Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts

Abstract

Sulzbacher MA, Grebenc T, Jacques RJS, Antoniolli ZI 2013 – Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts. Mycosphere 4(1), 61– 95, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/4/1/5 A first list of ectomycorrhizal and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil (the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná), their potential hosts and origin is presented. The list is based on literature and authors observations. Ectomycorrhizal status and putative origin of listed species was assessed based on worldwide published data and, for some genera, deduced from taxonomic position of otherwise locally distributed species. A total of 144 species (including 18 doubtfull species) in 49 genera were recorded for this region, all accompanied with a brief distribution, habitat and substrate data. At least 30 collections were published only to the genus level and require further taxonomic review.

Full text

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
61
Ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil –
a literature-based review, their origin and
potential hosts
Sulzbacher MA1*, Grebenc, T2, Jacques RJS3 and Antoniolli
ZI3
1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Micologia/CCB, Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves, s/n, CEP: 50670-
901, Recife, PE, Brazil
2Slovenian Forestry Institute Vecna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Solos, CCR Campus Universitário, 971050-900, Santa Maria,
RS, Brazil
Sulzbacher MA, Grebenc T, Jacques RJS, Antoniolli ZI 2013 – Ectomycorrhizal fungi from
southern Brazil – a literature-based review, their origin and potential hosts. Mycosphere 4(1), 61–
95, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/4/1/5
A first list of ectomycorrhizal and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from southern Brazil (the states of
Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná), their potential hosts and origin is presented. The list
is based on literature and authors observations. Ectomycorrhizal status and putative origin of listed
species was assessed based on worldwide published data and, for some genera, deduced from
taxonomic position of otherwise locally distributed species. A total of 144 species (including 18
doubtfull species) in 49 genera were recorded for this region, all accompanied with a brief
distribution, habitat and substrate data. At least 30 collections were published only to the genus
level and require further taxonomic review.
Key words – distribution – habitat – mycorrhiza – neotropics – regional list
Article Information
Received 28 November 2012
Accepted 20 December 2012
Published online 10 February 2013
*Corresponding author: MA Sulzbacher – e-mail – marcelo_sulzbacher@yahoo.com.br
Introduction
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) and their
partner trees are well studied around the globe.
Nevertheless, Europe, North America and
several tropical regions have been considerably
more explored while ECM dominated habitats
in South America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and
Australia remain relative undersampled
(Tedersoo et al. 2010). In Brazil little is known
about the ECM communities. Among the
sporocarp-based studies of ECM conducted in
Brazil, focusing both on native as well as
exotic woody plants, we refer mainly to the
work of Singer & Araújo (1979), Singer et al.
(1983) and Singer & Aguiar (1986) in the
Amazon region. Recent publications with
surveys of putative ECM in exotic and native
plantations throughout the country have
contributed to the knowledge of this group in
different areas, producing new records and
newly described species (Baseia & Milanez
2000, 2002, Gurgel et al. 2008, Menolli et al.
2009a, 2009b, Wartchow & Maia 2007,
Wartchow et al. 2009, Wartchow & Cavalcanti
2010, Wartchow et al. 2012a, Wartchow
2012a, 2012b). All of these works are

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
62
taxonomic and they do not confirm the
association between plant and fungi.
Henkel et al. (2012) presented a
comprehensive study of the diversity of
ectomycorrhizal fungi sporocarps in the Guiana
Shield. Neves & Capelari (2007) published a
Brazilian checklist of Boletales, reporting 20
genera and 70 species belonging to Boletales
sensu Kirk et al. (2001), excluding the
Sclerodermataceae. In a recent checklist
Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia (2009) reported
232 taxa of Brazilian gasteroid fungi. In
southern Brazil, the first contributions were
made by Johannes Rick during the first half of
the twentieth century (reviewed in Fidalgo
1962, Mauhs 2000). In the 1950s, Rolf Singer
reviewed some of the species collected by
Rick, named Fungi Rickiani (Singer 1953a).
Several studies have added to the knowledge of
ECM fungi in Brazil. Putzke (1994) has
provided a checklist for the Brazilian
Agaricales, listing 1,011 taxa. Many genera
published by Putzke remain unresolved and
need additional taxonomic confirmation.
Most of these contributions were
checked by means of morphological features of
the sporocarps. Nowadays, however,
systematics and taxonomy of ECM fungi have
been under profound changes, mainly due to
the use of molecular tools (Binder & Hibbett
2002, Binder & Hibbett 2006, Hibbett et al.
1997, Hibbett 2006, Hosaka et al. 2006,
Matheny et al. 2006, Miller et al. 2006,
Moncalvo et al. 2002, 2006). Despite the fact,
data on tropical and subtropical fungi were
rarely included in DNA-based studies,
compromising the knowledge about the
identification and phylogenetic placement of
those fungi (Rinaldi et al. 2008).
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the
world, with more than 8.5 million km2, with
two recognized hotspots for the conservation of
biodiversity, the Atlantic Forest and the
Cerrado (Myers et al. 2000). The southern part
of Brazil is characterized by two domains,
Atlantic Forest and Campos Sulinos or
southern grasslands (Fiaschi & Pirani 2009).
The Atlantic forest is characterizated by high
species diversity and endemism. It includes
different forest types: dense ombrophilous
forest, mixed ombrophilous forest (including
Araucaria forest), seasonal deciduous and
semi-desciduous forest, as well as pionner
vegetation (de Meijer 2008, Veloso et al.
1991). The Campos Sulinos (or Pampa) biome
is covered by open grassy formations, used as
natural pastures (Fiaschi & Pirani 2009). It is
estimated that there are around 3,000 grassland
species which belong mainly to the botanical
families Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperacea,
Fabaceae, Apiacea, Oxalidaceae, Verbanaceae,
and Iridaceae. The main forest formations in
Campus Sulinos are found at the Northern limit
of the biome, in the transition area to Atlantic
Rain Forest. In other regions, plant formations
with trees are found mainly as gallery forests
(islands of trees within the grassland) and
shrub forests (Overbeck et al. 2006, 2007). A
particular habitat for ECM fungi is forest tree
plantations. Currently more than 5.98 Mha are
planted with pine, eucalypts and acacia
monocultures in Brazil (SBS 2008).
The central, western and northern
regions of Brazil have a tropical climate with
high annual temperatures averaging near 25° C
with rainfall characterized by a wet season
from October to March and a dry season from
April to September (Rocha et al. 2009,
Vourlitis et al. 2002). In the south of Brazil the
subtropical climate is defined by four seasons
and uniform annual rainfall. In this region,
maximum average temperatures reach 30° C,
and average minimum temperatures in the
winter are around 5° C (annual averages near
18° C). As a consequence of its subtropical
climate, this region has less intemperized soil
than tropical Brazil and higher organic carbon
content (Dieckow et al. 2009).
In view of the differences in climate,
soil and vegetation in the Southern part of
Brazil, this survey aimed to provide
information on the diversity of ECM fungi in
Southern Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and
Rio Grande do Sul), including a summary of
information on putative hosts, nativeness, and a
literature-based review of the area of origin.
This study will, potentially, facilitate future
studies on the systematics and biogeography of
ECM fungi in Brazil.
Methods
The checklist and meta-analyses were
based on a literature survey of scientific papers
citing species of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi

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63
from Southern Brazil. The following
information was retrieved: distribution of each
recorded species (per state), potential ECM
partners, the nativeness or potential origin,
general habitat requirements and known
substrates. The ectomycorrhizal status for each
species is based either on the available
description of ectomycorrhizae or on the
taxonomic position of the species (Rinaldi et al.
2008, Tedersoo et al. 2010). The list and
correlations also include several records by
Rick (1961a, b) which may represent nomina
dubia, synonyms or species of other genera.
Genera and species are listed
alphabetically according to the MycoBank
database
(http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx),
and the Index Fungorum
(http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.
asp). The authority of the species names are
given as in the original publications. The area
of „Southern Brazil‟ included in the study is
represented by the States of Rio Grande do Sul
(RS), Santa Catarina (SC) and Paraná (PR).
Results and Discussion
The following ECM fungi have been
recorded from Southern Brazil.
Alnicola spadicea (D.A. Reid) Bon
Distribution – PR – Rio Negro.
Habitat and substrate – planted Salix;
terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 11).
Comments – The genus Alnicola
Kühner, includes 60 specific taxa, all
mycorrhizal and mainly associated with
Betulaceae and Salicaceae, most species
originally described from Europe and later
revised by Moreau (2005). The number of
endemic species is undoubtedly large.
Although, with our growing knowledge of the
tropical fungi of other continents, the
„neotropical‟ and endemic element is bound to
become gradually less conspicuous in the lists
of native South American species. Examples of
truly native species of the La Plata region seem
to be Alnicola devia, Crepidotus tigrensis,
Paxillus argentinus, Friesula platensis, but
their precise area in South America cannot yet
be determined (Singer 1953b, Moreau 2005).
Amanita chrysoleuca Pegler
Distribution – PR – Antonina.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 11).
Comments – this species is apparantly
distributed in (sub) tropical America. It was
cited from the US Virgin Islands (Miller et al.
2000).
Amanita grallipes Bas & de Meijer
Distribution – PR – Curitiba.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest, seasonal semi-deciduous
alluvial forest; terricolous.
Literature – Bas & de Meijer (1993:
345), de Meijer (2001: 112, 2006: 11, 2008: 44,
140). Comments – de Meijer (2008) refers
that A. grallipes belongs to sect. Lepidella
subsect. Vittadiniae Bas. It is not known if A.
grallipes is ectomycorrhizal, but many species
in the subsect. Vittadiniae are most certainly
non-ectomycorrhizal. Wolfe et al. (2012) have
shown that some species of Amanita (A. thiersii
Bas) present saprotrophic nutrition.
Amanita muscaria (L.: Fr.) Lam. sensu lato
Distribution – PR – Colombo; SC –
Correia Pinto, Joinville, Três Barras; RS –
Nova Petrópolis.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Pinus taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 11, 2008: 142), Giachini et al. (2000:
1168), Guerrero & Homrich (1999: 39),
Karstedt & Stürmer (2008: 1039), Sobestiansky
(2005: 442), Stijve & de Meijer (1993: 322).
Comments – this species has a global
distribution, at least for the Southern
hemisphere, due to human activities. As
suggested by Wartchow (pers. comm.), A.
muscaria growing under P. taeda corresponds
to „ssp. flavivolvata‟.
Amanita multisquamosa Peck
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Pinus taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000: 1168,
as A. pantherina var. multisquamosa (Peck)
Jenkins).

