Content uploaded by Hyunkyu Sang
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Hyunkyu Sang on May 12, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Six Species of Penicillium Associated with Blue Mold of Grape
Mycobiology
Abstract and Figures
Grape fruits with blue mold symptoms were collected from house storages in different locations in Korea and were investigated for their association with Penicillium species. A total of 12 isolates of Penicillium were isolated from the collected fruits. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics and β-tublin gene sequence data analysis, they were identified as P. bialowiezense, P. citrinum, P. echinulatum, P. expansum, P. solitum and unidentified Penicillium species. P. solitum was the predominant followed by P. expansum. P. bialowiezense and P. echinulatum were newly recorded in Korea. β-Tubulin gene sequences could be used to distinguish each species of Penicillium and the molecular groups were correlated well with the morphological species. The unidentified species was supposed to be a new species, not previously reported in literature.
Figures - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Morphological characters includes fungal mycelia having uni or multinucleated hyphae separated by a septum. Conidia are borne on conidiophores, which are round and uninucleate (Kim et al., 2007). Penicillium solitum is an asexually reproducing fungus in the genus Penicillium. ...
... 200μl sample was taken and subjected to CTAB extraction method and DNA obtained was suspended in TE buffer. For Penicillium identification, b-Tubulin gene (Kim et al., 2007) was amplified at 57 0 C annealing temperature. Pathogenicity test was performed on certified potato tubers for symptoms development. ...
... Three times plate cultures were picked up and subjected to PCR, sequencing analysis. PCR result was obtained with b-tubulin (Kim et al., 2007) identified isolates as Penicillium species showing approximately 550 bp band size (Figure 4). ...
Potato is one of the highly consumed vegetable crop grown in different regions across Pakistan that is affected by fungal diseases. The current research was conducted to identify fungal pathogen causing mold-like disease of potato in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. For molecular identification and characterization of the fungal disease; potato tuber samples were collected followed by culturing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on morphological features, the pathogen was identified as a Penicillium species. This result was obtained in 45 different isolates from potato tubers. Molecular identification was done using β-tubulin primers and ITS5 sequencing of 13 different isolates that releveled 98% homology with BLAST (GenBank accession no. KX958076) as Penicillium solitum (GenBank accession nos. ON307317; ON307475 and ON310801). Phylogenetic tree was constructed that showed Penicillium solitum prevalence along with Penicillium polonicum and Penicillium citrinum on potato tubers. Based on this, Penicillium solitum based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE SEM). UV-analysis showed a characteristic peak at 410 nm confirming synthesis of Penicillium solitum based Ag NPs. This was further confirmed by XRD followed by EDX and SEM that showed face cubic crystal structure with Ag as major constituent of 18 nm formed spherical Ag NPs. FTIR showed band stretching of O-H, N-O and C-H of biological origin. Similarly, Penicillium solitum based Ag NPs presented strong anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity at 0.5 level of significance LSD. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of Penicillium solitum identification in Pakistan, its Ag NPs synthesis and characterization to be used against pathogens of agricultural significance.
... Apart from the lignocellulolytic focus, P. echinulatum has also appeared in a variety of different studies. Whereas the strains used in investigations by UCS are all derived from the 2HH wild-type isolate, there have been several works from other research groups that report isolation of the same species from a number of different sources, including red alga (LI et al., 2014), blue grape mold (KIM et al., 2007), dry-cured ham (NÚÑEZ et al., 1996), soil samples (ANDERSON et al., 1988) cheese (LUND;FILTENBORG;FRISVAD, 1995) and even subglacial ice (SONJAK; FRISVAD; GUNDE-CIMERMAN, 2006). Even though this fungus is observed in a broad diversity of environments, it has mostly been described as a food-borne fungi, and in these cases being portrayed as a toxigenic species. ...
... While older articles seem to base species level identification on morphological observations, dichotomous keys and eventually secondary metabolite profile analysis, more recent research usually include a molecular method in conjunction. Case in point, Li et al. (2014) analyzed the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the rDNA in addition to morphological observations in order to classify an algicolous fungi isolate as P. echinulatum, while Kim et al. (2007) compared β-tubulin gene sequences of their grape mold isolate with references deposited in GenBank. In addition, some of these articles even stress the importance of including a molecular approach to species level identification, given the diversity of the Penicillium genus combined with high variability within each species (LI et al., 2014;KIM et al., 2007). ...
