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Prediction of Goal-Directed Behavior: Attitudes, Intentions, and Perceived Behavioral Control
Abstract
A proposed theory of planned behavior, an extension of Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall) theory of reasoned action, was tested in two experiments. The extended theory incorporates perceived control over behavioral achievement as a determinant of intention (Version 1) as well as behavior (Version 2). In Experiment 1, college students' attendance of class lectures was recorded over a 6-week period; in Experiment 2, the behavioral goal was getting an “A” in a course. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were assessed halfway through the period of observation in the first experiment, and at two points in time in the second experiment. The results were evaluated by means of hierarchical regression analyses. As expected, the theory of planned behavior permitted more accurate prediction of intentions and goal attainment than did the theory of reasoned action. In both experiments, perceived behavioral control added significantly to the prediction of intentions. Its contribution to the prediction of behavior was significant in the second wave of Experiment 2, at which time the students' perceptions of behavioral control had become quite accurate. Contrary to expectations, there was little evidence for interactions between perceived behavioral control and the theory's other independent variables.
... To provide answers to these questions, we developed and tested a theoretical framework based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991;Ajzen and Madden, 1986) on a single sample of consumers. For this purpose we performed two analyses, namely structural equation modeling (SEM) and cluster analysis. ...
... The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) provided the theoretical background for the research reported in this study. The TPB posits that (consumption) behavior is driven by intention (to consume) which, in turn, is determined by attitude (i.e., the favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior), subjective norm (consisting of the positive or negative opinion that other people have of the individual's behavior and his/her tendency to conform with that opinion), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (i.e., the perception of being able to perform the behavior) (Ajzen, 1991;Ajzen and Madden, 1986). The TPB has been widely applied in many fields of research to explain and predict behavior, including food consumption (for instance, Adel et al., 2022;McDermott et al., 2015;McEachan et al., 2011;Zhu et al., 2013), genetically modified foods (Li and Bautista, 2020;Prati et al., 2012), innovative products such as functional foods (Nystrand and Olsen, 2020;Patch et al., 2005), and more recently insect-based foods (Chang et al., 2019;Lucchese-Cheung et al., 2020;Menozzi et al., 2017). ...
... Hypothesis 2 was confirmed with regard to H2c, i.e. that varietyseeking positively moderates the relationship between PBC and intention to consume. This finding is consistent with the relationship among variety-seeking, PBC, and self-efficacy reported by Ajzen (1987;Ajzen, 2002b;Ajzen and Madden, 1986). In fact, Ajzen evidenced that one of the internal components of PBC consists of self-efficacy beliefs. ...
The ethical and environmental rhetoric employed by institutions and companies to foster insect-based food consumption neglects individualistic motives that can prompt consumers to buy this novel food. To fill this gap, this paper reports a study in which consumers' hedonic and utilitarian motives and the relative consumer profiles for insect-based food consumption were investigated. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study collected data from 929 participants and applied a structural equation modeling analysis to evaluate the moderating effect produced by hedonic and utilitarian motives on the intention to consume insect-based food. Based on the same dataset, then performed was a cluster analysis to define the profile of consumers according to the level of acceptance of insect-based food. The results indicated that hedonic motives have a positive impact on consumers' intention to consume insect-based food, while utilitarian-ethical and utilitarian-health motives have no and a negative impact, respectively. These findings suggest that promoting the hedonic aspects of insect-based foods would be more effective in increasing consumer acceptance than emphasizing only ethical and health utilitarian values; and they also highlight the importance of creating an emotional and experiential connection with consumers in order to improve the effectiveness of marketing efforts.
... Further, Al-Kofahi, Shiyyab, & Al-Okaily's (2023) study on user satisfaction with financial information systems in emerging markets like Jordan adds to our understanding of TAM in different cultural contexts [17]. The third model is the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) which addresses the effects of cognitive components, such as attitudes, social norms, and intentions to behave [18][19][20]. Alalwan et al.; Alkhwaldi et al. have further explored these aspects in the context of Jordan, examining how cognitive and social factors influence the adoption of digital services [21,22]. ...
... This section outlines the theoretical framework and research hypotheses for investigating the acceptance and use of the Jordanian digital tax platform. The integrated model combines Social Capital Theory (SCT) [23,24], Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [16,25,26], and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) [19,20,26] to analyze the factors influencing user behavior. The model focuses on social connections, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitudes, social norms, and intentions. ...