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Comments – Amanita multisquamosa
occurs in mixed coniferous and deciduous
forest. In North America it occurs in the
eastern parts and it may have been found in the
Pacific Northwest as well (Jenkins 1986). This
species appear to have mesophilous
distribution in both Americas (continents).
Amanita petalinivolva Wartchow
Distribution – RS – Viamão.
Habitat – subtropical rain forest
„restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – Wartchow et al. (2012b).
Comments – The type for this taxon
was collected in Brazil.
Amanita rubescens Pers.
Distribution – RS – Gramado.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Sobestiansky (2005: 443).
Comments – It is common throughout
much of Europe and eastern North America,
growing on poor soils as well as in deciduous
or coniferous woodlands. It has also been
recorded from South Africa, where it is thought
to have been accidentally introduced with trees
imported from Europe (Reid & Eicker 1991).
Amanita spissa (Fr.) Bertill.
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; terricolous
Literature – Rick (1961a: 301).
Comments – Amanita spissa (and
allies) is commonly found in Europe and
eastern North America growing with both
broad leaved as well as coniferous trees
(Phillips 2006).
Amanita strobiliformis (Paulet ex Vittad.)
Bertill. Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat – unknown.
Literature Rick (1930, 1937, 1961a) –
all cited in Menolli et al. (2009b).
Comments – This species is
predominantly distributed in Europe. It is more
common in the Mediterranean region.
Austroboletus festivus (Singer) Wolfe
Distribution – PR – Paranaguá.
Habitat and substrate – „restinga‟;
terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112),
Singer et al. (1983: 137), Watling & de Meijer
(1997: 232).
Comments – The ectomycorrhizal
status is based on it fruiting close to Ocotea
pulchella (Nees & Mart.) Mez, but a
mycorrhizal connection has not been
determined (Watling & de Meijer 1997). Other
potential plant hosts are Guettardia angelica
Martius, Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Mart.
ex Miers., and in particular, Hymenaea
microphylla Barb. Rodr. (Singer et al. 1983).
The genus Austroboletus is treated by Tedersoo
et al. (2010) as potentially ectomycorrhizal
based in its phylogenetic placement.
Boletinellus exiguus (Singer & Digilio)
Watling
Distribution – PR – Piraquara; RS –
Sapiranga.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; terricolous, occurring on dead as well as
living wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 12, 2008: 44, 130), Putzke et al. (1994:
82, as Gyrodon exiguus Singer & Digilio),
Watling & de Meijer (1997: 243).
Comments – This species is putative
ectomycorrhizal. It grows on soil, often in
disturbed sites and it appears widely distributed
in tropical America (Halling & Mueller 1998,
2005). Also treated as Gyrodon exiguus (Singer
et al. (1983) in Watling & de Meijer (1997).
Several species from the genus can alter root
morphology (Gruhn et al. 1992) or are
mycorrhizal (Gyrodon). However, to the best
of our knowledge, no ectomycorrhizal
association has been described for B. exiguus.
The non obligatory ectomycorrhizal status of
B. exiguous is discussed in de Meijer (2008).
Boletinellus rompelii (Pat. & Rick) Watling
Distribution – PR – Curitiba, Piraquara,
São José dos Pinhais; RS – Liberato Salzano,

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Nova Petrópolis, Parecí, São Leopoldo,
Viamão.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest, seasonal semi-deciduous
alluvial forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 12, 2008: 44, 128), Putzke, et al. [1994:
81, as Gyrodon rompelii (Pat. & Rick) Sing.],
Singer (1953a: 101, as Phylloporus rompelii
Pat. & Rick, 117 and 128, as Gyrodon rompelii
(Pat. & Rick) Sing., Singer & Digilio (1957:
256, as Gyrodon rompelii (Pat. et Rick) Sing.),
Singer [1964: 118, as Gyrodon rompelii (Pat.
& Rick) Sing.], Sobestiansky (2005: 443),
Watling & de Meijer (1997: 243).
Comments – This species is
facultatively ectomycorrhizal with Allophylus.
It was recorded near Allophylus edulis (A.St.-
Hil. et al.) Hieron. ex Niederl., Trichilia
elegans A. Juss. (Watling & de Meijer 1997, de
Meijer 2008), and near an Inga and Allophylus
edulis site (Putzke et al. 1994). Singer (1953)
referred to this species as ocurring near Acacia
woods, while its mycorrhizal condition was
discussed by Singer et al. (1983). Boletinellus
rompelii ocurrs in South Texas, Mexico and
South America (Bessette et al. 2000). No
records have been published for Asia or
Europe.
Boletus edulis Bull.
Distribution – RS – Gramado.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Sobestiansky (2005: 443).
Comments: Boletus edulis is widely distributed
in the Northern Hemisphere across Europe,
Asia, and North America. It does not occur
naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although
it has been introduced to Southern Africa,
Australia and New Zealand. In North America
this species was described as Boletus edulis
var. grandedulis with distribution linked to
Pinus, Quercus and Abies spp. (Arora 2008).
This species forms ectomycorrizae with a range
of conifer and hardwood species (Agerer 1987–
2006).
Brauniella alba (Rick) Rick ex Singer
Distribution – RS – Cacequí, São
Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – on sandy earth.
Literature – Singer (1953a: 102 as
Braunia alba Rick), Singer (1962: 66).
Comments: Brauniella is a South American
genus and its mycorrhizal status remains
unknown.
Calostoma zanchianum (Rick) Baseia &
Calonge
Distribution – RS – Cachoeira do Sul.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; roots.
Literature – Baseia et al. (2006: 114,
2007: 278), Cortez (2009: 03), Rick (1961b:
456, as Mitremyces zanchianus Rick).
Comments – This species is considered
putative ectomycorrhizal since its close relative
C. cinnabarinum was proven to be mycorrhizal
with oaks (Wilson et al. 2007). However, no
direct evidence exists for the ectomycorrhizal
status of C. zanchianum.
Cantharellus guyanensis Mont.
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul, Colombo, São José dos Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 13, 2008:
372). Comments – Cantharellus guyanensis
sensu Singer et al. (1983) form ECM (a typical
mantle and Hartig-net was observed) with the
roots of Glycoxylon inophyllum (Mart. ex Miq.)
Ducke and Aldina heterophylla Spruce ex
Benth., and possibly also with Psychotria and
some Sapindaceae (Singer et al. 1983). This
species was recorded in Guiana Shield region
(Henkel et al. 2012). There are no records
available on the distribution of this species for
other continentes.
Cantharellus xanthoscyphus R. H. Petersen
Distribution – PR – Antonina, Quatro
Barras.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous, occurring on
dead wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 13).
Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille
Distribution – PR – Curitiba; SC –

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Joinville, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of P.
taeda; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 13), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168);
Karstedt & Stürmer (2008: 1039, as
Chalciporus cf. piperatus (Bull.: Fr.) Bat.);
Watling & de Meijer (1997: 233).
Comments – This species is potentially
ectomycorrhizal (Rinaldi et al 2008, Watling &
de Meijer 1997). However, Tedersoo et al.
(2010), suggest that there is no evidence that C.
piperatus is ectomycorrhizal. Chalciporus
piperatus, also frequently recorded as Boletus
piperatus Bull. ex Fr., is distributed in America
and Europe (Phillips 2006). It occurs in
coniferous, beech and oak forests, while in
New Zealand it was recorded with Nothofagus
(Fuhrer & Robinson 1992).
Chondrogaster angustisporus Giachini,
Castellano, Trappe & V.L. Oliveira
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid.; terricolous with
hypogeous sporocarps.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Chondrogaster
angustisporus is a hypogeous ectomycorrhizal
fungus described from fruiting bodies collected
under Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil, Uruguay and
Australia (Giachini et al. 2000). In Europe this
species was recorded in Spain (Lago & Castro
2004) next to Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Chondrogaster pachysporus Maire
Distribution – RS – Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus saligna Sm.; terricolous with
hypogeous sporocarps.
Literature – Sulzbacher et al. (2010:
378). Comments – This species was recorded
in Spain (Lago & Castro 2004) next to
Eucalyptus sp.
Clavulina puiggarii (Speg.) Corner
Distribution – PR – Antonina.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; „restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 14).
Comments: Clavulina puiggarii (Speg.) Corner
is also known from the West Indies, South
America, Malaysia and Australia (Henkel et al.
2011).
Coltricia barbata Ryvarden & de Meijer
Distribution – PR – Antonina,
Morretes, Paranaguá.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 15).
Comments: Coltricia barbata is only known
from the type locality in the State of Paraná
(Baltazar et al. 2010).
Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill
Distribution – PR – Curitiba,
Guaraqueçaba, São Mateus do Sul.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest, seasonal semi-deciduous
alluvial forest, „restinga‟ seasonal semi-
deciduous alluvial forest; terricolous, occurring
also in living wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 15, 2008: 372), Rajchenberg & de Meijer
(1990: 177, as Coltricia duportii).
Comments – Coltricia cinnamomea is a
common and cosmopoliton polypore with
records in North America (Phillips 2006),
South America (Baltazar et al. 2010), Europe
and Asia (Jülich 1984, Ryvarden 1976). This
species is recorded as ectomycorrhizal
(Tedersoo et al. 2010, Thoen 1993).
Coltricia duportii (Pat.) Ryvarden
Distribution – PR – Morretes.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 15).
Comments – This species is putative
ectomycorrhizal (Tedersoo et al. 2008).
Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill
Distribution – PR – Lapa.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 15).
Comments – In Brazil, this species is
only known from a Pinus plantation in the
State of Paraná (Baltazar et al. 2010).

