 96% 144 111 77%
Helicidae 224 215 96% 194 144 74%
Helicodontidae 16 16 100% 15 7 47%
Hygromiidae 397 382 96% 379 303 80%
Lauriidae 37 37 100% 37 37 100%
Orculidae 43 40 93% 42 27 64%
Pupillidae 5 3 60% 5 0 0%
Trissexodontidae 24 20 83% 24 20 83%
Valloniidae 13 6 46% 13 4 31%
Vertiginidae 38 25 66% 33 8 24%
Vitrinidae 56 53 95% 55 40 73%
Total 1233 1161 94% 1140 846 74%
* is table includes species that are native or naturalized since before AD 1500; species introduced after 1500 are not included. Species of marginal occurrence
in Europe and/or the EU are included. For the EU 27 assessment, the Not Evaluated species (species which do not occur in the EU) are excluded.
Table 6. Diversity and endemism in the selected terrestrial mollusc families in Europe*.
25
Vulnerable. In addition, 8.4% of species are considered
as Near reatened.
Even though the percentage of Data Deficient species is
lower than for the freshwater molluscs, it is still significant,
with 10.1% of the species (125 species) for which the
level of information is insufficient to determine the risk of
extinction at the European level. Here again, once more
data is available, some of these species might well prove to
be threatened. e main reasons for the Data Deficiency
were taxonomic issues, lack of recent observations and
the hidden life history of the species.
One species (Oestophora dorotheae) was considered as
Not Applicable, as it was likely introduced to the Iberian
peninsula at Gibraltar from Morrocco.
In comparison, 44% of freshwater molluscs, 37% of
freshwater fishes, 23% of amphibians, 19% of reptiles,
15% of mammals and dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9%
of butterflies and 7% of the aquatic plants, the groups
that have been comprehensively assessed in Europe, are
threatened with extinction (Freyhof and Brooks 2011,
Temple and Cox 2009, Cox and Temple 2009, Temple and
Terry 2007, Kalkman et al. 2010, BirdLife International
2004a, van Swaay et al. 2010, Bilz et al. 2011). Additional
European Red Lists assessing a selection from species
groups indicate that 12% of the crop wild relatives and
11% of the saproxylic beetles are also threatened (Nieto
and Alexander 2010, Bilz et al. 2011).
If we consider only the species for which sufficient data
are available to assess the threat status (i.e. excluding Data
* is table does not include the Not Applicable species in Europe and/or the EU (species introduced after AD 1500 or species of
marginal occurrence). For the EU 27 assessment the Not Evaluated species (species which do not occur in the EU) are also excluded.
Table 7. Summary of numbers of selected European terrestrial molluscs within each category of threat
IUCN Red List categories No. species Europe
(no. endemic species)
No. species EU 27
(no. endemic species)
Extinct (EX) 3(3) 2(2)
reatened
categories
Critically Endangered (CR) 53(52) 52(51)
Endangered (EN) 51(49) 49(45)
Vulnerable (VU) 142(135) 134(122)
Near reatened (NT) 182(176) 156(138)
Least Concern (LC) 677(622) 625(389)
Data Deficient (DD) 125(124) 120(99)
Total number of species assessed 1233(1161) 1138(846)
Figure 13. Red List status of selected terrestrial molluscs in
Europe
Figure 14. Red List status of selected terrestrial molluscs in
the EU 27
26
Deficient and Extinct species), 22.3% of the European
terrestrial molluscs assessed in this project and 23.1% of
EU 27 species are threatened with extinction.
Over 90% of the terrestrial molluscs assessed are endemic
to Europe.
Two species are considered Least Concern at the European
level, but Vulnerable at the EU 27 (Chondrula werneri
and Xerocampylaea zelebori), as they are known from few
sites in the EU 27 which face localized threats.
4.4 Status by taxonomic groups
is project focused on seventeen families, for which
all the species native to Europe have been assessed (see
section 1.2). As shown in Table 8, there are considerable
differences in the number of species and in the threat
status, with the Lauriidae and Trissexodontidae being the
most threatened, while the Pupillidae, the Bradybaenidae
(consisting of only one species), the Orculidae and the
Valloniidae are the least threatened. e bulk of the
species are included in three families: the Hygromiidae,
Helicidae and Enidae.
Family Total* EX CR EN VU NT LC DD % reatened
ACICULIDAE 52 0 1 0 12 14 21 4 25.0%
ARGNIDAE 30 0 0 0 4 8 17 1 13.3%
BRADYBAENIDAE 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.0%
CHONDRINIDAE 55 0 0 0 12 9 31 3 21.8%
COCHLICELLIDAE 27 0 4 1 2 5 12 3 25.9%
DIPLOMMATINIDAE 60 0 0 0 7 7 44 2 11.7%
ENIDAE 155 0 4 3 12 21 93 22 12.3%
HELICIDAE 224 0 14 13 22 35 109 31 21.9%
HELICODONTIDAE 16 0 0 1 1 2 11 1 12.5%
HYGROMIIDAE 397 2 19 26 46 49 218 37 22.9%
LAURIIDAE 37 1 5 2 8 3 13 5 40.5%
ORCULIDAE 43 0 2 0 1 3 33 4 7.0%
PUPILLIDAE 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0.0%
TRISSEXODONTIDAE 24 0 0 1 6 8 9 0 29.2%
VALLONIIDAE 13 0 0 1 0 3 8 1 7.7%
VERTIGINIDAE 38 0 0 2 4 5 21 6 15.8%
VITRINIDAE 56 0 4 1 5 10 32 4 17.9%
Total 1233 3 53 51 142 182 677 125 20.0%
* Does not include species classed as Not Applicable (NA).
Table 8. Red List Status (at the European level) of the selected terrestrial molluscs by taxonomic family*.
Many terrestrial molluscs survive the heat period by aestivation, either in shaded
vegetation or by climbing on plants or man-made structures such as fences. ey seal the
opening of their shell with a membrane of dried mucus, to prevent water loss. Photo ©
Nat Martel.
27
4.5 Spatial distribution of species
4.5.1 Species richness of terrestrial molluscs
Information on the species richness of terrestrial molluscs
and the families selected for assessment have already been
given in Section 4.2 and Table 6 respectively. Figure 15
presents the species richness of the assessed groups. It
should be noted that this map is not representative of the
distribution of all terrestrial molluscs in Europe, but only
of the selected families.
In Europe, the highest levels of species diversity are found
in the Mediterranean, but large numbers of species are also
found in the following biogeographical regions: Alpine,
Continental, Macaronesian, and Pannonian. However in
the Macronesian Islands due to the highly restricted ranges,
sometimes only a few square metres, of many species, the
species diversity in this region is not clear on Figure 15.
Species richness is relatively poor in the remaining areas
north of the Alps. e reasons for this diversification are
multifold, but the most important are (1) presence of varied
small scale habitat structures, which are suitable for molluscs,
(2) presence of geological substratum preferred by molluscs
(mainly limestone), and (3) the effects of the glaciations
and the slow resettlement of the northern territories by
molluscs. e Mediterranean climate is not unsuitable for
terrestrial molluscs, as there are typically large amounts of
precipitation during the winter season, and a dry summer
period, which many species survive by aestivation.
e European Atlantic islands and Mediterranean islands
hold a significant proportion of narrow-range endemic
species, some of which are listed as threatened species
either at the national or global levels. Given the high
number of endemic species identified in these parts of
Europe, the current IUCN Red List of reatened Species
certainly under-represents the threat status to the European
terrestrial mollusc fauna. To exemplify the contribution
of these islands to the degree of endemism in a country,
three such systems have been treated separately: Spain with
the Balearic and Canary Islands, Portugal with Madeira
and the Azores, and Greece with the Aegean, Cycladic
and Dodecanese Islands, and Crete (see Figure 16). In all
these systems, the contribution of the island faunas to the
total degree of endemism is noteworthy. On the Atlantic
islands, there is an enormous number of endemic taxa
present, exceeding the continental amount by almost 100
%. In contrast, the Greek islands hold less endemic taxa if
compared to the mainland, which may be explained by the
extraordinarily varied geography of the continental part of
Greece.
Figure 15. Species richness of selected families of European terrestrial molluscs
28
Figure 16. Number of species per island in comparison to continental country
Figure 17. Number of species and subspecies per country
29
Looking at the total species richness of species of terrestrial
mollusc per country, Greece with more than 1,000
species is the country with the highest species richness in
Europe followed by Italy, Spain, and France (see Figure
17). Yugoslavia here includes Serbia, Kosovo and the
Voivodina, Montenegro is listed as a separate country,
and FYROM means the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia.
However, for the families considered in this project, the
top five EU countries in terms of terrestrial molluscs
species richness are (in descending order): Spain, Greece,
Italy, France and Portugal (Table 9). Austria and Slovenia
can be highlighted as holding an important number of
species within a small area.
4.5.2 Distribution of threatened species
Figure 18 shows the areas where most of the threatened
terrestrial molluscs assessed in this project are found.
e majority of threatened terrestrial molluscs in Europe
occur on the Macronesian Islands, i.e. the Canary
Islands, the Azores and Madeira. If compared with the
continents, these islands are showing a trend up to tenfold
the numbers of threatened species.
ere are several reasons for this remarkable result:
due to an extremely structured environment with
■
large mountains, deep ravines (“barrancos”) and a rich
vegetation, these islands are also very rich in species,
distribution ranges are usually very small in the islands,
■
and many species are only known from a single site or
very few places,
there is a massive pressure due to the increasing
■
urbanisation in these islands, in relation to the growing
human population and the ongoing expansion of the
tourist infrastructure,
even small-scaled disturbances, such as a single road,
■
can destroy the habitat of these narrow-range endemic
species, and there is little chance of recovery from
neighbouring areas.
For the continent, the situation is different. Here,
threatened species are mainly in the lower categories like
Vulnerable or Near reatened. One of the reasons is the
fact that in many cases, there is not enough information
on the actual distribution of a species and there is a high
uncertainty as to whether or not there are unknown
populations hidden in areas that have not been surveyed
yet. It has to be taken into account that the ratio of
malacologists (experts studying molluscs) vs. the area
to investigate is drastically dropping when investigating
larger land masses. Relatively small islands are much easier
to survey than continents, where investigations in litter-
dwelling invertebrates usually have only the character of
random examinations. For this reason, there is probably a
general underestimate concerning the conservation status
of terrestrial mollusc species living on the continent.
Another aspect has to be considered: due to its restriction
to selected families and the rigid application of the species
approach, there is a certain bias in this investigation as
it ignores a considerable part of the continent’s molluscs
diversity. Families with high number of species in
the Central and Eastern Mediterranean basin like the
Clausiliidae, Oxychilidae, Pristilomatidae etc. are known
to also include threatened narrow-range species and
Country Total number of species
Austria 123
Belgium 50
Bulgaria 99
Cyprus 39
Czech Republic 69
Denmark 38
Estonia 30
Finland 33
France 219
Germany 103
Greece 274
Hungary 68
Ireland 36
Italy 265
Latvia 35
Lithuania 35
Luxembourg 46
Malta 21
Netherlands 46
Poland 76
Portugal 187
Romania 115
Slovakia 74
Slovenia 103
Spain 416
Sweden 51
United Kingdom 53
Table 9. Number of terrestrial mollusc species in the
selected families in the 27 current EU Member States
(excluding introduced species).
30
Figure 19. Distribution of endemic terrestrial mollusc species of the selected families in Europe
Figure 18. Distribution of threatened terrestrial mollusc species of the selected families in Europe
31
subspecies. In particular, the phenomenon of geographical
subspecies, which contribute an enormous proportion
to the overall genetic diversity are not considered
and therefore lost. us it is well possible that a more
comprehensive treatment of the European terrestrial snail
fauna will result in a more balanced result.
4.5.3 Distribution of endemic species
Figure 19 shows the distribution of endemic terrestrial
mollusc species (e.g. those that are unique to Europe and
are found nowhere else in the world).
Similar to the increase of species and subspecies numbers
from north to south (see figure 15), there is clinal increase
of narrow-range endemism towards the Mediterranean
countries (Wells and Chatfield 1992). Several hot spots can
be identified here: (1) the Macaronesian Islands comprising
the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira; (2) Italy
with a particular focus on Sicily; (3) the Balkan radiation
culminating in mainland Greece with a considerable
contribution from Crete; and (4) the Alpine arc ranging
from the Pyrenees to the Carpathian Mountains.
Macaronesian Islands
A comprehensive and annotated compilation of all taxa
described from these islands has been published by Bank
et al. (2002). Currently, there are 230 taxa known to be
endemic to the Canary Islands (i.e. 82 % endemism),
169 for Madeira (i.e 68 % endemism), and 49 to the
Azores (i.e. 42 % endemism).
e main radiating group on the Canary Islands are the
Enidae (the genus Napaeus with 57 species), Vitrinidae
(21 species), Hygromiidae (Monilearia with 17 species,
Canariella with 23 species), and Helicidae (Hemicycla
with 39 species, eba with 5 species). It has to be noted
that in other families like the Discidae and Ferrusaciidae, a
comparatively high number of species can be found. is
fauna shows some relationship to that of northwestern
Africa and, less prominently, to the Iberian Peninsula.
e molluscan fauna of Madeira with its satellite islands
Porto Santo and Las Desertas has been revised by Seddon
(2008). Here, the dominant families are the Lauriidae
with an enormous radiation of Leiostyla (34 species), and
the Hygromiidae with 65 endemic species from several
also endemic genera.
Finally, the Azores show a radiation in Oxychilidae,
particularly in the Oxychilus subgenera Ortizius and
Drouetia.
Italy
e Sicilian area is particularly rich in endemic species.
Here, 52 % of the taxa are endemic, which is much higher
compared to the Italian mainland with 37 % endemism.
In Sicily, this considerably high rate is due to a small
Figure 20. Number of molluscs species and subspecies endemic to various Balkan countries, with the % of the endemic
taxa in comparison with the total molluscs fauna of the country.
32
radiation of the clausiliid genus Charpenteria (Siciliaria),
and the polytypic species of Rupestrella (Chondrinidae)
and Murella (Helicidae). is is in contrast to mainland
Italy, where the highest degree in endemism on species
level can be found in the freshwater snails Hydrobiidae.
Balkans
One of the richest areas in Europe in terms of endemism
of continental molluscs is the Balkan region. In Figure
20, the current number of species and subspecies is
shown for various Balkans countries, which cover this ill
defined area more or less completely. Again, there is an
enormous disproportion in the number of endemic taxa
found in Greece. Interestingly, this trend continues to the
eastern Mediterranean area, the degree of endemism for
Turkey has quite recently been calculated as being 65 %,
based on a data stock of 730 species level taxa (Gümüş
and Neubert 2009). Obviously, this area is particularly
rich in molluscs, while for example both, continental
Spain and Italy reach a value of 37 % endemism. e
Balkan fauna is a radiation centre for several families of
terrestrial molluscs ( such as the Clausiliidae, Oxychilidae,
Pristilomatidae and others).
Yugoslavia here includes Serbia, Kosovo and the
Voivodina, Montenegro is listed as a separate country,
and FYROM means the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia.
Alpine Arc
e alpine arc is well known as a reservoir of endemic
plants and animals (Nagy et al. 2003). In terms of
continental molluscs, the most obvious radiation here
is that of the large rock-dwelling species from the
Ariantinae (family Helicidae) of the genera Arianta
and Chilostoma or the small prosobranch snails of the
subfamily Cochlostomatinae (Diplommatinidae). Still,
many problems of the subspecific classification in these
groups remain to be resolved, but their study may also
reveal intriguing insights into speciation processes during
and after the last glaciation periods (Gittenberger et
al. 2004). e large mountain systems also functioned
as a refuge area, and harbored glacial relict species, for
example Cylindrus obtusus (Draparnaud 1801).
4.6 Major threats to terrestrial molluscs in
Europe
e major threats to each species were coded using the
IUCN reats Classification Scheme. A summary of the
relative importance of the different threatening processes
is shown in Figure 21.
According to their habitat, terrestrial molluscs show a
differing threat profile when compared to the freshwater
molluscs.
Urbanisation
Here, the major threat is the continuing destruction of
suitable habitats by increasing overflow of settlements into
the countryside. is is a particular problem in islands
with only limited space available. Endemic species with
usually quite small distribution areas have to compete
against strong recreational and land-use pressures from
Figure 21. Major threats to terrestrial molluscs in Europe
33
the tourism industry. For example, specialized and
vulnerable habitats like sand dunes are the target of
recreational activities. Another side effect of increasing
urbanisation is the expansion of agriculture, and over-
use of freshwater resources. e influence of urbanisation
is probably less important in continental areas, where
species usually inhabit larger habitats and thus can retreat
to less impacted subregions. However, this needs to be
examined on a species by species basis, as in some cases,
habitat specialists might be affected.
Agriculture
Agriculture as well as wood cutting and harvesting are
activities that have deeply influenced and changed
European environments for millenia. It is almost
impossible to evaluate the man-made changes in
the composition of the European molluscan fauna.
Agriculture radically changes basic environmental factors,
and modern farming techniques are treating huge fields
with manure and biocides surely raising its impact level
in the last decades. Next to the decrease in habitat quality,
agriculture also leads to isolation of the remaining non-
arable land patches and thus contributes to reductions in
species richness and abundance of large areas.
