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An approach to sustainable development: The case of Cuba
Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cuban model of sustainable development and explains the causes that made Cuba the only country that meets the conditions of sustainability according to the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF). The Human Development Index has three main components: quality of life (health indicator measured as life expectancy at birth), knowledge (education indicator measured as adult literacy) and the standard of life (economic indicator measured by the Gross Domestic Income). This paper analyses the aspects of the educational and health system of Cuba and also of its energy policies that explain the excellent scores of the Human Development Index. Cuba shows a Human Development Index of 0.8 with an Ecological Footprint of 1.8 gha. This is achieved with a Gross Domestic Income lower than other countries with similar Human Development Index. The Ecological Footprint of Cuba is mainly determined by the CO2 and the agricultural land footprint. The paper shows how the economic transition, after the economic crisis of the early 1990s, was realized without significantly increasing the Ecological Footprint.
... We were first of all interested in learning about Cuba's climate change adaptation practices. As an island country, Cuba is particularly vulnerable to climate change which is causing both natural disasters and the loss of biodiversity (Alonso & Clark, 2015;Cabello et al., 2012). It is exposed to hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical depressions, intense rainfall, floods, and droughts (Guzma´n, 2014). ...
... The Cuban government has been proactive towards environmental protection and climate change adaptation. The World Wildlife Fund recognised Cuba as possessing one of the smallest ecological footprints while maintaining high human development (Cabello et al., 2012). Cuba has managed better than its neighbours to prevent deaths from natural disasters such as hurricanes and has put considerable efforts in disaster risk reduction (Guzma´n, 2014). ...
... It has also invested in planned biodiversity, reforestation, and increased the country's territorial and marine protected areas. In short, Cuba's approach to sustainable development is considered exemplary (Cabello et al., 2012;Goulart et al., 2018;Milane´s, 2014;Osmel, Georgina, & Onelia Edyn, 2017;Stone, 2018). ...
This article reflects on a youth-led action research process on climate change adaptation carried out in Cuba between 2013 and 2015. The research explored the question: ‘How are Cuban youth engaging with climate change adaptation challenges and what can we learn from it?’. The objectives of the research were to understand young people's attitudes towards climate change and environmental work while connecting a youth network in Cuba and encourage collaboration. This article contributes to PAR with a rich description of a research process in which the group of co-researchers was able to collectively shift their awareness of and personal relationship with nature. Proposing a conversation between Heron and Reason's extended epistemology (1997) and Scharmer's TheoryU (2016, 2018), I argue that experiential knowledge in climate change and environmental work looks like entering an intimate state of co-presencing with the aliveness of the earth. Second of all, the research contributes to the literature on youth participation highlighting that in Cuba there is a gap between the political will and attention towards climate change adaptation, which is remarkable, and young people's ability to meaningfully take leadership in such efforts.
... This became more significant, as the world move away from sustainability (Fanelli, 2011). Therefore, the country faces the challenge of developing its economy without increasing its environmental footprint (Cabello et al., 2012). ...
... Therefore, although reducing GHG emissions in Cuba is a limited contribution to the global emissions, the national policy acts as an example on how to approach GHG emissions in developing countries. Furthermore, Cuba is challenged to develop its economy without increasing its environmental footprint (Cabello et al., 2012). From a sustainable development perspective, moving towards a low-carbon economy implies installing more renewable energy sources, which promotes economic growth, energy self-sufficiency and energy security of the country. ...
... Overall, the Cuban electricity mix is dominated by fossil fuels (Fuel oil + Gas), as show in Fig. 3. Cuba (ONE, 2009;ONE, 2017a) As shown in Fig. 3, fossil-fuels (fuel oil + gas) provide around 96% of the electricity, on average emitting 0.879 t CO2 eq./MWh (Cabello et al., 2012). In the 1970s, biomass (mainly bagasse) supported slightly over 20% of the electricity production in Cuba. ...
The emissions of greenhouse gases stand as a major threat of today. Moving towards CO2 neutral or low-carbon economies is a need to achieve sustainable development. This study assesses the potentialities to move Cuba towards a low-carbon economy by replacing the current electricity mix, dominated by fossil fuel based electricity generation, with biomass-based electricity generation. Because of their significant potential, the study focusses on the use of sugarcane, energy cane and marabu (dichrostachys cinerea) based biomass. Results show that biomass can support over 97% of the electricity generation planned by the Cuban government for 2030. Replacing fossil fuel based electricity with biomass-based electricity today potentially reduces up to 81% of the greenhouse gas emissions as compared to the emission levels of 2012. Implementing biomass-based electricity generation in Cuba can also reduce the costs of electricity generation by 1-30% (depending on the market price of fossil fuels).
... At the same time, some of these abandoned state lands were reclaimed not by forests and shrubs, but by small-scale farmers and cooperatives under Cuba's usufruct laws (Alvarez 2004). The effect of these dual processes of abandonment and reclamation has been a substantial reduction in the overall human footprint on the landscape (Cabello et al. 2012;Galford et al. 2018). These socio-ecological changes in the Cuban agricultural sector have also dovetailed with a number of other ecological changes in Cuba. ...
... What can be seen most clearly from the Cuban case study is the potential for smallholder livelihoods to co-produce landscapes that are more socio-ecologically resilient and sustainable. In evidence of this, it is notable that Cuba is the only country in the world to have met its obligations towards sustainable development according to the World Wildlife Foundation (Cabello et al. 2012) and is one of the only countries in the world to be considered 'sustainable' according to the UN's Human Sustainable Development Index (Bravo 2014). It is even more impressive that this has occurred in the shadow of the 60-year-long embargo imposed by the US. ...
The persistence of the peasantry challenges conceptualizations of smallholders on both the left and the right. It also highlights the vital role that smallholders play in socio-ecosystems. This paper uses the Cuban agroecological transition to re-think the role that smallholders play in development discourse and practice. By analyzing the public policies that Cuba enacted after the Special Period, this article derives several public policy lessons – including securing land tenure, localizing food production and regulating market development – to inform smallholder-driven transition elsewhere. These lessons provide important points of departure for efforts to improve the social, economic and ecological dynamics of smallholder agriculture.
... Sustainability is an intrinsic (and therefore desirable) value, but sustainable societies need not be good in all respects. One example: Cuba is a top country in human development rates vs. ecological footprint [51,52], and so it gets as close to sustainability as a country can get. Yet, it is still an unjust country, at least because many Cubans cannot run for political office. ...
... Holling paid much attention to some specific "pathologies of management" [56] that often compound to make ecosystems and society more vulnerable in this sense. His more detailed discussions on the pathologies of management [51,54,56] do not label the pathologies described. In what follows, to ease discussion, we refer to Holling's pathologies with three labels that are the technical terms normally used to refer to the processes analyzed by Holling. ...
While resilience is a major concept in development, climate adaptation, and related domains, many doubts remain about how to interpret this term, its relationship with closely overlapping terms, or its normativity. One major view is that, while resilience originally was a descriptive concept denoting some adaptive property of ecosystems, subsequent applications to social contexts distorted its meaning and purpose by framing it as a transformative and normative quality. This article advances an alternative philosophical account based on the scrutiny of C.S. Holling’s original work on resilience. We show that resilience had a central role among Holling’s proposals for reforming environmental science and management, and that Holling framed resilience as an ecosystem’s capacity of absorbing change and exploiting it for adapting or evolving, but also as the social ability of maintaining and opportunistically exploiting that natural capacity. Resilience therefore appears as a transformative social-ecological property that is normative in three ways: as an intrinsic ecological value, as a virtue of organizations or management styles, and as a virtuous understanding of human–nature relations. This interpretation accounts for the practical relevance of resilience, clarifies the relations between resilience and related terms, and is a firm ground for further normative work on resilience.
... where CDD stands for Cooling Degree Day, which is calculated as [7]: ...
... where ∅ 0 is the outdoor temperature, and ∅ b is the reference temperature (maximum outdoor temperature at which no cooling is required to maintain the thermal comfort in a building). The reference temperature must be individually determined for each building [7]. The monthly electricity consumption was forecasted during 2013 and 2014 using the correlation between the electricity consumption and the RDD for hotels A (equation (3)) and B (equation (4) Fig. 7 shows a scatter analysis between the measured and forecasted electricity consumption in hotels A and B. ...
Improving and managing the electricity efficiency in hotel facilities is essential to reduce the hotel operation costs and its environmental impacts. The data presented shows the evolution of the electricity consumption and management between 2013 and 2015 in two hotel facilities in Cuba (one beach hotel and one city hotel). The data additionally includes the daily measures used to develop control tools for an energy management system. The data presented in the article relates to the research study: Tools to improve forecasting and control of the electricity consumption in hotels Cabello et al., 2016, and it corresponds to the energy audits developed in one beach hotel (Hotel A) and one city hotel (Hotel B) in Cuba.
... Is human-centered and development is understood as the expansion of the human potentialities, social Cuban policies during the last 60years have human opportunities at the center and equity as an essential part of the development and social justice. The culture of savings and the rational use of resources is also of core importance for the Cuban model imposed by the US embargo [17], also policies that acknowledge saving opportunities as one of the main resources for the country [18]. In addition in Cuba almost all products or services companies are government own which would facilitate the role of local government in order to improve the energy efficiency Despite local's governments in Cuba manage directly education, health and sport practices services, water supply and treatment, local and short-range transportation and locals industries, its share of national energy consumption is significant account 51 % of diesel fuel and 30 % of electricity [19], currently there are a lack of tools and competencies for energy management and an institutional mechanism to do it [12,13,15]. ...