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Coltriciella oblectabilis (Lloyd) Kotl., Pouzar
& Ryvarden
Distribution – PR – Paranaguá.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, „restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 15), Rajchenberg & de Meijer (1990:
178).
Comments – Known from Brazil (de
Meijer 2001, 2006, Rajchenberg & de Meijer
1990) and the South-Eastern United States
(Kotlába et al. 1984). Recent records were also
published for China (Dai et al. 2001).
Cortinarius castaneofulvus Cleland
Distribution – SC – Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – This species was first
described from an eucalypt site in Australia
(Cleland 1928). The only other collections
known are from Brazil (Giachini et al. 2000).
Descomyces albellus (Massee & Rodway)
Bougher & Castellano
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto; RS –
Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus spp.;
terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2008a: 514),
Giachini et al. (2000: 1168).
Comments – This species was
originally delimited from Hymenogaster by
Bougher and Castellano in Australia.
Additional locations are also known for New
Zealand (Bougher & Castellano 1993). The
species was formerly restricted to Australasia.
Nowadays, however, it spreads to areas
covered by Eucalyptus forest (Kirk et al. 2008).
Descomyces albus (Klotzsch) Bougher &
Castellano
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Descomyces albus is
recorded in Australia, Germany, New Zeland,
North Africa, Spain, UK and the USA (Keane
et al. 2000, Moreno-Arroyo et al. 2005).
Descomyces giachinii Trappe, V.L. Oliveira,
Castellano & Claridge
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – The species is recorded
from Australia, Brazil, the USA and New
Zealand (Giachini et al. 2000).
Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais, São Mateus do Sul.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous alluvial forest, mixed
ombrophilous montane forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 19, 2008:
271, 372).
Comments – In Europe, Asia and North
America this species inhabits unimproved
grasslands such as old meadows and hayfields
and is known for its indication value of
extensive grasslands (Newton et al. 2003). It is
rare throughout Europe (ECCF 2001). Records
were published also from other areas (e.g.
Japan – Kasuya et al. 2010). In general this
species is regarded as saprobic, although there
are several representatives of this genus that
can form mycorrhizae (Kasuya et al. 2010) or
transitional structures as describes by Agerer &
Waller (1993). Species of Entoloma sect.
Entoloma are suspected to be ectomycorrhizal
(Noordeloos 2002, in de Meijer 2008).
Gloeocantharellus corneri (Singer) Corner
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 23, 2008: 372), Watling & de Meijer
(1997: 245).
Comments – The type for
Gloeocantharellus corneri was collected in
Brazil. The genus has been recorded in North
and South America (Corner 1969).

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Gyroporus castaneus (Bull) Quél.
Distribution – RS – Pelotas.
Habitat and substrate – planted
Quercus; terricolous.
Literature – Putzke et al. (1994: 79).
Comments: The species is commonly found in
oak forests in continental Europe and in eastern
North America while rare in western North
America (Arora 1986, Phillips 2006).
Hebeloma sacchariolens Quél.
Distribution – PR – Almirante
Tamandaré, Rio Negro; RS – Nova Petrópolis.
Habitat and substrate – pasture, Pinus
plantations, planted Salix; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 24), Sobestiansky (2005: 447, as
Hebeloma cf. sacchariolens Quél.).
Comments – Hebeloma sacchariolens
is ectomycorrhizal (Marmeisse et al. 1997). In
general Hebeloma species are rare in the
tropics but common in temperate Notheren
hemisphere (Singer 1986) with Salix and other
broadleaf species.
Hydnodon thelephorus (Lév.) Banker
Distribution – PR – Antonina,
Campina Grande do Sul, Curitiba, General
Carneiro, Mandirituba, Morretes, Piraquara,
São José dos Pinhais, São Mateus do Sul; RS –
Nova Petrópolis.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
montane forest, gallery forest in area of
savanna; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113, as
Phellodon tenuis Baird, 2006: 24, 2008: 89,
372), Sobestiansky (2005: 447).
Comments: This species is putative
ectomycorrhizal. It was noted as
“ectomycorrhizal?” (Sobestiansky 2005).
Hymenogaster vulgaris Tul. & C. Tul.
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 456).
Comments – In Spain this species
occurs under Quercus ilex L. (Moreno-Arroyo
et al. 2005).
Hysterangium affine Massee & Rodway
Distribution – RS – Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2011a: 221).
Comments – Hysterangium affine is
recorded from Australia (Beaton et al. 1985),
North (Zeller & Dodge 1929) and South
America. It is widespread in Eucalyptus
plantations (Cortez et al. 2011a).
Hysterangium australe Speg.
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 457).
Hysterangium inflatum Rodway
Distribution – RS – Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2011a: 221).
Comments – Hysterangium inflatum is
frequently found in Eucalyptus forest in
Australia (Beaton et al. 1985), New Zealand
(Castellano & Beever 1994), France and
Ecuador (Castellano & Muchovej 1996), Spain
(Lago & Castro 2004, Moreno-Arroyo et al.
2005), United States (Zeller & Dodge 1929),
South Europe (Montecchi & Sarasini 2000).
This species is widespread in Eucalyptus
plantation (Cortez et al. 2011a).
Hysterangium gardneri E. Fisch.
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras. Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Hysterangium gardneri
has a wide distribution, growing especially in
Eucalyptus plantations. Nouhra et al. (2008)
cited this species from Argentina in plantations
of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. cinerea.
Inocybe australiensis Cleland & Cheel
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais; SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Eucalyptus dunnii
Maid.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,

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2006: 26, both as Inocybe cf. australiensis
Cleland & Cheel), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168).
Comments: Inocybe australiensis occurrs in
Australia (Grgurinovic 1997).
Inocybe curvipes P. Karst.
Distribution – PR – Colombo, Curitiba;
RS – Nova Petrópolis, Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez & Coelho (2005:
71), de Meijer (2001: 113, 2006: 26),
Sobestiansky (2005: 448), Stijve & de Meijer
(1993: 321).
Comments – In Europe, Inocybe curvipes
occurs with broadleaf species (birch, poplar,
hazel) in rich, humic soils (Stangl 1991). In
Africa it is seen close to exotic pine plantations
(Buyck & Eyssartier 1999), and in Australia on
soil under introduced Quercus sp., Pinus
radiata D. Don., and probably Salix sp.
(Bougher & Matheny 2011).
Inocybe hyperythra Rick
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – subtropical
forest; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 406, as I.
hypererythra Rick), Singer (1953a: 94), Singer
et al. (1983: 181).
Comments – Mycorrhizal. However,
association and accompanying trees are
unknown (Singer et al. 1983).
Inocybe violaceolamellata Rick
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; terricolous, mossy trunk.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 407), Singer
(1953a: 94).
Labyrinthomyces varius (Rodway) Trappe
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – The whole genus is
primarilly distributed in Australia in
association with Eucalyptus spp. (Kirk et al.
2008).
Laccaria amethystina Cooke
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid. and Pinus taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Laccaria amethystina is a
common species in most temperate zones of
Europe, Asia, Central, South, and eastern North
America. It forms ectomycorrhiza with a
variety of deciduous and coniferous trees,
though it most commonly occurs associated
with Fagales (Laessoe 1998, Mueller 1992).
Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras. Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid. and Pinus taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Laccaria bicolor is found
throughout the temperate zones of the world
(Phillips 2006), and also in Australia (Dunstan
et al. 1998).
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke var. laccata
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras; RS – Canela, Ijuí, Pelotas, Porto
Alegre, Rio Pardo, Santa Maria, Santa Vitória
do Palmar, Vera Cruz.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations, and plantations of P. taeda L., and
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168); Guerrero & Homrich (1999: 41); Putzke
(1999: 09; 2003: 286, as Laccaria laccata
(Scop.:Fr.) Ber. & Br.).
Comments – Laccaria laccata is found
often in poor soil. It is very common for the
Northern temperate zones. It is ectomycorrhizal
with Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae across
Europe and North America (Mueller 1991). It
is recorded also from Australia, Costa Rica,
South Africa and New Zealand (Arora 1986,
Dunstan et al. 1998).
Laccaria laccata var. pallidifolia (Peck) Peck
Distribution – SC – Córrego Grande,

