Karst systems constitute unique environments in the world. Its geomorphology is based on carbonate rocks that act as a natural filter in the hydrology, resulting in highly transparent aquatic environments and extraordinary scenic beauty. In addition to their visual appeal, they directly contribute to water consumption by a large portion of the world's population. Despite these factors, karst environments are threatened by human action, either directly through the modification of the environment or contamination of beds by defensive agents and fertilizers from the agricultural system, or indirectly by global warming. In Brazil, karst environments are mostly represented in the Northeast and Southeast regions. In the Center-West region, close to the border with Paraguay, the only karst system in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul is the Serra da Bodoquena which consists of a plateau inserted in the southern edge of the Upper Paraguay River basin, whose tributaries drain into the plain of the Brazilian Pantanal.
It is a region known worldwide for ecological tourism, especially for activities involving its
crystalline rivers and resident fish fauna. Although the richness of fish species in the region has its consequent appeal for tourism and the maintenance of biodiversity as a whole, basic information about their biology still incipient. Furthermore, the region has undergone changes in terms of its main economic activities, with the replacement of pastures by crops, but the consequent impact of these changes on fish is still unknown. Therefore, the general objective of this Thesis was to understand how species use the environment (Chapter 1), the feeding resources (Chapter 2), and the effect of landscape on community composition (Chapter 3). To achieve these goals, we use the classification of species into functional trophic groups, which allow us to understand the use of the spatial dimension by fish within streams and how and where resources are obtained by them (Chapter 1). Knowing the use of space by fish, we determine which items are part of the species' diet and how they are related in the regionalfood web (Chapter 2). We close by investigating how elevation and land use act under the replacement of species and/or functional attributes (Chapter 3). In summary, we found that: (1.) the largest portion of fish in the region is small and contributes directly to the richness of trophic functional groups; (2.) the species' diet basically consists of items from outside the
aquatic environment and the trophic network of the community presents a high degree of
specialization, nestedness and modularity. In other words, the same resource can be shared among several species, although there are those that specialize in a certain item, which results in the compartmentalization of the community in relation to the type of resource consumed; (3.) The replacement of species/functional attributes was not related to land use, but rather to altitude, showing that, in the first case, stochastic factors are involved and, in the second, environmental ones. In conclusion, the set of fish species in Serra da Bodoquena presents unique patterns of habitat use, a reflection of the environmental imposition of the region; small fish mainly use margins and represent the largest portion of the richness of the community, evidencing a Neotropical pattern; resource sharing is high and dependent on allochthonous items; and, in the context of the Upper Paraguay basin, the region's unique altitude pattern is a fundamental factor in maintaining fish diversity.