... Case in point, Li et al. (2014) analyzed the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the rDNA in addition to morphological observations in order to classify an algicolous fungi isolate as P. echinulatum, while Kim et al. (2007) compared β-tubulin gene sequences of their grape mold isolate with references deposited in GenBank. In addition, some of these articles even stress the importance of including a molecular approach to species level identification, given the diversity of the Penicillium genus combined with high variability within each species (LI et al., 2014;KIM et al., 2007). ...
In the course of 40 years of research, different strains of the filamentous fungus Penicillium echinulatum were employed in biotechnological studies at University of Caxias do Sul (UCS). This systematic literature review proposes a historic analysis of research findings on this fungus. Bearing this in mind, a methodology composed of four steps was adopted, including: (i) question formulation; (ii) repository election; (iii) paper filtration; and (iv) reading, organization, analysis and result interpretation. A total of 37 scientific articles and 12 theses and dissertations were referred. Based on the encountered papers, it was evidenced that most works citing P. echinulatum were published by a single research group at UCS. These studies focus mainly on lignocellulolytic enzymes, including enhancement of biotechnological processes and selection of hyper-productive lineages. Furthermore, P. echinulatum has also appeared in a variety of distinct studies. While the strains used in investigations by UCS are all derived from the 2HH wild isolate, other research groups report isolation of the same species from several different sources, including red algae, blue grape mold, ham, soil samples, cheese, and subglacial ice. Additionally, it was evidenced that integrative approaches are essential in modern taxonomy. In conclusion, this review allowed the construction of a global picture of P. echinulatum throughout science, emphasizing the promising biotechnological application in enzyme production. Keywords: Penicillium echinulatum. Lignocellulolytic Enzymes. Biotechnology. Fungi Resumo No decorrer de 40 anos de pesquisa, diferentes linhagens do fungo filamentoso Penicillium echinulatum foram empregadas em estudos na área da biotecnologia na Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS). Esta revisão sistemática da literatura propõe uma análise histórica das investigações científicas com esse fungo. Desse modo, uma metodologia composta de quatro etapas foi adotada, incluindo: (i) formulação de questões; (ii) seleção de repositórios; (iii) escolha de artigos; e (iv) leitura, organização, análise e interpretação de resultados. Um total de 37 artigos científicos e 12 teses e dissertações foram encontrados. Baseado nos artigos referidos foi evidenciado que grande parte dos trabalhos citando P. echinulatum foram publicados por um único grupo de pesquisa na UCS. O grande foco desses estudos são enzimas lignocelulolíticas, incluindo o aprimoramento de processos biotecnológicos e seleção de linhagens hiperprodutoras. Além disso, a espécie P. echinulatum também foi utilizada em outros estudos. Enquanto as linhagens utilizadas na UCS foram todas derivadas do isolado selvagem 2HH, nos outros grupos de pesquisa essa foi isolada em diferentes locais, incluindo algas vermelhas, videira, presunto, amostras de solo, queijo, e gelo subglacial. Adicionalmente, é salientado que uma abordagem taxonômica integrativa é essencial para a correta identificação dos isolados. Em conclusão, esta revisão sistemática permitiu a construção de um panorama global do P. echinulatum na ciência, dando ênfase na aplicação biotecnológica promissora de produção enzimática. Palavras-chave: Penicillium echinulatum. Enzimas Lignocelulolíticas. Biotecnologia. Fungos
... The phytopathogenic micromycete Penicillium digitatum's isolation had its yeast used as a biological control agent (Katrijn et al., 2020). The micromycete belonging to the genus Penicillium causes blue mold rot, which is also dangerous for the stems and fruits of grapes (Kim et al., 2007). Under the influence of this pathogen, the berries soften and change color, causing crop losses and further producing mycotoxins, which are harmful to the human body (Habib et al., 2021). ...