... TRA suggests that a person's behavior is determined by their intention to perform the behavior and that this intention is a function of their attitude toward the behavior and subjective norms [20,62]. The theory aims to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviors within human action and is used to predict how individuals will act based on their past attitudes and behavioral intentions. ...
In this groundbreaking study, we explore the behavioral determinants critical to the acceptance and effective utilization of Jordan's digital tax platform among taxpayers. Utilizing an unprecedented combination of frameworks from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Social Capital Theory (SCT), and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), this study pioneers a unique integrated approach. Data gathered through questionnaires across Jordan's multiple governorates lay the groundwork for this analysis. Employing the sophisticated Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) within SPSS, our results uncover the profound impact of both social factors (trust, subjective norms) and technological attributes (perceived ease, utility), as conceptualized in TAM, SCT, and TRA. This research is distinct in its focus on Jordan, providing new insights into the nexus of tax compliance and technology adoption, a relatively uncharted area in existing literature.
... Perceived behavioral control (PBC) refers to an individual's perception of their ability to perform a specific behavior, considering available resources, skills, and constraints (Ajzen, 1991). PBC is generally identified through self-report questionnaires, which assess control beliefs related to the behavior in question (Ajzen and Madden, 1986). In our current study, PBC was measured using a modified version of the scale developed by Ajzen and Madden (1986), adapted to the context of environmental protection. ...
... PBC is generally identified through self-report questionnaires, which assess control beliefs related to the behavior in question (Ajzen and Madden, 1986). In our current study, PBC was measured using a modified version of the scale developed by Ajzen and Madden (1986), adapted to the context of environmental protection. ...
Pro-environmental intentions encourage individuals to make conscious decisions that help protect the environment, reduce waste, conserve resources, and preserve natural habitats. This study aims to assess the predictive power of environmental concern, perceived behavioral control and social norms in determining the pro-environmental intentions in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Methodologically we rely on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), applied to the survey study among 2,702 university students majoring in economics, finance, management, or marketing from Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Spain. The results show that the model explained 51% of the total variance of pro-environmental intentions, with the predictive power of environmental concern and perceived behavioral control at 42% and 45%, respectively, and social norms at only 6% (out of total 51% of explanatory power). The implications of our results suggest a major focus on increasing environmental concern and perceived behavioral control in behavioral interventions to support pro-environmental behavior. The effectiveness of social pressure produced by injunctive social norms proved limited. The cross-country differences were not statistically significant. More research must be done to study the relative effect of injunctive and descriptive social norms on pro-environmental behavior.
... For example, mothers who have the skills to discuss birth control methods with their daughters are 5.69 times more likely to have their daughters vaccinated against human papilloma virus (HPV) than mothers who lack such communication skills 126 . In addition, specific behavioural skills are often reflected in people's sense of the controllability of a particular behaviour (perceived behavioural control) 22,127 . For example, according to meta-analyses, perceived behavioural control has a strong association with actual recycling (r = 0.39) 59 , and confidence that one can refuse alcohol (refusal self-efficacy) has medium associations with the frequency of drinking (r = -0.35), the quantity of alcohol consumed (r = -0.29) ...
... Interventions targeting behavioural attitudes include media messages or in-person discussions of the benefits of changing a behaviour 130,143 , as well as motivational interviewing designed to reduce attitudinal ambivalence towards a particular behaviour 144,145 . However, interventions to change attitudes towards behaviours are generally comprehensive and include other strategies such as targeting norms and perceived behavioural control 20,127 . Consequently, many intervention studies provide little information on the specific impact of targeting behavioural attitudes. ...
... Product Attitude. Product attitude was assessed with four items (based on Ajzen & Madden, 1986) that were measured on a 7-point semantic differential scale: "Giving food from Anybelly to my dog would be …" [very bad -very good, very foolish -very wise, very harmful -very beneficial, very unattractive -very attractive], α = .91. ...
... Product Attitude. Participants indicated their agreement or disagreement with four items to assess product attitude (based on Ajzen & Madden, 1986): "I find this product …[attractive, good, a wise choice, a useful purchase]," α = .94. ...