... ü Recognition by all players of the local authorities leadership in local development and LEM ü The municipal council have to accpet the resposibility for LEM integration in local development strategy ü The availability of the needed information for LEM must be guaranteed by all players A scheme of the scenario for LEM in Cuba is shown in figure 1. Since Cuban socio-economic system is founded on public property over main companies [18] and planning national economic. The scenario for municipal LEM is established by the yearly national economic plan (YNEP) which planning the energy available for all municipalities and companies of the country [44]. ...
The Government of Cuba proposed in the year 2011 an update of the economic and social model, where the management of energy is an element of influence in the economy of the country. This led to the approval of a policy for the development of renewable sources and the efficient use of energy. Another important aspect is the National Plan for development until 2030, which considers the use of natural resources including energy, environmental impacts, and its link with the local development. However, in the municipalities, there are few studies on local energy management (LEM), and they lack the essential elements to guarantee it. This study defined the elements of LEM for the management models of local governance in Cuba, the energy context, and the scenario for the development of LEM in the country. The results suggest a model for LEM that integrates its elements to the functions of local government in energy decisions that influence the economy, society, the environment and local development.
... However, Cuba has been recently recognized as a model of sustainable development. According to the 2006 Living Planet report Cuba is one of the few countries in the world that has Human Development Index (HDI) more than 0.8 and at the same time ecological footprint lower than 1.8 global hectares per head ( [1], see also [2,3] on discussion of environmental issues). This is largely because of the low energy consumption in the country. ...
... Electricity consumption in different sectors in Cuba. Data source[8].1 If we assume an electric cooker 1 kW, a rice cooker 0.7 kW, a pressure cooker 0.8 kW are used for 1 h per day for lunch and 2 h for dinner (and breakfast) the increase in electricity consumption compared to kerosene cooker is about 7.5 kW h per day. ...
... Before the adoption of the SDGs, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF, https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_report_timeline/lpr_2006/), in its 2006report on the progress of countries towards sustainable development, indicated that Cuba was the only country that met the conditions of sustainability based on the Human Development Index as a social indicator and the Ecological Footprint, which measures the number of natural resources used per capita [16].Cuba aspires to build a prosperous, sustainable, profoundly humanistic, and democratic socialist society, as expressed in the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba. National Assembly of People's Power (https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.cu/sites/default/files/goc-2019-ex5_0.pdf), ...
Sustainability Window (SuWi) analysis is a novel tool for analyzing the different dimensions of sustainability. This research defines the minimum economic development that meets social sustainability requirements and the maximum economic development so as not to exceed environmental limits. In addition, the method provides quantitative measures to define whether the development of real GDP is within the limits of sustainability. Cuba has an exciting profile among developing countries since its development has been related to sustainability in various fields. Unfortunately, the United States blockade against Cuba has severely limited development possibilities in all spheres of life. However, Cuba has developed successful sustainability policies to achieve compliance with the SDGs. SuWi's results are visualized in the Sustainability Donut, illustrating critical areas of development where policy intervention may be needed to achieve sustainability. In the Cuban case, the visualization of the donut's economy is built to analyze both strong and weak sustainability.
... The study of [13] focuses on how the national policy of the country shows that a combination of efficient energy management and energy production with renewable sources improves the quality of life in the rural areas of the country and the sustainability of the environment. Another study by [14] shows how the human development index of 0.8 in Cuba meets all the conditions for sustainability according to the World Wildlife Fund with an ecological footprint of 1.8 gha. In the study of [15], the need of the country to increase energy efficiency is shown and the implementation of an energy management system based on the standard ISO 50001:2011 is proposed, which allows an efficient management of energy sources. ...
... Against the backdrop of widespread calls for sustainability in the growth of the tourism industry, researchers have begun paying more attention to the potential of food as a sustainable resource (Horng and Tsai 2012, Sims 2009, Everett and Aitchison 2008, Cabello et al. 2012, Seraphin and Gowreesunkar 2021. ...
The nexus of tourism and sustainability has emerged as a catchphrase in academic literature in recent years. The present study employed an integrated path model to investigate the increasing significance of sustainable tourism, which is attributed, in part, to the penchant of
domestic tourists to consume locally sourced food. The investigation additionally ascertains the potential influence of local food products on the various dimensions of sustainability,
including economic, cultural, social, and environmental aspects. Data is collected using a purposeful sample technique, with 462 responses from domestic tourists to the Kashmir Valley being screened and analyzed using SPSS and partial least squares structural equation
modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings derived from PLS-SEM analysis demonstrate that the act of domestic tourists consuming locally produced food has a considerable and statistically significant influence on sustainability-focused tourism. Furthermore, the consumption of locally grown foods has a positive influence on various dimensions of sustainability, including the economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects. The present study contributes to the existing scholarly literature on the subjects of regional gastronomy and sustainable tourism. In the current work, the authors aim to present the potential of local food to promote sustainable
tourism in the tourist host regions. The outcomes of this research can be utilized by policymakers in the tourism sector to enhance their ability to effectively market indigenous cuisine, thereby sustaining the industry’s enduring viability.
... The sudden transition was heralded as a success in terms of social, ecological, and economic standards. Captured by sustainability indicators such as the Human Dimension Index or the Sustainable Society Index, the wide-scale adoption of organic policies has been seen by scholars and practitioners as largely positive [36]. To some, Cuba has become "an antidote to the hyper-commercialized and industrial food systems of the Global North" [37]. ...
The past years have shown the widespread vulnerability of agro-food systems and rural diets to external perturbations such as wars, climate events, and pandemics. Experiencing numerous obstacles, Cuba constitutes an example of success in the transition to agroecological sustainability models. This article characterizes how processes of agricultural change, local development, and industrial degrowth have impacted food availability and dietary diversity among rural livelihoods in the municipality of Yaguajay, Sancti Spíritus, for the past forty years (1980s–2020s). It integrates findings from focus groups, repeated nutritional surveys, and interviews carried out between 2016 and 2022 among residents of the towns of Yaguajay and La Picadora. The goal is to identify effects and response strategies within agro-food systems of rural populations. Distinguishing between periods of abundance and shortage, our findings show two counterpoints: intensive sugar monocrop cultivation, which resulted in high dietary variety; and economic crises in the 1990s and during the last period of the pandemic, which have led to significant dietary adjustments. The article concludes by underscoring the importance of comprehensive assessments of dietary strategies to elicit what agroecological transitions mean for local realities and of the value of food consumption and small-holder production experiences to understand the limits to sustainable transformations.
... • La sostenibilidad social, que garantiza el acceso a los recursos y servicios básicos para todos. Un proceso que abarca múltiples dimensiones, identificándose, al menos, tres: una dimensión económica, caracterizada por un sistema de producción que permite a los empresarios locales usar eficientemente los factores productivos, generar economías de escala y aumentar la productividad a niveles que permiten mejorar la competitividad en los mercados; otra sociocultural, en que el sistema de relaciones económicas y sociales, las instituciones locales y los valores sirven de base al proceso de desarrollo; y la restante, política y administrativa, en que las iniciativas locales crean un entorno local favorable a la producción e impulsan un desarrollo que sea económicamente eficiente, ecológicamente sostenible y socialmente equitativo (Cabello Eras, J. J. et al., 2012). ...
Although there is abundant literature on the development of urban electric and hybrid vehicles (V.E-V.H), the truth is that there are limited case studies in Cuba that go beyond the description and confirm the existence of a government management that implements policies, programs and encourages local projects aimed at developing low-carbon mobility systems, more sustainable and less polluting to the environment. Currently, local development in Cuba acquires a legal and institutional connotation of great relevance as part of the process of reorganization of the functions of the State and the improvement of the public management of government; granting greater powers and autonomy to the administration of each level (provincial and municipal), and in the implementation of policies that materialize the development perspectives of the territories. The local government of Cienfuegos (CAM) - as part of its municipal development strategy - advocates the promotion of local programs aimed at promoting decarbonized mobility for the City of Cienfuegos, reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the city. city and atmosphere. Especially if it is a territorial context of socio-environmental vulnerability in the face of climate change variability. The study is based on the Research-Action-Participation (I-A-P) method, based on the analysis of documents, surveys, interviews, workshops and consultation with experts.
... Most significantly, Cuba was no longer able to procure key utilities such as chemical fertilizer, animal feed components, and technology that were needed to support its large-scale agricultural sector. This transition is heralded as successful in terms of social, ecological, and economic standards and it is captured by sustainability indicators such as the Human Dimension Index or the Sustainable Society Index [36]. To some, Cuba has become as "an antidote to the hyper-commercialized and industrial food systems of the Global North" [37]. ...