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Rio Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Pinus elliottii
Engelm. and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168).
Laccaria lateritia Malençon
Distribution – PR – Colombo, Curitiba,
São José dos Pinhais; SC – Três Barras; RS –
Barros Cassal, Nova Petrópolis, Porto Alegre,
Rio Pardo, Salvador do Sul, São Francisco de
Paula, Santa Cruz do Sul, Sinimbu, Vale do
Sol, Venâncio Aires, Vera Cruz.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of E. dunnii;
terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 27, both as Laccaria fraterna (Cooke &
Massee) Pegler), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168),
Guerrero & Homrich (1999: 41, as L. fraterna),
Putzke (1999: 08, 2003: 283, both as L.
fraterna), Rick (1961a: 329, as Clitocybe
laccata Scop.), Singer (1953a: 110, as L.
tetraspora Sing.), Sobestiansky (2005: 448, as
L. fraterna).
Comments – The Laccaria lateritia
group is common in Australia forming
mycorrhizas with a number of plants, but
frequently associated with eucalypts
(http://www.blueswami.com/laccaria_lateritia.
html).
Laccaria proxima (Boud.) Pat.
Distribution – PR – Colombo; SC –
Três Barras; RS – Nova Petrópolis.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus plantations,
plantations of P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 27), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168),
Sobestiansky (2005: 448).
Comments – Laccaria proxima is
ectomycorrhizal with pines in North America.
It is also common in Europe and was
introduced in New Zealand and Australia
(Dunstan et al. 1998).
Laccaria pumila Fayod
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid. and P. taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Laccaria pumila is
recorded from Europe, North America (Mueller
1991, 1992) and from Australasia (Vellinga
1986).
Laccaria tetraspora (Scop.) Fr.
Distribution – SC – Joinville; RS – São
Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus plantations;
terricolous.
Literature – Karstedt & Stürmer (2008:
1039), Putzke (1999: 06, 2003: 280).
Laccaria tortilis (Bolton) Cooke
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras. Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid. and Pinus taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Laccaria tortilis is a
common species in North America and Europe
(Phillips 2006), but also recorded from
Australia and New Zealand (Dunstan et al.
1998).
Lactarius argillaceifolius Hesler & A.H. Sm.
var. argillaceifolius
Distribution – SC – Joinville, Rio
Vermelho.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Pinus elliottii Engelm.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Lactarius argillaceifolius
ocurrs in North America (USA, Canada) and
Mexico, mainly associated with oaks (Hesler &
Smith 1979).
Lactarius braunii Rick
Distribution – RS – Porto Alegre, São
Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; terricolous.
Literature – Raithelhuber (1991: 190),
Rick (1961a: 365), Singer (1953a: 84).

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Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray
Distribution – PR – Colombo; SC –
Correia Pinto; RS – “highlands” as
Sobestiansky (2005: 448).
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 27),
Giachini et al. (2000: 1168), Guerrero &
Homrich (1999: 40), Sobestiansky (2005: 448).
Comments – Lactarius deliciosus is
widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North
America (Hesler & Smith 1979). It has been
introduced in Chile, Australia and New
Zealand in association with Pinus radiata D.
Don. plantations (Phillips 2006, Dunstan et al.
1998).
Lactarius fragilis (Burl.) Hesler & A.H. Sm.
var. fragilis Distribution: SC – Correia Pinto,
Joinville, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations, plantations of P. elliottii Engelm.
and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168), Karstedt & Stürmer (2008: 1039, as
Lactarius cf. fragilis).
Comments – Lactarius fragilis is found
in North America, frequently with Douglas fir
(Hesler & Smith 1979).
Lactarius paulensis Singer
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate: dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous, occurring on
dead wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113).
Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr.
Distribution – PR – Mandirituba,
Piraquara; SC – Correia Pinto, Três Barras; RS
– Nova Petrópolis.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; plantations of P. taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 114,
2006: 27), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168, as L.
rufus var. rufus), Sobestiansky (2005: 448).
Comments – Lactarius rufus is frequent
in Europe and North America, mostly with
pines, birch, or spruce (Arora 1986).
Lactarius rufus var. parvus Hesler & A.H. Sm.
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Três
Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Pinus taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168).
Lactarius russula Rick
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – forest;
terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 364), Singer
(1953a: 83), Singer et al. (1983: 311).
Lactarius venezuelanus Dennis
Distribution – PR – Antonina, Campina
Grande do Sul, Morretes, Quatro Barras.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; occurring on dead wood, terricolous.
Literature – Buyck & de Meijer (1999:
270), de Meijer (2001: 113, 2006: 27, 2008:
372). Comments – The species occurs under
leguminous trees of campinarana vegetation
(Buyck & de Meijer 1999). The
ectomycorrhizal status of this species is not
clear. It also grows on the bases of living trees
such as Sloanea (Elaeocarpaceae) and Talauma
(Magnoliaceae) (Singer et al. 1983).
Leucogaster braunii Rick
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 455).
Comments – The genus was recognised
as ectomycorrhizal from Australia
(http://mycorrhizas.info/ecmf.html).
Modicella reniformis (Bres.) Gerd. & Trappe
Distribution – SC – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – on or just under
the leaf cover.
Literature – Thaxter (1922: 321, as
Endogone reniformis Bres.).
Comments – This species forms
endomycorrhiza (Trappe & Schenck 1982).
Neopaxillus echinospermus (Speg.) Singer
Distribution – PR – Colombo, General
Carneiro, São José dos Pinhais; RS – Couto

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(this locality is not in RS state, but probably in
the state of Minas Gerais. Minas Gerais has the
town of Couto de Magalhães de Minas, as
referred by Maria Marchioretto from Instituto
Anchietano de Pesquisas/UNISINOS (pers.
com.).
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous montane forest and upper-
montane and dense ombrophilous submontane
forests; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 35, 2008: 44, 131, 373), Singer (1950:
221, as Naucoria echinosperma Speg, 231,
1953a: 92, as Tubaria crobula Fr., 108, 1964:
114), Singer & Digilio (1951: 436), Watling &
de Meijer (1997: 241).
Comments – Singer et al. (1983) noted
that “this species is terrigenous and there is
reason to believe that it is facultatively
ectomycorrhizal although no convincing
ecological or experimental data are available”.
Based on general observation on the genus
Neopaxillus, de Meijer (2008) stated that it is
not known if it is ectomycorrhizal or not. The
genus is a member of Paxillaceae, associated
with Araucaria forest (Issac et al. 1993). It has
also been recorded from Sri Lanka (Issac et al.
1993). A similar species (N. dominicanus
Angelini & Vizzini) was described recenty
from the Dominican Republic (Vizzini et al.
2012).
Octaviania carnea (Wallr.) Corda.
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 457).
Octaviania radicans Rick
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; dead wood.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 457).
Octaviania stillingerii Lloyd
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 457).
Paxillus alexandri Gillet.
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; pasture.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 405).
Comments – Paxillus alexandri was
reported from several areas in Europe and
North America published as a synonym
Clitocybe alexandri (Gillet) Gillet. (Bigelow &
Smith 1962).
Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr.
Distribution – RS – São Salvador, São
Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – subtropical
forest; terricolous.
Literature – Guerrero & Homrich
(1999: 40), Rick (1961a: 404), Singer (1964:
112, as Paxillus aff. involutus).
Comments – Paxillus involutus is
widely distributed across the Northern
Hemisphere (incl. China, India, Japan and
North America (Breitenbach & Kränzlin 1991).
It was also recorded in Greenland (Knudson
2006). It has been introduced to Australia, New
Zealand, and South America with European
trees. Paxillus involutus is treated as
ectomycorrhizal with a range of coniferous and
deciduous tree species (Taylor et al. 2000).
Phaeoclavulina cyanocephala (Berk. & M.A.
Curtis) Giachini
Distribution – PR – Colombo,
Piraquara, Quatro Barras, São José dos Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Ramaria grandis (Peck) Corner f.
cyanocephala (Berk. & Curtis) R.H. Petersen,
2006: 41, 2008: 99, 373, both as Ramaria
cyanocephala (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Corner).
Phaeoclavulina pancaribbea (R.H. Petersen)
Giachini
Distribution – PR – Piraquara.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 41, as Ramaria cf. pancaribbea R.H.
Petersen f. caerulea R.H. Petersen).
Comments – Petersen (1988) described
Ramaria pancaribbea var. zealandica which