Due to its reliance on meat, the companion animals’ food industry significantly contributes to environmental problems. Despite these environmental implications, little is known about the relative importance that caregivers attach to environmental concerns in their evaluation of companion animals’ food products. Study 1 ( N = 317) showed that perceived nutritional value predicted whether caregivers were interested in plant-based dog food products, while pro-environmental identification did not impact the findings. In Studies 2 ( N = 460) and 3 ( N = 194), the promoted benefits of a fictitious dog food product were manipulated. Findings revealed that perceived health benefits rather than perceived environmental benefits were the main determinant of product interest. Together, these findings suggest that environmental concerns play a limited role in people’s views of companion animals’ food products. It is therefore important to address concerns about the health impacts of companion animals’ food products with plant-based content.
... Perceived Behavioral Control is the perception of whether performing or not performing a behavior is easy or difficult (Ajzen, 2002;Ajzen & Madden, 1986). If individuals believe that performing the behavior is easy and they can control the outcomes as intended, they are inclined to exhibit the behavior. ...
Introduction: This study investigates the factors influencing Thai consumers’ acceptance of plant-based food products. Drawing upon the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI), personal innovativeness and environment concern, are examined as predictors of adoption intention and actual behavior. Methods: The quantitative approaches collected data with convenience sampling method from Thai consumers using online questionnaires. A structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to analyse the confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis on relationships among variables and hypothesis testing. Results: The findings reveal significant positive relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, environmental concern, and personal innovativeness to adoption intention through actual behavior of plant-based food products. Perceived behavioral control did not impact adoption intention. Discussion: The results underscore the importance of attitudes, environmental concern, subjective norms and personal innovativeness in shaping consumer behaviour towards plant-based foods. Plant-based entrepreneurs can promote adoption to behavior on product launching using various factors across research fields as marketing strategies and communication tools regarding increase the product adoption and revenue growth.
... Behavioral control (BC) is identified as a significant contributing predictor of intention, which leads to an intention becoming a behavior afterward [66]. Moreover, Ajzen and Madden [67] stated that, based on their experiments, it was observed that the perceived behavioral control of an individual significantly contributes to the prediction of intention and behavior. In Hong Kong, it was observed that the perceived behavioral control of nurses could predict behavior substantially through intentions towards hygienic practices, which are crucial to have nowadays [68]. ...
This study examined the perceived protective behavior of Filipinos towards COVID-19. It utilized the extended protection motivation theory (PMT) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) models with the integration of ergonomic appraisal, applying partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to determine the factors affecting the protective behavior of Filipinos against COVID-19. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 3000 Filipino citizens to measure the factors and their relationships. Results showed that understanding COVID-19 significantly influences the Filipinos’ perceived virus severity and vulnerability. In turn, perceived severity, self-efficacy, attitude, and subjective norms were the significant factors that affected the behavioral intention, impacting protective behavior. In addition, cognitive and macro ergonomics have been found to be the factors that influence the protective behavior of Filipinos against COVID-19. Thus, the study’s findings can be used as a framework for developing pandemic response initiatives that aim to inform and educate Filipinos, especially those who do not have the privilege of accessing information. Lastly, the outcome of this study can be used as a theoretical framework for future researchers who aim to conduct a study in a similar discipline.
... According to Rivis & Sheeran (2003), TPB is a prevalent theory used in various disciplines to describe and predict reasoned behavior. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior model explains that behavior is affected by intentions, which are defined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen 1985;Ajzen and Madden 1986;Ajzen 1991;Clement et al. 2014). Masud et al. (2016) used TPB to assess public awareness and public understanding, thus proving their positive influence towards an increased intention to express eco-friendly behavior. ...
Raising Climate Change (CC) awareness is crucial for mitigating the negative effects of this phenomenon, as well as for ensuring a sustainable future for upcoming generations. This study assesses and compares the climate change awareness level of Mediterranean university students in France and Greece. Emphasis was given to three research questions regarding knowledge, information sources, and awareness level. A questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge level and awareness of 641 university students in France and Greece. Principal Component Analysis was used to determine the main factors influencing the above-mentioned aspects, as was an independent sample t-test to compare the sample’s awareness level and socio-economic characteristics. Based on a modified climate change awareness index developed by the researchers, most students were found to have a low level of awareness of climate change. However, there is evidence that students are willing to undertake specific eco-friendly initiatives. Additionally, one of the study’s key findings is that students' knowledge and awareness of climate change varies according to socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, income level, and academic field. Nationality was proved to be a significant factor influencing belief in CC and willingness to take action. Incentives for both formal and informal information should be provided by policymakers to ensure theoretical background as well as climate change-related actions, in order to raise climate change awareness across younger generations.
