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Two Species of Myxomycetes Causing Slime Mold of Sweet Potato
Mycobiology
Abstract
Specimens collected from sweet potato plants with slime mold symptoms in fields in Daejeon, Korea were examined. Two species of Myxomycetes, Fuligo septica and Stemonitis herbatica were identified based on their morphological characteristics. This is the first report that the two species of Myxomycetes cause slime mold of sweet potato in Korea.
... Reports of this phenomenon come from seven countries throughout the world, with China having the most widespread instances of myxomycete colonization (Figure 1). These reports include affected grain crops (Su, 1987;Kim et al., 2007;Wang et al., 2014;Chen et al., 2021), cash crops (Mortensen and Molloy, 1989;Guan, 2004;Kong et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2014;Tu et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2016;Xie et al., 2017;Huang, 2019;Chen et al., 2021), vegetable crops (Wang and Pan, 1985;Kim et al., 2009;Crescenzi et al., 2015), fruit crops (Golenia and Rebendel, 1970;Filipowicz, 1979;Li et al., 1994) and ornamental crops (Zhang and Li, 2003;Zhao et al., 2010) (Table 2). According to the statistics compiled from an intensive search of the published literature, a total of 31 crop plants have been reported to have "slime mold disease". ...
... The symptoms of the myxomycete colonization on crops are presented in Table 1. We found that myxomycete colonization is primarily manifested on the stems, leaves, and leaf margins of crop plants in the form of fruiting bodies or less commonly plasmodia (Kim et al., 2007, Kim et al, 2009). In some cases, the "disease" expands to cover much of the entire plant. ...
Myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds) are eukaryotic protist predators that are associated with wood, leaf litter, and soil in forests, where they feed on bacteria, protozoans, and (to a more limited extent) fungi. The health of crop plants is essential because they represent a primary food source for humans. However, when myxomycetes produce numerous fruiting bodies on the stems and leaves of crop plants, which is herein referred to as a myxomycete colonization, this has the potential of interfering with plant photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration by blocking out light and covering stomata. Myxomycetes are not pathogens, but their occurrence on plants can be mistakenly interpreted as some type of infection. However, this phenomenon has been largely ignored. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the taxonomic and economic diversity of the organisms involved in myxomycete colonization. In addition, the various types of myxomycete colonization reported in the literature are described and discussed, a number of images provided, and cultural and chemical prevention and control measures are summarized. The latter should be of significant relevance for local production of crops and plant protective stations. While myxomycetes are not pathogens of crop plants, some species can seriously impact commercially grown mushrooms. Reports of myxomycetes affecting mushrooms are also described in this paper.
... a Countries and references: 1 Australia(Cook and Dubé 1989), 2 Brazil(Domingues et al. 2012;Mendes et al. 1998;Silva and Bezerra 2005; Silva et al. 2008), 3 Brunei(Peregrine and Ahmad 1982), 4 Canada(Conners 1967), 5 Colombia(Chardon and Toro 1930), 6 Cuba (Urtiaga 1986), 7 Dominican Republic(Ciferri 1961), 8 India(Ranade et al. 2012;Sarbhoy et al. 1971), 9 Israel (Binyamini 1991, 10 Italy(Crescenzi et al. 2015), 11 Japan (Nannenga-Bremekamp and Yamamoto 1987), 12 Kenya(Nattrass 1961), 13 Korea(Cho and Shin 2004;Kim et al. 2007, Lee et al. 2008 Malawi(Peregrine and Siddiqi 1972), 15 Papua New Guinea(Shaw 1984), 16 South Africa(Crous et al. 2000), 17 United States of America(Farr and Rossman 2017), 18 Venezuela(Urtiaga 1986), and 19 West Indies(Minter et al. 2001).Plant Disease / March 2018 509 ...
The “bean smut” reported in 1998 in abstracts from two conferences, was later disseminated by a Plant Disease Note, citations in books, papers, blogs, and in several official sites including databases curated by USDA and EMBRAPA-Brazil. After seeing the illustration of the syndrome in 2002, the need became clear for a review of the so called “bean smut”. Field collections indicated that it is common in no-till bean and soybean farming in Brazil. Our studies revealed that the “bean smut” attributed to Ustilago sp. or “U. phaseoli”, and later to “Microbotryum phaseoli” is not a real smut, but is Physarum cinereum (Physaraceae, Physarales, Myxomycetes) sporulating superficially on leaves, stems, and pods of dry beans and soybeans. To unravel this imbroglio, we produced detailed morphological documentation supported by molecular treatment. This will correct the spread and further incorporation of an error in the literature based upon mistaken taxonomical work related to a plant-associated non pathogenic organism.
The fruiting bodies and plasmodia of slime molds were found on small-flowered chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) in an open field in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The damage was limited to the bottom leaves with fruiting bodies. The isolate was identified as Fuligo gyrosa (Rostaf.) E. Jahn based on its morphological characteristics and BLAST analysis. This is the first report of F. gyrosa causing slime mold disease in chrysanthemums.
Myxomycetes/Physarales are eukaryotic organisms with a two distinct stages on their life cycle, the assimilative stage is similar to Amoebozoa organisms and in the propagative stage produce fungus-like sporophores. While these organisms are not plant pathogenic, they were reported sporulating on the surface of strawberry (Domingues et al. 2012; Lee et al. 2008) , sweet potato (Kim et al. 2007), lettuce, long coriander (Silva & Bezerra 2005), watermelon and collard greens (Silva et al. 2007). In Brazil, on soybean and dry beans there are several reports of a smut-like syndrom which is now elucidated and documented.
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