Recreational activities
Coastal habitats are transformed or over-used due to
recreational activities, but currently the influence of this
type of human activity on terrestrial molluscs is not well
studied, particularly in the Mediterranean coastal region.
e alpine areas of all larger mountain systems in Europe
are also transformed for recreation. Persisting snow cover
almost automatically leads to the development of large
skiing resorts with their associated negative impacts to the
environment. Very often, alpine summits are refuge areas
or habitats of endemic species and thus threatened by the
effects of ski slope preparations like soil compaction as
well as soil erosion, trampling, removal or movement of
sheltering boulders, and destruction of vegetation.
Fire
Wildfires have significant effects on Mediterranean
landscapes. Sometimes, fires may be started
unintentionally by people camping and/or barbecuing
outside, but burning is also traditionally used to clear
fields, field margins and scrub. In many cases, wildfires
are also used to clear ground for construction, which is
supported or tolerated by legislation in some countries.
From the point of view of terrestrial molluscs, fires have
mostly negative impacts. is is notably true for those
species that survive the dry season by aestivating on the
upper parts of vegetation or hiding in the leaf litter.
However, although the current populations are killed
completely by fire, it has been demonstrated that burned
areas usually recover quite well. is holds true when the
fire is of mosaic occurrence, and when there are enough
less or non-affected refuge spots left in the burned area
(Kiss and Magnin 2003). Species richness and community
diversity are preserved on the long run provided that the
time lapse between two successive fires is longer than the
time required for recovery, which has been calculated as 5
years (Kiss and Magnin 2006). In contrast, studies of the
impact of fire on grassland species in North America saw
a significant reduction of species richness and abundance
in fire-managed sites (Nekola 2002).
e effect of wildfires may be less important in general, but
may have disastrous effect for species with small ranges:
the number of remaining populations or specimens
may be too small to guarantee recovery. Animal size and
population density may also play a role: for example in
the case of the large and rare Tachaeocamplyaea species
from Corsica, large rock crevices are needed to support
enough surviving specimens for a successfully reproducing
population.
Road construction
Road construction is another cause for loss of habitat,
especially in regions with steep-sided valleys, for example
in Greece. In order to create the road along the valley
sides, blasting of the rock crags takes place, changing the
character of these rocky faces, such that they become
unsuitable for decades as habitats for endemic species.
Mining and quarrying
Limestone is frequently used to provide stones for road
construction, as well as for cement production. In Europe
eba subdentata occurs in Morocco and in Spain, where it is only found in two
locations near Almeria. As the city expands and the pressure from tourism activities
increase, the extent and the quality of the habitat of this beautiful species is declining. It
is therefore listed as Vulnerable. Photo © Antonio Ruiz/CMA-Junta de Andalusia.
34
there are numerous small quarries in operation affecting
key habitats for terrestrial molluscs, such as rocky
outcrops and their deep crevices. Not only is the loss of
habitat due to quarry activities impacting the molluscs,
but also the dust from the excavation and the roads
leading to the mines can adversely affect the animals. For
example, close to the Grotte de Sare in France, extensive
quarrying now surrounds the prehistoric site, which was
once habitat to various rare species including Neniatlantia
pauli and Trissexodon constrictus in 1980’s, however the
area of suitable habitat is much reduced and the quality
of woodland further declined though limestone dust
scattered through the forest (M. Seddon pers. comm
2010).
Ecosystem modication
Grazing is considered another major threat to terrestrial
molluscs. e effect of livestock grazing on terrestrial
mollusc communities can be multifold; the most
important are long-lasting shifts in vegetation structure,
loss of shading through the destruction of shrubs, killing
of molluscs by trampling and moving of sheltering
stones, and soil compaction and erosion. Ausden et
al. (2005) showed that cattle grazing in a fen resulted
in a substantial decrease of populations of Vertigo
moulinsiana, which is a widespread but rare species
assessed as Vulnerable (VU). For the Swiss Jura, Boschi
and Baur (2006) studied the effect of different livestock
species like horses, cattle, and sheep and concluded that
the grazing species had no effect on the composition of
the terrestrial mollusc communities. However, species
richness and abundance decreased significantly with
increasing grazing intensity. A similar investigation in
the Bucegi Mts. (Romania) showed that intensified
sheep grazing in alpine slopes lowered gastropod species
richness (Baur et al. 2007). Unfortunately, this type of
study is missing for Mediterranean areas, which are under
enormous pasturing pressure by sheep and goats. eir
negative influence on the terrestrial mollusc communities
can only be estimated, but it is very likely that the impact
is enormous. Restoration of semi-arid grassland can be
achieved by protection against grazing, but the complete
loss of large grazing vertebrates would have a negative
effect as well, because then, woodland structures would
take over. As demonstrated by Karatssiou and Koukoura
(2009), short-term protection of selected areas could
provide enough time for a reasonable restoration of
vegetation, which might also protect species richness and
abundance in terrestrial mollusc communities.
Quite interestingly, lack of grazing can also be a threat,
For example Vertigo angustior is sensitive to changes in
habitat, and the ideal habitat needs to be grazed by horses
(not cattle or sheep) in order to maintain the correct
Fires impact this forest species (Cyrnotheba corsica) as it reduces the leaf litter available and affects the humidity conditions. However, this snail is relatively widespread in Corsica
(France) and is Least Concern at the moment. Photo © Gerhard Falkner.
35
vegetation profile for the site. Without any grazing, the
site becomes overgrown, and hence unsuitable for the
presence of Vertigo angustior. Similar pressures exist for
Vertigo genesii and Vertigo geyeri where some grazing keeps
the vegetation in check, and hence conditions remain
suitable for the species.
In the UK, on the South Downs, there was a decline
in some of the Mediterranean grassland species that
reach their northern limit, when the rabbit populations
were wiped out by the disease Myxomatosis, leading to
grasslands becoming overgrown by weeds, and causing
species such as Monacha cartusiana to decline.
Consumption
In the European cuisine, and especially in the
Mediterranean one, many species of terrestrial snails
are used as food. Cornu aspersum and Helix pomatia
are terrestrial molluscs used throughout Europe. It is
almost impossible to get reliable consumption numbers.
Estimates for France, the main consumer, range between
20-40,000 tons of snail meat being sold per year.
Meanwhile, snail farms developed to be a remunerative
business, and captures from the wild are probably
decreasing. Cornu aspersum is widespread in southern
Europe, and is almost a pest species in some regions.
Helix pomatia is also not really a concern; its populations
are usually relatively rich in specimens. Other species
that are used as food are Eobania vermiculata, Cernuella
virgata, eba pisana, Otala lactea and Otala punctata,
and species from the continental Spanish Iberus group.
Particularly in Spain, many species are wild-collected
for the traditional paella. Unfortunately, collectors
usually do not distinguish between the species, and
larger specimens (and species) are more attractive
than smaller ones. is is obviously no problem for
extremely abundant species like Otala punctata or
Eobania vermiculata, where consumption has no long-
lasting effect on the population density. However, in
groups like the Iberus-complex, collections from the
wild may pose a major problem. is group consists of
a number of closely related, polytypic species, which for
the laymen’s eye may look quite similar to each other
or even to Eobania vermiculata. More specialised users
systematically collect spectacular taxa like the enigmatic
strongly keeled Iberus gualterianus gualterianus, which is
sold for high prices per specimen. Five of the eight species
comprising this group have been assigned a threatened or
Near reatened status, i.e. Iberus alonensis (NT), Iberus
campesinus (VU), Iberus carthaginiensis (NT), Iberus
gualtieranus (EN), and Iberus ortizi (VU). Uncontrolled
sampling of these species may drive populations towards
extinction, and measures have to be taken to protect this
endemic snail group for the future.
Terrestrial snails are considered as a delicacy in several Mediterranean countries. Photo © Craig Hatfield.
36
4.7 Population trends
As for the freshwater molluscs, a special effort was made
to document the population trends of the terrestrial
molluscs assessed. However, more than half the species
are too poorly known to be able to define any population
trend. A reasonable number of species have a stable
population trend (about 40%), while 6% are declining
and only 0.6% of the species display an increasing
population trend (see Figure 22).
In comparison, 11% of the freshwater molluscs, 16%
of aquatic plants (Bilz et al. 2011), 17% of freshwater
fishes (Freyhof and Brooks 2011), 26% of dragonflies
(Kalkman et al. 2010), 27% of mammal species, 42%
of reptile species (Cox and Temple 2009) and 59%
of amphibian species (Temple and Cox 2009) have
declining populations. Just under a quarter (23%) of all
European bird species are decreasing in number, based
on population trends between 1990 and 2000 (BirdLife
International 2004a). Freshwater species have the highest
proportions of unknown population trends, with 83% of
freshwater molluscs and 76% of freshwater fishes falling
into this category (Freyhof and Brooks 2011).
Figure 22. Population trends of selected European
terrestrial molluscs
Soosia diodonta is a forest species living in the Carpathians Mountains. It lives on the ground among leaf-litter, or on decaying dead wood. Due to its specific habitat requirement, and
the diminution of forest cover across Europe, its population is fragmented and its population trend is unknown. It is assessed as Near reatened. Photo © Zoltan Feher.
37
5.1 Protection of habitats and species in
Europe
European countries and EU Member States are
signatories to a number of important conventions aimed
at conserving biodiversity that are particularly relevant
to molluscs, including the 1979 Bern Convention on
the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural
Habitats, and most importantly, the 1992 Convention on
Biological Diversity. Many European countries and other
administrative units (states, provinces, etc.) also afford
molluscs some form of protective species legislation.
e Bern Convention is a binding international legal
instrument that aims to conserve wild flora and fauna
and their natural habitats and to promote European co-
operation towards that objective. It covers all European
countries and some African states. irty-nine species
of molluscs are listed in the various Annexes of the
Bern Convention. Not all of them have been assessed,
especially as some are marine species, but at least 16
are considered as threatened, one (Leiostyla lamellosa) is
Extinct, and three (Leiostyla abbreviata, Leiostyla cassida
and Leiostyla gibba) are Critically Endangered, Possibly
Extinct (see Annex 3). European countries and the EU
have made the commitment to reduce (or halt) the loss
of biodiversity within Europe. is means that not only
should extinctions be prevented, but population declines
should also be reversed. e result of this Red List
shows that a large number of non-marine molluscs are
threatened and few have a stable or increasing population
trend. Furthermore, the majority of the 623 species of
threatened non-marine molluscs are not currently covered
by international legislation for their protection. e CBD
targets for 2010 were not met, but this baseline data will
aid efforts to meet the new targets for 2020.
5.2 Protection of habitats and species in the
EU
EU nature conservation policy is based on two main
pieces of legislation - the EU Birds Directive4 of 1979
and the EU Habitats Directive5 of 1992. e main
objective of these two directives is to ensure the favourable
5. Conservation measures
conservation status (see Box 1) of habitats and species
found in the EU.
e Habitats Directive, which aims to protect natural
habitats and wild species other than birds, equally applies
to the EU’s freshwater, terrestrial and marine regions. It
contains a series of Annexes that identify habitats and
species of European Union concern. Each Member State
is required to identify sites of European importance and
to put in place measures for their protection and for their
management, combining long-term conservation needs
with economic and social activities as part of a sustainable
development strategy. ese sites, together with those of
the Birds Directive, make up the Natura 2000 network
- the cornerstone of EU nature conservation policy. e
Natura 2000 network has grown over the last 25 years
and now includes more than 26,000 protected areas
in all Member States combined, with a total area of
around 850,000 km2 – more than 17.5% of the total EU
territory.
In addition, species listed in Annex IV of the EU Habitats
Directive are subject to a strict species protection
requirements. Annex 3 of this report shows the species
included in the protected species Annexes of the Habitat
Directive and Appendix II and III of the Bern Convention
and their European Red List status.
4 Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds.
5 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild flora and fauna.
is small snail (Lozekia transsilvanica) lives mainly in the forests of Hungary and
Romania, and is threatened by deforestation. However, several populations occur
in protected areas and in Natura 2000 sites and therefore no further conservation is
currently needed. It is Least Concern. Photo © Tamas Deli.
38
In particular there are 39 molluscs species listed on the
Annex II and IV of the Habitats Directive, of which 21 are
listed as threatened, one is Near reatened, one Extinct,
one Data Deficient and 8 considered Least Concern. e
7 remaining species have not yet been assessed according
to the IUCN Red List methodology. is means that the
majority of the species listed in the Habitats Directive
Annexes are in need of urgent conservation action. Even
the species listed as Least Concern or Near reatened
may still merit conservation actions, as many of them
originally listed as widespread now show a tendency to
decline, even in habitats of conservation interest. e 7
species that were not assessed by the current Red List show
signs of decline in parts of their range, or have suffered
historical declines and are still in need of conservation
effort. erefore major conservation actions need to be
directed towards molluscs in order to save them from
extinction. is is clearly highlighted by the fact that, as
mentioned above, 623 European freshwater and terrestrial
molluscs are threatened either at the European or EU 27
level, only a fraction of them being already protected.
5.3 Conservation management of molluscs in
the EU
Since 1992, the EU LIFE and LIFE+ programme have
been offering financial support for species and habitat
conservation projects throughout the EU. In particular,
the current LIFE+ programme primarily supports the
implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives and
the establishment of the Natura 2000 network. Projects
involve a variety of actions including habitat restoration,
site purchases, communication and awareness-raising,
protected area infrastructure and conservation planning.
Over the last 20 years, LIFE has co-financed over 3,115
projects with a total budget of over €2 billion. However,
according to the LIFE project database, only 42 LIFE
Nature projects have implemented concrete conservation
actions that were directly targeting molluscs in the EU.
Table 10 shows the taxonomic breakdown of these
projects. Examples of actions taken within these projects
include habitat restoration, habitat conservation and
action for sustaining molluscs populations. However,
projects aimed at restoring natural habitat and targeting
other invertebrate species might be beneficial to molluscs
as well.
At the national level, the majority of the conservation
actions in western Europe have been directed at six of the
species listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive,
namely the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera
Box 1. Selected provisions of the EU
Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)
Article 1(i) denes the conservation status of a
species as “the sum of the inuences acting on
the species concerned that may affect the long-
term distribution and abundance of its populations
in the European territory of the Member States”. It
states that a species’ conservation status will be
taken as Favourable when:
Population dynamics data on the species ■
concerned suggests that it is maintaining itself
on a long-term basis as a viable component of
its natural habitats; and
The natural range of the species is neither ■
being reduced nor is likely to be reduced for
the considerable future; and
There is, and probably will continue to be, ■
a sufciently large habitat to maintain its
populations on a long-term basis.
Binomial Number of LIFE projects
Caseolus calculus 1
Caseolus commixta 2
Caseolus sphaerula 1
Discula turricula 1
Idiomela subplicata 2
Margaritifera auricularia 2
Margaritifera margaritifera 20
Unio crassus 10
Vertigo angustior 6
Vertigo genesii 1
Vertigo geyeri 2
Vertigo moulinsiana 7
Table 10. e number of LIFE projects targeted towards
mollusc species. is review is based on a search for
mollusc species on the LIFE database http://ec.europa.
eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm. Some
projects target more than one species
39
margaritifera, Unio crassus, Vertigo moulinsiana,
Vertigo angustior, Vertigo geyeri, Vertigo genesii, with
many countries establishing monitoring schemes and
designating potential Special Areas of Conservation
(pSAC) as required by EU legislation (Cameron et al.
2003). More recently efforts have been extended to
Anisus vorticulus, however the designation of SAC’s is still
lagging behind for this species. However, as Moorkens
(pers. comm. 2011) notes, many countries have not
reported a favourable conservation status for 4 of the 6
species, and as such these still remain listed as threatened
species on the European Red List.
ese projects are either directed towards an improvement
of the habitat quality (removing dams and barriers,
restoring gravel banks free of silt or clay, removing
local sources of pollution, restoring natural riverbanks,
preventing cattle entering the river, etc.) or directly
towards the species (increase knowledge of the biology
and life ecology, captive breeding and reintroduction
of young mussels). Several are also concerned with the
conservation of the host fish species, as it has proven to be
the main limiting factor for the successful reproduction
of some species. Finally awareness-raising campaigns are
also conducted locally.
5.4 Extinction risk versus conservation
status
e IUCN Red List Criteria classify species solely on
the basis of their relative extinction risk (IUCN 2001).
However, Unfavourable Conservation Status according
to the EU Habitats Directive has a much broader
definition. is is identified clearly in Article 1 of the
Directive (see Box 1). No species meeting the IUCN
Red List Criteria for one of the threatened categories at
a regional level can be considered to have a Favourable
Conservation Status in the EU. To be classified as
Vulnerable (the lowest of the three IUCN threatened
categories) a species must undergo a reduction in
population size of at least 30% over ten years or three
generations (or have a very small or small and declining
population or geographic range; see the 2001 IUCN
Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1 http://
www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-
and-criteria). It is difficult to claim that a species
experiencing a decline of this magnitude is maintaining
its population, that its range is stable, and that it remains
a viable component of its habitat. Crucially, however,
this does not mean that the opposite is true: species that
are not threatened as defined by IUCN Red List Criteria
do not necessarily have a Favourable Conservation
Status (BirdLife International 2004a). Guidelines issued
by the European Commission on the protection of
animal species under the Habitats Directive reinforce
this message that ‘the fact that a habitat or species is
not threatened (i.e. not faced by any direct extinction
risk) does not necessarily mean that it has a favourable
conservation status’ (Anon. 2007).
e European Red List has highlighted the fact that
about 11% of freshwater molluscs and 6% of the
selected terrestrial molluscs have declining populations,
while 83% of freshwater species and 53% of terrestrial
molluscs have an unknown population trend (see Figures
12 and 22). It should however be noted that both the
distribution and population size of numerous species
have declined severely during the 20th century (but not
in the timeframe of 10 years taken into consideration by
IUCN methodology) or at a rate that does not exceed
30%, and thus does not satisfy IUCN Red List Criteria.
erefore, although many of these species would be
categorized as Near reatened or Least Concern, they
could not be regarded as having Favourable Conservation
Status.