... According to the theory (Ajzen and Madden, 1986) of planned behavior, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control will affect consumers' feelings about specific behaviors, which is crucial to understand consumers' purchase behavior of green food (La Barbera and Ajzen, 2020;Lindgren et al., 2021) Perceptual behavior control is "the perception of the difficulty of executing the behavior of interest." It mainly corresponds to situations where people cannot wholly control appropriate behaviors (Ajzen, 1991). ...
Introduction
There exists a noticeable gap between consumers' willingness to purchase green food and their actual purchase behavior. However, the awareness of green development is a crucial factor influencing this purchase behavior and acts as an internal driving force promoting green consumption. Consumers' green development awareness is shaped by various psychological motivations, including environmental concern, health consciousness, knowledge, norms, and price considerations. The existing literature often focuses on specific regions or groups, lacking comprehensive cross-regional and multivariate evaluations, and frequently overlooks the potential impact of moderating variables such as economic development level, product type, and behavior type.
Methods
To clarify the overall effect of each motivational factor on green food purchase behavior, this study conducted a meta-analysis. We selected eight causal variables and three moderating variables that significantly influence consumers' green food purchase behavior. The analysis included 132 independent effect values from 45 research papers.
Results
The meta-analysis revealed that: Consumers' green food purchase behavior is significantly positively correlated with eight motivational factors: environmental awareness, health awareness, green attitude, green knowledge, subjective norms, price awareness, perceived behavior control, and perceived usefulness. Economic development level, product type, and behavior type significantly affect consumers' green food purchase behavior. The impact of motivational factors on actual purchase behavior is weaker than on purchase intention, suggesting that interventions should focus on converting purchase intentions into actual purchase behavior. The findings indicate that environmental responsibility, government policies, and marketing strategies can influence consumers' psychological motives, guiding them toward more responsible consumption choices.
Discussion
Enhancing consumers' environmental and health awareness is essential, and policy support and marketing strategies can effectively promote green food consumption. These insights underscore the importance of targeted interventions to bridge the gap between green purchase intention and behavior.
... In this research, we propose to study the intention to participate socially as a proxy for actual participation. As indicated by the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fischbein, 1980) and the theory of planned action (Ajzen and Madden, 1986), behaviour is directly determined by the intention to execute it. A number of different studies show the connection between both elements and the predictive power of behavioural intention (e.g., Lee et al., 1999). ...
The purpose of this work was to study the effect of gender on the social influence processes that explain the young people’ social participation. A total of 962 Spanish undergraduate students completed a questionnaire assessing their likelihood of engagingin social participation in the future, their self-concept as socially engaged people, and the number of socially involved contacts in their social networks, distinguishing between male and female contacts. We found that gender homophily characterised the social networks of both women and men. Consistent with gender stereotyping, being female predicted self-concept and the intention to be civically engaged, and being male predicted the intention to be politically engaged. For both genders, the number of female contacts predicted the intention to be civically engaged only, and the number of male contacts predicted the intention to be politically engaged. Moreover, for males, having a more gender-heterogeneous social network predicted to a greater extent theirself-concept as socially engaged. The findings provide new insights for targeting interventions designed to foster social participation in women and men.
... Control beliefs identify factors that may facilitate or impede AI use, guiding interventions to overcome barriers. The theory's unique contribution of PBC addresses behaviors that are not entirely within an individual's volitional control, as both a direct and indirect influence on intentions and actions (Ajzen & Madden, 1986;Armitage & Conner, 2001). This aspect is relevant for pre-service teachers facing systemic or institutional barriers in employing AI, adding a layer of predictive strength to the Theory of Planned Behavior. ...
This paper explores pre-service life sciences teachers’ behavioral intentions toward integrating artificial intelligence into life sciences teaching. Despite the growing influence of AI in education, there is limited understanding of the factors affecting teachers’ willingness to integrate AI into life sciences teaching. These factors could inform policy-making and educational practice for AI adoption in the life sciences teaching. The current research aimed to identify key determinants influencing teachers’ behavioral intentions to adopt AI in life sciences teaching. The research followed a qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews with 10 purposively selected pre-service life sciences teachers in South Africa. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal that behavioral intentions are shaped by multiple factors within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Attitudes toward AI integration in life sciences education included themes such as pedagogical benefits, practical limitations, and philosophical concerns. Behavioral beliefs encompassed the advantages and disadvantages of AI adoption. Subjective norms highlighted inter-generational differences, administrative issues, stakeholder roles, and resource constraints. Normative beliefs included organizational authority, peer influence, parental concerns, and policy funding. The findings have important implications for policy and practice, highlighting the need for targeted training and resource allocation for effective AI integration in life sciences education.