The past years have shown the widespread vulnerability of agro-food systems and rural diets to external perturbations such as wars, climate events, and pandemics. Experiencing numerous obstacles, Cuba constitutes an example of success in the transition to agroecological sustainability models. This article characterizes how processes of agricultural change, local development, and industrial degrowth have impacted food availability and dietary diversity among rural livelihoods in the municipality of Yaguajay, Sancti Spíritus, for the past forty years (1980s-2020s). It integrates findings from focus groups, repeated nutritional surveys, and interviews carried out between 2016 and 2022 among residents of the towns of Yaguajay and La Picadora. The goal is to identify effects and response strategies within agro-food systems of rural populations. Distinguishing between periods of abundance and shortage, our findings show two counterpoints: intensive sugar monocrop cultivation which resulted in high dietary variety; and economic crises in 1990s and during the last period of the pandemic, which have led to significant dietary adjustments. The article concludes underscoring the importance of comprehensive assessments of dietary strategies to elicit what agroecological transitions mean for local realities and of the value of food consumption and small-holder production experiences to understand the limits to sustainable transformations.
... They developed a nonlinear MIP model to determine refueling ports, refueling amount, sailing speed, and the number of deployed ships on a route based on a weekly service. Recently, sustainable shipping development have also drawn much attention [27][28][29][30]. To reduce emissions from ships, such as carbon emissions, some scholars consider using low-carbon or low-sulfur fuels in compliance with international regulations. ...
Reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions has become one of the primary tasks for the shipping industry over the past few years. Among alternative marine fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is regarded as one of the most popular alternative marine fuels because it is one of the cleanest fossil marine fuels. Therefore, a practical way to implement green shipping is to deploy dual-fuel ships that can burn conventional fuel oil and LNG on various ship routes. However, a severe problem faced by dual-fuel ships is methane slip from the engines of ships. Therefore, this study formulates a nonlinear mixed-integer programming model for an integrated optimization problem of fleet deployment, ship refueling, and speed optimization for dual-fuel ships, with the consideration of fuel consumption of both main and auxiliary engines, ship carbon emissions, availability of LNG at different ports of call, and methane slip from the main engines of ships. Several linearization techniques are applied to transform the nonlinear model into a linear model that can be directly solved by off-the-shelf solvers. A large number of computational experiments are carried out to assess the model performance. The proposed linearized model can be solved quickly by Gurobi, namely shorter than 0.12 s, which implies the possibility of applying the proposed model to practical problems to help decision-makers of shipping liners make operational decisions. In addition, sensitivity analyses with essential parameters, such as the price difference between the conventional fuel oil and LNG, carbon tax, and methane slip amount, are conducted to investigate the influences of these factors on operational decisions to seek managerial insights. For example, even under the existing strictest carbon tax policy, shipping liners do not need to deploy more ships and slow steaming to reduce the total weekly cost.
... En una escala de cero a uno, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo define 0,7 como el umbral para un alto nivel de desarrollo (0,8 para un desarrollo muy alto). La huella ecológica de Cuba es de 1,8 hectáreas globales (Cabello et al., 2012), lo que normalmente se considera dentro de los límites de sostenibilidad ecológica. ...
Este artículo analiza el desarrollo de Cuba desde una perspectiva económica y global. Estas dos perspectivas están directamente relacionadas entre sí. Discutimos primero el desarrollo histórico, la Revolución Cubana, la cooperación con la Unión Soviética y los aspectos del comercio bilateral. En este contexto, también discutimos la cooperación económica con Venezuela y los impactos del bloqueo estadounidense. El análisis está basado en la perspectiva teórica de la economía insular y en la teoría de la dependencia. También se realiza un análisis de descomposición de la economía energética cubana para ilustrar los impulsores del uso de energía y las emisiones de CO2 en el país. Además, se evalúan aspectos del desarrollo regional en Cuba y los cambios en los entornos rurales y urbanos. Se valoran también los cambios en la estructura de la población, porque tiene un impacto en el desarrollo económico futuro. Teoría de la economía insular En la literatura sobre temas económicos, ha habido mucha discusión sobre las características especiales de los estados insulares. La discusión se ha intensificado debido a la problemática del cambio climático. Los estados insulares son más vulnerables en comparación con otros estados. Hay una gran literatura sobre las ventajas y desventajas de ser una economía pequeña. Briguglio (1995) señala que las economías de las islas pequeñas enfrentan desafíos debido a la lejanía, la insularidad y la vulnerabilidad a los desastres naturales. Las vulnerabilidades económicas incluyen el tamaño, los recursos naturales, las restricciones a la sustitución de importaciones, la dependencia de los mercados de exportación y una gama de productos limitada, poder limitado para influir en los precios e incapacidad para lograr economías de escala. Read (2004) sugirió que la insularidad y la globalización a través del comercio tienen un impacto significativo en las economías de las islas. En el campo de la teoría del desarrollo, una forma clásica de explicar los desafíos de las economías insulares ha sido la teoría de la dependencia. Santos (2019) explicó la dependencia como una situación en la que una economía de un determinado país o grupo de países está condicionada por otra economía. La historia económica proporciona muchos ejemplos de dependencia en las relaciones coloniales. Por ejemplo, Kaufman et al. (1975) señalan que las periferias (colonias) no cuentan con los recursos necesarios para competir en los mercados internacionales. Según los autores, incluso el proceso de industrialización no reduce el nivel de dependencia entre patrones y periferias. Este tipo de teoría de la dependencia se puede aplicar a la economía insular de Cuba.
... The ecological footprint of Cuba is 1.8 global hectares (Cabello et al., 2012), which is normally seen to be within the ecological sustainability limits. ...
This article looks at the development of Cuba from economic and global perspectives. These two perspectives are directly in relation to one another. We discuss first the historical development, Cuban Revolution, cooperation with the Soviet Union and the aspects of bilateral trade. In this context, we also discuss the economic cooperation with Venezuela and the impacts of the US blockade. We base our analysis partly on the theoretical perspective of the island economy and dependency theory. We also carry out a decomposition analysis of the Cuban energy economy to illustrate the drivers of energy use and the CO2 emissions in the country. Next, we will look at the aspects of regional development in Cuba and the rural/urban changes. Also, the changes in population structure will be discussed because it has an impact on future economic development.
... (Martínez Díaz et al., 2020) In development (0.8 for very high development). The ecological footprint of Cuba is 1.8 global hectares (Cabello et al., 2012), which is normally seen to be within the ecological sustainability limits. ...
This eBook is a unique scientific journey to the changing frontiers of energy transition in Cuba. The focus of this milestone publication is on social, economic, political and cultural aspects of energy transition in Cuba. Green energy transition with renewable energy sources requires the ability to identify opportunities across industries and services and apply the right technologies and tools to achieve more sustainable results. This eBook is covering a large diversity of Caribbean country´s experiences and realities trying to keep up with updated energy policy debates and dialogues. It combines accessible theory, relevant energy policy analysis and data, information and vital research of current Cuban economic, social and energy systems.
... In addition to these dramatic changes in This unique socio-ecological trajectory since the 1990s has occurred within a political economic context that has maintained a commitment to strong social safety nets including universal access to healthcare, education, food and housing. The intersecting results of Cuba's ecological and socio-economic context is evidenced in part by the World Wildlife Foundation, who have found that Cuba is the only country in the world to have met its obligations towards sustainable development (Cabello et al. 2012). Cuba is also one of the only countries in the world to be considered "sustainable" according to the UN's Human Sustainable Development Index (Bravo 2014). ...
Context.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuba was plunged into an economic crisis with devastating effects on the agricultural system. With few options, the government restructured its agricultural system from an industrial model to a model based on smallholders and agroecology. After several decades, the results of this transition have been far reaching.
Objectives.
This research aims to elucidate some of the social, economic and ecological dynamics of this process. In so doing, it produces a more holistic and multi-dimensional perspective of how these changes have transformed landscapes and livelihoods in rural Cuba.
Methods.
To accomplish this, this paper presents a case study of a smallholder community which has undergone a shift from industrial sugarcane to small-scale agroecology. This research makes use of mixed methods, including remote sensing analysis, semi-structured interviews and archival work to understand how these this shift has changed landscapes and livelihoods in the region.
Results.
The result of this work reveals that while agricultural extent has plummeted, the production of staple crops has increased dramatically. This increased production has been accompanied by a doubling of food markets. Additionally, on-farm incomes have risen steadily. At the same time, strong environmental protections have greatly improved forest cover in the region. Together, these results demonstrate the process of replacing an extractive agricultural economy with one based on smallholder livelihoods.
Conclusions.
In the context of strong social, economic and environmental protections, such a transition can produce a number of concurrent benefits, leading to more multifunctional landscapes capable supporting livelihoods alongside ecological recovery.
... In this article, we use Cuba as a case study country for the analysis. Before the adoption of the SDGs, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in its 2006 report (WWF 2006) on the progress of countries towards sustainable development, indicated that Cuba was the only country that met the sustainability conditions, taking as base the Human Development Index as a social indicator and the Ecological Footprint, which measures the amount of natural resources used per capita (WWF 2006;Cabello et al. 2012). ...
Sustainability Window (SuWi) analysis is a novel tool to analyze the minimum economic development to fulfill the requirements for social sustainability and the maximum economic development not to surpass the environmental limits. The method provides quantitative measures to define whether the real development of GDP is within the sustainability limits using different indicators for measuring social welfare and environmental stress. The SuWi results can be used to form a visualization of the sustainability doughnut to illustrate the critical areas of development where policy intervention may be needed to reach sustainability. The doughnut economy visualization is constructed for Cuban development for the analysis of both strong and weak sustainability.