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
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was recently renamed as Phaeoclavulina
zealandica (R.H. Petersen) Giachini (Giachini
& Castellano 2011). Phaeoclavulina
pancaribbea is considered putative
ectomycorrhizal, yet likely to be
ectomycorrhizal as other species from the
genus (Agerer & Rambold 2004-2010).
Phaeoclavulina subclaviformis (Berk.)
Giachini
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul, Quatro Barras, Piraquara, São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest, „restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 23, both as Gomphus subclavaeformis
(Berk.) Corner, de Meijer 2008: 97, 372, as
Gomphus cf. subclaviformis (Berk.) Corner.
Phlebopus beniensis (Singer & Digilio)
Heinem. & Rammeloo
Distribution – PR – Paranaguá, Pontal
do Paraná, Vera Cruz do Oeste.
Habitat and substrate – seasonal semi-
deciduous submontane/montane forest,
„restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 36), Watling & de Meijer (1997: 235).
Comments – Phlebopus beniensis has
been reported from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Costa Rica, Ecuador and Martinique, in the
neotropics, and from Liberia in Africa
(Guzmán et al. 2007). In Brazil, specimens are
found growing close to Laguncularia racemosa
(L.) C.F. Gaertn. and Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
(Watling & Meijer 1997). Its mycorrhizal
association remains doubtful (Singer et al.
1983). As Tedersoo et al. (2010), suggested
that Phlebopus, as well as Boletinellus and
Phylloboletellus are not ectomycorrhizal but
facultatively or obligately biotrophic taxa.
Phlebopus braunii (Bres.) Heinem.
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo, Vera
Cruz.
Habitat and substrate – subtropical forest;
terricolous.
Literature – Putzke et al. (1994: 84).
Comments – The genus has a
widespread distribution in subtropical and
tropical regions, and contains 12 species. The
species are saprobic, although some may be
potentially able to form mycorrhizae with
exotic trees in certain conditions (Kirk et al.
2008).
Phlebopus tropicus (Rick) Heinem. &
Rammeloo
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo, Vera
Cruz; SC – Itapiranga.
Habitat and substrate – subtropical
forest; terricolous.
Literature – Putzke et al. (1994: 86),
Singer (1950: 233, 1953a: 101, as Boletus
tropicus Rick), Singer & Digilio (1957: 253, as
Phaeogyroporus tropicus (Rick) Singer).
Comments – This species is putative
ectomycorrhizal, forming mycorrhiza with
Allophylus spp. (Putzke et al. 1994). There is
no evidence that this species forms typical
ectomycorrhizae (Singer et al. 1983).
Phyllobolites miniatus (Rick) Singer
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – subtropical
forest; terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 405 as
Paxillus miniatus Rick), Singer (1953a: 93,
1964: 131), Singer et al. (1983: 30).
Comments – Singer et al. (1983) refer it
under Leguminosae trees, as a putative
ectomycorrhizal species. This is the only
species in the genus found in tropical South
America (Kirk et al. 2008).
Phylloporia spathulata (Hook.) Ryvarden
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul, Quatro Barras, São Mateus do Sul.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest, mixed ombrophilous alluvial forest,
mixed ombrophilous montane forest;
terricolous and on decayed wood, sometimes
on the trunk base of an unidentified living
Cyatheaceae tree.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 37, 2008:
373). Comments – This species is putative
ectomycorrhizal (de Meijer, 2008). Phylloporia
spathulata has a pantropical distribution
(Wagner & Ryvarden 2002).

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Pisolithus albus (Cooke & Massee) Priest
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:1168).
Comments – Pisolithus albus is a
eucalyptus symbiont and has been found
predominatly in Europe and North America,
even though it originated from Australia
(Bougher & Syme 1998, Martin et al. 2002).
Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert
Distribution – RS – Capão do Leão,
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande, Santa Maria,
Viamão.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Pinus elliottii
Engelm., near Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.)
Toledo; terricolous.
Literature – Guerrero & Homrich (1999:
48, as Pisolithus tinctorius), Cortez (2011b:
45). Comments – This species was refered
by Cortez et al. (2011b) growing in eucalypt
and pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations as
well near a native Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.)
Toledo. The species is distributed in the
Northern Hemisphere (Europe and North
America). P. arhizus can be also found in the
Southern Hemisphere, growing with introduced
pine species (Martin et al. 2002).
Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) G.
Cunn. Distribution – PR – Curitiba, São José
dos Pinhais; SC – Córrego Grande, Rio
Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of E. citriodora Hook.,
E. dunnii Maid., E. robusta Sm.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169), de Meijer (2001: 114, as Pisolithus sp.,
2006: 37, as Pisolithus cf. microcarpus
(Cooke & Massee) G. Cunn.).
Comments – Although now distributed
with Eucalyptus plantations worldwide, P.
microcarpus is considered to be a native
Australian taxon (Martin et al. 2002).
Pisolithus pisiformis (Lloyd) Rick
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – unknown
habitat; occurring on dead wood.
Literature – Rick (1961b: 459).
Ramaria anziana R.H. Petersen
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Rio
Vermelho.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – This species is native to
Australia and New Zealand (http://www.gwa-
nnon.com/species/Ramaria-anziana).
Ramaria geesterani de Meijer
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous montane forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2008: 44, 101,
373). Comments – de Meijer (2008: 103)
concluded that the ectomycorrhizal status of all
ten native species of Ramaria occurring in the
state of Paraná is unknown despite the fact that
the genus is generally considered
ectomycorrhizal in Europe and North America
(Agerer & Rambold 2004–2010).
Ramaria junquilleovertex R.H. Petersen
Distribution – SC – Rio Vermelho.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Found in New Zealand, as
native, on the ground under Leptospermum sp.
and Nothofagus sp. Nationally critically
threatened in New Zealand (McKenzie et al.
2006).
Ramaria moelleriana var moelleriana (Bres. &
Roum.) Corner
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous montane forest; decayed
dicotyledonous branch.
Literature – de Meijer (2008: 44, 373).
Comment – The species was also
recorded in Malaysia
(http://malaysianfungi.webs.com).

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Ramaria toxica Toledo & R.H. Petersen
Distribution – PR – Curitiba; RS –
Porto Alegre, “highlands and interior of Rio
Grande do Sul” as Sobestiansky (2005: 453).
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 41), Guerrero & Homrich (1999: 51),
Sobestiansky (2005: 453).
Comments – Ramaria toxica is referred
to Argentina and Brazil under Eucalyptus
(Toledo & Petersen 1989).
Redeckera fulvum (Berk. & Broome) C.
Walker & A. Schüßler
Distribution – (?) RS – locality
unknown.
Habitat and substrate – occurring on
dead bamboo debris, as well as under the leaf
cover. Literature – Thaxter (1922: 319, as
Endogone fulva (Berk. & Broome) Pat.
Comment: This species forms endomycorrhiza
(Trappe & Schenck 1982).
Rhizopogon fuscorubens A. H. Sm.
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Rio
Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of P.
elliottii Engelm. and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Rhizopogon fuscorubens
has been found in the United States (Smith &
Zeller 1966) under conifers especially pines
(Pinus rigida Miller and P. contorta Douglas
ex Loudon). Molina & Trappe (1994)
mentioned other probable ectomycorrhizal
hosts: Arbutus menziesii Pursh, Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi (L) Sprengel, Pinus monticola
Douglas ex D. Don, P. ponderosa Douglas ex
Lawson & C. Lawson and P. serotina
Michaux. The species was also recorded in
Spain with an unknown host (Martín 1996).
Rhizopogon nigrescens Coker & Couch
Distribution – SC – Rio Vermelho, Três
Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of P.
elliottii Engelm. and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168).
Comments – Rhizopogon nigrescens
was found in sandy soil under pines in the
Southeastern USA (Bessette et al. 2007).
Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr.
Distribution – PR – Colombo, Curitiba;
SC – Correia Pinto, Três Barras; RS – Itaara,
Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus plantations,
plantations of P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez (2011b: 45), de
Meijer (2001: 113, as R. luteorubescens A.H.
Sm.; 2006: 41, as Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda)
Th. Fr. sensu Martín (1996) or R.
luetorubescens A.H. Sm.), Giachini et al.
(2000: 1168, as Rhizopogon rubescens (Tul. &
C. Tul.) Tul. & C. Tul. and Rhizopogon
vulgaris (Vittad.) M. Lange).
Comments – Rhizopogon roseolus is
the species most common in Europe. The
basidiomes are semihypogeous on sandy or
calcareous soil in association with Abies spp.,
Picea spp., Pinus spp. and also under Quercus
spp. (Martín et al. 2000). R. roseolus (synonym
Rhizopogon rubescens Tul.), an economically
important edible mushroom associated with the
Pinaceae (mostly Pinus sp.), has a global
distribution. In the Southern Hemisphere it
results from the introduction of exotic trees in
reforestation programs (Visnovsky et al. 2010).
Rhizopogon zelleri A.H. Sm.
Distribution – SC – Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of P.
taeda; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1168). Comments – Rhizopogon zelleri is
native to North America where the type was
collected by Zeller in 1966 in pure or mixed
pine forests (Martín 1996).
Russula consobrina (Fr.) Fr.
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais; RS – Nova Petrópolis.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 114,
2006: 42), Sobestiansky (2005: 453).
Comments – It grows in coniferous
forests, in association with Picea. Widespread
in Europe. In the USA known from the