In the presented study, isolation of bacterial strains, viz., Pantoea agglomerans, Priestia megaterium and phytopathogenic micromycetes that cause damage and eventually death of grape crops, came from a 10 to 15-year-old vine plantation. A Pantoea agglomerans gram-negative bacillus facultative and anaerobic bacterium strain achieved isolation from grape plants, with its morphological characteristics studied. Bacterial strains with antifungal activities against phytopathogenic micromycetes succeeded in their identification. Bacterial isolates collected from the vines underwent screening for their growth properties. It was apparent that Pantoea agglomerans actively grew wheat coleoptiles by 2.6 mm and maize coleoptiles by 2.3 mm compared with the control. Observable evidence also showed that sorghum coleoptile actively grew by 1.7 mm compared with the control treatment by 2.9 mm. The 26 Aspergillus sp., 23 Penicillium sp., 25 Fusarium sp., 30 Alternaria sp., and five Curvularia sp. phytopathogenic micromycetes belonging to the genus were notable. Bacterial strains isolated from the vine showed the highest antifungal activity against micromycetes belonging to the genus Penicillium and reduced the radius of phytopathogenic growth to 47–54 mm. Compared with micromycetes belonging to the genus Fusarium, it was also apparent that the pathogen reduced the growth radius to 27–35 mm. Isolation of phytopathogenic micromycetes from the vine allows early detection and prevention of grape diseases. Based on these studies, the identification of antifungal activity of the bacterial strains isolated from the vine and the presence of phytohormones in the culture fluid indicated that it is an essential and environmentally friendly biological tool in the cultivation of grapes for human consumption.
... 1,2 It has been isolated from cucumber, dried wine fruits, grapes, lemon, oranges, persian lime, sweet lime and tomatoes. [2][3][4][5][6] Occurrence of P. citrinum has also been reported on capsicum sp. during pre-harvest, harvest, and postharvest stages, 7 where it serves as the predominant source of mycotoxin citrinin, which poses serious health concerns and economic threat, globally, due to its potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity to humans and adverse impact on valuable agricultural commodities. ...
Penicillium citrinum and Penicillium expansum are primarily associated with the spoilage of wide variety of fruits and derived food products. Increasing demand of consumers for preservative (synthetic) free food has led the researchers to explore natural substances for controlling spoilage and pathogenic microbes. Past researches have demonstrated the antimicrobial activities of spices. Present study was undertaken to assess the growth inhibitory activities of aqueous extracts (AEs), essential oils (EOs) and powdered (PD) forms of 10 spices towards P. citrinum (MTCC2553) and P. expansum (MTCC2006). PD spices were evaluated for their growth inhibitory potential using spice agar method. Impregnated paper disc method was followed for the antifungal screening of AEs and EOs, while broth dilution method was opted for the determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations. Results revealed that AEs of all the spices were found ineffective, whereas PD forms of three spices, namely, Cinnamomum cassia (Blume), Cuminum cyminum and Syzygium aromaticum, significantly arrested the growth of both the fungal strains. Nevertheless, EOs of Allium sativum, Brassica juncea, C. cassia (Blume), C. cyminum, Mentha piperita, Ocimum sanctum and S. aromaticum, exhibited remarkable antifungal activities against both the fungi. P. citrinum was more susceptible as compared to P. expansum, towards tested substances. According to our results, PD spices, being cheap and safe, may be persued as ‘green antimicrobials’ along with spice EOs, for in vivo studies to extend the shelf life of fruits and their processed products. Therefore, this study would prove a great help to the agricultural sector and food processing industry.
... [29] Won Ki Kim et al. isolated 12 Penicillium isolates from grapes infected with blue mold in Korea and identified them as P. bialowiezense, P. citrinum, P. echinulatum, P. expansum, P. solitum and Penicillium species based on their morphological characteristics. [30] In accordance with our research, W. Habib et al.'s research shows that representative isolates of the main toxigenic genera that affect the grapes for consumption are Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria, and that they produce toxic substances such as ochratoxin A, fumonisins, and patulin. [31] Micromycetes belonging to the genus Alternaria have a negative effect on the cultivation of agricultural crops and the growth of the economy. ...
... Many studies have been conducted recently on Penicillium species in Korea. Numerous new and unrecorded species have been reported from marine and terrestrial environments continuously over a period of time [1,2,11,12]. To date, 117 Penicillium species have been reported in Korea [13]. ...
Penicillium species have been actively studied in various fields, and many new and unrecorded species continue to be reported in Korea. Moreover, unidentified and misidentified Korean Penicillium species still exist in GenBank. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the Korean Penicillium inventory based on accurate identification. We collected Korean Penicillium nucleotide sequence records from GenBank using the newly developed software, GenMine, and re-identified Korean Penicillium based on the maximum likelihood trees. A total of 1681 Korean Penicillium GenBank nucleotide sequence records were collected from GenBank. In these records, 1208 strains with four major genes (Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA region, β-tubulin, Calmodulin and RNA polymerase II) were selected for Penicillium re-identification. Among 1208 strains, 927 were identified, 82 were identified as other genera, the rest remained undetermined due to low phylogenetic resolution. Identified strains consisted of 206 Penicillium species, including 156 recorded species and 50 new species candidates. However, 37 species recorded in the national list of species in Korea were not found in GenBank. Further studies on the presence or absence of these species are required through literature investigation, additional sampling, and sequencing. Our study can be the basis for updating the Korean Penicillium inventory.