5.5 Red List versus priority for conservation
action
Assessment of extinction risk and setting conservation
priorities are two related but different processes.
Assessment of extinction risk, such as the assignment
of IUCN Red List Categories, generally precedes
the setting of conservation priorities. e purpose of
the Red List categorization is to produce a relative
estimate of the likelihood of extinction of a taxon.
Setting conservation priorities, on the other hand,
normally includes the assessment of extinction risk,
but also takes into account other factors such as
ecological, phylogenetic, historical, economical, or
cultural preferences for some taxa over others, as well
as the probability of success of conservation actions,
availability of funds or personnel, cost-effectiveness,
and legal frameworks for conservation of threatened
taxa. In the context of regional risk assessments, a
number of additional pieces of information are valuable
for setting conservation priorities. For example, it is
important to consider not only conditions within the
region but also the status of the taxon from a global
perspective and the proportion of the global population
that occurs within the region. A decision on how these
three variables, as well as other factors, are used for
establishing conservation priorities is a matter for the
regional authorities to determine.
40
5.6 Recommendations for conservation
actions
At present, despite the omission of several families of
terrestrial molluscs, present especially in some of the
islands and in eastern Europe, and the underestimates
due to the numbers of species yet to be described, the data
compiled in this report cover about 2/3 of the molluscan
fauna of Europe, and thus can claim to be reasonably
representative of the status of European molluscs
biodiversity and the threats to these species, and as such
the conclusions and suggested actions would apply, even
if new data is included.
Facing the possible loss of almost half of the freshwater
molluscs and 20% of the terrestrial molluscs in Europe,
urgent conservation action should be directed towards
this under-protected group.
Legislation
Existing national and EU legislation should be fully
implemented (including the EU Water Framework
Directive, the EU Habitats Directive and the EU
Common Agricultural Policy), and revised when
appropriate to included the threatened species identified
in this project, especially where cross-boundary
management strategies would be beneficial for species-
specific conservation actions. is should provide a
suitable legislative tool to improve the status of many
European molluscs.
Site conservation
e main conservation action is to protect key habitats,
such as the ancient lakes in the Balkans, underground
systems and regions displaying either high diversity
or high threat levels. Including the threatened species
identified in this project in the Annex II of the EU
Habitat Directive would allow the designation of
relevant special areas of conservation. Many species
have very restricted distributions and threats such as
urbanisation, agriculture and tourism are encroaching
on and destroying the habitat of these narrow-range
species. Whilst some threatened species already occur
within nature reserves or protected sites, the vast majority
are currently unprotected. Most non-marine molluscs
would benefit from the identification of additional sites
for conservation through the intensification of studies
of molluscan population trends. Within these areas, it
maybe that only small micro-habitats need protection
(rock crags, waterfalls, springs, caves). Some species would
benefit from a landscape or catchment level approach
with multi-taxon species conservation plans, for example
ancient forest faunas, marshlands, limestone pavement,
ancient lakes and large rivers.
Water management
Water pollution and over-abstraction of water are two
of the major threats to both freshwater and terrestrial
molluscs. e loss and degradation of suitable habitat
due to water pollution (nitrates and other chemicals
from agricultural sources and poor domestic sewage
management) and over-abstraction of water from springs
and groundwater sources is particularly evident in some
of the most diverse and threatened areas, such as the
Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans. Better knowledge on
presence of spring-snails and communication on how
to improve water off-take from sites without impacting
species is needed. Urgent attention also needs to be
placed on implementation of the various EU directives
either currently in place, or planned to improve water
quality. ese include:
Over 270 species of freshwater molluscs, are
■
restricted to groundwaters and will benefit from the
implementation of the EU Groundwater Directive
requiring prevention/limiting input of pollutants by
2015 and compliance with good chemical status.
Over 244 species will benefit from implementation of
■
the Waste Framework Directive (2006/12/EC) which
requires waste to be recovered or disposed of without
endangering the environment and groundwater. ere
are several important cave sites, with high biodiversity
value lying immediately below (or closely adjacent)
to waste disposal site, with the highest threats to their
survival being contamination of groundwater through
seepage from waste disposal sites. Similarly in Europe,
in the non EU 27 countries, this is a higher threat,
and effective management of seepage from waste sites
must be controlled to minimise the impact on these
species and their habitats.
e Water Framework Directive has put forward
■
a challenging legislative framework, establishing
"good status" environmental objectives for all waters
– surface, coastal, transitional, and ground waters –
to be achieved by the end of 2015. is legislation
should benefit all 854 freshwater mollusc species in
Europe.
Dam/drainage projects should be engineered in such a
way that they mitigate their impact on the native mollusc
species. e protection of freshwater biodiversity is one
of the ultimate conservation challenges as one needs
to incorporate the influences of the upstream drainage
network, the surrounding land to springs, rivers and
41
lakes, the riparian zone of the habitats, and in the case
of aquatic molluscs that are dependant on migratory
species– the influences of the downstream reaches as
well. Such catchment management approaches are rarely
met and yet action is needed where opportunities exist
to set aside intact lake and river ecosystems within large
managed areas, even better protected areas, where large
number of endemic species co-exist.
Species management
Species/Habitat Action Plans should be drawn for the
most threatened species and land management policies
should be improved to include specific guidance on the
management of habitat for molluscs in order to take
into consideration their specific requirements.
Captive breeding programmes (and sometimes farming)
should also be set up when relevant to ensure the
continuing presence of viable populations of highly
threatened species (e.g. to restock rivers with freshwater
bivalves or strengthen terrestrial snail populations
targeted for human consumption, such as Iberus
gualtieranus)
Raising awareness
Governments and local communities only rarely
appreciate the role, and the value of mollusc biodiversity
and the ecosystem services they provide. Even though
a major requirement to facilitate the provision of this
information is met through the delivery of this report, a
communication strategy is required to raise awareness and
facilitate monitoring of local populations of gastropods
and bivalves. is could be met through collaboration
between local wildlife associations with the expertise
to monitor species combining with energy and water
departments as well as relevant governments that require
the habitats to be monitored in order to report on the
impact of their activities.
Monitoring of species or habitats
Except for the species monitoring requirements under
the EU Habitats Directive, monitoring programmes
for molluscs only exist in a small number of European
countries. Programmes need to be established for
threatened and Data Deficient species in all countries in
order to determine actual population size, distribution
and trends. ey may be best implemented through
regular habitat monitoring (as a proxy for species
status) and occasional species surveys, in order to
assist in the management plans for the threatened
species. Such monitoring programmes would also help
evaluate the impact of conservation measures on this
important indicator group of invertebrates and improve
the accuracy of red listing in future years. Within the
groundwater habitats, it is more difficult to adequately
sample their contained fauna, so monitoring levels
of pollution as well as outflow points during storm
events could provide suitable information on the likely
population status.
Taxonomy research
Due to the small scaled habitats present in Europe,
European molluscs show a considerable number of
geographical subspecies. In these rather immobile
animals, even small geographic features like a mountain
ridge can genetically separate populations for a time
span long enough to start speciation. Often they turn
out to represent cryptic species (i.e. species that are
biologically distinct, but that have very similar, if not
identical, morphology). e exact number of valid
species might increase considerably once adequate
research is carried out for all the groups and the regions
in Europe.
Furthermore, in the past, missing scientific concepts
lead to description of a plethora of valid scientific species
names, as each small morphological deviation from the
“typical” specimen was considered a new species, and
after 250 years of scientific malacology we still face
several million names representing only a hundred
thousand biological species, at least. Evaluation of these
names, whether they represent an existing biological
unit or fall into the concept of an already existing one
(and thus are a synonym), is an extremely important
and responsible step in this cathartic process. Still,
there are groups in Europe (particularly in terrestrial
molluscs), where revisions are pending, and where their
polytypic structure remains insufficiently clarified,
Paladilhia pleurotoma lives in subterranean waters, in the Rhône and Hérault valleys
(France). It is currently Least Concern, but could decline locally in the future as a result
of poor water management (water abstraction and pollution from domestic -sewage and
run-off- or agricultural -nutrient loads, herbicide and pesticides- sources.). Photo ©
Vincent Prié / Caracol.
42
which also hinders an assessment of the species itself.
So it is one of the major tasks of recent research on
molluscs to come to a reasonable, hypothesis-driven
phylogenetic classification of the group. For nature
conservation, poorly defined species limits, can be a
major problem, as if species limits are not clear, then a
conservation assessment cannot be done, and a species
(and even entire groups of species) may be at risk of
extinction without us being aware of this.
e genus Bythinella, comprising numerous freshwater snail species, such as this
transparent species, is a typical example of group where the taxonomy can only be
unravelled by an integrative approach combining morphology, anatomy, biogeography,
and genetics. Photo © Vincent Prié / Caracol.
43
6.1 Overview and recommendations for
conservation measures
With almost half (44%) of all species assessed as
threatened with extinction, European freshwater molluscs
are by far the most threatened group assessed to date in
Europe, highlighting the worrying situation of European
freshwater ecosystems. Furthermore, one out of five
species (20%) of the assessed terrestrial molluscs are also
confronted with a high level of threat. In some cases, the
point of no return has been reached: at least eight species
are already Extinct and an additional 35 are Critically
Endangered, Possibly Extinct.
More than 90% of the European molluscs are endemic,
which means that they don’t occur anywhere else in
the world and represent Europe’s natural heritage. e
highest diversity, endemism and threat level are found
in the Mediterranean, from the Iberian Peninsula to the
Balkans and in the various island groups, highlighting
the richness, but also the vulnerability of these areas. e
ancient lakes in the Balkans and the Atlantic and Greek
island groups deserve a special mention in that regard.
e main threat to European non-marine molluscs
is the loss and degradation of suitable habitat. For the
freshwater species, this is due to water pollution (nitrates
and other chemicals from agricultural sources and poor
domestic sewage management) and the over-abstraction
of water from springs and groundwater sources, while
for terrestrial molluscs, the major problems are related
to agricultural improvements, encroaching urbanisation,
deforestation, tourism and recreation activities.
Apart from their value as Europe’s natural heritage, non-
marine molluscs provide important ecosystems services
that are often underestimated, such as nutrient recycling,
water cleaning, food sources, environmental indicators,
etc.
To revert their dramatic situation, urgent conservation
measures are needed:
National and European legislation (including the
■
EU Habitat Directive, the EU Water Framework
directive and the EU Common Agricultural Policy)
should be fully implemented and revised to include
the threatened species identified during this project,
especially where cross-boundary management
strategies would be beneficial for species-specific
conservation actions.
Key sites, such as the ancient lakes in the Balkans,
■
underground systems and areas of high threatened
diversity should be protected and the management of
these habitats and of existing protected areas should
take into consideration the specific requirement of
molluscs.
Water management should be improved, especially
■
regarding the over-exploitation of springs and
groundwater and the pollution resulting from
agriculture and urbanization.
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) should be
■
conducted for any dam/drainage projects to assess the
impact and mitigation measures needed for native
mollusc species.
Species/Habitat Action Plans should be drawn for the
■
most threatened species, and for the most threatened
ones captive breeding programmes might need to be
set in place.
Invasive species should be controlled to reduce their
■
impact on the native fauna.
e importance and role of molluscs, and of
■
invertebrates in general, should be promoted through
awareness raising campaign.
Monitoring of the population size, distribution and
■
trend (possibly through the monitoring of the habitat
as a proxy) should be undertaken for the threatened
and Data Deficient species
Further taxonomic research is needed to clarify the
■
exact taxonomic status of the European molluscan
fauna
6.2 Application of project outputs
is Red List of Non-marine Molluscs is part of a wider
project aimed at comprehensively assessing several
taxonomic groups (mammals, amphibians, reptiles,
freshwater fishes, dragonflies), and selected butterflies,
beetles and plants. It has gathered large amounts of
data on the population, ecology, habitats, threats and
recommended conservation measures for each species
assessed. ese data are freely available on the European
Commission website (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/
nature/conservation/species/redlist), on the IUCN Red
6. Conclusions
44
List website (www.iucnredlist.org), and through paper
publications (see the list of European Red List published
at the en of this report).
In conjunction with the data on European birds published
by BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2004a,b),
it provides key resources for decision-makers, policy-
makers, resources managers, environmental planners and
NGOs. is Red List is a dynamic tool that will evolve
with time, as species are reassessed according to new
information or situations. It is aimed at stimulating and
supporting research, monitoring and conservation action
at local, regional and international levels, especially for
threatened, Near reatened and Data Deficient species.
e outputs of this project can be applied to inform
policy, to identify priority sites and species to include
in research and monitoring programmes and to identify
internationally important areas for biodiversity. It also
contributes to broaden the coverage of invertebrates on
the global IUCN Red List, thanks to the assessment of
endemic European molluscs.
6.3 Future work
rough the process of gathering and compiling mollusc
data across Europe, several knowledge gaps have been
identified. ere are in particular significant geographical
and taxonomical biases in the quality and quantity of
data available on the distribution and status of species.
Additional resources should be provided to complete the
assessment of the remaining terrestrial mollusc families.
Especially as some of these families that still need to
be assessed (e.g. Clausillidae, Oxychilidae, Zonitidae)
have large numbers of endemic species in the Atlantic
Islands and Eastern Europe, which are two of the areas
displaying the highest level of pressures, indicating that
the real level of threat to the European terrestrial molluscs
might be higher than stated in this report. is would
allow a complete overview of all terrestrial and freshwater
molluscs in Europe.
In addition, if the molluscs’ assessments are periodically
updated, it will enable the changing status of these species
to be tracked through time allowing the production of a
Red List Index (Butchart et al. 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007).
To date, this indicator has been produced for birds,
mammals, amphibians and reptiles at the European
regional level and was adopted as one of the headline
biodiversity indicators to monitor progress towards
halting biodiversity loss in Europe by 2010 (European
Environment Agency 2007). By regularly updating the
data presented here we will be able to track the changing
fate of European non-marine molluscs to 2020.
Arianta arbustorum, is commonly known as the Copse Snail and is one of the most widespread species in central Europe. As its name suggests, it is mainly found in woodland. It also
favours rich, fenny, unimproved pasture, scrub, woods and rocks in limestone or chalk areas. It lives from the lowlands up to beyond the tree limit in the Alps above 2,000 m asl. Its
population is currently stable on mainland Europe but is fragmented and declining in Ireland. ere are no major threats to this species and it easily re-colonises disturbed habitats,
therefore it is considered Least Concern. ©Mikael Miettinen
45
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Zoologica.
Tucker, M.G. and Heath, M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe:
their Conservation Status. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife
International (BirdLife Conservation Series no.3).
Van Damme, D., Ghamizi, M., Soliman, G., McIvor, A.
and Seddon, M.B. 2010. e status and distribution of
freshwater molluscs. In: N. García, A. Cuttelod and D.
Abdul Malak (eds) 2010. e Status and Distribution
of Freshwater Biodiversity in Northern Africa. Gland,
Switzerland, Cambridge, UK, and Malaga, Spain :
IUCN: 30-49.
Van Swaay, C., Cuttelod, A., Collins, S., Maes, D., López
Munguira, M., Šašić, M., Settele, J., Verovnik, R.,
Verstrael, T., Warren, M., Wiemers, M. and Wynhof,
I. 2010. European Red List of Butterflies. Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union.
J.R. Verdú and E. Galante (eds) 2009. Atlas de los
Invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especies En Peligro
Crítico y En Peligro). [Atlas of reatened Invertebrates
of Spain]. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad,
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid, 340 pp.
Wells, S. M. and Chatfield, J. E. 1992: reatened non-
marine molluscs of Europe. Nature and environment
64: 163 pp.
WWF. 2007. Europe 2007: Gross Domestic Product and
Ecological Footprint. World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF).