... Such a result is consistent within the context of the current study, conceptualizing a motivated offender as someone harboring a positive attitude towards doxing, coupled with the proficiency to execute it. The underlying interaction effect is well-established in the literature (Ajzen & Madden, 1986) and can be understood through cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1962). ...
In the modern digital era, the escalating usage of social networking sites for both professional and personal purposes has unintentionally fueled digital threats, among which workplace doxing is especially worrisome. Workplace doxing, an emerging deviant online behavior, involves intentionally exposing another individual’s personal information, sourced from the perpetrator's work environment, to the public online. This form of deviance happens without prior consent and can have profound implications on the privacy, security, and professional reputation of the individual affected and their associated organization. Despite the significant consequences of workplace doxing, research remains limited, with no empirical study investigating factors associated with its occurrence. The current research seeks to bridge this scholarly void, providing insights into the critical factors of workplace doxing and analyzing their implications.
Building on routine activity theory and the affordances perspective, this research explores the perpetrator's environmental factors facilitating workplace doxing. Employing a cross-sectional survey method, it investigates the relationship between workplace doxing and three primary factors: the perceived presence of a suitable target, the existence of motivated offenders, and the absence of capable guardianship. Moreover, the study explores how the affordances of social networking sites, visibility, persistence, and association shape the perpetrators' perceptions of these criminological factors, elucidating how the distinctive dynamics of these digital platforms may foster an environment conducive to workplace doxing.
Findings reveal significant associations between the perceived value and accessibility of information in the workplace and the likelihood of workplace doxing. Further, results highlight the perceived absence of effective guardianship within social networking sites to associate significantly with the behavior. Notably, the affordances of social networking sites appear instrumental in forming positive evaluations of criminological factors that may drive workplace doxing activities.
The current study provides a novel exploration of workplace doxing, bridging gaps in both theoretical and practical realms. Theoretically, it extends the routine activity theory to the context of workplace doxing, intersecting environmental factors of workplaces, and social networking sites. This study also integrates the affordance perspective with routine activity theory, shedding light on individuals' perceptions of SNS affordances and their assessments of criminogenic elements, thus enhancing understanding of SNS's unintended role in fostering workplace doxing. Practically, the study informs various stakeholders, including organizations, SNS providers, and policymakers, about crucial protective measures against workplace doxing and emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies that consider the multifaceted nature of this online deviance.
... According to this theory, individuals' intentions to engage in a behavior, such as paying taxes, are influenced by their beliefs about the outcomes associated with that behavior. Azjen and Madden (1986) propose that intentions to perform a behavior precede the actual performance itself. Strong intentions are likely to result in greater effort to perform the behavior, thus increasing the likelihood of compliance. ...
The study investigates the influence of tax compliance strategies on revenue generation in Rivers State. Additionally, the study aimed to elucidate the concept and characteristics of tax compliance strategies, focusing on key Nigerian taxes such as personal income tax and stamp duties. Employing a blend of secondary and primary data sources, the researchers meticulously analyzed pertinent information to fulfill the study's objectives. The hypothesis testing was conducted using regression analysis, facilitated by SPSS Version 2.0. The outcomes of the study discovered a notable correlation between tax compliance and revenue generation in Rivers State. Specifically, it was discovered that voluntary compliance strategies significantly impact tax revenue generation, as evidenced by a positive relationship between these strategies and tax revenue. Regression coefficients demonstrated a moderately strong association between various dimensions of tax compliance strategies and personal income tax. In conclusion, the study establishes a significant positive relationship between voluntary compliance strategies, tax enforcement, and tax revenue generation, particularly concerning personal income tax. The researchers emphasize the importance of tax consultants and practitioners adhering to high ethical standards, integrity, and professionalism in their roles. Recognizing their pivotal role in the state government's tax revenue ecosystem, the study advocates for stringent punitive measures against consultants and practitioners found complicit in aiding taxpayers to evade taxes. Moreover, collaboration with taxpayers who engage in fraudulent activities with tax authorities must be met with severe consequences to safeguard the state's legitimate tax revenue.