... There were some reports that showed that Penicillium citrinum isolates were extracted from wheat, rice, ray, corn, barley, oats, peanuts, amaranth, and soybean [15,16]. Whereas others explained that it was present in leaves, stems, and roots of coffee plants [17], roots of Ixeris repens [18], coconut milk, coffee beans, compost, peanuts [19], dried vine fruits [20], grapes [21,22], cashews, copra, sorghum, soybeans [23,24], dried fish and numerous other food products [5]. Some research work indicated that Penicillium produces plant growth factors, and moreover strains of P. citrinum were reported to produce a secondary metabolite [25]. ...
... The genus Penicillium represents a group of Class Ascomycetes that occur globally with their diverse species known to be as potent decomposers of organic substrates. Numerous species have been recognized for their ecological and biotechnological prospects, whereas some species have been identified as phytopathogens and are responsible for most of the post-harvest rots affecting the food industry and economy (Frisvad & Samson 2004, Kim et al. 2007, Pitt & Hocking 2009, Leitao 2009, Khan et al. 2010, Gawas-Sakhalkar et al. 2012. They have been reported to be one of the most common microfungi inhabiting soil, plants, indoor and outdoor air, different food commodities, etc. ...
During a mycological survey of soil from Drass Valley (3200 msl), more than 40 filamentous
fungal isolates belonging to different genera were recovered. Among the recovered isolates,
penicilli were found to be the dominant genus and were represented by thirteen species viz.,
Penicillium adametzi, P. bilaiae, P. citrinum, P. herquei, P. implicatum, P. italicum, P. miczynskii,
P. resedanum, P. restrictum, P. roseopurpureum, P. sclerotiorum, P. verrucosum and P. vinaceum.
Of these, at least 8 Penicillium species were found to be monoverticillate, 3 biverticillate and 2
were terverticillate. Soils of mountains represent environments that prove challenging for the
diverse living entities including the microfungi. Since, Drass is the coldest place in India, it is
probable that due to extreme and stress conditions that prevail almost throughout the year, these
monoverticillate Penicillium species have adapted and evolved over the years as the simplest
reproductive structures that can be produced at low metabolic costs
The microbiological characteristics of the grapes are made up of a wide variety of microorganisms, including filamentous fungi. Their presence in grapes is traditionally associated with deterioration in quality. The health of the grapes is very important for obtaining quality wine. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of mycobiota on the surface and inside of different grapevine varieties at harvest time in the temperate climate of Slovakia and to identify potentially pathogenic isolates of Aspergillus and Penicillium producing selected mycotoxins. During the 2021 grape harvest, grapes were collected from the Small Carpathians wine region. Eleven grape samples were analyzed by the plating method and plating method with surface disinfection. Emphasis was placed on Aspergillus and Penicillium species because of their importance in mycotoxin production. Of the 605 fungal strains detected, 11 genera were identified in the exogenous mycobiota. The most common and abundant genera were Alternaria and Botrytis. In the genus Aspergillus, A. section Nigri is the most abundant, while in the genus Penicillium, P. raistrickii reached the highest frequency and abundance. Of the 379 strains detected and identified from the endogenous mycobiota, the most common genera were again Alternaria and Botrytis and the most abundant genus was Botrytis. Penicillium species were detected in 17% of all fungi found, with P. raistrickii dominating. The A. section Nigri reached only 4% of the relative density of all isolates. Potentially toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium species were tested for toxinogenity by thin layer chromatography. The most important mycotoxin-producing species found were A. section Nigri but without ochratoxin A production.
The multitasked Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive, gaseous molecule that is endogenously produced in the plant cells through various routes. In the plant, NO participates in numerous physiological processes including growth and development as well as adaptation against (a)biotic stresses. At the molecular level, NO acts as a redox-related signaling molecule whose function entirely depends on two factors (concentration and spatial generation pattern). Once generated, it directly or indirectly interacts with other redox-related molecules (O2−, H2O2, H2S, NO2−) and potentially interacts with various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, hormones, and nucleic acid at the downstream level. The variety of NO acting mechanisms include direct reaction with redox molecule, metal-nitrosation of transient metals, protein tyrosine nitration, and S-nitrosation. Since the discovery of the physiological role of NO in plants, numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the production pathways, mechanism of action, and its ultimate effect in distinct physiological processes. However, over time, some questions still remain unanswered, and with new knowledge on interactions of NO with fatty acids and nucleic acids, more possible regulatory roles of NO in mitigation of stresses is still under investigation. Therefore, this chapter discusses the NO production, mechanism of action, and role in the regulation of plant’s (a)biotic stress response.