48
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
BIVALVIA
SPHAERIIDAE amnicum Pisidium LC LC
UNIONIDAE anatina Anodonta LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE annandalei Pisidium DD DD
MARGARITIFERIDAE auricularia Margaritifera CR A2ac CR A2ac Yes Yes
DREISSENIDAE blanci Dreissena VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
UNIONIDAE bonellii Microcondylaea VU A2c VU A2c Yes
DREISSENIDAE bugensis Dreissena LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE casertanum Pisidium LC LC
UNIONIDAE complanata Pseudanodonta NT NT
SPHAERIIDAE conventus Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE corneum Sphaerium LC LC
UNIONIDAE crassus Unio VU A2ac+3ce VU A2ac+3ce
UNIONIDAE cygnea Anodonta NT NT
UNIONIDAE delphinus Unio NT NT Yes Yes
SPHAERIIDAE edlaueri Pisidium EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
UNIONIDAE elongata Pseudanodonta DD DD Yes Yes
CORBICULIDAE uminalis Corbicula NA NA
CORBICULIDAE uminea Corbicula NA NA
UNIONIDAE gibbus Unio CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)
SPHAERIIDAE globulare Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE henslowanum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE hibernicum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE hinzi Pisidium NT VU D2
DREISSENIDAE kusceri Congeria VU A2ac DD Yes
SPHAERIIDAE lacustre Musculium LC LC
DREISSENIDAE leucophaeata Mytilopsis NA NA
SPHAERIIDAE lilljeborgii Pisidium LC LC
UNIONIDAE littoralis Potomida NT NT
SPHAERIIDAE maasseni Pisidium EN B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes
UNIONIDAE mancus Unio NT NT
MARGARITIFERIDAE margaritifera Margaritifera CR A2b CR A2b
UNIONIDAE middendorf Pseudanodonta DD DD
SPHAERIIDAE milium Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE moitessierianum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE nitidum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE nucleus Sphaerium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE obtusale Pisidium LC LC
Appendix 1. Red List status of
European freshwater Molluscs
Due to the evolving taxonomy, the species are listed
alphabetically by species name and not by genus name.
reatened species (either at the European or at the
EU 27 level) are highlighted in colour. If the IUCN
Red List Category is different at the European and
at the EU 27 level, the highest category has been
highlighted.
Key: black = Extinct (EX), red= Critically Endangered
(CR) or Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR/PE),
orange = Endangered (EN), yellow = Vulnerable (VU).
49
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
SPHAERIIDAE ovale Sphaerium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE personatum Pisidium LC LC
UNIONIDAE pictorum Unio LC LC
DREISSENIDAE polymorpha Dreissena NA NA
DREISSENIDAE presbensis Dreissena NT VU D2 Yes
SPHAERIIDAE pseudosphaerium Pisidium LC LC Yes
SPHAERIIDAE pulchellum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE rivicola Sphaerium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE solidum Sphaerium NT NT
SPHAERIIDAE subtruncatum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE supinum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE tenuilineatum Pisidium LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE transversum Musculium NA NA
UNIONIDAE tumidiformis Unio VU A2ace VU A2ace Yes Yes
UNIONIDAE tumidus Unio LC LC
SPHAERIIDAE waldeni Pisidium LC LC
UNIONIDAE woodiana Sinanodonta NA NA
GASTROPODA
HYDROBIIDAE abbreviata Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE absoloni Iglica LC NE Yes
VIVIPARIDAE acerosus Viviparus LC LC Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE achaja Heleobia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE acicula Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE acicula Pyrgula DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE acicularis Iglica VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE acronicus Gyraulus DD DD
PHYSIDAE acuta Haitia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE acuta Hydrobia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE adlitzensis Graziana CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE aduncus Ancylus DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE afnitatis Spiralix DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE aitanica Josefus LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE albanica Malaprespia CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE albanica Radomaniola LC DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE albida Narentiana NT NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE albidus Gyraulus VU D2 NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE albus Gyraulus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE alcoaensis Belgrandia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE alpestris Graziana LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE alpeus Iglica DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE alpinum Bythiospeum NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE alzense Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE ambrakis Pseudobithynia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE ampla Radix LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE anatina Mercuria LC LC Yes Yes
NERITIDAE anatolicus Theodoxus NA NA
HYDROBIIDAE andalucesis Guadiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE angelitae Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE angelovi Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE angeltsekovi Grossuana LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE annulata Pyrgula LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE anti Hadziella LC LC Yes
50
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE antipodarum Potamopyrgus NA NA
HYDROBIIDAE apertus Lithoglyphus DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE apfelbecki Sarajana DD NE Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE aponensis Heleobia VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE archeducis Islamia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE arconadae Guadiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE armoricana Marstoniopsis CR B2ab(i,iv) CR B2ab(i,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE articense Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE astierii Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE asturica Alzoniella EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ateni Islamia EX EX Yes Yes
VIVIPARIDAE ater Viviparus LC LC Yes
PLANORBIDAE atticus Planorbis LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE atuca Hydrobia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE aulaei Belgrandiella EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE auricularia Radix LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE aurorae Iberhoratia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE austriaca Bythinella LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE austriana Belgrandiella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE azarum Islamia VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bacescui Pseudamnicola VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bachkovoensis Belgrandiella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE badensis Bythinella NT NT Yes Yes
NERITIDAE baeticus Theodoxus CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bagliviaeformis Iglica EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE baicaliiformis Stankovicia CR B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE baidashnikovi Terrestribythinella DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE balcanica Pseudoislamia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE balearica Mercuria DD DD
LYMNAEIDAE balthica Radix LC LC
MOITESSIERIIDAE barrinae Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE batalleri Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE baudoni Bythinella LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE baudoniana Mercuria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bavarica Bythinella EN B2ab(v) EN B2ab(v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bavarica Sadleriana DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bayonnensis Mercuria VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE beckmanni Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bendidis Islamia CR/PE A2c CR/PE A2c Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE berenguieri Avenionia NT B1a+2b(iii) NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bertrandi Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE bessoni Palaospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bicarinata Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
ELLOBIIDAE bidentata Leucophytia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bigorrensis Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE blanci Paladilhiopsis DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE boetersi Belgrandiella CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bogensis Turricaspia DD NE
BITHYNIIDAE boissieri Bithynia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bolei Phreatica NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bomangiana Islamia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bonelliana Belgrandia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bormanni Bythiospeum EN B2ab(iii,v) EN B2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
51
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE boscae Belgrandia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bosniaca Dabriana NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bosniaca Islamia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bosniaca Paladilhiopsis DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bosniaca Radomaniola DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bosnica Iglica DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bosnica Lanzaia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE boui Fissuria NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bouleti Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bourguignati Avenionia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bourguignati Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bourguignati Islamia DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE bourguignati Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE braccoensis Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE brachia Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE brandisi Paladilhiopsis DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE brandti Saxurinator VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bressanum Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE brevis Avenionia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE brezicensis Kerkia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE brooki Clameia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE brusinae Pseudohoratia VU D2 NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE buccina Sardopaladilhia DD DD Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE buccinoidea Melanopsis DD DD
HYDROBIIDAE bulgarica Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bulgarica Sadleriana DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bumasta Belgrandiella DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE bureschi Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE buresi Paladilhiopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE burgensis Spiralix DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE burgundina Spiralix DD DD Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE calculiformis Anisus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE callosa Radomaniola VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE calloti Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE canariensis Heleobia DD DD Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE candiota Bithynia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cantabrica Alzoniella LC LC Yes Yes
ASSIMINEIDAE cardonae Assiminea DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE carinata Ohridohoratia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE carinatus Planorbis LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE carinulata Bythinella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE cariosa Melanopsis NT NT
HYDROBIIDAE carpathica Bythiospeum DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cattaroensis Hydrobia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cavernosa Sadleriana CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cazioti Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cebennensis Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE cettinensis Bithynia VU B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cezairensis Graziana EN B2ab(iii,iv) EN B2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE charpentieri Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE charpyi Bythiospeum LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE chersonica Turricaspia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE chia Pseudamnicola VU D2 DD Yes Yes
52
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE chilodia Litthabitella LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cianensis Islamia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cisterciensorum Bythiospeum CR B1ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE clessini Bythiospeum EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE clessiniana Ferrissia DD DD
PLANORBIDAE clymene Gyraulus DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE cocheti Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE collellensis Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE collieri Spiralix DD DD Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE columella Pseudosuccinea NA NA
PLANORBIDAE complanatus Hippeutis LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE compressa Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE concii Iglica LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE connis Pseudamnicola DD NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE conica Paladilhia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE conoidea Belgrandia EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE conovula Pseudamnicola VU D2 NE Yes
VIVIPARIDAE contectus Viviparus LC LC
PLANORBIDAE contortus Bathyomphalus LC LC
PLANORBIDAE corneus Planorbarius LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE cornucopia Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE coronadoi Islamia DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE corsica Spiralix CR/PE B1ab(iii,v) CR/PE B1ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE corvus Stagnicola LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE coutagnei Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE crenophilus Gyraulus EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cretensis Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE crista Gyraulus LC LC
VALVATIDAE cristata Valvata LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE croatica Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE croatica Marstoniopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes
HYDROBIIDAE crucis Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE curta Radomaniola LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cylindracea Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE cylindrica Bythinella CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dabriana Belgrandiella NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dacica Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dalmatica Cilgia DD NE Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE dalmatica Heleobia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE danubialis Hauffenia VU B2ab(iii); D2 VU B2ab(iii); D2 Yes Yes
NERITIDAE danubialis Theodoxus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE darrieuxii Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE daudebartii Fagotia LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE davisi Boetersiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE declinata Hydrobia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE deformata Plagigeyeria EN B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) EN B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE delmastroi Alzoniella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE deminuta Hadziella VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ELLOBIIDAE denticulata Myosotella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE depressa Ohridohauffenia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE diaphanoides Bythiospeum NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE diaphanum Bythiospeum NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dimidiata Turricaspia DD DD
53
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
MOITESSIERIIDAE distorta Sardopaladilhia DD DD Yes Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE dobrogica Heleobia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dobrogica Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dobrostanica Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dorvani Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE drimica Bythinella LC NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE drimica Ohridohauffenia EX NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE drouetianum Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dubium Bythiospeum CR/PE B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv) CR/PE B1ab(i,ii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dunalina Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE dunkeri Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE duryi Planorbella NA NA
HYDROBIIDAE dybowskii Xestopyrgula VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE edlaueri Hauffenia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE edlaueri Lanzaia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE edlaueri Plagigeyeria DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE edlingeri Hauffenia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE edmundi Alzoniella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE edmundi Mercuria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE elephantotus Lanzaia DD NE Yes
ASSIMINEIDAE eliae Assiminea LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE elliptica Alzoniella VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE elongata Iglica VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE elongata Radomaniola CR B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE elseri Bythiospeum EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE emiliana Mercuria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ephippiostoma Hadziella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE epirana Islamia VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE erythropomatia Hauffenia DD DD Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE esperi Fagotia LC LC Yes
MELANOPSIDAE etrusca Melanopsis EN B2ab(ii,iii) EN B2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE euboeensis Pseudobithynia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE eurystoma Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE eutrepha Bythinella CR/PE B1ab(ii,iii) CR/PE B1ab(ii,iii Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE euxina Grossuana LC LC
NERITIDAE euxinus Theodoxus LC DD
HYDROBIIDAE excelsior Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE excessum Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE exigua Daphniola EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE exiguum Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE exilis Heraultiella VU B1ab(i,ii,iii) VU B1ab(i,ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE exilis Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE eximia Iglica DD DD Yes Yes
AMNICOLIDAE expansilabris Emmericia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE fabrianensis Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE falkneri Istriana DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE falkneri Pseudamnicola NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE falkneri Pyrgula DD DD Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE falniowskii Pseudobithynia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE feneriensis Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ferrerii Salenthydrobia EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ferussina Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE fezi Spathogyna EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
54
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE locincta Trachyochridia CR B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE nalina Alzoniella EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE umana Vinodolia EN B2ab(ii,iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE uminensis Sadleriana LC LC Yes
PLANORBIDAE uviatilis Ancylus LC LC
NERITIDAE uviatilis Theodoxus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE uviatilis Vinodolia EN B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE fontinalis Belgrandiella LC LC Yes
PLANORBIDAE fontinalis Gyraulus EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
PHYSIDAE fontinalis Physa LC LC
MOITESSIERIIDAE fontsaintei Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE forumjuliana Iglica LC LC Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE foui Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE foxianensis Heleobia EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE francomontanum Bythiospeum LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE fuchsi Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE fuscus Lithoglyphus LC LC Yes
LYMNAEIDAE fuscus Stagnicola LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gagatinella Adriohydrobia LC NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gaiteri Islamia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE galaica Alzoniella CR/PE B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii) CR/PE B1ab(ii)+2ab(ii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE galerae Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ganslmayri Belgrandiella CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE garnieri Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gasulli Pseudamnicola VU B2ab(iii,iv,v) VU B2ab(iii,iv,v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gasulli Tarraconia CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv) CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
c(iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gatoa Iberhoratia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE geisserti Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE germaini Islamia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE geyeri Bythiospeum VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gfrast Belgrandia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gibba Belgrandia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gibberula Belgrandia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gibbosa Bythinella EX EX Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ginolensis Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gittenbergeri Iglica DD NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE gittenbergeri Pseudobithynia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE giustii Iglica NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gjorgjevici Lyhnidia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
LYMNAEIDAE glabra Omphiscola NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gladilini Plagigeyeria VU D2 VU D2 Yes
HYDROBIIDAE globulosa Belgrandiella VU B2ab(iii);D2 VU B2ab(iii);D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE globulus Islamia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gloeeri Bythinella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE gloeeri Paladilhia EN B1ab(iii,iv) EN B1ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE gloriae Spiralix VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gluhodolica Vinodolia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
LYMNAEIDAE glutinosa Myxas LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE glyca Hydrobia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE gmelinii Caspia DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gonostoma Bythiospeum CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gracilis Iglica VU B1ab(iii); D2 VU B1ab(iii); D2 Yes Yes
55
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
BITHYNIIDAE graeca Bithynia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE graeca Islamia CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE graeca Parabythinella CR B1ab(i,iii) CR B1ab(i,iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE granjaensis Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE gratulabunda Iglica CR/PE B2ab(iii) CR/PE B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ASSIMINEIDAE grayana Assiminea LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE grobbeni Paladilhiopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes
HYDROBIIDAE grochmalickii Pyrgohydrobia VU D2 NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE guadelopensis Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE guipuzcoa Plesiella DD DD Yes Yes
PHYSIDAE gyrina Physella NA NA
HYDROBIIDAE hadei Islamia CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hadouphylax Vinodolia CR B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hadzii Lyhnidia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hadzii Saxurinator DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE haesitans Belgrandiella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE haessleini Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE haicabia Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE hambergerae Bithynia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hansboetersi Bythinella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hartwigschuetti Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hauffeni Iglica NT NT Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE heideae Moitessieria NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE heldii Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE hellenica Bithynia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE helveticum Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE hemmeni Pseudobithynia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE henrici Islamia EN B2ab(iii,iv) EN B2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hershleri Belgrandiella VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hessei Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE heussi Belgrandia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hinzi Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
VALVATIDAE hirsutecostata Valvata VU D2 NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE hispanicum Palaospeum DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE hofmanni Spiralix DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hohenackeri Turcorientalia VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE holandrii Amphimelania LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hungarica Bythinella NA NA Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hungaricum Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE husmanni Bythiospeum CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE hydrobiopsis Pseudamnicola VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
PHYSIDAE hypnorum Aplexa LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE iberopyrenaica Alzoniella CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE illyrica Iglica DD DD Yes
ACROLOXIDAE improvisus Acroloxus VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE insubrica Marstoniopsis LC LC
PLANORBIDAE ioanis Gyraulus CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ionica Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE islamioides Sardohoratia EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ismailensis Turricaspia VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE isolata Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE italica Bithynia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE jablanicensis Pyrgohydrobia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
56
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE jadertina Hauffenia EN B2ab(iii) NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE jamblussensis Paladilhia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE janinensis Paladilhiopsis CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE jourdei Bythinella VU B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv);D2 VU B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv);D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE junqua Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE juvenisanguis Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kapelana Bythinella VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE karamani Iglica DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE karamani Lyhnidia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE karevi Ohrigocea EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE kastorias Bithynia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kerschneri Hauffenia EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE kirka Pseudobithynia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kissdalmae Hauffenia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE klagenfurtensis Graziana EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE klecakiana Horatia LC NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kleinzellensis Iglica VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE klemmi Bythiospeum EN B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv) EN B1ab(ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE klemmi Plagigeyeria DD NE Yes
VALVATIDAE klemmi Valvata EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE knipowitchi Caspia LC NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE kobialkai Bithynia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE koprivnensis Belgrandiella DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kosensis Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kosovica Terranigra NT NT Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kotlusae Lanzaia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kreisslorum Belgrandiella CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE krkae Hadziella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE krupensis Belgrandiella DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kuesteri Belgrandiella DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kusceri Belgrandiella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kusceri Kerkia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE kusceri Zaumia CR B1ab(iii) NE Yes
LYMNAEIDAE labiata Radix LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE labiatum Bythiospeum EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE labiatus Saxurinator CR B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lacheineri Graziana LC LC Yes
ACROLOXIDAE lacustris Acroloxus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE lacustris Pseudohoratia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lacustris Radomaniola CR B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lacustris Vinodolia CR B1ab(iii) NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE laevis Gyraulus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE lagari Islamia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE lagotis Radix DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lamperti Bythiospeum EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE langhofferi Iglica VU D2 VU D2 Yes
PLANORBIDAE lapicidus Ancylus EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE latina Belgrandia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE latina Islamia DD DD Yes
BITHYNIIDAE leachii Bithynia LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE leontina Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE leruthi Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE lescherae Moitessieria LC LC Yes Yes
57
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
PLANORBIDAE leucostoma Anisus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE levantina Chondrobasis NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ligurica Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ligustica Avenionia LC LC Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE lilli Radix DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lincta Turricaspia LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lindholmiana Turricaspia LC NE