... These difficulties worsened with the strengthening of the blockade in the early 1990s, coinciding with the fall of the Soviet bloc, which had been a fundamental support to the island. Cuba's system of social security including right to housing and free and universal access to continuing education and health-care are emblematic examples of its social commitment [23]. Furthermore, also indicative of the revolution's commitment to social rights is the protection of Cuban population in the face of hazards of all types to avoid disasters and loss of lives. ...
... In this line of thinking, there is fundamental skepticism that the concepts and practices of sustainable growth, green and just economy, as well as ecological democracy and democratic sustainability state, which aim for an adaptation of capitalist democracies, are able to reach sustainable development. Looking into the empirical reality, the picture is mixed: in sustainability rankings, liberal (social) democracies, especially Scandinavian countries, score generally high [24]; on the other hand, authoritarian states, such as China, make significant progress in areas such as energy transition [25]; and socialist Cuba performs well regarding ecological footprint and human development [26]. Moreover, one can find on the one hand sober statistics that technological progress and economic growth are doing more good than harm, and on the other hand, there are studies that show that quality of life and happiness go beyond economic wealth, and deep ecology lifestyles might be more fulfilling than modern consumptionism [27]. ...
Unsustainable developments will continue to be a significant challenge from the global to local level. The United Nations Transformation Agenda 2030 reflects the breadth and depth of the task and serves as a central reference point. The participation and collaboration of state and non-state actors are considered necessary to make progress in this context. However, politics and policy-making play a central role for guiding and shaping sustainable development. In order to secure societal acceptance for the targeted sustainability transformation, this article claims that policy-making for sustainable development should aim to bring about well-being-oriented transformations. In this regard, besides cognitive insight into the need for change, the multisensory dimensions of human existence in general as well as in everyday social practices in particular should be taken into account more systematically. It is argued that the presented approach of artful scientific policy advice may enable sensory-informed and creative policy-making by providing aesthetic expertise.
... Fidel Castro, then President of the country, rejected the previous paradigm of catch-up modern isation and declared sustainable development the new guiding principle (Bell 2011). For a while, Cuba appeared to spearhead the global sustainability and transition movement and was a model for a society that turned its back on the ideology of growth and overconsumption (Cabello et al. 2012). Today, however, the euphoria of the first years is weighed down by disillusionment, as it has become clear that the supposed transition in Cuba only took place because the consequences of a deep geopolitical and economic crisis made further growth temporarily impossible anyway. ...
This article explores the shift in Cuba’s state visions of nature and develop ment, which occurred in the wake of the deep crisis unfolding after the breakdown of the Eastern Bloc, on which Cuba heavily depended. This vital threat to the country’s socialist system necessitated far-reaching economic and social policy adjustments, resulting in painful consequences for its citizens. The measures taken in the so-called Special Period demanded a new development vision for their legitimation. The Castro government developed a reformed socialist development model, shifting away from the ideal of Soviet model catch-up modernisation and its instrumental view on nature, towards the paradigm of sustainable development. Based on the analysis of 55 speeches made by Fidel Castro between 1959 and 1996, this radical change in views on nature and development is analysed. This paradigm shift served several political purposes and helped the Cuban leadership navigate through the crisis of the 1990s.
... For instance, Cuba acknowledges the need to subordinate economic development to a more humanistic, equitable and inclusive approach that places people at the centre of all initiatives (Cabello et al., 2012). This belief has led the country to include new legislation in its 2019 constitution that explicitly addresses climate change threats. ...
Non-technical summary
Sharing information between different countries is key for developing sustainable solutions to environmental change. Coastal wetlands in the Gulf of Mexico are suffering significant environmental and human-related threats. Working across national boundaries, this research project brings together scientists, specialists and local communities from Cuba and the USA. While important advances have been made in strengthening collaborations, important obstacles remain in terms of international policy constraints, different institutional and academic cultures and technology. Overcoming these limitations is essential to formulating a comprehensive understanding of the challenges that coastal socioecological systems are facing now and into the future.
... Dziś zrównoważony rozwój i ochrona środowiska wpisane są do konstytucji, a na szczeblu rządowym nie rozpatruje się w oderwaniu od nich żadnych innych kwestii: gospodarczych, technologicznych, finansowych, energetycznych, obronnych itd. Największe zasługi przypisuje się kubańskiemu systemowi opieki zdrowotnej i szkolnictwa, spełniającym wysokie standardy pomimo niskiego PKB (Cabello et al., 2012). Pomimo względnie niskiego poziomu dochodów, dyskurs dotyczący zrównoważonego rozwoju został różnymi sposobami włączony w codzienność zwykłych ludzi o wiele lepiej niż w niektórych zachodnich państwach rozwiniętych (Gold, 2014). ...
Artykuł proponuje koncepcje world-ecology, „kapitalocenu” oraz „Tanich Rzeczy” autorstwa Jasona W. Moore’a jako teoretyczno-metodologiczne ramy analizy historii i współczesności polityczno-ekonomicznej Ameryki Łacińskiej w odniesieniu do kryzysu ekologicznego. Koncepcje te mają charakter krytyczny wobec kapitalizmu jako sposobu organizowania przyrody. Ameryka Łacińska jest natomiast częścią świata kluczową dla obecnego kształtu globalnej gospodarki kapitalistycznej. Ponadto, ma ogromne znaczenie w globalnym ekosystemie, choć nie jest wolna od problemów ochrony środowiska. Konkluzją artykułu jest słuszność zintegrowanej krytycznej analizy współczesnego kapitalizmu oraz wpływu jego funkcjonowania na środowisko, a także łącznego traktowania zagadnień sprawiedliwości społecznej i ekologicznej.
... Cuba is, on the one hand, challenged to develop its economy without increasing its environmental footprint (Cabello et al., 2012); on the other hand, Cuba has the conditions to significantly increase the use of renewable energy sources (Mourant, 2017). The biomass potential of sugarcane, of Dichrostachys Cinerea (a bush tree known as marabu) and of energy cane for renewables-based electricity production, can support the current demand of electricity and moves the country to a low-carbon economy (Sagastume et al., 2018a(Sagastume et al., , 2017. ...
Cuba currently faces a limited availability of transportation to support the development needs of the country. Transport availability is mostly limited because of fuel shortage. Moreover, Cuba has an important production of sugarcane, with a significant potential to further increase its production. Using sugarcane-based bioethanol is a significant opportunity for sugarcane producer countries. There are different raw materials available in the sugar industry to produce bioethanol. Therefore, there are different scenarios to increase the production of sugarcane and energy cane, to increase bioethanol production. In this study, two scenarios of sugarcane and energy cane production were considered, from which there are eight possible scenarios of bioethanol production. These bioethanol production scenarios were matched with three transport scenarios, including a business-as-usual scenario, a scenario considering the use of bioethanol blends in standard gasoline and diesel engines, and the and introduction of vehicles running on high ethanol blends or pure bioethanol (i.e flexible fuel vehicles, and ethanol buses and trucks). In total, the production of sugarcane-based bioethanol might support from 4 to 58% of the yearly demand for transport energy in the transport scenarios. Additionally, the use of bioethanol as a transport fuel can potentially reduce transport-related greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 3–30%.
... With the expectation of an increasing global population and an increase in overall life expectancy over the next 30 years, governments all over the world are striving to expand the scope of health services [1,2]. In addition, waiting time in outpatient clinics are regarded as substantial obstacles and needs to be reduced worldwide [3,4]. ...
Background:
In China, a long waiting time for registration is a common occurrence in many tertiary hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the effects of a comprehensive reservation service for non-emergency registration on appointment registration rate, patient waiting time, patient satisfaction and outpatient volume at the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study. This study investigated the effects of a comprehensive reservation service for non-emergency registration in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center in China starting in October 2015. In total, 2194 patients completed a satisfaction survey administered by the Guangdong Situation Research Center. The content of the questionnaire consisted of six aspects: general impression, service attitude, service quality, hospital environment, price perception and medical ethics. A Likert 5-point rating scale was used in the questionnaire; answers were classified as "very satisfied", "relatively satisfied", "neutral", "unsatisfied" and "very unsatisfied". The method of application was paper-based. T-tests were used to compare the sample means, and chi-square tests were used to compare the rates. A multiple-test procedure was performed to evaluate the differences in the reservation rates during a 12-month period.
Results:
After the implementation of the comprehensive reservation service for non-emergency registration in our hospital, which has an annual outpatient volume of approximately 4 million, the monthly appointment registration rate increased from (34.95 ± 2.91)% to(89.13 ± 3.12)%,P < 0.01. The patient waiting time was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), and the proportion of patients who believed that the waiting time required improvement was decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Moreover, the third-party evaluation result of outpatient satisfaction significantly improved (P < 0.01). The total hospital outpatient volume decreased(P < 0.01). The outpatient volume of the Department of General Pediatrics decreased.
Conclusion:
The implementation of the comprehensive reservation service for non-emergency registration in the hospital shortened patient waiting time and improved patient satisfaction, and the outpatient volume was effectively controlled. These results indicated that this program obtained the desired results in a Grade 3A hospital in China.