... People must believe adopting NPIs will reduce their vulnerability to COVID-19 (Atchison et al., 2021;Champion & Skinner, 2008) as it will lead to more positive attitudes toward engaging in recommended actions and, therefore, more positive behavioral intentions regarding new habit formation. Previous research indicates that human behavior is mainly goal-directed (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). According to the theory of reasoned action (TRA), an individual's behavior is determined directly by their intentions and indirectly by their attitudes and subjective norms (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). ...
The purpose is to examine the impact of the perceived effectiveness of NPIs (e.g., hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, face masks) on behavioral intentions, attitudes toward usage, and actual use against the backdrop of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Responses were gathered with a survey instrument from Canadian respondents (N = 278). PLS-SEM and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used as analytical methods. The hypotheses between the key constructs were accepted consistently with TAM. Also, the results show a positive relationship between perceived effectiveness and attitude toward the usage of NPIs. However, the perceived effectiveness did not significantly impact behavioral intentions and actual use of NPIs. A significant indirect relationship was discovered between perceived effectiveness via attitudes on behavioral intentions and the actual use of NPIs. The perceptions of the respondents who perceived the NPIs to be effective and those who did not were quite similar. The current research provides a framework for effectively promoting the relevant behaviors while utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. The critical role of attitude toward the use of NPIs is highlighted through the direct impact of perceived effectiveness and the indirect effect of perceived effectiveness on behavioral intentions and actual usage toward the use of NPIs.
... Perceived behavioral control would be an individual's perceived capabilities and beliefs in the use or disuse of fast food in a given environment (Seo et al., 2011). Several studies have applied this theory to explain how eating habits and behaviors are formed (Ajzen & Madden, 1986;Dunn et al., 2011;Kassem et al., 2003;Maddock et al., 2008;Peng, 2009) and it has been successfully applied across a wide range of age groups (De Bruijn et al., 2008). Thus, we attempt to change the beliefs as well as practices of students, through designing and testing an experimental intervention, in turn, preventing the prevalence of obesity and associated diseases. ...
... Survey questions were mapped to factors in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a well-validated conceptual model, to identify internal and external factors that influence intention to implement screening and brief intervention (SBI) and SUD treatment in clinical practice ( Fig. 1) [15]. According to TPB, intention to perform the behavior of interest is determined by attitudes and beliefs about the behavior, the perceived subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control of an individual toward a particular behavior [16]. ...
Background
Substance use disorder (SUD) presents a range of public health challenges and consequences. Despite the prevention potential of screening and brief intervention (SBI) in the primary care setting, implementation is low. The purpose of this study was to assess associations of primary care clinicians’ knowledge of SBI and SUD treatment, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with intention to incorporate SBI and SUD treatment into regular clinical practice.
Methods
This online survey was administered to primary care clinicians who practice in Texas between March 1, 2021, and February 5, 2023. Survey questions were mapped to factors in the Theory of Planned Behavior and included measures of knowledge, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls related to SBI and SUD treatment. Intention to engage in SBI and SUD treatment was assessed as the outcome.
Results
Of 645 participants included in this study, 59.5% were physicians. Knowledge was low, with less than half correctly reporting what was considered a standard drink (39.6%) and only 20% knew the correct number of alcoholic beverages considered risky drinking in 21-year-old non-pregnant women. Subjective norms, such as having colleagues within their practice support addressing SUDs, and perceived behavioral control such as having SUD screening routinized within clinic workflows, were positively associated with intention to implement SBI and SUD treatment in primary care settings.
Conclusions
Modifying knowledge gaps, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control requires a multipronged interventional approach that blends accessible clinician training with systemic workplace enhancements and a collective shift in professional norms.
... Past studies have shown that the central concepts of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (such as attitude, personal moral norm, subjective norm, and perceived control or, in other words, self-efficacy) may predict the intention of giving blood in the group of nondonors (France et al., 2007). According to this theory, behaviour is determined by intention, which is influenced by: the attitude in relation to the behaviour (positive or negative evaluation of the behaviour), the subjective norm (the perception of social pressure) and the perceived behavioural control (difficulty or ease in the performance of the perceived behaviour) (Ajzen, 1991;Ajzen & Madden, 1986). Along with the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Self-Efficacy Theory proposed by Bandura (1977) has also been used in research in the field of blood donation (e.g. ...