MOITESSIERIIDAE lludrigaensis Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE locardi Moitessieria LC LC Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE lorcana Melanopsis NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE louisi Daphniola CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lucensis Alzoniella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lucensis Pseudamnicola EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lucidulus Horatia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE luisi Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lunensis Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lunzensis Bythinella CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE lusitanica Belgrandia EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE luxurians Iglica NT NT Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE lychnidicus Gyraulus NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE maasseni Iglica DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE mabilli Peringia DD DD
HYDROBIIDAE maceana Mercuria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macedonica Graecoanatolica EX EX Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macedonica Horatia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macedonica Ochridopyrgula NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macedonica Parabythinella EN B1ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes
ACROLOXIDAE macedonicus Acroloxus CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE macedonicus Planorbis EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE macei Heleobia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macrostoma Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macrostoma Insignia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE macrostoma Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
VALVATIDAE macrostoma Valvata LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE magna Bythinella DD DD Yes
BITHYNIIDAE majewskyi Bithynia DD DD Yes
BITHYNIIDAE majorcina Bithynia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE makarovi Caspia LC NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE malaprespensis Parabythinella CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE malaprespensis Prespolitorea CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE malickyi Pseudamnicola VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE maltzani Heleobia DD DD Yes Yes
VIVIPARIDAE mamillatus Viviparus DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE manganellii Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE marginata Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE margritae Palacanthilhiopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE marianae Alzoniella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE marianae Sardopaladilhia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE mariatheresiae Belgrandia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE markovi Bythinella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE massoti Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE matjasici Vinodolia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE media Hauffenia VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes
58
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
PLANORBIDAE meditjensis Planorbarius LC LC
PLANORBIDAE meierbrooki Gyraulus EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE meijersae Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE meridionalis Mercuria EN B1ab(i,iv)+2ab(i,iv) EN B1ab(i,iv)+2ab(i,iv) Yes Yes
NERITIDAE meridionalis Theodoxus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE metarubra Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE michaudi Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE micherdzinskii Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE microbeliscus Saxurinator DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE microstoma Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE miladinovorum Ohrigocea EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE mimula Belgrandiella CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE minima Pauluccinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE minuscula Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE minuta Islamia LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE minuta Ohridohauffenia CR/PE A2abc;
B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE minuta Plagigeyeria DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE mirnae Istriana NT VU D2 Yes
HYDROBIIDAE moitessieri Belgrandia CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE molcsany Bythinella VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2 VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE montana Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE montana Radomaniola LC NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE montenegrina Bithynia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE montenegrina Hydrobia DD NE Yes
VALVATIDAE montenegrina Valvata EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE montenegrinus Saxurinator EN B2ab(iii) NE Yes
LYMNAEIDAE montenegrinus Stagnicola NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE montenigrina Plagigeyeria CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE moquini Planorbis LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE moquiniana Islamia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE morenoi Iberhoratia VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE mostarensis Bithynia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE mostarensis Plagigeyeria DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE moussonianum Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE moussonii Pseudamnicola LC LC Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE mugae Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE multiformis Belgrandiella CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE munda Ginaia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE murita Alzoniella DD DD Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE nakeae Bithynia DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE nanum Palaospeum DD DD Yes Yes
AMNICOLIDAE narentana Emmericia DD NE Yes
VALVATIDAE naticina Borysthenia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE naticoides Lithoglyphus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE navarrensis Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE navarrensis Plesiella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE navasiana Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE neaaugustensis Paladilhiopsis CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE neglectissima Falniowskia DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE nesemanni Hauffenia EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE newtoni Hydrobia DD NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE nezi Moitessieria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
59
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE nitida Plagigeyeria DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE nitida Pontobelgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE nitida Segmentina LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE nocki Bythiospeum EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE noricum Bythiospeum EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE notata Antibaria LC NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE notenboomi Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE nothites Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE novoselensis Belgrandiella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE novoselensis Horatia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ochridana Pseudohoratia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ohridana Gocea CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ohridana Strugia VU D2 NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE olleri Moitessieria NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE onatensis Alzoniella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE opaca Bythinella LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ornata Ohrigocea EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE orsinii Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE orthodoxus Saxurinator CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE oshanovae Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ovetensis Alzoniella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE padana Bythinella DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE padiraci Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pageti Belgrandiella DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pallida Islamia EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE palustris Stagnicola LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE pambotis Pyrgula DD DD Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE panetolis Pseudobithynia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pannonica Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE papukensis Graziana NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE parreyssii Belgrandiella CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE parreyssii Melanopsis CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE parvula Avenionia NT NT Yes Yes
AMNICOLIDAE patula Emmericia LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pavlovici Stankovicia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pedemontana Pseudavenionia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pelerei Belgrandiella CR B2ab(ii) CR B2ab(ii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pellitica Alzoniella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pellucidum Bythiospeum CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE penchinati Melanopsis CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE penchinati Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE pequenoensis Spiralix VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE perrisii Alzoniella VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pescei Arganiella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pezzolii Iglica NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pfeifferi Bythiospeum CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pieperi Pseudamnicola VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE pinteri Radix EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE piristoma Islamia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE piroti Plagigeyeria DD DD Yes
VALVATIDAE piscinalis Valvata LC LC
PLANORBIDAE piscinarum Gyraulus NA NA
HYDROBIIDAE pisolinus Pseudamnicola VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
60
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
MOITESSIERIIDAE plagigeyerica Sardopaladilhia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE plagiostoma Plagigeyeria DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE plana Hauffenia NT NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE planorbis Planorbis LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE planospira Fissuria NT NT Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE pleurotoma Paladilhia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE polinskii Ohridohoratia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pontieuxini Hydrobia DD NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE pontmartiniana Paladilhia DD DD Yes Yes
MELANOPSIDAE praemorsa Melanopsis DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE prasinus Lithoglyphus DD DD Yes
PLANORBIDAE presbensis Planorbis VU D2 VU Yes
HYDROBIIDAE prespaensis Pyrgohydrobia EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes
BITHYNIIDAE prespensis Bithynia EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pretneri Paladilhiopsis NT NE Yes
NERITIDAE prevostianus Theodoxus EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE provincialis Graziana EN B2ab(iii,iv) EN B2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE puerkhaueri Bythiospeum NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pupoides Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pupula Graziana LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pusilla Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pusilla Islamia LC LC Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE puteana Spiralix DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE putei Bythiospeum CR C2a(i,ii) CR C2a(i,ii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pygmaea Ohridohoratia NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pygmaeus Lithoglyphus DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pyrenaica Alzoniella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE pyrenaica Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE quadrifoglio Graziana VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE quenstedti Bythiospeum LC LC Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE quintanai Bithynia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE racovitzai Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE radapalladis Pezzolia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE radomani Bithynia LC NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE raehlei Fissuria NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ramosae Guadiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rasini Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE rausiana Heleobia DD NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE rayi Spiralix LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE razelmiana Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE reisalpense Bythiospeum VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE relicta Iglica DD NE Yes
LYMNAEIDAE relicta Radix LC NE Yes
VALVATIDAE relicta Valvata VU D2 NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE renei Pseudobithynia DD DD Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE reticulata Omphiscola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE reyniesii Bythinella LC LC Yes
VALVATIDAE rhabdota Valvata NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rhenanum Bythiospeum LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rhodopensis Radomaniola VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE roberti Avenionia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE robiciana Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE robiciana Paladilhiopsis LC LC Yes
61
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
MOITESSIERIIDAE robresia Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE robusta Belgrandiella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE robusta Plagigeyeria DD NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE rolandiana Moitessieria LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rolani Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rolani Tarraconia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rondelaudi Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE roselloi Paladilhia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE rossmaessleri Gyraulus LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rotonda Ohridohauffenia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE roubionensis Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rubiginosa Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rudnicae Hadziella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rudnicae Lanzaia NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE rufescens Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sadleriana Sadleriana LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE samecana Bythinella DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE samuili Ohrigocea EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sanctinaumi Ohridohauffenia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sanctinaumi Pyrgohydrobia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sanctizaumi Zaumia CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sandbergeri Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sarahae Mercuria CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv) CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
NERITIDAE saulcyi Theodoxus DD DD Yes Yes
VALVATIDAE saulcyi Valvata NT NT
HYDROBIIDAE savinica Lanzaiopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE saxatilis Belgrandiella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE saxigenum Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE scalariformis Ancylus VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE schleschi Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE schlickumi Dianella CR/PE B1ab(i,iii) CR/PE B1ab(i,iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE schlickumi Saxurinator DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE schmidtii Sadleriana LC DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE schuelei Milesiana NT NT Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE schwabii Bithynia DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sciaccaensis Pseudamnicola DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE scutarica Vinodolia EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE seminiana Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE seminula Turcorientalia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE senefelderi Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE septentrionalis Palaospeum DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE serbica Paladilhiopsis NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE serborientalis Bythinella DD NE Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE servaini Moitessieria DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE servainiana Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE shasi Gyraulus CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sidariensis Iglica VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sigestra Alzoniella NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE silviae Belgrandia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE similis Mercuria LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE simoniana Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE simoniana Moitessieria LC LC Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE skadarskii Bithynia EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
62
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE sketi Dalmatella CR B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sketi Hadziella VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sketi Saxurinator EN B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE skradinensis Lanzaia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
LYMNAEIDAE skutaris Radix EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE slavonica Graziana VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE slovenica Alzoniella LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE solida Paladilhiopsis DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE somiedoensis Alzoniella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE spinellii Heleobia EX EX Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE spirata Islamia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE spirata Pseudamnicola LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE spiridoni Bracenica EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE spirorbis Anisus LC LC
LYMNAEIDAE stagnalis Lymnaea LC LC
COCHLIOPIDAE stagnorum Heleobia LC LC
PLANORBIDAE stankovici Gyraulus EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE stankovici Lyhnidia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE stankovici Micropyrgula VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE stankovici Neofossarulus VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE stankovici Ohrigocea EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE steindachneri Heleobia DD DD Yes Yes
VALVATIDAE stenotrema Valvata NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sterkianum Bythiospeum EN B2ab(iii,v) EN B2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE stochi Plagigeyeria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE stossichi Hippeutis DD NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE strauchianus Anisus DD NE Yes
COCHLIOPIDAE streletzkiensis Heleobia DD NE Yes
PLANORBIDAE striatus Ancylus DD DD Yes Yes
VALVATIDAE studeri Valvata LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE sturanyi Chilopyrgula NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sturanyi Ohridohoratia NT NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sturmi Boetersiella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE styriaca Belgrandiella CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE subcarinata Hauffenia NT NT Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE subdistorta Sardopaladilhia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sublitoralis Lyhnidia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sublitoralis Ohridohauffenia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE subpiscinalis Hauffenia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE substricta Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
NERITIDAE subterrelictus Theodoxus EN B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE suevicum Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE sulcata Sardohoratia CR/PE B2ab(iii) CR/PE B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE supercarinata Sadleriana VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE superior Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE tachoensis Mercuria DD DD Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE tapirulus Ancylus EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE tarae Paladilhiopsis DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE targoniana Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE taxisi Bythiospeum EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE tellinii Hauffenia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE tellinii Iglica VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE tentaculata Bithynia LC LC
63
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
LYMNAEIDAE terebra Catascopia LC NT
HYDROBIIDAE terveri Bythiospeum DD DD Yes Yes
ACROLOXIDAE tetensi Acroloxus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE thermalis Belgrandia LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE thermalis Hadziella DD DD Yes
HYDROBIIDAE thessalica Paladilhiopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE thiesseana Dianella CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) CR B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE thracica Grossuana CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE torifera Belgrandia VU B1ab(iii); D2 VU B1ab(iii); D2 Yes
HYDROBIIDAE tovunica Hauffenia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE transsylvanica Bythiospeum NT NT Yes Yes
NERITIDAE transversalis Theodoxus EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) Yes
PLANORBIDAE trapezoides Gyraulus EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE tribunicae Plagigeyeria CR B1ab(iii) NE Yes
MELANOPSIDAE tricarinata Melanopsis LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE trichoniana Islamia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE trichonica Trichonia CR B2ab(i,iii) CR B2ab(i,iii) Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE trichonis Pseudobithynia EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE trinitatis Graziana EN B2ab(iii,iv) EN B2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE triton Turricaspia DD NE
COCHLIOPIDAE tritonum Heleobia CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE trivolvis Helisoma NA NA
HYDROBIIDAE troglobia Pseudamnicola LC NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE troschelii Bithynia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE troyana Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
LYMNAEIDAE truncatula Galba LC LC
PLANORBIDAE truncatus Bulinus LC NA
HYDROBIIDAE tschapecki Bythiospeum CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
THIARIDAE tuberculatus Melanoides LC LC
LYMNAEIDAE turricula Stagnicola LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE turriculata Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE turrita Costellina CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE turritum Bythiospeum CR/PE B2ab(v) CR/PE B2ab(v) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ulvae Peringia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE umbilicata Boleana VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE umbilicata Paladilhia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE utriculus Bythinella LC LC Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE valenciana Spiralix EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
NERITIDAE valentinus Theodoxus CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vallei Bythiospeum NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE valvataeformis Islamia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE valvataeformis Prespolitorea CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes
HYDROBIIDAE variabilis Turricaspia DD DD
HYDROBIIDAE varica Belgrandia CR/PE A2a CR/PE A2a Yes Yes
NERITIDAE varius Theodoxus LC LC Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vegorriticola Graecoanatolica CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv) CR B1ab(i,iii,iv)c(iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE velkovrhi Iglica CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
AMNICOLIDAE ventricosa Emmericia VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE ventrosa Hydrobia LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE vervierii Palacanthilhiopsis VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vesontiana Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vidrovani Vinodolia LC NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vimperei Bythinella VU B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv) VU B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
64
Family Species Genus
IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYDROBIIDAE vindilica Mercuria EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii
,iii,iv) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii
,iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE virei Paladilhiopsis LC LC Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE virescens Pseudamnicola DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE viridis Bythinella EN B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv) EN B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vitrea Hydrobia LC LC Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE vitrea Spiralix NT NT Yes Yes
VIVIPARIDAE viviparus Viviparus LC LC
HYDROBIIDAE vjetrenicae Lanzaia VU B2ab(iii); D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vjetrenicae Narentiana EN B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vobarnensis Iglica NT NT Yes Yes
PLANORBIDAE vortex Anisus LC LC
PLANORBIDAE vorticulus Anisus NT NT
HYDROBIIDAE vrbasensis Graziana DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vrbasi Marstoniopsis CR B2ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE vrissiana Graecorientalia CR B2ab(iii,iv) CR B2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE waegelei Bythiospeum VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wagneri Hauffenia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wagneri Stankovicia VU D2 NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE walderdorfi Bithynia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE walkeri Bythinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wawrai Belgrandiella EN B2ab(iii) VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wawrzineki Bythinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE westerlundii Pseudobithynia NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wiaaiglica Bythiospeum CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wienerwaldensis Hauffenia EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
MOITESSIERIIDAE wienini Henrigirardia CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wol Arganiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE wolscheri Iglica CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zagoraensis Belgrandiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zaschevi Cavernisa VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zermanica Belgrandiella VU D2 NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zermanica Islamia CR/PE B1ab(iii) NE Yes
BITHYNIIDAE zeta Bithynia EN B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zetaevallis Vinodolia DD NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zetaprotogona Plagigeyeria EN B2ab(ii,iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zilchi Belgrandia DD DD Yes Yes
BITHYNIIDAE zogari Pseudobithynia DD DD Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zopissa Mercuria NT NT Yes Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zrmanjae Tanousia CR/PE B1ab(iii) NE Yes
HYDROBIIDAE zyvionteki Bythinella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
* Species were considered to be Not Applicable (NA) if they were judged to be of marginal occurrence in the region. Species were regarded as of marginal
occurrence if it was estimated that less than 1% of their global range lies within Europe and if the European populations are not disjunct of the main species
range.
65
Appendix 2. Red List status of
European terrestrial Molluscs
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
LAURIIDAE abbreviata Leiostyla CR/PE B2ab(iii) CR/PE B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE abjectus Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE abundans Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE achaicum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE achates Chilostoma NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE acropachia Tacheocampylaea EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE acrotricha Chilostoma NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE actinophora Actinella VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE aculeata Acanthinula LC LC
COCHLICELLIDAE acuta Cochlicella LC LC
DIPLOMMATINIDAE acutum Cochlostoma VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE adamii Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE adelozona Chilostoma VU B1ab(iv) VU B1ab(iv) Yes
HYGROMIIDAE adol Xerosecta EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE adoptata Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE aethiops Arianta LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE afne Cochlostoma VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE aginnica Cernuella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE akrotirica Xeropicta LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE alabastrinus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE albanograeca Chilostoma LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE albescens Helix LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE albopalliata Plutonia VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE alleryanum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE alonensis Iberus NT NT Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE alpestris Vertigo LC LC
PUPILLIDAE alpicola Pupilla LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE alpicola Trochulus DD NE Yes
ENIDAE alpicolus Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE altamirai Suboestophora VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE alticola Xeromunda LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE altimirai Chondrina NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE amanda Cernuella CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE ambrosi Chilostoma NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE amenazada Mastus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE amorgia Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE amphiconus Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
Due to the evolving taxonomy, the species are listed
alphabetically by species name and not by genus name.
reatened species (either at the European or at the
EU 27 level) are highlighted in colour. If the IUCN
Red List Category is different at the European and
at the EU 27 level, the highest category has been
highlighted.
Key: black = Extinct (EX), red= Critically Endangered
(CR) or Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR/PE),
orange = Endangered (EN), yellow = Vulnerable (VU).