... The use of energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources, has its origin from the initiative of several governments in response to international crises in the oil market. These actions were aimed at the implementation of energy management systems in the organizations aimed at reducing energy consumption and CO 2 emissions ( Cabello et al., 2012). ...
This paper presents the analysis of energy management and financial planning that is carried out in the design and implementation of photovoltaic systems in urban areas of the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. A questionnaire with a Likert scale and 36 items was designed, which was answered by subjects with managerial functions of the 16 companies dedicated to the implementation of photovoltaic (PV) projects in Barranquilla. The instrument was validated by expert judgment with a reliability of 0.84 with Cronbach's Alpha. For the analysis of results, techniques of central tendency and variability were used. The results show that energy management in the implementation of PV projects is moderate, indicating that there is no predominant presence of indicators of improvement and energy performance in these projects. Financial planning has a moderate significance, indicating that the financial analysis methods that are being used in these PV systems projects have a basic analysis.
... The culture of savings and rational use of resources is also of core importance for the Cuban model." 7 Remarkably, while Cuban people have access to free education and quality health care, and have a life expectancy rate that slightly outstretches Americans, their environmental impact has remained impressively low. According to Lewis: the average Cuban has a 4.7-acre ecological footprint, the total amount of land area needed to grow the food they eat, produce the goods they use, and absorb the carbon they emit. ...
This paper seeks to explore how a shifting economic model and an increasing influx of U.S. tourism, customs, and products will impact consumerism and waste in Cuba. The paper begins by charting the rise of an unwitting conservationist culture among Cubans, built out of necessity as a response to Castro-era economic hardships. This is followed by a discussion of recent Cuban economic reforms and the rise of tourism, private enterprise and material luxury in Cuba. For the emerging autonomous economic class who have shouldered decades of scarcity, the social and economic values of consumerism far outweigh any perceived environmental cost. Finally, an analysis is undertaken concerning the ideological and infrastructural challenges facing Cuba as it moves towards a future of elevated consumption. Public infrastructure in Cuba is outdated and ill-equipped to manage the swift rise in material waste that will result from increased tourism and economic activity. While co-production models and community organizing efforts to promote environmentalism have proven successful on other island nations that have experienced a swift rise in consumption, civil society actors in Cuba experience socio-political barriers to public participation. Looking forward, the Cuban state must empower the burgeoning private sector and Cuban citizens to participate in the effort to maintain Cuba’s low ecological footprint.
... En Cuba se han logrado avances significativos en la Eficiencia Energética (EE) [14-18 a través del Programa de Ahorro Energético de Cuba (PAEC), que ha permitido el ahorro de más de 8 millones de toneladas de petróleo equivalente desde 2005 [19], con un impacto significativo en la dimensión económica, social y energético ambiental del país lo que resulta en que Cuba es uno de los países de América Latina con mejor relación entre la Huella Ecológica y específicamente la de carbono y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, logrando un incremento del Producto Interno Bruto en los últimos años manteniendo prácticamente constantes estos indicadores. ...
In this paper was applied a method of energy planning, compatible with ISO 50001 standard, in an industrial laundry. In the analysis, three input variables were considered: level of production, technical condition of the system and operating regime. The past, present and future of fuel oil consumption in the steam generation and use was examined, establishing the causes of deterioration of consumption indicator. A study of load and capacity in the system identified potential savings through improved operating regime. A new regime for the operation of boilers was proposed and implemented, saving 16% of fuel. With the results of these measurements, the baseline was developed and goals are established.
... En Cuba se han logrado avances significativos en la Eficiencia Energética (EE) [14-18 a través del Programa de Ahorro Energético de Cuba (PAEC), que ha permitido el ahorro de más de 8 millones de toneladas de petróleo equivalente desde 2005 [19], con un impacto significativo en la dimensión económica, social y energético ambiental del país lo que resulta en que Cuba es uno de los países de América Latina con mejor relación entre la Huella Ecológica y específicamente la de carbono y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, logrando un incremento del Producto Interno Bruto en los últimos años manteniendo prácticamente constantes estos indicadores. ...
In this paper was applied a method of energy planning, compatible with ISO 50001 standard, in an industrial laundry. In the analysis, three input variables were considered: level of production, technical condition of the system and operating regime. The past, present and future of fuel oil consumption in the steam generation and use was examined, establishing the causes of deterioration of consumption indicator. A study of load and capacity in the system identified potential savings through improved operating regime. A new regime for the operation of boilers was proposed and implemented, saving 16% of fuel. With the results of these measurements, the baseline was developed and goals are established.
... En Cuba se han logrado avances significativos en la Eficiencia Energética (EE) [14-18 a través del Programa de Ahorro Energético de Cuba (PAEC), que ha permitido el ahorro de más de 8 millones de toneladas de petróleo equivalente desde 2005 [19], con un impacto significativo en la dimensión económica, social y energético ambiental del país lo que resulta en que Cuba es uno de los países de América Latina con mejor relación entre la Huella Ecológica y específicamente la de carbono y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, logrando un incremento del Producto Interno Bruto en los últimos años manteniendo prácticamente constantes estos indicadores. ...
RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se diseña y aplica un procedimiento de planificación energética, compatible con la norma ISO 50001, a una lavandería industrial. Se analizan tres variables de entrada: nivel de producción, estado técnico del sistema y régimen de operación. Se examina el pasado, presente y futuro del consumo del fuel oíl en el sistema de generación y uso del vapor, estableciendo las causas del deterioro del indicador de consumo. A través de un estudio de carga y capacidad en el sistema se identificaron las potencialidades de ahorro mejorando el esquema de operación. Se propuso un nuevo esquema para la operación de las calderas el cual fue implementado lográndose un ahorro del 16% de combustible. Con los resultados de las mediciones se elabora la línea base y se establecen nuevas metas. Palabras clave: Ahorro de combustible, indicador de consumo, ISO 50001, planificación energética, calderas. ABSTRACT In this paper was applied a method of energy planning, compatible with ISO 50001 standard, in an industrial laundry. In the analysis, three input variables were considered: level of production, technical condition of the system and operating regime. The past, present and future of fuel oil consumption in the steam generation and use was examined, establishing the causes of deterioration of consumption indicator. A study of load and capacity in the system identified potential savings through improved operating regime. A new regime for the operation of boilers was proposed and implemented, saving 16% of fuel. With the results of these measurements, the baseline was developed and goals are established. INTRODUCCIÓN El turismo es uno de los sectores con mayor crecimiento en la economía mundial. La Organización Mundial del Turismo estima un crecimiento anual del 3,3% para el periodo 2010-2030 [1] y se conoce que tiene una contribución de alrededor del 5% en las emisiones globales de dióxido de carbono [2]. En la industria del turismo el sub-sector hospedaje es uno de los principales consumidores energéticos, debido a que demanda grandes cantidades de
... Thus, it is considered that biomass based electricity can save 100% of the GHG emissions resulting from generating the same amount of fossil based electricity. In Cuba, the greenhouse gas emission factor for electricity generation is 0.879 t CO2 eq./MWh [4]. ...
Assessing the biomass based electricity potential of developing nations like Cuba can help to reduce the fossil fuels dependency and the greenhouse gas emissions. The data included in this study present the evolution of electricity production and greenhouse gas emissions in Cuba. Additionally, the potentialities to produce biomass based electricity by using the most significant biomass sources in Cuba are estimated. Furthermore, estimations of the potential reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, resulting from implementing the biomass based electricity potential of the different sources discussed in the study, are included. Results point to the most promising biomass sources for electricity generation and their potential to reduce GHG emissions.
... Cuba has managed to reach "a high HDI with a GDP per capita that is three times less than that of comparable countries." (Cabello et al. 2012). ...
During the political process leading up to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 it was decided that the concept which will be used to coordinate spontaneous development processes will be the concept of sustainable development. Since that time, efforts are made to implement this concept through inclusion in the legal regulations and by modelling the development objectives of societies. This process should be accompanied by: 1) a reflection over a direction in which we should go and 2) a question whether actions, carried out in the spirit of sustainable development, really bring us closer to the realisation of this concept. The proposed paper will develop these last two questions focusing on how to get at least a partial response. A proposition of measuring a distance to a sustainable goal(s) for countries is presented.
... Furthermore, Cuba is a recognized global leader in the development of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly regarding agroecology and organic low input systems (Levins, 1993;Altieri et al., 1999;Nelson et al., 2009;Altieri and Funes-Monzote, 2012). The World Wildlife Fund recognizes Cuba as one of the countries with the smallest ecological footprint, while maintaining fairly high levels of human development (Cabello et al., 2012). ...
The island of Cuba and surrounding cays are a major repository of biodiversity in the Caribbean archipelago.
Although Cuba is widely recognized for its high biodiversity and endemism, much of the country's conservation experiences have been overlooked by the global conservation scientific community. Here we particularly highlight decades of governance efforts that built and strengthened forest and biodiversity protection policies, resulting in the second largest rate of forest cover recovery worldwide, doubling of both marine and terrestrial protected area networks in recent years, as well as developing a unique agroecological matrix management. These conservation strategies combined with the constraints on infrastructure development as a result of the decades long U.S. embargo, has had the indirect result of placing Cuba in a unique position in the Caribbean
region. Nevertheless, despite these advances, significant part of the Cuban biota suffers from deforestation and habitat degradation. Major threats include booming tourism, spread of introduced species, climate change and increasing frequency and intensity of storms and hurricanes associated to global warming. We also point out for Cuba's future challenges, as well as lessons that could be applied in other tropical countries.