Partial β-tubulin sequences were determined for 180 strains representing all accepted species of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. The overall phylogenetic structure of the subgenus was determined by a parsimony analysis with each species represented by its type (or other reliably identified) strain. Eight subsequent analyses explored the relationships of three or four strains per species for clades identified from the initial analysis. β-tubulin sequences were excellent species markers, correlating well with phenotypic characters. The phylogeny correlated in general terms with the classification into sections and series proposed in the accompanying monograph. There was good strict consensus support for much of the gene tree, and good bootstrap support for some parts. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that sect. Viridicata, the largest section in the subgenus, is divided into three clades. Section Viridicata ser. Viridicata formed a monophyletic group divided into three subclades supported by strict consensus, with strong bootstrap support for P. tricolor (100 %), P. melanoconidium (99 %), P. polonicum (87 %) and P. cyclopium (99 %) and moderate support for P. aurantiogriseum (79 %). The three strains each of Penicillium freii and P. neoechinulatum had identical sequences. Three strains of P. viridicatum had unique sequences, with two strains differing in two or three positions from the type. Within ser. Camemberti, P. palitans (83 %) and P. crustosum (99 %) were supported by bootstrap. Penicillium camemberti and P. caseifulvum had identical sequences to each other, and to the type strain of P. commune. Section Viridicata ser. Verrucosa was monophyletic and included two well-supported subclades, one consisting of P. thymicola (87 %), and the other of P. verrucosum (88 %), derived within the paraphyletic P. nordicum. The phylogeny for sect. Roqueforti (100 %) was robust, with excellent bootstrap support for all included species, i.e. P. roqueforti (100 %), P. carneum (94 %) and P. paneum (100 %). In sect. Penicillium, Series Expansa was paraphyletic, with the monophyletic ser. Italica derived within it. The synnematous species in ser. Claviformia were a paraphyletic group with the species of ser. Urticicolae., including P. griseofulvum (99 %), derived within. Section Digitata, ser. Digitata comprised a single well-supported species, P. digitatum (100 %). The phylogenetic structure of sect. Chrysogena had limited strict consensus and bootstrap support. One clade comprises P. chrysogenum and P. flavigenum (96 %), another P. dipodomyis and P. nalgiovense, and a third P. mononematosum and P. confertum. Penicillium persicinum and P. aethiopicum were weakly placed in this section, both emerging from the backbone of the gene tree. Section Coronata (82 %) was a well-supported monophyletic group at the base of the phylogram. Penicillium olsonii (100 %) was basal in the section, with the sibling species P. bialowiezense (100 %) and P. brevicompactum (100 %) together forming a well-supported clade (96 %).
A total of 82 genera and 271 species of soil-inhabiting fungi including saprobic, nematode-trapping, and arbuscular mycorrhizal but plant pathogenic fungi published hitherto in South Korea are listed with the information on geographic location, habitat, vegetation when available, and relevant literatures.
This study was carried out to identify the causal pathogens and investigated the characteristics of Penicillium spp. isolated from postharvest decay of pear. One hundred and ninety eight Penicillium spp. were isolated from infected pear fruits. The lesions were formed when the isolated pathogen were inoculated into the wounds and unwounds of pear fruit. Total isolates were classified into 15 groups by the size, color, pigment of colony and shape of conidia. These isolates were identified to be P.expansum, P.solitum, and P.crustosum according to the types of morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. The pathogenicity was higher in wound inoculation at low temperature than unwound one. This result confirmed that wound promoted the disease appearance. P.expansum was appeared to have the most strong virulence, whereas P.solitum and P.crustosum were classified as weak virulent species by pathogenicity test on pear fruits.
In this study, a total of 300 isolates of Penicillium and related teleomorphic genera were collected from soils of 17 locations in Korea from April to May, 2004. Ninety four isolates were identified as the species of Penicillium subgenus Furcatum based on cultural and morphological characteristics and β-tubulin gene sequences. Among the species, Korean isolates of P. brasilianum Bat. and P. daleae K. M. Zalessky were phylogenetically identical to the reference species based on DNA sequence of the β-tubulin gene. Here we described and illustrated P. brasilianum and P. daleae that are new in Korea.