66
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ENIDAE anaga Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE anaglyptica Actinella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE anatolica Helix DD DD Yes
HELICIDAE andalusica Theba DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE andrius Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE angigyra Helicodonta LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE angulosa Plutonia CR B1ab(iii,iv)
+2ab(iii,iv) CR B1ab(iii,iv)+
2ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE angustatus Iberus LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE angustior Vertigo VU A2ac+3c VU A2ac+3c
HYGROMIIDAE aniliensis Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE annularis Oligolimax LC LC
DIPLOMMATINIDAE anomphale Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE antivertigo Vertigo LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE antonellae Nienhuisiella VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE apatelus Oligolimax NT NE Yes
HELICIDAE apertus Cantareus LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE apfelbecki Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE apicina Xerotricha LC LC
DIPLOMMATINIDAE apricum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE aradasii Cernuella CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE arborea Leiostyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE arbustorum Arianta LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE arcadica Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE arcadica Chondrina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE arcta Actinella LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE arctica Vertigo NT NT Yes
VERTIGINIDAE arcyensis Truncatellina EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE ardica Cattania NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE arganica Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE argentellei Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE arguineguinensis Monilearia CR B2ab(ii,iii) CR B2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE arigonis Chondrina NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE arigonis Xerosecta LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE arinagae Theba CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE armata Agardhiella LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE armitageana Actinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE arridens Actinella CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE ascendens Chondrina LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE asemnis Helix LC LC Yes
VERTIGINIDAE aspera Columella LC LC
HELICIDAE aspersum Cornu LC LC
ORCULIDAE astirakiensis Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE asturicum Cochlostoma NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE asturiensis Cryptosaccus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE atacis Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ataxiacus Trochulus NT NT Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE ateni Abida VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE athensis Mastus LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE atlantica Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE atlanticus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE atomus Truncatellina DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE attenuata Abida LC LC Yes Yes
67
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYGROMIIDAE attrita Discula NT NT Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE auritum Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
ORCULIDAE austeniana Pagodulina DD DD Yes
ORCULIDAE austriaca Orcula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE auturica Monacha EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE avaloensis Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE avenacea Chondrina LC LC Yes
VALLONIIDAE azorica Acanthinula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE azorica Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE baccettii Vitrinobrachium NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE bacchica Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bacescui Monachoides LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE badiosus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE baeticatus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE baixoensis Caseolus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE bajamarensis Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bakowskii Petasina LC LC Yes
ARGNIDAE banatica Agardhiella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE banatica Drobacia DD DD Yes
ACICULIDAE banatica Platyla LC LC Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE barbara Cochlicella LC LC
HELICODONTIDAE barbata Lindholmiola LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE barbula Oestophora LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE barceloi Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE barquini Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bathytera Pseudoxerophila LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE becasis Montserratina CR/PE B2ab(iii) CR/PE B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE bechi Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE beguirae Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE behnii Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE beieri Chondrula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE belemensis Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE bellardii Assyriella DD DD Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE beneckei Acicula NT NT Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE benoiti Acicula VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE bergeri Chondrula DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE bergomensis Chondrina NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE berkeleii Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE berninii Ichnusotricha LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE beroni Speleodentorcula VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE bertheloti Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE berthelotii Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE berytensis Metafruticicola LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE bethencourtiana Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE biarmata Agardhiella LC NE Yes
ENIDAE bicallosa Eubrephulus LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bicarinata Hystricella NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE biconicus Trochulus EN B1ab(ii,iii,iv) NE Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE bicostulatum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE bidens Brephulopsis LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE bidentalis Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bidentata Perforatella LC LC Yes
ARGNIDAE bielzi Argna LC LC Yes
68
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ENIDAE bielzi Mastus LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bielzi Petasina LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bierzona Xerotricha VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE bigerrensis Abida LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE bigorriensis Chondrina LC LC Yes Yes
PUPILLIDAE bigranata Pupilla DD DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bimbachensis Canariella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE biplicata Argna LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE blanci Phenacolimax VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE blauneri Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bodoni Schileykiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bolliana Montserratina NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE bolenensis Helicella DD DD Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE bonellii Semilimacella LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE borealis Helix DD DD Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE boscae Suboestophora LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE boucheti Napaeus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE bourguignatiana Argna VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE bourguignatiana Renea CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE braueri Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
CHONDRINIDAE braunii Granaria LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE brenskei Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE breve Vitrinobrachium LC LC
VITRINIDAE brevispira Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE brumalis Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE bulgarica Orculella CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
HYGROMIIDAE bulverii Discula CR B2ab(iii,v) CR B2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
ENIDAE butoti Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE buvinieri Oestophorella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE byshekensis Chilostoma LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE caelatus Trochulus NT NE Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE caementitia Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE caesa Agardhiella LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE calathiscus Leiostyla NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE calcigena Discula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE calculus Caseolus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE caldeirarum Leptaxis EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE callicratis Truncatellina LC LC
ACICULIDAE callostoma Platyla LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE calpeana Oestophora EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
CHONDRINIDAE calpica Chondrina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE calvus Caseolus EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE camerani Falkneria VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE cameroni Truncatellina LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE campesinus Iberus VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE camporroblensis Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE canaliculata Meijeriella LC LC
VITRINIDAE canariensis Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE candiota Xeromunda LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE canestrinii Cochlostoma VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cantabrica Pyrenaearia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cantiana Monacha LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE carascalensis Pyrenaearia LC LC Yes
69
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYGROMIIDAE carascaloides Monacha LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE carascalopsis Pyrenaearia NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cardonae Xerocrassa VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE carinatoglobosa Trochoidea DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE carinofausta Actinella EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE carinthiacus Semilimax LC LC Yes
ENIDAE carneolus Mastus LC LC Yes
ENIDAE carneus Buliminus LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE carniolica Semilimacella LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE caroli Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE caroni Trochoidea LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE carotii Tacheocampylaea VU B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) VU B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
ENIDAE carpathia Turanena NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE carthaginiensis Iberus NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cartusiana Monacha LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE caruanae Cernuella LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE carusoi Helicotricha LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE cassida Leiostyla CR/PE B2ab(iii) CR/PE B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE cassidula Leiostyla CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE castanea Leiostyla DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE castriota Candidula NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cavannae Candidula NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE cefalonica Napaeopsis LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cemenelea Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE centralis Chondrina VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE cephalonica Oligolimax LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE ceratina Tyrrhenaria CR B1ab(i,ii,iii)+
2ab(i,ii,iii) CR B1ab(i,ii,iii)+
2ab(i,ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cereoava Helicopsis LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cespitum Xerosecta LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE chamaeleon Arianta EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE cheilogona Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cheiranthicola Discula NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE choristochila Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE christinae Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE chrysaloides Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE cianensis Solatopupa VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ciliata Ciliella LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE cincta Helix LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cinctella Hygromia LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE cinerascens Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE cingulatum Chilostoma DD DD Yes
HELICIDAE cingulella Faustina LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cisalpina Cernuella LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cisternasi Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cistorum Helicella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE clandestinus Trochulus LC LC Yes
ENIDAE claudia Mastus VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii);
D2 VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii);
D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE claudia Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE claudiconus Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE clausoinata Theba NT NT Yes Yes
70
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYGROMIIDAE claustralis Monacha LC LC Yes
VERTIGINIDAE claustralis Truncatellina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE coartatus Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE cobosi Hatumia VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cobosi Xerocrassa DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE codia Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE codringtonii Codringtonia EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE coelomphala Trochulus DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE coerulans Vidovicia VU A2b NE Yes
VERTIGINIDAE columella Columella LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE colvillei Leiostyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE commixtus Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE compar Disculella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE comythophora Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE concinna Leiostyla EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE concolor Ena LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE conemenosi Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE confusa Pseudoxerophila LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE conica Orcula LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE conicum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE conoidea Cochlicella LC LC
ENIDAE consecoanus Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE consentanea Chondrula DD NE Yes
HELICIDAE consobrina Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE consona Monacha NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE consors Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE conspurcata Xerotricha LC LC
TRISSEXODONTIDAE constrictus Trissexodon LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE contermina Polloneria VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE corcyrensis Acicula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE corcyrensis Lindholmiola LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE corderoi Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE corneocostata Leiostyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE coronata Serratorotula EN B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) EN B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE corsica Cyrnotheba LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE cosensis Rhabdoena LC LC
VALLONIIDAE costata Vallonia LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE costulata Semifruticicola LC NE Yes
VERTIGINIDAE costulata Truncatellina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE cotiellae Pyrenaearia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE crassilabris Agardhiella NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE creantirudis Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE cretense Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE cretensis Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cretica Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cretica Xerocrassa LC LC Yes
ORCULIDAE creticostata Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE cretilasithi Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE cretimaxima Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE cretiminuta Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE cretioreina Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE crinita Chilostoma NT NE Yes
71
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYGROMIIDAE crispolanata Xerotricha DD DD Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE critica Orculella LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE crombezi Chilostoma CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE crosseanum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE cryptomena Platyla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE cumiae Trochoidea NT NT Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE curtii Platyla LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE cuticula Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE cyclolabris Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE cylindrica Abida LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE cylindrica Brephulopsis LC NE Yes
VERTIGINIDAE cylindrica Truncatellina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE cypriola Helicopsis LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE cyprius Paramastus LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE cyrniaca Tacheocampylaea EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE daanidentata Pyrenaearia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE dabovici Agardhiella NT NE Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE dalmatinum Cochlostoma VU D2 NE Yes
VALLONIIDAE declivis Vallonia NT NT Yes
LAURIIDAE degenerata Leiostyla NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE dejecta Helicopsis DD DD Yes
ENIDAE delibutus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE delphinuloides Geomitra CR/PE D CR/PE D Yes Yes
HELICIDAE delpretiana Helix DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE denudata Chilostoma NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE depauperata Spirorbula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE depulsa Xerolenta NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE derbentina Xeropicta LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE derogata Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE desertae Heterostoma DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE desmoulinsii Chilostoma LC LC Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE despreauxii Obelus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE deubeli Lozekia LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE dewinteri Menkia DD DD Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE dianae Plutonia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE diaphana Eucobresia LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE dibothrion Perforatella LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE dictaeus Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE diegoi Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE diensis Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE diodonta Soosia NT NT Yes
HYGROMIIDAE dirphica Monacha DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE dirphicus Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE discobolus Canariella NT NT Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE discogranulatus Obelus EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE disjuncta Acicula NT NT Yes
HELICIDAE distensa Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE dobrogica Orcula DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE dochii Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE doeini Monacha LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE dohrni Xerosecta DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE doliolum Napaeus EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
72
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ORCULIDAE doliolum Sphyradium LC LC
ORCULIDAE dolium Orcula LC LC Yes
ARGNIDAE domokosi Agardhiella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE dormitoris Helix LC NE Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE dorotheae Oestophora NA NA
ACICULIDAE douctouyrensis Acicula DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE drouetiana Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE dunjana Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE duplex Heterostoma DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE dupotetii Rupestrella VU D2 VU D2
ACICULIDAE dupuyi Platyla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE durieui Xeromunda NT NT
TRISSEXODONTIDAE ebria Oestophora NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ebusitana Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE eceroensis Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE echinulata Hystricella LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE edentula Columella LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE edentula Petasina LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE edlaueri Chilostoma DD NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE edmundi Xerocrassa EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE efferata Hemicycla CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE elegans Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
ENIDAE elegans Napaeus VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE elegans Trochoidea LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE elegantissima Renea DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE eliaca Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE elisabethae Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE elisabethae Platyla NT NE Yes
ENIDAE elongata Ena DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE emarginatus Mastus NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE emigrata Monacha LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE emmersoni Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE encaustus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE enniensis Vallonia NT NT
ORCULIDAE epirotes Pagodulina LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE erika Cochlostoma VU D2 NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE erjaveci Trochulus LC LC Yes
ENIDAE esbeltus Napaeus VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE ethelema Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE etuberculatus Mastus LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE euboeae Chilostoma NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE euboeica Monacha DD DD Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE euboicum Cochlostoma NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE eucineta Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE eurythyra Hemicycla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE eutropis Canariella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE exaggerata Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE excentrica Vallonia LC LC
ENIDAE exilis Napaeus CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE explanata Xerosecta EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)
VERTIGINIDAE extima Vertigo DD DD
73
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ARGNIDAE extravaganta Agardhiella DD NE Yes
VITRINIDAE falcifera Plutonia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE falkneri Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE falkneri Chondrina NT NT Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE falknerorum Leiostyla EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE fallax Monachoides VU D2 NE Yes
LAURIIDAE fanalensis Lauria LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE farinesii Chondrina LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE fasciolata Lauria LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE fasciolata Zebrina LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE faueri Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE fausta Actinella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE faustina Faustina LC LC Yes
ARGNIDAE ferrari Argna LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE ferraria Leiostyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE ferrarii Thoanteus LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ferreri Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE gulina Helix LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE licina Petasina LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE licum Leiostyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE limargo Helicopsis LC NE Yes
VITRINIDAE nitima Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE orii Candidula VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE avistoma Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE avoterminatus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE fodela Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE foliniana Platyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE fontenillii Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE formosa Agardhiella LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE fortunata Canariella VU B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) VU B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE franciscoi Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE franciscoi Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE frater Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE frequens Monacha LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE frigidum Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE fritschi Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE frumentum Granaria LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE fruticola Monacha LC NE Yes
BRADYBAENIDAE fruticum Fruticicola LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE fuchsi Chilostoma NT NE Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE fuchsi Cochlostoma VU D2 NE Yes
ORCULIDAE fuchsi Orcula CR B1ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE fuchsiana Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE fulgida Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE furva Leptaxis VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE fusca Acicula LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE fusca Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE fuscidula Leiostyla DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE fuscolabiata Marmorana DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gadirana Ganula VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE galeata Lemniscia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE gasulli Chondrina VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
74
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
TRISSEXODONTIDAE gasulli Gasullia NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gasulli Xerotricha EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE gaudryi Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE geminata Theba DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE generosensis Chondrina LC DD Yes
VERTIGINIDAE genesii Vertigo LC LC Yes
ACICULIDAE gentilei Renea VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE georgi Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
CHONDRINIDAE gerhardi Chondrina VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE geyeri Vertigo LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE geyeri Xerocrassa DD DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ghisottii Cernuellopsis VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE gibba Leiostyla CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE gibber Thoanteus LC NE Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE gigas Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gigaxii Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE giramica Actinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE girva Lindholmiola LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE gittenbergeri Abida NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE gittenbergeri Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gittenbergeri Helicopsis LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE gittenbergeri Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE giuricus Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE giustii Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE giustii Xerosecta CR B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv) CR B1ac(iv)+2ac(iv) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE glabellus Urticicola LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE glaciale Chilostoma LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE glacialis Eucobresia DD DD Yes
HELICIDAE glasiana Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE globularis Marmorana LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE glyceia Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE godetiana Helix EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gomerae Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE gomerensis Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE gomerensis Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gonzalezi Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE gormonti Renea VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE grabhami Geomitra CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE grabusana Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE gracile Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