... This initial project aimed at strengthening the capacity building and awareness raising activities at UCf and to develop research activities based on two pillars: academic (strengthening the capacity building on CP and implementing a Master program in CP for professionals of the PSS) and development (development: to improve the efficiency and the environmental performance of companies by means of CP) [6,9]. The development of the CPC was foresee in different stages, always supported through VLIR projects [23]: 1. Establishment (Project: A Center for Cleaner Production to contribute to the socio-environmental development of the province of Cienfuegos, Cuba (2008-2012)) 2. Strengthening: (Cleaner production in the city of Cienfuegos, Cuba (2013-2015)) 3. Consolidation: (Cleaner production network in Cuban HEIs and doctoral program in CP at UCf (2016-2019)) So far the center contributed to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the emission of pollutants in some of the most environmentally impacting companies of the city [10,23,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38], also assessing the quality of life that is affected by both the environmental and the economic performance of companies [23] [39]. The success of this strategy lies upon the master program, where professionals of the PSS develop CP strategies to complete their thesis. ...
Las universidades son esenciales en el camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible y la producción más limpia. En particular, la producción más limpia, que evalúa la relación entre economía y medioambiente (dos pilares del desarrollo sostenible) de empresas del sector de producción y servicios, puede servir de puente entre las universidades y el sector de producción y servicios. La producción más limpia es una rama de rápido desarrollo de la ciencia que puede ser utilizada como un camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible, mientras investigaciones e alto impacto en las universidades. Adicionalmente, la producción más limpia puede ser una fuente de ingresos a través de consultorías a compañías del sector de producción y servicios y al gobierno.
... El marco presentado en este artículo sirve como base para el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones vinculadas al mejoramiento de los procesos asistenciales identificados como oportunidades de mejora, y debería complementarse con otras dimensiones de la calidad en salud, tales como: la cobertura (14), la promoción y prevención, políticas públicas, entre otros (7,15). Esto genera una contribución importante para el diseño e implementación de un sistema integral de mejoramiento de la calidad del servicio asistencial en salud, de acuerdo con lo establecido por la OPS ♣ ...
Objetivo Identificar y evaluar las principales problemáticas asistenciales en clínicas y hospitales de la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia.Método Estudio descriptivo aplicado a población de clínicas [23] y hospitales [5]. Se utilizó un nivel de confianza del 95 %, nivel de error del 5 % y p=0.5. El tamaño de muestra resultante para la población de clínicas y hospitales fue de 18 y 4 respectivamente. Los hospitales y clínicas fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se diseñó una encuesta compuesta por 21 preguntas acerca del estado de los diferentes procesos asistenciales del sector. Los resultados se procesaron con la ayuda del software Microsoft Excel 2010.Resultados El 50 % de los hospitales manifestaron tener problemáticas en las áreas de Consulta Externa, Hospitalización y Estadística. Por su parte, el 61,1 % de las clínicas presentan dificultades en el área de Urgencias, 50 % en Intervención Quirúrgica, 50 % en Hospitalización y 38,9 % en Consulta Externa.Conclusiones El diagnóstico de problemáticas asistenciales en clínicas y hospitales de la ciudad de Barranquilla determina que si bien el proceso de hospitalización es un punto común de mejora potencial en clínicas y hospitales de la ciudad; las mayores prioridades de intervención las presentan en su orden Intervención Quirúrgica, Urgencias y Estadística.
... El marco presentado en este artículo sirve como base para el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones vinculadas al mejoramiento de los procesos asistenciales identificados como oportunidades de mejora, y debería complementarse con otras dimensiones de la calidad en salud, tales como: la cobertura (14), la promoción y prevención, políticas públicas, entre otros (7,15). Esto genera una contribución importante para el diseño e implementación de un sistema integral de mejoramiento de la calidad del servicio asistencial en salud, de acuerdo con lo establecido por la OPS ♣ ...
Objective To identify and assess the main healthcare issues found in clinics and hospitals in Barranquilla.
Methods Descriptive study applied on two populations: clinics [23] and hospitals [5]. A confidence level of 95 % and the alpha level of 5 % and p=0.5 were used in the study. The resulting sample size for clinics and hospitals was 18 and 4, respectively. Clinics and hospitals were randomly and a 21-question survey was designed to find out the status of the different healthcare processes in the Health Care Sector. The results were processed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 software.
Results On one hand, 50 % of the hospitals expressed having problems in outpatient, hospitalization and statistical departments. On the other hand, 61.1 % of the clinics have difficulties in Emergency rooms, 50 % in Surgical Services, 50% in Hospitalization and 38.9 % in Outpatient Department.
Conclusions The diagnosis regarding healthcare issues in clinics and hospitals of Barranquilla determines that although the Hospitalization process is a common point for potential improvement in both hospitals and clinics of the city, the greatest priority should be given to Surgical Services, Emergency Department and Statistical Department, due to their average intervention priority.
... With basis on the forecasts of global population growth for the next 30 years, the increased longevity of people and the government's intention to extend the coverage of health services, it can be said that healthcare industry is one of the sectors with the highest growth potential in the coming years [1,2]. This creates a number of new challenges and opportunities for both health insurance companies and medical centers since, the demand for health services will continue to rise and it will be required to have medical procedures with high quality and safety standards, shorter service times and the suppression of non-value added activities in the process, which will increase the operational capacity and drive down service costs [3]. ...
This paper focuses on the issue of longer appointment lead-time in the obstetrics outpatient department of a maternal-child hospital in Colombia. Because of extended appointment lead-time, women with high-risk pregnancy could develop severe complications in their health status and put their babies at risk. This problem was detected through a project selection process explained in this article and to solve it, Six Sigma methodology has been used. First, the process was defined through a SIPOC diagram to identify its input and output variables. Second, six sigma performance indicators were calculated to establish the process baseline. Then, a fishbone diagram was used to determine the possible causes of the problem. These causes were validated with the aid of correlation analysis and other statistical tools. Later, improvement strategies were designed to reduce appointment lead-time in this department. Project results evidenced that average appointment lead-time reduced from 6,89 days to 4,08 days and the deviation standard dropped from 1,57 days to 1,24 days. In this way, the hospital will serve pregnant women faster, which represents a risk reduction of perinatal and maternal mortality.
... La disponibilidad de energía eléctrica, uno de los más claros indicadores del desarrollo, se emplea como señal de crecimiento económico. La demanda mundial de electricidad está creciendo rápidamente en los últimos tiempos a un ritmo vertiginoso [1]. La posibilidad de pronosticar el consumo futuro de energía eléctrica es una premisa para el buen funcionamiento de los sistemas de gestión [2]. ...
En el trabajo, se propone el uso de las redes neuronales artificiales para el pronóstico de consumo de energía eléctrica. Se estudiaron los principales factores influyentes en el consumo de energía eléctrica en el sector público del país. Se determinan las principales variables influyentes en el consumo de energía eléctrica. Se analizaron los métodos de pronóstico de consumo de energía eléctrica más usados escogiéndose las redes neuronales artificiales por ser el más preciso. Se creó, simuló y validó una red neuronal para el pronóstico del consumo de energía eléctrica obteniéndose un error de aproximación de 5,87 %, debido a la existencia de pocos datos en el entrenamiento. Se comprobó la validez del método propuesto al comparar los resultados pronosticados, resultando una diferencia de 31,77 MWh. Con este valor obtenido se pudieron
determinar las potencialidades técnicas de ahorro así como los beneficios económicos.
... A close relationship exists between QoL and sustainable development (SD); ''Improvement of the QoL and the environmental quality are the main goal of SD policies'' (Castro Bonaño 2002 ). The Cuban framework for SD focuses on people and the development of their capacities, important aspects being equity, social justice, and rational use of resources (Striker 2010; Cabello et al. 2012). Also, improving of the citizens QoL is one of the main goals of the Cuban Government as appears from ''Recognition of the citizen's right to a healthy environment, where their QoL improves constantly constitutes the core of the national environmental efforts'' (CITMA 2007). ...
The urban quality of life (UQoL) from objective dimension was analyzed in the main Cuban cities. An Urban Quality of Life Index (UQoLI) was developed in collaboration with 60 experts (five in each city). These experts belong to one of two categories: in charge of the planning of the city and members of the Municipal Council of Administration. One hundred and forty-two directors of the Local District Administration also participated in the analysis. The UQoLI includes three dimensions: social services, economic performance, and urban services, the importance of which is weighed according to expert criteria. A Ranking of the studied cities, sorted by the UQoLI, shows a tendency of increase it UQoL in the west even and central regions. This tendency contradicts one of the foundations of the Cuban sustainable development framework, i.e., equity.
To address many societal challenges it is important to improve the resilience of the food system. Research is needed to quantify and analyse the resilience of food systems in different contexts. Is it possible to have a standardised description of resilience of a food system with a measurable set of indicators? To address this question we started by developing an ontology of resilience for food systems based on literature study and using insights from semantic technologies. Our exploration identifies a number of impossible trinities in resilience research on which choices must be made in the definition and measurement of resilience. Our findings are relevant to policy decisions in choosing the proper ‘type’ of resilience and researchers to identify the relevant research problem.