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
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Northwest under conifers. Also recorded in
China (Zhishu et al. 1993).
Russula puiggarii (Speg.) Singer
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul, Quatro Barras, Morretes, Piraquara; RS –
São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; terricolous, sandy soil, occurring on
dead or rotten wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 42, 2008: 373), Rick (1961a: 363, as R.
pectinata (Bull.) Fr.), Singer & Digilio (1951:
442), Singer (1953a: 83, as R. pectinata (Bull.)
Fr.), Singer et al. (1983: 214).
Comments – Occurring in all types of
rain forests, mainly in the tropical lowlands,
probably non-mycorrhizal or only facultatively
mycorrhizal (Singer et al. 1983). Haug et al.
(2005) observed R. puiggarii forming a mantle
and a Hartig‟s net in roots of Neea sp.
(Nyctaginaceae).
Russula riograndensis Singer
Distribution – RS – São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – forest;
terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 363, as R.
subfragilis Rick), Singer (1953a: 81, as R.
subfragilis), Singer et al. (1983: 236, as R.
subfragilis).
Russula theissenii Rick
Distribution – PR – Morretes; RS – São
Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 42, 2008: 373, both as Russula aff.
theissenii Rick), Rick (1961a: 363), Singer
(1953a: 81), Singer et al. (1983: 209).
Comments: The position and ecological
significance of this species is not clear (Singer
et al. 1983: 211).
Russula velenovskyi Melzer & Zvára
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – planted
Castanea sativa Mill.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 114,
2006: 42).
Comments – The habitat of Russula
velenovskyi is under broad-leaved trees and
pine. It is found in Europe (Phillips 2006) with
holarctic, subboreal and suboceanic species.
The species is mycorrhizal with Fagales
(Betula, Fagus, Carpinus, Quercus) and only
rarely with conifers (Krieglsteiner et al. 2000).
Sarcodon atroviridis (Morgan) Banker
Distribution – PR – Colombo, General
Carneiro, Quatro Barras, Morretes, Piraquara,
São José dos Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
montane forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer & Baird (1992:
639), de Meijer (2001: 113, 2006: 42, 2008:
373, both as Sarcodon bambusinus (R.E.D.
Baker & W.T. Dale) Maas Geest.
Comments – Ectomycorrhizal with
leguminous trees (Singer et al. 1983). Sarcodon
atroviridis ocurrs in mixed woods. Found in
eastern and southeastern North America
(Phillips 2006). Collections also known from
Japan and India but probably introduced since
collected in a botanical garden (Leelavathy et
al. 1986).
Scleroderma albidum Pat. & Trab.
Distribution – SC – Córrego Grande,
Correia Pinto, Rio Vermelho, Três Barras; RS
– Capitão, Minas do Leão, Pareci Novo, Rio
Grande, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, São
Leopoldo, Viamão.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Pinus elliottii
Engelm. and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature: Cortez et al. (2008b: 293), Cortez
(2011b: 47), Giachini et al. (2000: 1169),
Guzmán (1970: 301).
Comments – Scleroderma albidum occurs
in SW Australia
(http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversi
ty.org.au:apni.taxon:268116) and Argentina
with introduced pine and eucalypts species
(Nouhra et al. 2012). In Brazil this species is
frequently collected under Eucalyptus spp., and
according to Cortez et al. (2011b) is apparently
associated with several other tree species.
Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb.
Distribution – SC – Córrego Grande,

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
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Correia Pinto, Rio Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169). Comments – This species is
mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers in
moist, shady woods. S. areolatum is widely
distributed in Europe (Fagus, Pinus) and North
America (Castanea) (Phillips 2006). In
Argentina recorded under planted Pinus spp.,
Populus sp. and Quercus sp. (Nouhra et al.
2012).
Scleroderma bougheri Trappe, Castellano &
Giachini
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Rio
Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169). Comments – Scleroderma bougheri is a
hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungus described
from Australia and Brazil (Giachini et al.
(2000).
Scleroderma bovista Fr.
Distribution – SC – Córrego Grande,
Correia Pinto, Joinville, Rio Vermelho, Três
Barras; RS – Porto Alegre, Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Pinus elliottii
Engelm., and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez (2011b: 47),
Giachini et al. (2000: 1169), Guzmán (1970:
344, the author did not mention the name of the
state but the collector is Rick).
Comments – Scleroderma bovista
occurs in Europe and North America usually in
hardwood forests. In Argentina it has been
observed with exotic planted trees (Nouhra et
al. 2012). The species was also recorded in
New Zealand (Dunstan et al. 1998). In Brazil
the species was found growing associated with
a native tree (Gomidesia spectabilis [DC.]
Berg.) in the northeast (Gurgel et al. 2008).
Scleroderma cepa Pers.
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Eucalyptus dunnii Maid.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169). Comments – Scleroderma cepa is a
widespread ectomycorrhizal species on
hardwoods (Quercus, Populus), found in North
America (Coker & Couch 1928), South Africa
(Bottomley 1948) and Australia (under
Eucalyptus -
http://australianfungi.blogspot.com/2010/07/39
-scleroderma-cepa.html).
Scleroderma citrinum Pers.
Distribution – PR – Castro; SC –
Córrego Grande, Correia Pinto, Joinville, Rio
Vermelho, Três Barras; RS – Nova Petrópolis,
Santa Maria, São Francisco de Paula, São
Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations, plantations of P. elliottii Engelm.
and P. taeda L.; occurs in living wood,
terricolous.
Literature – Cortez (2011b: 47), de
Meijer (2001: 114, 2006: 43), Giachini et al.
(2000: 1169), Rick (1961b: 458, as
Scleroderma vulgare Hornem.), Sobestiansky
(2005: 453).
Comments – Scleroderma citrinum is
common in Europe, also recorded in South
America, South Africa and New Zealand
(Dunstan et al. 1998). The species is
ectomycorrhizal with a range of broadleaf
species and conifers.
Scleroderma dictyosporum Pat.
Distribution – RS – Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – near Acacia
caven (Molina) Molina; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2011b: 49).
Comments – Cortez et al. (2011b)
reported this species distributed across dry
regions of Africa, Asia and America, as well as
the subtropical zone. The Brazilian specimens
were found growing near the base of Acacia
caven (Molina) Molina, a native species from
Southern South America. Authors also reported
that in Africa S. dictyosporum has been found
as an ectomycorrhizal partner of other acacia
species, such as A. holosericea A.Cunn. ex G.
Don, and A. mangium Willd. (see also
Founoune et al. 2002, Duponnois et al. 2005,
Sanon et al. 2009). Scleroderma dictyosporum
is ectomycorrhizal with Afzelia africana Sm.

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
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from West Africa (Ba & Thoen 1990) and with
Uapaca guineensis Müll. Arg., from Southern
Senegal (Thoen & Ba 1989). It has also been
described associated with Eucalyptus from
Congo (Garbaye et al. 1988).
Scleroderma floridanum Guzmán
Distribution – SC – Córrego Grande,
Correia Pinto, Rio Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Pinus elliottii
Engelm. and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169).
Scleroderma fuscum (Corda) E. Fisch.
Distribution – RS – Porto Alegre, Santa
Maria; SC – Correia Pinto, Joinville, Rio
Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Pinus elliottii Engelm. and P. taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1171), Cortez (2011b: 49).
Comments – Scleroderma fuscum forms
ectomycorrhizae with Pinus spp. and is
reported from several regions, including South
America (Cortez et al. 2011b).
Scleroderma laeve Lloyd
Distribution – RS – Porto Alegre.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2011b: 49).
Comments – This species forms
ectomycorrhizae with Eucalyptus spp. (Cortez
et al. 2011b) in a non-specific manner
(Malajczuk et al. 1982).
Scleroderma uruguayense (Guzmán) Guzmán
Distribution – SC – Córrego Grande,
Correia Pinto, Rio Vermelho.
Habitat and substrate – plantations of
Pinus elliottii Engelm. and P. taeda L.;
terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169).
Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers.
Distribution – PR – Colombo, Curitiba,
São José dos Pinhais; SC – Córrego Grande;
RS – Nova Petrópolis, Santa Maria.
Habitat and substrate – pasture,
plantations of Pinus elliottii Engelm.,
Eucalyptus plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2011b: 50),
de Meijer (2001: 114, 2006: 43, as
Scleroderma cf. verrucosum), Giachini et al.
(2000: 1169), Rick (1961b: 458), Sobestiansky
(2005: 454, as Scleroderma cf. verrucosum).
Comments: Scleroderma verrucosum is a
cosmopolitan species (Guzmán 1970). It is
commonly found in Europe in mixed or
broadleaf forests. The species was introduced
to New Zealand with Quercus spp. and Pinus
radiata. S. verrucosum is ectomycorrhizal with
Afzelia africana Sm., in West Africa (Ba &
Thoen 1990) and cultivated in Burkina Faso
with the native vegetation - Uapaca somon
(http://senegal.ird.fr). In Brazil it was reported
from several States (Cortez 2011b).
Sclerogaster luteocarneus (Bres.) Zeller &
C.W. Dodge
Distribution – PR – Fênix; RS – Poço
das Antas.
Habitat and substrate – seasonal semi-
deciduous submontane/montane forest; on dead
wood, terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 43), Dodge & Zeller (1936: 570), Rick
(1961b: 457, as Octaviania luteocarnea Bres.),
Singer (1962: 54, as Sclerogaster cf.
luteocarneus).
Comments – Sclerogaster luteocarneus
is found in tropical America (Dodge & Zeller
1936).
Setchelliogaster tenuipes (Setch.) Pouzar
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto; RS –
Guaíba, Viamão.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of E. dunnii Maid.;
terricolous.
Literature – Cortez et al. (2008a: 514),
Giachini et al. (2000: 1168).
Comments – Setchelliogaster tenuipes
ocurs in Argentina (Nouhra et al. 2008),
Australia (Grgurinovic 1997) and Europe
(Montecchi & Sarasini 2000). This species is
associated with Eucalyptus spp. (Lago &
Castro 2004).