ACICULIDAE gracilis Platyla LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE graellsianus Allognathus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE graminicola Trochulus NT NT Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE granatensis Chondrina NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE grandis Mastus LC LC Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE granesae Oestophora VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE granomalleata Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE granostriata Monilearia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE granulata Ashfordia LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE granum Granopupa LC LC
75
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HELICIDAE grasseti Theba EN B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) EN B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE grata Xerocrassa DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE gregaria Monacha NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE grisea Superba NT NE Yes
ARGNIDAE grossui Agardhiella NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE grovesiana Candidula EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE groviana Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE gruereanus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE gualtieranus Iberus EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE guamartemes Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE guidoni Solatopupa DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE guiraoanus Iberus LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE gularis Orcula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE haberhaueri Cattania LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE harpya Chilostoma CR B1ab(ii,iii,v)+
2ab(ii,iii,v) NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE hartungi Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE hartungi Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE hausdor Acicula NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE hauseri Pagodulina LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE haussknechti Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE hedybia Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE heldi Vertigo EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes
HELICIDAE heldreichi Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE helenae Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE hellenicum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE helvolus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE hemmeni Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE hemmeni Turanena NT NT
HELICIDAE hemonica Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE henricae Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE heraklea Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE hessei Arianta NT NT Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE heterodon Leiostyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE hidalgoi Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE hillyeriana Xerosecta DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE hirta Chilostoma LC NE Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE hispanica Suboestophora VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE hispanicus Allognathus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE hispidula Canariella VU B1ab(i,ii,iii)+
2ab(i,ii,iii) VU B1ab(i,ii,iii)+
2ab(i,ii,iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE hispidus Trochulus LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE hoffmanni Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE holosericea Causa LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE homala Rupestrella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE homeyeri Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE horripila Moreletina LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE horsti Menkia NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE hortensis Cepaea LC LC Yes
76
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
DIPLOMMATINIDAE hoyeri Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE huidobroi Xerotricha NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE huttereri Canariella EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE huttereri Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE hydrutina Cernuella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE hymetti Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE iberica Helicella LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE ierapetrana Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE ignorata Orculella LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE illyrica Faustina LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE impugnata Theba VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE incarnatus Monachoides LC LC Yes
ARGNIDAE incerta Agardhiella LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE inchoata Portugala LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE incisogranulata Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE indifferens Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE inatiusculus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE innominatus Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE inops Monilearia DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE insolita Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE instabilis Helicopsis LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE intermedium Chilostoma LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE intermedium Cochlostoma DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE interpunctatus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE intersecta Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE introducta Xerosecta LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE intusplicata Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE inutilis Hemicycla VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE invernicata Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE irrigua Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE isaricus Urticicola DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE isletae Napaeus CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE isognomostomos Isognomostoma LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE istriana Chilostoma DD NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE itala Helicella LC LC Yes
ENIDAE itanosensis Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE jaeckeli Rupestrella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE jamuzensis Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE jandiaensis Canariella CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE jankowskiana Platyla VU D2 NE Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE jeresae Suboestophora VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE jeschaui Mengoana LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE jetschini Orcula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE jimenensis Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE josephi Thyrreniellina NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE juglans Helicella LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE juliana Solatopupa LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE kaeufeli Pagodulina LC NE Yes
ENIDAE katerinae Turanena NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE kattingeri Cattania LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE kindermanni Zebrina LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE kleciachi Chilostoma LC NE Yes
77
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
DIPLOMMATINIDAE kleciaki Cochlostoma DD DD Yes
ORCULIDAE klemmi Pagodulina LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE kobelti Chondrina LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE kobelti Renea NT NE Yes
CHONDRINIDAE kobeltoides Chondrina LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE kokeilii Odontocyclas LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE kollari Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE kosovoensis Monachoides NT NE Yes
VITRINIDAE kotulae Semilimax LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE kovacsi Kovacsia LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE krueperi Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE krynickii Xeropicta LC LC
HELICIDAE kulmakana Superba NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE kusmici Hiltrudia LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE kydonia Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE laciniosa Actinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE lactea Otala LC LC
VERTIGINIDAE laeviuscula Truncatellina DD NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lamalouensis Monacha DD DD Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE lamarckii Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE lamellata Agardhiella LC LC Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE lamellata Spermodea NT NT Yes
ENIDAE lamellifera Multidentula LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE lamellosa Leiostyla EX EX Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lampedusae Cernuella NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lancerottensis Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE langaleta Agardhiella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE langhofferi Helicodonta DD NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lanosa Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lanuginosa Ganula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE lapicida Helicigona LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lasithiensis Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE latens Spirorbula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE laurijona Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE laurinea Leiostyla VU B1ab(iii); D2 VU B1ab(iii); D2 Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE laxata Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE leacockiana Hystricella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lectus Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE ledereri Euchondrus LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ledereri Xeropicta LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE lefeburiana Chilostoma LC LC Yes
HELICODONTIDAE lens Lindholmiola LC LC Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE lenticula Caracollina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE lentiginosa Actinella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE leprosa Canariella VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE leptostictus Caseolus VU B2ab(iii); D2 VU B2ab(iii); D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lernaea Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE leucozona Petasina LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE lichenicola Napaeus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE liebegottae Monacha LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE liebetruti Trochoidea NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE ligata Helix DD DD Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE lilljeborgi Vertigo NT NT Yes
78
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYGROMIIDAE limbata Hygromia LC LC Yes
ENIDAE limbodentatus Euchondrus NT NT Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE limnaeana Hemilauria LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE linearis Truncatellina DD DD Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE lineata Acicula LC LC Yes
ACICULIDAE lineolata Acicula LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE littorinella Actinella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE litturata Pseudotachea NT NT
ENIDAE loewii Jaminia LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE loweana Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE loweana Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lowei Microxeromagna LC LC
ENIDAE lowei Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE loweii Pseudocampylaea EX EX Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lubomirskii Trochulus LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE lucorum Helix LC LC
ENIDAE lugorensis Chondrula NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lurida Petasina LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE lusitanica Chondrina LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE lusitanica Oestophora LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE lusitanica Platyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE lussinensis Truncatellina VU D2 NE Yes
HELICIDAE lutescens Helix LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE lyelliana Discula CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE maasseni Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE maasseni Platyla VU D2 NE Yes
ENIDAE macedonica Chondrula LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE macedonica Xerolenta LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE macei Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE machadoi Plutonia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE macilenta Leiostyla VU B2ab(iii) VU B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE macrodonta Agardhiella LC LC Yes
ENIDAE maculatus Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE madeirensis Disculella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE madritensis Xerotricha LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE maeotica Drobacia DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE mafoteanus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE maginensis Chondrina VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE major Phenacolimax NT NT Yes
HELICIDAE maranajensis Cattania NT NE Yes
VITRINIDAE marcida Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE mariae Oestophora VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE mariae Xerotricha DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE marmoratus Iberus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE martigena Ponentina LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE martorelli Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE martorelli Montserratina LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE mascaensis Hemicycla CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE mascaensis Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE mathildae Hiltrudia LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE maugeana Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE mazzullii Cornu EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE meda Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
79
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
VITRINIDAE media Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE megacheilos Chondrina LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE melchori Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE melpomene Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE membranacea Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE mennoi Napaeopsis LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE merditanus Napaeopsis LC NE Yes
ENIDAE merduenianum Peristoma NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE mesostena Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE messenica Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE michaudi Lemniscia NT NT Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE microspira Platyla LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE microspora Columella LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE microtragus Chondrula LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE microtricha Monacha LC NE Yes
LAURIIDAE millegrana Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE millieri Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE minima Napaeopsis LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE minor Leptaxis EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE minuta Chondrula DD DD Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE minutissima Platyla NT NT Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE mirandae Obelus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE mirica Rhabdoena NT NT Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE moderatus Obelus LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE modesta Hemicycla CR/PE D CR/PE D Yes Yes
HELICIDAE moellendorf Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE molae Pyrenaearia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE molinae Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE monas Spermodea LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE monilifera Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE moniziana Geomitra EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE monodon Truncatellina LC LC Yes
ENIDAE montana Ena LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE montanum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE montanus Trochulus DD DD Yes
ENIDAE monticola Ena LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE monticola Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE montigena Monilearia NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE montserratensis Xerocrassa EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE moquinianus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE moraguesi Xerocrassa EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE moratus Obelus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE mostarensis Cochlostoma NT NE Yes
VERTIGINIDAE moulinsiana Vertigo VU A2ac VU A2ac
HYGROMIIDAE mounierensis Urticicola NT NT Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE moutonii Renea NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE moutonii Urticicola DD DD Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE multidentata Chondrina LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE multigranosa Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE multilineata Acicula VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE multipunctata Monilearia NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE muralis Marmorana LC LC Yes Yes
80
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
PUPILLIDAE muscorum Pupilla LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE musignani Oligolimax VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE myosotis Napaeus EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE najerensis Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE nanodes Napaeus EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE nanum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
HELICODONTIDAE nautiliforme Drepanostoma NT DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE navasi Pyrenaearia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE naxianus Metafruticicola DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE nebrodensis Marmorana EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE neglecta Cernuella LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE nemoralis Cepaea LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE neocrassa Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes
HELICIDAE niciensis Macularia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nicosiana Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nicosianus Metafruticicola DD DD Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE nitida Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nitidiuscula Actinella LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE nivalis Eucobresia DD DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nivosa Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nodosostriata Xerotricha DD DD Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE nogalesi Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE norrisi Acicula VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE nouleti Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE noverca Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nubigena Helicella DD DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE nubivaga Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE nucifragus Euchondrus LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE nucula Helix NT NT
HYGROMIIDAE nyeli Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE nympha Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE obesatus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE obruta Moreletina VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE obscura Merdigera LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE obscurum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE obserata Actinella CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE obtecta Spirorbula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE obtusus Cylindrus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE obvia Xerolenta LC LC
HELICODONTIDAE obvoluta Helicodonta LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE occidentalis Abida LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE occidentalis Metafruticicola LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE occulta Rupestrella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ocellata Monacha LC LC Yes
ENIDAE ocellatus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE odeca Hygromia VU B1ab(iii,iv) VU B1ab(iii,iv) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE oertzeni Pseudoxerophila LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE oglasae Ciliellopsis VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE oleacea Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE oligodonta Chondrina VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE olisippensis Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE olivaceus Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
81
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
VERTIGINIDAE opisthodon Truncatellina NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE orbignii Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ordunensis Helicella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE oreinos Trochulus NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE organiaca Pyrenaearia EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
ENIDAE orientalis Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE ornamentatus Napaeus VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE oromii Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE orsinii Monacha NT NT Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE orthostoma Platyla NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE ortizi Iberus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE ortizi Oestophora NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE orzai Helicella NT NT Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE oscitans Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE oshanovae Monacha NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE osoriensis Napaeus CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE ossica Napaeopsis LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ovularis Monacha NT NT Yes
ENIDAE ovularis Multidentula LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE oxytropis Hystricella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE paeteliana Hemicycla CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE paganettii Spelaeoconcha LC NE Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE pageti Cochlostoma NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE pagodula Pagodulina LC LC Yes
ACICULIDAE paillona Renea VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE paivanopsis Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE paladilhianum Cochlostoma VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE pallida Solatopupa DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE palmaensis Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE parcedentata Vertigo VU D2 NE Yes
ACICULIDAE parcelineata Acicula LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE parlatoris Schileykiella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE parnassia Codringtonia VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) VU B1ab(i,ii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iv) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE parnonis Cochlostoma NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE parreyssi Euchondrus LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE parreyssii Agardhiella LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE parryi Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE partioti Abida LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE partioti Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE parumcincta Monacha LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE parva Pyrenaearia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE patulum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE paulhessei Helicopsis EX NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pauperculum Heterostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pavida Xerotricha EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE pegorarii Eucobresia EN B2ab(iv) DD Yes
VITRINIDAE pelagica Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE pelia Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pellitus Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE pellucida Vitrina LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE peloponnesia Xeromunda LC LC Yes Yes
82
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ENIDAE peloponnesica Chondrula LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE peloponnesica Platyla VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE penchinati Xerocrassa LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE pentheri Chilostoma NT NE Yes
ACICULIDAE perpusilla Platyla LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE perraudierei Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE persimilis Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE petrophila Ripkeniella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE petrovici Cattania NT NE Yes
ACICULIDAE pezzolii Platyla NT NT Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE phalerata Monilearia NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE philibinensis Helix LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE philippianum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE philippii Rupestrella LC LC
HELICIDAE phocaea Chilostoma LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE phorochaetia Trochulus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE piccardi Trochulus DD NE Yes
HELICIDAE pieperi Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE pindica Chondrula LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE pinteri Cochlostoma NT NE Yes
ACICULIDAE pinteri Platyla LC LC Yes
HELICODONTIDAE pirinensis Lindholmiola LC LC Yes
ARGNIDAE pirotana Agardhiella NT NE Yes
HELICIDAE pisana Theba LC LC
VALLONIIDAE placida Plagyrona LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE planaria Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE planorbella Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE planospira Chilostoma DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE platychela Marmorana DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE plebeius Trochulus DD DD Yes
HELICIDAE plicaria Hemicycla CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE plutonia Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE poecilodoma Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE polinskii Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE polita Platyla LC LC Yes
VITRINIDAE polloneriana Sardovitrina VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE polyhymnia Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE polymorpha Discula LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE polyodon Abida LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE pomacella Helix LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE pomatia Helix LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ponentina Ponentina LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pontelirae Canariella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE porroi Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE portosanctana Pseudocampylaea LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE posthuma Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE pouchadan Hemicycla EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE pouchet Hemicycla VU B2ab(ii) VU B2ab(ii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE pouzolzi Chilostoma LC NE Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE praeposita Monilearia DD DD Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE prietoi Oestophora NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE prietoi Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE procax Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
83
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ACICULIDAE procax Platyla VU D2 NE Yes
ENIDAE procerus Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE promissa Xerosecta LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE propinquus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE pruninus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE psarolena Solatopupa VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE psathyra Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE pseudodolium Orcula NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pseudorothii Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pthonera Canariella VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE pulchella Vallonia LC LC
COCHLICELLIDAE pulverulenta Monilearia CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pulvinata Discula EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE punctata Otala LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE punctulatus Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE pupa Mastus LC LC
VERTIGINIDAE purpuraria Truncatellina DD DD Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE pusilla Vertigo LC LC
ENIDAE pusio Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE pygmaea Vertigo LC LC
ENIDAE pygmaeus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE pyramidata Trochoidea LC LC
CHONDRINIDAE pyrenaearia Abida LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE pyrenaicus Allognathus NT NT Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE pyrenaicus Semilimax LC LC Yes
HELICODONTIDAE quadrasi Atenia LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE quadricincta Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE quadridens Jaminia LC LC Yes
ENIDAE quinquedentata Chondrula LC LC Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE rangianus Mastigophallus NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE raspailii Tacheocampylaea VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE razlogi Xerolenta DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE reboudiana Xerosecta LC LC