Este libro electrónico es un viaje científico único a las fronteras cambiantes de la transición energética en Cuba. El enfoque de la publicación está en los aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos, ambientales y culturales de la transición energética histórica en Cuba. La transición a la energía verde con fuentes de energía renovable requiere la capacidad de identificar oportunidades en todas las industrias y servicios, y aplicar las tecnologías y herramientas adecuadas para lograr resultados más sostenibles. Este libro electrónico cube una gran diversidad de experiencias y realidades de los países del Caribe, tratando de mantenerse al día con los debates y diálogos de política energética actualizados. Combina teoría accesible, análisis de políticas energéticas relevantes, y datos, información e investigación vital del sistema económico, social y energético cubano actual
Money-free economies are a necessary – even if not sufficient – basis for establishing ecosocialism so that freely associated producers can produce to satisfy everyone’s basic needs while taking account of ecological limits. This chapter briefly outlines contemporary economic and environmental challenges, such as vast socio-political and economic inequalities and a global lack of sustainability increasingly couched in terms of emergencies and extinctions, including of humans. Fatal weaknesses of monetary economies that flourish within capitalism are identified. A vision of how such a nonmonetary ecosocialism might operate is outlined. Practical movements already oriented towards money-free societies are discussed. This underdeveloped area of thought and study might well be constituted in future as “real value studies” – building on certain nonmarket socialist thought. Money-free economies allow for the centrality of ecological, social, and humane values, enabling local people to establish direct and participatory decision-making over production on the basis of their real needs.
In den vergangenen Jahren erfuhren der Klimawandel und seine Folgen ein hohes Maß an Aufmerksamkeit durch die kubanische Regierung. Der angestoßene Diskurs wird auch in Kuba über den Rahmen der (internationalen) Umweltpolitik und des Umweltschutzes hinaus instrumentalisiert. Mittels intentionalen Framing sollen strategische Ziele der kubanischen Führung erreicht werden, die teils in mittelbarem Zusammenhang mit der Klimakrise stehen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, wie der kubanische Staat Klimawandeldiskurse auf rahmt und nutzt, um politische Ziele und Interessen zu verfolgen. Hierzu zählt beispielsweise die Festigung der ideologischen Position in Abgrenzung zum als klima- und umweltschädlich handelnd dargestellten Globalen Norden. Auch die sozioökologische Überlegenheit des sozialistischen Systems wird mit Verweis auf den Klimawandel und seine potenziellen Folgen legitimiert und untermauert.
Methodisch stützt sich die Studie auf eine an die kritische Diskuranalyse angelehnte, textanalytische Untersuchung von Reden kubanischer Präsidenten sowie von Zeitungsberichten, die in der Granma, dem offiziellen Kommunikationsorgan der PCC, veröffentlicht wurden. Um Framing und Instrumentalisierung der staatlich vereinnahmten Diskurse um den Klimawandel fassen zu können, werden neben der Analyse der verschiedenen Diskurselemente die naturwissenschaftlich fundierten Konsequenzen des Klimawandels für Kuba beschrieben. Diese dient als Referenz, um in der Berichterstattung zwischen wissenschaftlichen Fakten und Framing unterscheiden zu können.
Um naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und geistes- bzw. gesellschaftswissenschaftliche Textanalyse konstruktiv miteinander zu vereinen, erscheint die Perspektive der Environmental Humanities geeignet. Grundsätzlich ist aus Sicht der Environmental Humanities interessant, wie aus der Perspektive der kubanischen Führung auf den Klimawandel geblickt wird, wie bzw. mit welchen Absichten und Interessen das diskursive Framing des Klimawandels vollzogen wird und welche Ideen und Visionen gegen den Klimawandel und seine Folgen in diesen Diskursen entworfen werden.
Sustainable design trends have historically wended down a road that supports the idea of densely populated urban planning as a strategy for mitigating sprawl. Creation of dense urban areas aims at the reduction of carbon emissions. However, studies show that densely populated areas often come with a panacea of mental health, resiliency, and quality of life ails for a community.The following research explores the possibility of combining densely populated design approaches with ancient community planning methods that encourage relationship building: close contact with natural environments and social interchange. Community planning that also creates a day to day contact with nature could be a crucial strategy for both sustaining healthy ecosystems and the development of sustainable communities. The potential for integrating dependence upon nature within built urban environments, as well as the possibility of positive place-making by harvesting nature dependent cultural and social assets in communities and neighborhoods, is, therefore, a wealthy area worthy of exploration.To explore these areas, mental health research on the effects of nature on the brain, as well as the three leading determinants of social, environmental and economic well-being, worldwide, and the founding cultures of these determinants were reviewed. Resilient indigenous groups and case studies of the happiest nation, of Norway and two leading environmentally sustainable and resilient countries, Costa Rica, Cuba, and New Mexico are examined. The paper provides recommendations for improving mental health and resilience by integrating strategies for nature and community needs in urban planning and built environments design.
From an opportunity to explore Cuba in a people-to-people exchange that included study of its history and society; discussions with members of the Cuban community, artists, guides, and a professor; and personal experiences while traveling, this viewpoint offers insights into the sociopolitical culture and creative engagement within which the Cuban people live. An author from the United States describes the Cuban perspective on Marxist-Leninist psychology, evidence of a popular arts movement, and reflection on how art therapy might support the needs of the Cuban community in the future.
The success of encouraging environmental sustainability by means of social marketing programs is partially determined by identifying certain actions that can favourably influence people’s behaviours towards a more ecologically benign lifestyle. In this chapter, such actions (remodelling businesses and the economy by means of non-market capitals, social enterprises, and economic democracy; transforming food systems; renewable energy and energy reductions and simplifying lifestyles) are gleaned from a description of Cuba’s transition period, the Findhorn Ecovillage and the BedZED development where greater levels of environmental sustainability have been attained. Associating the actions to social marketing theory reveals that they are well positioned to influence behaviours towards improved levels of environmental sustainability.
The involvement of universities is crucial to identify how Cleaner Production strategies are formed in practice so that companies integrate sustainability into their strategies. This paper discusses the experience of establishing and operating the Cleaner Production Center at the University of Cienfuegos. From 2008 to 2011, the University of Cienfuegos, the Free University of Brussels (Belgium) and the University of Leuven (Belgium) implemented a project, financially supported by the Flemish Interuniversity Council (Belgium) allowing establishing a Cleaner Production Center at the University of Cienfuegos. This first project was followed by a second University of Cienfuegos – University of Leuven one. So far, the collaboration allowed to establish a master program on Cleaner Production that constitutes a bridge between the university and the production and service sector, allowing to promote and implement cleaner production strategies. 34 master students graduated during two graduations and a third one is ongoing. Among the most important results of the master thesis were the yearly reduction of the emission of 60 000 t/a of carbon dioxide equivalent and of the electricity consumption by 400 MWh/a at a cement plant. Research activities on Cleaner Production were upgraded through the collaboration resulting in several publications in peer-reviewed journals with impact factor. This type of North–South cooperation aided establishing and developing the center, by transferring expertise and experience and by providing part of the necessary funding which is difficult to raise by developing economies. This case study offers an interesting practice example about developing academic (training, research) values on Cleaner Production.
The aim of this report is to make Cuban energy reforms more widely known. Cuba has succeeded in
achieving high human development index while keeping its ecological footprint small. This is largely because of the low energy consumption in the country. At the same time the electrification rate is one of the highest in the Caribbean region. Even at the time of energy crisis the electrification continued in the remote rural areas, mostly based on renewable energy sources and having priorities set in electrifying schools, health centres and communal centres. The Cuban Energy Revolution, which started in 2006, was the policy response to the local energy crisis; oil imports caused serious balance of payment problems, the old centralised electricity production system was inefficient and hurricanes caused wide damage to the transmission and distribution system resulting large black outs. The Energy Revolution has been quite successful in changing the energy use patterns in
Cuban households. The appliance replacement program has resulted in significant reduction of kerosene, LPG and gasoline use and also in significant annual electricity savings. New progressive electricity tariff has also encouraged electricity saving in households. Cuba also experienced almost a complete shift from centralised to a distributed energy system. The decentralisation of electricity production has increased the reliability of supply and improved the efficiency when new smaller scale power plants have replaced older technology. In terms of distributed energy generation Cuba holds currently the second place in the world right after Denmark. This may better enable the future development of renewable energy. The energy revolution has, so far, not had much impact on energy use in industry and transport which are the areas where the future policies should be directed. Also the country’s energy mix still remains to be dominated by fossils. Yet, Cuba has high potential for harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar, bagasse and other biomass sources, as well as wind. It also has highly qualified scientists and experts on renewables and energy conservation, in addition to high-level government support for sustainable energy production and use. The major barrier is formed by lack of available materials and limited access to finance. For donors such as the European Commission there would be plenty of opportunities in Cuba for cooperation in supporting and fostering the agenda of sustainable energy for all. Cuban experiences could be beneficial for South-South and North-South-South cooperation in areas of low-cost appropriate renewable energy solutions, deployment of renewable energy in electrifying remote areas, electrification programs with social goals, and when developing sustainable energy policies and energy conservation measures that also address social fairness considerations. For example the Cuban social credit system developed for the replacement of inefficient appliances and the new progressive electricity tariff deserve more international attention.