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
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Suillus cothurnatus Singer
Distribution – SC – Correia Pinto, Rio
Vermelho, Três Barras; RS – Nova Petrópolis;
PR – Colombo.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations, plantations of P. elliottii Engelm.,
P. patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. and P.
taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 44), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168),
Sobestiansky (2005: 454), Watling & de Meijer
(1997: 236).
Comments – Occurring in the vicinity
of Pinus palustris Mill. or P. taeda L., though
occasionally as far as 11 m from the nearest
pine tree (Singer et al. 1983). S. cothurnatus is
native to North America (Singer 1945).
Suillus granulatus (L.) Kuntze
Distribution – PR – Colombo; SC –
Córrego Grande, Correia Pinto; RS – Santa
Cruz do Sul, Venâncio Aires.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations, plantations of P. elliottii Engelm.,
P. patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., P.
taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 44), Giachini et al. (2000: 1168), Putzke
et al. (1994: 90), Watling & de Meijer (1997:
238). Comments – Suillus granulatus grows
with Pinus spp. on calcareous and acid soils,
sometimes in large numbers. It is native to the
Northern hemisphere and common in Britain,
continental Europe, and North America. It has
also been introduced to Australia (Phillips
2006), South Africa and New Zealand
(Dunstan et al. 1998), probably with Pinus
radiata D. Don.
Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel
Distribution – PR – Colombo; RS –
Canela, Nova Petrópolis, Pelotas.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus plantatio-
ns, plantations of P. elliottii Engelm.;
terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 44), Putzke et al. (1994: 88),
Sobestiansky (2005: 454), Watling, de Meijer
(1997: 238).
Comments – Suillus luteus is found in
the Northern hemisphere. It is common in pine
plantations, especially young forests. The
species forms mycorrhizal with various Pinus
species, including P. sylvestris L., P. nigra
J.F.Arnold or P. peuce Griseb. in Europe, and
P. resinosa Sol. ex Aiton and P. strobus L. in
North America. It has also been introduced
with pines to Australia, New Zealand and
Argentina (Moser 1980). Singer (1945, 1949)
and Putzke et al. (1994) refer this species as
occurring only in P. nigra J.F. Arnold, P. pinea
L., P. silvestris L. and P. resinosa Sol. ex
Aiton.
Suillus subaureus (Peck) Snell
Distribution – RS – Vera Cruz.
Habitat and substrate – Pinus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Putzke et al. (1994: 91).
Comments – Suillus subaureus is
mycorrhizal with Populus spp., Quercus
berberidifolia Liebm and Pinus strobus L. in
North America (Roody 2003).
Thelephora americana Lloyd
Distribution – SC – Rio Vermelho, Três
Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, plantations of Pinus elliottii
Engelm. and P. taeda L.; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169). Comments – Thelephora americana is
ectomycorrhizal with Abies alba Mill. based on
a sequence similarity search (Grebenc et al.
2009). The species occurs in Canada, USA,
Mexico, Japan and China (Corner 1968).
Thelephora griseozonata Cooke
Distribution – SC – Rio Vermelho.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – Giachini et al. (2000:
1169). Comments – Thelephora griseozonata
is indigenous to New Zealand, but also found
in North America under pines.
Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr.
Distribution – PR – Pontal do Paraná.
Habitat and substrate: „restinga‟; occurring on
dead wood.
Literature – Meijer (2001: 113, 2006:

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
80
44). Comments – Thelephora palmata is
common in Europe and North America
(Phillips 2006), mainly in coniferous woods. It
is regarded as common in the North temperate
zone. According to Chen et al. (2001), the
species is ectomycorrhizal.
Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.
Distribution – PR – General Carneiro;
SC – Rio Vermelho, Três Barras.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations, Pinus plantations, plantations of P.
taeda L.; terricolous, occurring on dead wood.
Literature: de Meijer (2001: 114, 2006: 44),
Giachini et al. (2000: 1169), Guerrero &
Homrich (1999: 46).
Comments – Thelephora terrestris is
known from Europe, North America, Japan,
China, Jamaica, Brazil, Uruguay, Australia,
New Zealand and South Africa. It occurs either
on the ground in coniferous woods,
saprophytic, mycorrhizal on Betula, Picea,
Pinus and Eucalyptus (Agerer 1987-2008) or
semi-parasitic (sensu Corner 1968).
Thelephora terrestris was introduced to
Australia during the establishment of exotic
pines (Corner 1968). Malajczuk et al. (1982)
reviewed host-sporocarp records and concluded
that several fungal associates of pine, such as
T. terrestris, were absent from eucalypt stands.
Tricholoma atrosquamosum Sacc.
Distribution – PR – Colombo.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 45).
Comments – Tricholoma atrosquamo-
sum is native in Europe and has been also
collected in North America (Phillips 2006).
This species can be found in deciduous (Fagus
spp., Quercus spp.) and coniferous (Pinus spp.,
Picea spp.) stands, mainly on calcareous soils.
The species was also identified from roots of
the heterotrophic plant Pityopus californicus
(Eastwood) H. F. Copel., and from California,
USA (Bidartondo & Bruns 2001).
Tricholoma sulphurellum Rick
Distribution – RS – Esmeralda.
Habitat and substrate – Araucaria
forest; terricolous.
Literature – Putzke (2003: 579); Rick
(1961a: 304); Singer (1953a: 64); Singer et al.
(1983: 173), Sulzbacher et al. (2007: 146).
Comments: Singer et al. (1983) pointed out the
possibility of this species being
ectomycorrhizal since it is a member of the
section Sericella (Fr.) Quél. (= Sericeocutis
Singer), a section known to contain
ectomycorrhizal species.
Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm.
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – forest; unknown
substrate.
Literature – Rick (1961: 304).
Comments – Tricholoma vaccinum is
mycorrhizal with conifer, especially Picea spp.
and Pinus spp. It is common in Europe and
widely distributed in the Northern portion of
the Northern Hemisphere. In North America it
is common in the Rockies and the Pacific
Northwest (Trudell & Ammirati 2009).
Xerocomus basius de Meijer & Watling
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul, Colombo, Curitiba, São José dos Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
montane forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2008: 44, 125,
373). Comments – the species
ectomycorrhizal status is unknown (de Meijer
2008). According to Tedersoo et al. (2010),
Xerocomus is an ectomycorrhizal genus.
Xerocomus brasiliensis (Rick) Singer
Distribution – RS – Nova Petrópolis,
São Leopoldo.
Habitat and substrate – open places
among Gramineae, subtropical and tropical
forest, Eucalyptus plantations; terricolous, on
rotten wood.
Literature – Gómez (1996: 61), Putzke
et al. (1994: 92), Singer & Digilio (1957: 260),
Singer et al. (1983: 65), Singer (1953a: 100, as
Boletus brasiliensis Rick, 101, as Phylloporus
flavipes Rick), Sobestiansky (2005: 443, as
Boletus brasiliensis).
Comments – Xerocomus brasiliensis
forms mycorrhiza with Eucalyptus (Singer et
al. 1983) or is regarded as a putative

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ectomycorrhizal fungus (Sobestiansky 2005).
According to Tedersoo et al. (2010) the genus
is ectomycorrhizal.
Doubtful and undescribed taxa cited from
Southern Brazil
Amanita cf. crebresulcata Bas
Distribution – PR – Antonina.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 11).
Comments – Wartchow & Maia (2007)
recorded this species from the state of
Pernambuco in a tropical rain forest. The
mycorrhizal association was not observed (Bas
1978).
Amanita sp. “A” subg. Amanita sect. Ovigerae
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – „restinga‟;
probably terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Amanita sp. “A” subg. Amanita sect.
Ovigerae).
Cantharellus cf. cinnabarinus (Schwein.)
Schwein.
Distribution – PR – Antonina,
Morretes, São José dos Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest, dense ombrophilous
forest, „restinga‟; standing trunks of living
dicotyledonous trees.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 13, 2008: 44, 372).
Comments – Cantharellus cinnabarinus
is native or common in eastern North America,
Mexico (Pilz et al. 2003), Europe, Africa and
Asia (Watling et al. 2002). Pilz et al. (2003)
also noted that C. cibarius is likely to include
multiple cryptic species in different regions.
According to Wartchow et al. (2012a), it is
highly unlikely that the material with the
epithet „cinnabarinus‟ occurs naturally in
tropical South America. For more information
see Buyck et al. (2011) and Buyck & Hofstetter
(2011).
Clavulina aff. rugosa (Bull.) J. Schröt.
Distribution– PR – Curitiba.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 14, 2008:
372). Comments – Clavulina rugosa is
putative ectomycorrhizal (de Meijer 2008).
This species is frequently found under conifers
and hardwoods. It is presumably mycorrhizal.
Its close relatives in the genus Clavulina were
confirmed to be mycorrhizal with Abies in
Europe (Grebenc et al. 2009). The Dicymbe
forest in South America has several Clavulina
reported species (Henkel et al. 2012). It is
widely distributed in North America and
Europe (Kuo 2007 –
http://www.mushroomexpert.com/clavulina_ru
gosa.html).
Cortinarius spp. /records from de Meijer
(2001, 2006)
Distribution – PR – Cerro Azul,
Cornélio Procópio. Tunas do Paraná.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, seasonal semi-deciduous
submontane/montane forest, and mixed
ombrophilous forest; terricolous, occurring on
dead wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Cortinarius sp. A (subg. Sericeocybe sect.
Pallidoviolaceae), de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Cortinarius sp. B (subg. Sericeocybe sect.
Sericeocybe), de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Cortinarius sp. C (subg. Telamonia), de Meijer
(2001: 112, as Cortinarius sp. D (subg.
Telamonia), de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Cortinarius sp. E (subg. Telamonia), de Meijer
(2006: 16, as Cortinarius sp. A (subg.
Sericeocybe sect. Sericeocybe), de Meijer
(2006: 17, as Cortinarius sp. B (subg.
Sericeocybe sect. Pallidoviolaceae).
Inocybe aff. cingulatipes (Corner & E. Horak)
Garrido
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 26).
Inocybe aff. conspicuospora Buyck & Eyssart.
Distribution – PR – Fênix.