HELICIDAE rechingeri Assyriella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE recta Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE redtenbacheri Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE regisborisi Lindholmiola LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE reinae Schileykiella NT NT Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE reinhardti Agardhiella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICODONTIDAE reischuetzi Lindholmiola LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE reischuetzi Superba NT NT Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE relevata Leiostyla NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE renei Xerotricha DD DD Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE restituta Orcula LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE reticulata Plutonia CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE retowskii Helicopsis LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE revelata Ponentina DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rhabdotoides Candidula LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE rhodia Rupestrella LC LC
HELICIDAE ridens Tyrrheniberus VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE riedeli Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ripacurcica Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
84
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
CHONDRINIDAE ripkeni Chondrina NT NT Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE ripkeni Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rithymna Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rizzae Monacha VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE roblesi Xerocrassa VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE robusta Actinella DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rocandioi Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE roccellicola Napaeus VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE rolani Menkia DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE romagnolii Tacheocampylaea CR B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ronceroi Canariella CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE ronnebyensis Vertigo LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE roseoli Cochlostoma LC NE Yes
ENIDAE rossmaessleri Mastus LC LC Yes
ORCULIDAE rossmaessleri Walklea LC LC Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE rothi Truncatellina LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rothii Monacha LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rotula Discula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rubiginosa Pseudotrichia LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ruffoi Monacha VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE rufobrunneus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE rugosa Cernuella EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+
2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE rugulosa Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE ruivensis Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE rumelica Cattania LC LC Yes
ENIDAE rupestre Peristoma NT NE Yes
CHONDRINIDAE rupestris Rupestrella NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE rupicola Napaeus VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE sabulivaga Helicella DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE sacchii Ichnusomunda CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE saintivesi Macularia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE sanctaemariae Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE saponacea Hemicycla NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE sarcostoma Hemicycla LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE sardoa Platyla NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE sardonius Tyrrheniberus CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE sardoum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE saulcyi Hemicycla CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE savinosa Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE saxetana Marmorana NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE scabriuscula Marmorana DD DD Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE scalarinum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
ORCULIDAE scalaris Orculella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE schmidtii Arianta NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE schmidtii Orcula LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE secale Abida LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE secernenda Helix LC LC Yes
ENIDAE seductilis Pseudochondrula VU A2b VU A2ab
VITRINIDAE semilimax Semilimax LC LC Yes
VERTIGINIDAE seminulum Staurodon LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE septemspirale Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
85
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ARGNIDAE serbica Agardhiella NT NE Yes
HELICIDAE serbica Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE sericeus Trochulus LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE serpentina Marmorana LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE servus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE setigera Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE setosa Chilostoma LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE setubalensis Candidula EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE setulosus Caseolus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE severus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE siderensis Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE signata Marmorana NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE silosensis Xerotricha LC LC Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE silvae Oestophora LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE simia Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE similis Platyla LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE similis Solatopupa LC LC Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE simplicula Gasulliella LC LC
DIPLOMMATINIDAE simrothi Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE simulator Leiostyla CR/PE D CR/PE D Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE siphnica Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE sirianocoriensis Orculella LC LC Yes
ENIDAE sitiensis Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE skipetarica Agardhiella LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE skipetarica Superba LC NE Yes
VITRINIDAE solemi Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE solidior Monacha LC LC Yes
VALLONIIDAE sororcula Gittenbergia LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE spadae Candidula VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE sparsa Pagodulina LC LC Yes
HELICODONTIDAE spectabilis Lindholmiola LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE spectabilis Renea LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE spelta Chondrina LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE sphaeriostoma Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE sphakiota Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE sphinctostoma Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE spinifera Acanthinula DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE spiriplana Levantina LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE spirulina Disculella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE spiruloides Xerolenta LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE splendida Pseudotachea LC LC Yes
ORCULIDAE spoliata Orcula DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE squalida Spirorbula VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE squalina Multidentula LC NA Yes
HYGROMIIDAE squamata Canariella NT NT Yes Yes
HELICIDAE squamatinum Chilostoma LC LC Yes
CHONDRINIDAE stabilei Granaria LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE stabilei Phenacolimax DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE stenomphala Chilostoma LC NE Yes
ARGNIDAE stenostoma Agardhiella LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE stenzii Arianta NT NT Yes Yes
PUPILLIDAE sterrii Pupilla LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE stiparum Helicella EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
86
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
ENIDAE stokesi Rhabdoena NT NT Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE stossichi Cochlostoma NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE striata Helicopsis LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE striatitala Helicella LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE strigella Euomphalia LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE striolata Striolata LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE striolatus Trochulus LC LC Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE sturanii Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
ACICULIDAE stussineri Platyla LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE stylus Multidentula LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE subaii Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE subaii Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE subalpinum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE subcalliferus Caseolus CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE subdentata Theba VU D2 VU D2
ACICULIDAE subdiaphana Platyla NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE subdola Pagodulina LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE suberecta Trochulus DD DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE suberinus Urticicola DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE subgracilior Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE subhispidula Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE subplicata Idiomela CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE subrogata Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE subrufescens Zenobiella LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE subsimplex Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE substriata Vertigo LC LC
HYGROMIIDAE subtecta Petasina NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE subtilis Ena LC LC Yes
ENIDAE subulata Brephulopsis LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE subvariegata Xerocrassa LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE subvirescens Ponentina LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE subzonata Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
VALLONIIDAE suevica Vallonia EN B2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HELICIDAE sylvatica Cepaea LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE syrensis Candidula LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE syriaca Monacha LC LC
ACICULIDAE szigethyannae Acicula LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE sztolcmani Chilostoma NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tabellata Discula CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE tabidus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE taburientensis Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE tacheoides Tacheocampylaea EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE taeniata Leiostyla DD DD Yes Yes
ENIDAE tafadaensis Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE tagamichensis Napaeus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE taguluchensis Napaeus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE talentii Platyla NT NT Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE tamaranensis Plutonia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE taraensis Monachoides LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tarentina Trochoidea DD DD Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE tarnieri Oestophora LC LC
TRISSEXODONTIDAE tarraconensis Suboestophora NT NT Yes Yes
87
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HYGROMIIDAE tassyi Hygromia VU D2 VU D2 Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tectiformis Discula EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE templorum Orculella NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE tenoensis Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tenuicostulata Canariella LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE tenuimarginata Chondrina LC LC Yes
ENIDAE teobaldoi Napaeus CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE terceirana Leptaxis LC LC Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE tergestinum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE terverii Xerosecta DD DD Yes Yes
LAURIIDAE tesselata Leiostyla DD DD Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE tessellatum Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE testudinalis Discula CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tetrica Discula CR/PE B1ab(iii) CR/PE B1ab(iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE texturatus Napaeus DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE thasia Xerolenta LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE thessalica Xeromunda LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE thiesseanus Jaminia LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE thracica Argna LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tiarella Geomitra EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE tillieri Canariella NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE tolminensis Orcula LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE tournefortianus Chondrus LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE transsilvanica Lozekia LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE transsylvanicus Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE tremulans Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE tricuspidata Chondrula LC LC Yes
ENIDAE tridens Chondrula NT NT
VITRINIDAE tridentinum Vitrinobrachium DD DD Yes
PUPILLIDAE triplicata Pupilla LC LC
HELICIDAE trizona Cattania LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE trochoides Trochoidea LC LC
ARGNIDAE truncatella Agardhiella LC LC Yes
ORCULIDAE tschapecki Pagodulina DD DD Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE tubaeformis Monilearia NT NT Yes Yes
VITRINIDAE tuberculata Plutonia NT NT Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE tumulorum Monilearia CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE tunde Agardhiella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
ENIDAE turgidus Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE turolensis Xerocrassa NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE turricula Hystricella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE turriplana Gittenbergeria NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE ultima Candidula NT NT Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE ultimathule Vertigo NT NT Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE umbicula Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE umbrosus Urticicola LC LC Yes
VERTIGINIDAE uniarmata Truncatellina DD DD Yes
HYGROMIIDAE unidentata Petasina LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE unifasciata Candidula LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE usticensis Ichnusomunda VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE valdeona Helicella VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HELICIDAE valentini Helix EN B1ab(i,ii,iii)+
2ab(i,ii,iii) EN B1ab(i,ii,iii)+
2ab(i,ii,iii) Yes
88
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HELICIDAE valkanovi Chilostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ARGNIDAE valsabina Argna VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE variabilis Granaria DD DD Yes
ENIDAE variatus Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
ENIDAE varnensis Zebrina LC LC Yes Yes
CHONDRINIDAE vasconica Abida LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE vatonniana Xerotricha VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii);
D2 VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii);
D2
HYGROMIIDAE velascoi Pyrenaearia VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
VERTIGINIDAE velkovrhi Truncatellina NT NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE vendia Plentuisa NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE venerabilis Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE veneta Renea LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE venusta Monacha NT NT Yes
CHONDRINIDAE vergniesiana Abida NT NT Yes
HELICIDAE vermiculata Eobania LC LC
LAURIIDAE vermiculosa Leiostyla DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE vermiplicata Hemicycla DD DD Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE vespertina Moreletina LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE vezzanii Acicula NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE vicinus Monachoides LC LC Yes
HELICIDAE vikosensis Superba DD DD Yes Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE villae Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE villicus Tyrrheniberus VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE villosulus Trochulus LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE villosus Trochulus LC LC Yes
LAURIIDAE vincta Leiostyla LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE vindobonensis Cepaea LC LC Yes
ENIDAE violacea Mastus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE virgata Cernuella LC LC
HELICIDAE vladica Helix LC NE Yes
ENIDAE voggenreiteri Napaeus NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE vulgaris Napaeus LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE vulgarissima Xeromunda LC LC Yes
ORCULIDAE wagneri Orcula NT NT Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE waldemari Cochlostoma LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE waldemari Trochulus LC NE Yes
HYGROMIIDAE watsoni Geomitra DD DD Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE watsoniana Monilearia DD DD Yes Yes
HELICIDAE webbiana Lampadia EN B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) EN B1ab(ii,iii)+
2ab(ii,iii) Yes Yes
ENIDAE werneri Chondrula LC VU D2 Yes
DIPLOMMATINIDAE westerlundi Cochlostoma LC LC Yes Yes
ACICULIDAE wilhelmi Platyla LC NE Yes
HELICODONTIDAE wilhelminae Helicodonta EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE wollastoni Leptaxis EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii,v)+
2ab(iii,v) Yes Yes
COCHLICELLIDAE woodwardia Monilearia LC LC Yes Yes
HELICIDAE xatartii Arianta VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE zaharensis Xerocrassa VU D2 VU D2 Yes Yes
TRISSEXODONTIDAE zapateri Hatumia NT NT Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE zaratei Xerotricha NT NT Yes Yes
ENIDAE zasiensis Rhabdoena NT NT Yes Yes
89
Family Species Genus IUCN
Red List
Category
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(Europe)
IUCN
Red List
Category
(EU 27)
IUCN
Red List
Criteria
(EU 27)
Endemic
to
Europe?
Endemic
to
EU 27?
HELICIDAE zebiana Chilostoma NT NE Yes
ENIDAE zebra Chondrus LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE zelebori Xerocampylaea LC VU D2 Yes
HELICIDAE ziegleri Chilostoma NT NT Yes Yes
ORCULIDAE zilchi Orcula VU D2 VU D2
ARGNIDAE zoltanorum Agardhiella LC NE Yes
HELICIDAE zonatum Chilostoma LC LC Yes
HYGROMIIDAE zonella Metafruticicola LC LC Yes Yes
HYGROMIIDAE zujarensis Xerotricha DD DD Yes Yes
* Species were considered to be Not Applicable (NA) if they were judged to be of marginal occurrence in the region. Species were regarded as of marginal
occurrence if it was estimated that less than 1% of their global range lies within Europe and if the European populations are not disjunct of the main species
range.
90
Appendix 3. Bern Convention and
Habitats Directive mollusc species
Bern and Habitat Directive name Red List name European
Red List
Category
European Red
List Criteria
Habitat
Directive
Annexes
Bern
Convention
Appendices
Biome
(Terrestrial/
Freshwater/
Marine)
Anisus vorticulus Anisus vorticulus NT II/IV Freshwater
Caseolus calculus Caseolus calculus VU D2 II/IV II Terrestrial
Caseolus commixta Caseolus commixta LC II/IV II Terrestrial
Caseolus sphaerula
Porto Santo populations now under
the name Casoeuls subcalliferus, as
Caseolus sphaerula was the fossil
subspecies on Madeira, and as the
nominate race took the name
CR B2ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Charonia rubicunda
(= C. lampas = C. nodiferum) (Med.) NE II Marine
Charonia tritonis (= C. seguenziae) (Med.) NE II Marine
Chilostoma banaticum Drobacia banatica DD II/IV Terrestrial
Congeria kusceri Congeria kusceri VU A2ac IV Freshwater
Dendropoma petræum (Med.) NE II Marine
Discula leacockiana Hystricella leacockiana VU D2 II/IV II Terrestrial
Discula tabellata Discula tabellata CR B1ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Discula testudinalis Discula testudinalis CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) IV II Terrestrial
Discula turricula Hystricella turricula VU D2 IV II Terrestrial
Discus deoratus NE IV II Terrestrial
Discus guerinianus Discus guerinianus CR B1ab(iii,v) II/IV II Terrestrial
Elona quimperiana Elona quimperiana LC II/IV II Terrestrial
Erosaria spurca (Med.) NE II Marine
Geomalacus maculosus Geomalacus maculosus LC II/IV II Terrestrial
Geomitra moniziana Geomitra moniziana EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Gibbula nivosa (Med.) NE II/IV II Marine
*Helicopsis striata austriaca (o) Helicopsis striata LC II Terrestrial
Helix pomatia Helix pomatia LC III Terrestrial
Hygromia kovacsi Kovacsia kovacsi LC II/IV Terrestrial
Idiomela (Helix) subplicata Idiomela (Helix) subplicata CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Lampedusa imitatrix Lampedusa imitatrix NE II/IV Terrestrial
*Lampedusa melitensis Lampedusa melitensis NE II/IV Terrestrial
Leiostyla abbreviata Leiostyla abbreviata CR B2ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Leiostyla cassida Leiostyla cassida CR B2ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Leiostyla corneocostata Leiostyla corneocostata VU D2 II/IV II Terrestrial
Leiostyla gibba Leiostyla gibba CR B1ab(iii) II/IV II Terrestrial
Leiostyla lamellosa Leiostyla lamellosa EX II/IV II Terrestrial
Lithophaga lithophaga (Med.) NE IV II Marine
Luria lurida (= Cypræa lurida) (Med.) NE II Marine
Margaritifera auricularia Margaritifera auricularia CR A2ac IV II Freshwater
Margaritifera margaritifera Margaritifera margaritifera CR A2b II III Freshwater
Microcondymaea compressa Microcondylaea bonellii VU A2c III Freshwater
Mitra zonata (Med.) NE II Marine
Molluscs listed on either Annexes II and IV of the
Habitats Directive or Appendices II or III of the Bern
Convention and their European Red List status. An
asterisk (*) indicates that the species is a priority species
for the Habitats Directive.
91
Bern and Habitat Directive name Red List name European
Red List
Category
European Red
List Criteria
Habitat
Directive
Annexes
Bern
Convention
Appendices
Biome
(Terrestrial/
Freshwater/
Marine)
*Paladilhia hungarica Bythiospeum hungaricum VU D2 II/IV Freshwater
Patella ferruginea (Med.) NE IV II Marine
Patella nigra (Med.) NE II Marine
Pholas dactylus (Med.) NE II Marine
Pinna nobilis NE IV Marine
Pinna pernula (Med.) NE II Marine
Ranella olearia (Med.) NE II Marine
Sadleriana pannonica Bythiospeum pannonica LC II/IV Freshwater
Schilderia achatidea (Med.) NE II Marine
Theodoxus prevostianus Theodoxus prevostianus EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) IV Freshwater
Theodoxus transversalis Theodoxus transversalis EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv) II/IV Freshwater
Tonna galea (Med.) NE II Marine
Unio crassus Unio crassus VU A2ac+3ce IV Freshwater
Unio elongatulus Unio mancus NT III Freshwater
Vertigo angustior (o) Vertigo angustior (o) VU A2ac+3c II Terrestrial
Vertigo genesii (o) Vertigo genesii (o) LC II Terrestrial
Vertigo geyeri (o) Vertigo geyeri (o) LC II Terrestrial
Vertigo moulinsiana (o) Vertigo moulinsiana (o) VU A2ac II Terrestrial
Zonaria pyrum (Med.) NE II Marine
92
Appendix 4. Methodology for spatial
analyses
1. Freshwater molluscs
Data were analysed at the hydroshed level. River
basins were selected as the spatial unit for mapping
and analysing freshwater species distributions as it is
generally accepted that the river/lake basin or catchment
is the most appropriate management unit for inland
waters. Species distributions have been mapped to
include brackish and marine ranges where appropriate,
however the spatial analyses only include the inland
ranges for the purposes of this report.
Patterns of species richness (Figure 5) were mapped
by counting the number of extant species in each
hydroshed. Patterns of threatened species richness
(Figure 6) were mapped by counting the number of
threatened species (categories CR, EN, VU at the
European regional level) in each hydroshed. Patterns of
endemic species richness were mapped by counting the
number of species in each hydroshed that were flagged
as being endemic to geographic Europe as defined in
this project (Figure 7).
2. Terrestrial molluscs
Data were analysed using a geodesic discrete global grid
system, defined on an icosahedron and projected to the
sphere using the inverse Icosahedral Snyder Equal Area
(ISEA) Projection (S39). is corresponds to a hexagonal
grid composed of individual units (cells) that retain their
shape and area (~864 km2) throughout the globe. ese
are more suitable for a range of ecological applications
than the most commonly used rectangular grids (S40).
e range of each species was converted to the hexagonal
grid for analysis purposes. Coastal cells were clipped to
the coastline. Patterns of species richness (Fig. 12) were
mapped by counting the number of species in each cell
(or cell section, for species with a coastal distribution).
Patterns of threatened species richness (Fig. 13) were
mapped by counting the number of threatened species
(categories CR, EN, VU at the European regional level)
in each cell or cell section. Patterns of endemic species
richness were mapped by counting the number of species
in each cell (or cell section for coastal species) that were
flagged as being endemic to geographic Europe as defined
in this project (Fig. 14).
93
Appendix 5. Example of species
summary and distribution map
e species summary gives all the information
collated (for each species) during this assessment,
including a distribution map. You can search for and
download all the summaries and distribution maps
from the European Red List website and data portal
available online at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/
nature/conservation/species/redlist and http://www.
iucnredlist.org/europe.
94
95
96
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ – Regional Assessments
Europe
e Status and Distribution of European Mammals. Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Andrew Terry, 2007
European Red List of Reptiles. Compiled by Neil Cox and Helen J. Temple, 2009
European Red List of Amphibians. Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Neil Cox, 2009
European Red List of Dragonflies. Compiled by Vincent J. Kalkman, Jean-Pierre Boudot, R. Bernard, Klaus-Jürgen
Conze, Geert De Knijf, Elena Dyatlova, Sonia Ferreira, Miloš Jović, Jürgen Ott, Elisa Riservato and Göran Sahlén,
2010
European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles. Compiled by Ana Nieto and Keith Alexander, 2010
European Red List of Butterflies. Compiled by Chris van Swaay, Sue Collins, Annabelle Cuttelod, Dirk Maes, Miguel
López Munguira, Martina Šašić, Josef Settele, eo Verstrael, Rudi Verovnik, Martin Warren, Martin Wiemers and
Irma Wynhoff, 2010
European Red List of Freshwater Fishes. Jörg Freyhof and Emma Brooks, 2011
European Red List of Vascular Plants. Melanie Bilz, Shelagh Kell, Nigel Maxted and Richard Lansdown, 2011
Other regions
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Eastern Africa. Compiled by William R.T. Darwall, Kevin G.
Smith, omas Lowe, Jean-Christophe VieÅL, 2005
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Fish Endemic to the Mediterranean Basin. Compiled by Kevin G. Smith and
William R.T. Darwall, 2006
e Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians of the Mediterranean Basin. Compiled by Neil Cox, Janice
Chanson and Simon Stuart, 2006
Overview of the Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyans) in the Mediterranean Sea. Compiled by Rachel D. Cavanagh and
Claudine Gibson, 2007
e Status and Distribution of Dragonflies of the Mediterranean Basin. Compiled by Elisa Riservato, Jean-Pierre Boudot,
Sonia Ferreira, Miloš Jović, Vincent J. Kalkman, Wolfgang Schneider, Boudjéma Samraoui and Annabelle Cuttelod,
2009
e Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals. Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Annabelle Cuttelod, 2009
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Southern Africa. Compiled by William R.T. Darwall, Kevin G.
Smith, Denis Tweddle and Paul Skelton, 2009
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Western Africa. Compiled by Kevin Smith, Mame D. Diop and
Mamadou Niane, 2009
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Northern Africa. Compiled by Nieves García, Annabelle Cuttelod
and Dania Abdul Malak, 2010
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya. Compiled by David Allen, Snajay Molur
and B.A. Daniel, 2010
e Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Central Africa. Compiled by Emma G. E. Brooks, David J.
Allen and William R.T. Darwall, 2011
e diversity of life in African freshwaters; Underwater, under threat. An analysis of the status and distribution of freshwater
species throughout mainland Africa. Edited by William Darwall, Kevin Smith, David Allen, Robert Holland, Ian Harrison
and Emma G. Brooks, 2011
97
European Commission
European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
2011 – viii + 60pp + 4pp cover. 210 x 297 mm
ISBN 978-92-79-20198-1
doi:10.2779/84538
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e Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s six volunteer commissions with a global membership
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The European Red List is a review of the conservation status of c.6,000 European species
(mammals, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater shes, butteries, dragonies, and selected groups
of beetles, molluscs, and vascular plants) according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It
identies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level – in order that
appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status.
This publication summarises results for all of Europe’s native freshwater species of mollusc and
for a selection of terrestrial mollusc families.. About 44% of the freshwater molluscs and 20% of
the selected terrestrial molluscs are threatened with extinction at the European level as a result
of threats including pollution, dams and water extraction (mainly for agriculture and drinking
purposes) for the freshwater ecosystems and urbanisation, agriculture and recreational
activities for the terrestrial molluscs.
The European Red List was compiled by IUCN’s Species Programme , the IUCN Regional Oce
for Europe and the Natural History Museum of Bern (Switzerland) and is the product of a
service contract with the European Commission. It is available online at
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist
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