The educational revolution since 1959, with the abolition of the Batista dictatorship, left the Literacy Campaign, which allowed a quantitative and qualitative change stressed today that the Cuban nation by the level of this specialists in various science aspects. Today is currently running the third educational revolution that has as main objective to develop a battle of ideas for all Cuban people reach a general and comprehensive. Educational transformations transcend Cuban society through its institutions and organizations which, through specific routes, working for an educational purpose: The national unity around a model of society that Cubans have been proposed to build. This is a complex process, which systematizes the rich experience of 50 years of revolution in education and, in turn, is a creative synthesis of the Cuban tradition of education, carried qualitatively higher levels.
Este trabajo sintetiza los cambios de la política económica cubana entre 1958 y 2008; explica las dificultades para contrastar indicadores en los dos años e introduce técnicas para enfrentarlas; evalúa el desempeño con 84 indicadores normalizados (económicos internos y externos, y sociales), y compara el ordenamiento cubano en América Latina en 1958 y 2008. Concluye que la mayoría de los indicadores económicos empeoró bajo la Revolución, mientras que la mayoría de los indicadores sociales mejoró; entre 1989 y 2008 dos tercios de todos los indicadores se deterioraron; en el ordenamiento regional de Cuba, todos los indicadores económicos descendieron o quedaron igual, mientras que la mitad de los indicadores sociales ascendió y la otra mitad descendió o se estancó. This article summarizes the multiple changes in Cuban economic policy between 1958 and 2008; explains the difficulties to contrast indicators between the two years and introduces some techniques to confront such problems; evaluates 84 standardized indicators (domestic and external economy and social services), and compares Cuba�s ranking within Latin America in 1958 and 2008. Concludes that the majority of economics indicators worsened under the Revolution, whereas the majority of social indicators improved; two-thirds of all indicators deteriorated between 1989 and 2008; in Cuba�s regional ranking, all economic indicators declined or stayed unchanged, while half of the social indicators rose and the other half declined or stagnated.
La revolución educativa a partir de 1959, con la abolición de la dictadura batistiana, partió de la Campaña de Alfabetización, proceso que permitió un cambio cualitativo y cuantitativo que hoy destaca a la nación Cubana por el nivel de sus especialistas en las más diversas materias de las ciencias. En la actualidad está en marcha la tercera revolución educativa que tiene como principal objetivo desarrollar una batalla de ideas para que todo el pueblo cubano alcance una cultura general e integral. Las transformaciones educativas trascienden a la sociedad cubana a través de sus instituciones y organizaciones, que mediante vías específicas, laboran por un mismo fin educativo: La unidad nacional alrededor de un modelo de sociedad solidaria que cubanas y cubanos se han propuesto construir. Se trata de un proceso complejo, que sistematiza la rica experiencia de 50 años de revolución en la educación y que, a su vez, es síntesis creadora de la tradición educativa cubana, llevada a planos cualitativamente superiores.
Through its policies and actions in sustainable agriculture and renewable energy technology, and socially just development, Cuba continues to revitalise the meaning of sustainable development and has earned international acclaim for its efforts toward a more sustainable society.
Sustainable development represents a commitment to advancing human well-being, with the added constraint that this development needs to take place within the ecological limits of the biosphere. Progress in both these dimensions of sustainable development can be assessed: we use the UN Human Development Index (HDI) as an indicator of development and the Ecological Footprint as an indicator of human demand on the biosphere. We argue that an HDI of no less than 0.8 and a per capita Ecological Footprint less than the globally available biocapacity per person represent minimum requirements for sustainable development that is globally replicable. Despite growing global adoption of sustainable development as an explicit policy goal, we find that in the year 2003 only one of the 93 countries surveyed met both of these minimum requirements. We also find an overall trend in high-income countries over the past twenty five years that improvements to HDI come with disproportionately larger increases in Ecological Footprint, showing a movement away from sustainability. Some lower-income countries, however, have achieved higher levels of development without a corresponding increase in per capita demand on ecosystem resources.
Papillary fibroblasts, when compared to reticular fibroblasts from the same skin specimen, exhibit greater proliferative capacities
in vitro. These results demonstrate a difference in function between morphologically similar cells obtained from the same
tissue. Such findings represent an important consideration in the study of cell aging in vitro.
Despite sanctions' impacts on medicine and medical supplies, Cuban health outcomes are comparable to those of developed countries.
La Revolución Energética Cubana (REC) surge de las necesidades de resolver la situación social y económica de Cuba, sumergida en una crisis energética con constantes apagones que limitaban por completo el desarrollo del país. La REC (2006) es un conjunto de medidas basadas en los principios de la autosuficiencia energética, el ahorro y uso racional de la energía, y el incremento de la eficiencia en todos los aspectos. En el presente trabajo se realiza el análisis de la sostenibilidad socio-ambiental de la REC en la Universidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas (UCLV), ubicada en Santa Clara (Cuba). La valoración se ha efectuado mediante el análisis de los impactos ambientales y sociales en dos estudios paralelos que se complementan aplicando la técnica de conmensurabilidad débil. El conjunto de los programas de la REC han propiciado mejoras en el suministro eléctrico y en el ahorro energético, disminuyendo en un 30% las emisiones de CO2, a pesar del incremento en la actividad docente y en la flota de equipos, en la universidad. Las medidas adoptadas han incidido en la calidad de la docencia, las condiciones de vida, la concienciación y la participación de la población, dando lugar a un impacto social positivo. De esta manera, el balance global de la REC se califica de positivo ya que ha permitido el desarrollo de la UCLV sin incrementar los impactos ambientales, por lo que se puede considerar un paso en el camino hacia la sostenibilidad socio-ambiental. La Revolució Energètica Cubana (REC) sorgeix de les necessitats de resoldre la situació social i econòmica de Cuba, submergida en una crisis energètica amb constants talls en el subministrament elèctric que limitaven completament el desenvolupament del país. La REC (2006) es un conjunt de mesures basades en els principis de l’autosuficiència energètica, l’estalvi i ús racional de l’energia, i l’increment de l’eficiència en tots els aspectes. En el present treball es realitza l’anàlisi de la sostenibilitat socio-ambiental de la REC a la “Universidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas” (UCLV), ubicada a Santa Clara (Cuba). La valoració s’ha efectuat mitjançant l’anàlisi dels impactes socials i ambientals en dos estudis paral·lels que es complementen aplicant la tècnica de la commensurabilitat dèbil. El conjunt dels programes de la REC han tingut com a principal conseqüència la millora en el subministrament elèctric i l’estalvi energètic, produint la reducció de les emissions de CO2 en un 30% tot i l’augment de l’activitat a la UCLV i de la flota d’equips. Les mesures adoptades han incidit en la qualitat de la docència, les condicions de vida, la conscienciació i la participació de la població, donant lloc a un impacte social positiu. Així doncs, el balanç global de la REC es qualifica de positiu ja que ha permès el desenvolupament de la UCLV sense incrementar-ne els impactes ambientals, fet pel qual es pot considerar la REC com un pas en el camí cap a la sostenibilitat socio-ambiental. The Cuban Energy Revolution (REC) arises out of the need to resolve the social and economic situation in Cuba, which was submersed in an energetic crisis with constant blackouts that limited the development of the country. The REC is based on principles of energy self-sufficiency, saving and rational use of energy, and the increase of efficiency at every level. This document analyses the socio-environmental sustainability of the REC in the Central University Marta Abreu de Las Villas (UCLV), located in Santa Clara (Cuba). The following evaluation has been done by analyzing the environmental and social impacts in two parallel studies that complement each other, applying the low commensurability technique. Implementing the REC programs has lead to improvements in the electricity supply and the energetic savings. In particular, there has been a decrease in CO2 emissions by 30% despite a higher teaching activity and the equipment fleet. The measures adopted have had an impact on the quality of the teaching, living conditions and the population participation, which has led to a positive social impact. Thus, the global balance of the REC is a positive one, as it has allowed the development of the UCLV without increasing the environmental impact. The REC can be considered a step towards the socio-environmental sustainability. Nota: Aquest projecte s’ha desenvolupat conjuntament amb el titulat “La revolución energética cubana: ¿un paso en el camino hacia la sostenibilidad?. Parte I: Análisis de los impactos ambientales”, a càrrec de Alícia Oto i Maria Solé.
En: Revista de educación (Madrid) Madrid 2003, n. 330, enero-abril ; p. 349-358 Se pretende, de manera sintética, ofrecer la memoria histórica de los Clasicos Cubanos, especialmente de José de la Luz y Caballero y de José Martí. Desde el reconocimiento de su sentido ético profundo, y en los comienzos del siglo XXI, se hace una llamada para que las enseñanzas de sus vidas estén presentes ante los desafíos de la civilización occidental. Se invita a reflexionar sobre temas ideológicos y culturales y sobre todo educativos, que en más de veinte siglos de historia están por resolver. Para conocer el pensamiento latinoamericano y caribeño en el siglo XXI, no existe un camino mejor que estudiar la historia real, las ideas, las obras, de personalidades que nos han precedido
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