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
82
Habitat and substrate – seasonal semi-
deciduous, alluvial forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 26).
Inocybe aff. crassicystidiata Pegler
Distribution – PR – Antonina.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 26).
Inocybe aff. incognita (E. Horak) Garrido
Distribution – PR – Morretes.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 26).
Inocybe cf. matrisdei Singer
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate: „restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112).
Comments – Its association with any
particular host tree and the full characteristics
of the forest type have not been described
(Singer et al. 1983).
Inocybe aff. pahangi (Corner & E. Horak)
Garrido
Distribution – PR – Guaraqueçaba.
Habitat and substrate – „restinga‟;
unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 26).
Inocybe aff. xerophytica Pegler
Distribution – PR – Paranaguá.
Habitat and substrate – „restinga‟;
unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 26).
Inocybe spp./records from de Meijer (2001)
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, „restinga‟, seasonal semi-
deciduous submontane/montane forest;
terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112, as
Inocybe sp. A (subg. Inocybe sect. Inocybe), as
Inocybe sp. B (subg. Inocybe sect. Inocybe), as
Inocybe sp. C (subg. Inocybe sect.
Petiginosae), as Inocybe sp. D (subg. Inocybe
sect. Petiginosae).
Lactarius aff. necator (Bull.) Pers.
Distribution – RS – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – forest;
terricolous.
Literature – Rick (1961a: 364, as L.
adustus Rick), Singer (1953a: 83 as L.
aductus).
Comments – As Singer (1953) noted,
no specimens are preserved in Rick‟s herbaria.
Lactarius spp./records from de Meijer (2001)
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113), as
Lactarius sp. “A” (aff. venezuelanus Dennis),
as Lactarius sp. “B”).
Phaeoclavulina cf. camellia (Corner) Giachini
Distribution – PR – Campina Grande do
Sul, Colombo, Piraquara, São José dos Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate: dense ombrophilous
forest, mixed ombrophilous forest; terricolous,
occurring on dead wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 41, 2008: 373, all as Ramaria cf.
camellia Corner).
Phaeoclavulina aff. eumorpha (P. Karst.)
Giachini
Distribution – PR – Fênix, Morretes,
Paranaguá, Rio Branco do Sul, São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest, seasonal semi-deciduous
submontane/montane forest; unknown
substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 41, as
Ramaria aff. patagonica (Speg.) Corner).
Phaeoclavulina spp. / records from de Meijer
(2006) Distribution – PR: São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 41, as
Ramaria sp. “A” (subgen. Echinoramaria ser.
Grandisporae).

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
83
Ramaria cf. aureofulva Corner
Distribution – PR – São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 41, 2008:
44, 373).
Ramaria cf. reticulata (Berk. & Cooke) Corner
var. macrospora Corner
Distribution – PR – Cornélio Procópio.
Habitat and substrate – seasonal semi-
deciduous submontane/montane forest;
unknown substrate.
Literature – de Meijer (2006: 41).
Russula cf. dennisii Singer ex Buyck
Distribution – PR – Antonina.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; unknown substrate.
Literature: de Meijer (2006: 42).
Russula spp./records from de Meijer (2001)
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate: dense
ombrophilous forest, gallery forest in area of
savanna, „restinga‟; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113, as
Russula sp. “A”, as Russula sp. “B”, as Russula
sp. “C”, as Russula sp. “D”).
Thelephora spp./records from de Meijer
(2001) Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest; occurring on dead wood.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113, as
Thelephora sp. “A”).
Tricholoma cf. eucalypticum A. Pearson
Distribution – PR – Curitiba.
Habitat and substrate – Eucalyptus
plantations; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 113,
2006: 45).
Tricholoma spp./records from de Meijer
(2001) Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – mixed
ombrophilous forest, Eucalyptus-plantations,
Pinus-plantations, seasonal semi-deciduous
alluvial forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112-113, as
Tricholoma sp. “A” aff. imbricatum (Fr.: Fr.)
Kummer; Tricholoma sp. “B” subg.
Tricholoma sect. Genuina, and Tricholoma sp.
“C”. subg. Tricholoma sect. Tricholoma.”).
Tylopilus spp./records from de Meijer (2001,
2006), Watling & de Meijer (1997)
Distribution – PR – locality unknown.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest; terricolous or growing at
the base of a living tree-fern trunk (Watling &
de Meijer 1997: 240).
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 45, both as cf. Tylopilus sp.), Watling &
de Meijer (1997: 240).
Comments – Putative ectomycorrhizal,
based on the fact that several species from the
genus are known to be ectomycorrhizal
(Halling et al. 2008, Tedersoo et al. 2010).
Xerocomus aff. coccolobae Pegler
Distribution – PR – Curitiba, Campina
Grande do Sul, Mandirituba, São José dos
Pinhais.
Habitat and substrate – dense
ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous
forest; terricolous.
Literature – de Meijer (2001: 112,
2006: 45, as Xerocomus sp. “A”), Watling &
de Meijer (1997: 239, as Xerocomus cf.
coccolobae Pegler).
Ectomycorrhizal fungi from Southern Brazil
in perspective of the origin and plant
partners
From a list of 144 species and affiliated
species, over half (80 species) are considered to
be introduced from other continents. In
particular, from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande
do Sul most of the recorded ECM species were
introduced (Fig. 1). In Parana the dominance of
native ECM species was observed mainly due
to de Meijer‟s studies on macromycetes (Buyck
& de Meijer 1999, de Meijer 2001, 2006, 2008,
Watling & de Meijer 1997). That author
described 37 potentialy ECM species from
mixed ombrophilous forests (including
Araucaria forest).

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
84
Fig. 1 – Number of introduced or native ectomycorrhizal fungal species recorded from the states of
Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (Southern Brazil), and the total for all three states.
The differences among states (Fig.1)
reflect the focus of research in past decades
(Fidalgo 1962, 1968, Putzke 1994), in
particular the mycological studies of
introduced species plantations (Cortez et al.
2008a, Cortez et al. 2011a, Giachini et al.
2000, Giachini et al. 2004, Sulzbacher et al.
2010, Putzke 1999; in parts also Cortez et al.
2008, b, 2009, 2011b, Guzmán 1970, Putzke et
al. 1994, Rick 1961a, b, Sobestiansky 2005)
and the fact that plantations in the whole
country cover about 5.98 million ha. These
plantations where Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus
spp. dominated as plant ECM partners,
contributed equally to the number of recorded
introduced ECM species. Most of the
introduced ECM species listed were published
in Giachini et al. (2000), who in particular
surveyed the ECM fungal communities in the
state of Santa Catarina. Their work resulted in
49 reported taxa, including three new described
species to Southern Brazil. Other introduced
plantation tree species (Acacia, Castanea,
Populus, Salix) are of minor importance and of
a low influence to the recorded
ectomycorrhizal diversity and were only rarely
available in the analysed references (Fig. 2).
Most of the ECM fungi introduced to
Southern Brazil originate from North America
and Europe. In Southern Brazil these fungi
were found associated with Pinus spp. or
recorded in association with both Pinus and
Eucalyptus. As expected, most of the species
originally known from Australia and New
Zealand were found associated with Eucalyptus
spp. plantations. Most of the ectomycorrhizal
fungi associated with other broadleaf hosts
were also native to Europe or North America
(Fig. 3). As for origin, the rest of the world
(Asia, Africa) did not contribute significantly
to the number of ectomycorrhizal species
observed in Southern Brazil.
Conclusion
In total 144 ectomycorrhizal or putatively
ectomycorrhizal taxa were recorded in
publications for the area of Southern Brazil
(states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina
and Parana). In this region, climate, soil and
vegetation are very different from the rest of
the country (Dieckow et al. 2009). Thus, these
conditions play a particular role in defining the
relation between fungi and host. Over half of
introduced plant partners (mainly Eucalyptus

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
85
Fig. 2 – Number of introduced ectomycorrhizal fungal species recorded and potential
ectomycorrhizal plant partners. Data based on published scientific papers summarised for three
Southern Brazil states. Some species were found associated with more then one category of
ectomycorrhizal partner or the host was unknown.
Fig. 3 – Global distribution/origin of the ectomycorrhizal fungi recorded in Southern Brazil.
Species associated with hosts grouped either at the genus level, or at a higher level if available data
were too general. The origin data is based on the combination of host and fungus origin.

Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/5
86
spp. and Pinus spp.) are well-known ECM in
the Northern hemisphere or Australia and were
introduced into Southern Brazil by means of
the hand. Still, several of the listed species, are
found only in South America (including
Southern Brazil). For these, the majority has no
definite record as being ectomycorrhizal and
requires ECM description and/or molecular
confirmation (sensu Agerer 1991). Therefore,
there is still a need for further investigation in
order to provide information on their ECM
status, host partners range and ecological and
seasonal distribution. Additionally, a number
of the species still need more detailed
taxonomic revision, including modern
morphological analysis, application of
molecular markers and phylogenetic species
concept as a tool to better support their
placement within a taxonomic classification.
Future work aims to fill the missing gaps in
knowledge of the diversity, mycorrhizal status
and general ecology of the species listed here.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to National Council for
Scientific and Technological Development
(CNPq - Brazil) and the Coordination for the
Improvement of Higher Education Personnel
(CAPES - Brazil) for their financial support.
The work was co-financed by the Brazil –
Slovenia bilateral project (BI-BR/11-13-005)
and the Research Programme Forest Biology,
Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) of the
Slovenian Research Agency. Special thanks go
to Adriano Afonso Spielmann and Bruno
Tomio Goto for their valuable suggestions to
the manuscript. We thank to Admir José
Giachini and Felipe Wartchow for constructive
comments on the earlier version of the
manuscript.
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