Two new records of Penicillium from blue moldy bulbs of lily are reported in Korea. The Korean isolates of P. albocoremium (Frisvad) Frisvad and P. tulipae Overy and Frisvad were phylogenetically identical to the reference species based on DNA sequence of the β-tubulin gene. P. albocoremium and P. tulipae are described and illustrated.
Species in Penicillium subgenus Penicillium have terverticillate penicilli and are related to the ascomycete genus Eupenicillium series Crustacea, Many of its species are very common, being associated with stored foods of human beings and other animals, but also with animal dung and building materials, indoor air, and several other habitats. The taxonomy of this group has been regarded to be especially difficult, but here we propose a stable taxonomy of these species based on a polyphasic study of a large number of isolates. 58 species are accepted. Four new species, P. cavernicola, P. freii, P. marinum and P. thymicola are described and two new combinations are made: P. melanoconidium and P. neoechinulatum. The species are ordered in natural sections and series, i.e. series that are both ecologically and phylogenetically consistent. The sections are named Coronata, Chrysogena, Roqueforti, Expansa, Digitata and Viridicata and emended because they differ considerably from the circumscriptions made by Pitt (1979). Some species with terverticillate penicilli, or rather twice biverticillate penicilli, including P. arenicola, P. scabrosum, P. fennelliae and P. lanosum, are regarded as phylogenetically and phenetically unrelated soil-borne forms and are not treated here. The phenotypic characters used include micro- and macro-morphology, physiology, including growth at 5, 15, 25, 30, 37°C, growth at 5 % NaCl and 15 % sucrose, and growth inhibition in presence of 1 % propionic acid, nutritional characters, including growth on urea, nitrite and creatine. All species have been analyzed for secondary metabolites (extrolites) and the profiles of these extrolites are highly species specific, and often of high consistency. In general features based on fungal differentiation (morphology and extrolites) are most diagnostic and consistent, but the classification proposed is also supported by the physiological and nutritional characters. The ecology and biogeography of the species is discussed and data on extrolites, both mycotoxins and pharmaceutically active compounds, is listed. Descriptions and colour illustrations of the colonies and micromorphology of the 58 accepted species are given. Keys to the taxa in the various series are given, but for a more detailed electronic database including partial beta tubulin sequences reference is made to http: //www.cbs.knaw.nl/ penicillium.htm.
This study was carried out from May, 1977 to July, 1979 in Phyllostachys reticulata forests located in both Yesan area (A) and Kwangsan area (B). The fungi isolated from these areas were purely cultured, identified and described. The results showed that 55 species of the fungi were recognized.
A mycological survey was carried out with the soil samples collected in Korea from Sptember, 1978 to December, 1979. Special attention was paid fungus genus Penicillum. One hundred twenty three isolates, as a result, were obtained from the Korean soils. Among these, sixteen species were iedentified and described in this paper. Almost all of the fungi reported here are new to Korea. One of them is an asomycete cleisothecia of in diameter. Ascospores of this fungus were found lenticular with an equatorial furrow as indicated in the previous descriptions.
Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) systems were determined for 335 isolates assigned to 118 species of Penicillium, and related teleomorph and anamorph genera. In the genus Eupenicillium, Q-9 occurred in all 21 species tested. In the genus Penicillium, isolates belonging to subgenera Aspergilloides, Furcatum, and Penicillium were of Q-9 except for the two species P. megasporum (Q-10) and P. asperosporum (Q-10(H2)) placed in series Megaspora. In subgenus Biverticillium, species in section Coremigena had Q-9, but Q-10(H2) was found in section Simplicia, and also in the genus Geosmithia, except for G. argillacea (Q-10). Almost all isolates in Talaromyces had Q-10(H2), but sometimes Q-10(H4), except for T. thermophilus, T. leycettanus, T. avellaneus and T. striatus, all of which had Q-10. Eladia, Penicilliopsis and Dendrosphaera had Q-9, but Q-10(H2) combined with Q-10(H4) was observed in all isolates of Trichocoma.
The ubiquinone system is considered to be useful as a chemotaxonomic criterion in solving taxonomic problems in Penicillium and related fungi, and should be taken into consideration in future taxonomic treatments.