Considering the small percentage of blood donors and that it is common for individuals who donate blood for the first time not to repeat the donation in the future, the continuous need for blood remains a global challenge. For these reasons, blood donation centres need to understand the aspects that motivate people to donate blood and those that discourage this behaviour. Hence, our research goal is to identify the aspects that contribute to donation and those that demotivate it. A total of 540 questionnaires were gathered, and t-tests were used to compare dimensions of Altruism regarding donors, and motivations and inhibitors, as well as the perception regarding incentives to blood donation, among nondonors and potential donors. We conclude that donors are mainly motivated by the attainment of warm glow from benefiting others and that they show preferential helping towards family. Our study suggests that potential blood donors are willing to donate, but may not do so due to perceived barriers, primarily the fear of falling unconscious, becoming nauseous/weak and of the transmission of infectious diseases –, and the lack of knowledge regarding the existence of incentives to blood donation. Therefore, social marketing campaigns for donor retention should be focused on the emotional reward gained by benefiting others, particularly family, and recruitment should be aimed at potential donors, with focus on changing perceptions regarding the identified inhibitors and on giving more information about incentives for blood donors. Our study contributes to previous research by identifying some particular aspects related to nondonors that have higher potential to become donors, and kinship as a strong motivation for donors, unlike previous studies in this area.
... The demonstrated importance of SUTC contextual characteristics on TFWP rollout success may also help identify centers that are primed for intervention and thus may be willing to be "early adopters" of TFWPs and other evidence-based tobacco dependence interventions. The Theory of Planned Behavior posits that behavioral control, a contributor to concerns, is influenced by adequate access to resources and perceived control over barriers [47]. Leadership concerns may have been associated with inflated employees' preimplementation concerns because these centers likely were not prioritizing tobacco dependence care. ...
Tobacco-free workplace policies (TFWPs) are underused evidence-based interventions that reduce the elevated use of tobacco among substance use treatment center (SUTC) employees and patients. SUTC employees’ anticipated concerns about stakeholder pushback are barriers to TFWP adoption. Examination of discrepancies between anticipated and actualized employee-reported TFWP concerns arising from coworkers, patients, and community members in the context of leadership concerns and tobacco cessation care availability for employees may inform strategies to increase TFWP uptake. This study analyzed changes in employee-reported TFWP concerns from before to after a comprehensive tobacco-free workplace intervention that included TFWP implementation, using Chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests. Preimplementation leadership policy concerns and tobacco cessation care availability were examined as moderators in generalized linear mixed models. Overall, 452 employees and 13 leaders provided data from 13 SUTCs collectively serving >82 000 patients annually. Results revealed significant decreases over time in employee-reported concerns about TFWP resistance from coworkers. Moderation analyses indicated that employee-anticipated concerns from coworkers and patients, respectively, were less likely to be actualized in SUTCs where leadership endorsed preimplementation TFWP concerns, whereas employee-reported patient concerns rose over time in SUTCs where leadership had no initial implementation concerns. Additionally, employee-anticipated concerns from coworkers were overestimated in SUTCs that did not offer tobacco cessation care to employees. Results supporting the nonactualization of anticipated employee concerns following TFWP implementation can be used to engage other SUTCs for TFWP adoption. Furthermore, moderation effects may suggest that center characteristics translate to greater attention to rollout, ultimately enhancing TFWP stakeholder acceptance.
... However, since the first appearance of the TRA, researchers have tried to establish a well-known definition; for example, "Our theory views a person's intention to perform (or not perform) a behavior as the immediate determinant of the action" and "A measure of the likelihood that a person will engage in a given behavior may be termed behavioral intention" (Ajzen, 1980). Similar to the TRA, other theories have attempted to define behavioral intention, such as the TPB (Ajzen, 1985(Ajzen, , 1991Ajzen & Madden, 1986) and the model of interpersonal behavior (Triandis, 1979). ...
Behavioral intention research suggests that it can effectively predicts intention to adopt information technology and emphasizes the importance of examining antecedents of such use. However, the literature also highlights that individual behavioral intentions can be affected by external factors and social influences. Current study examines the impacts of different factors (quality, social, behavioral, and innovative) on behavioral intention to use e-learning system. We designed special instruments to examine female students’ behavioral intention to adopt e-learning system by extending the TPB as foundational framework. An extension of TPB is used with McLean & Delone and Innovative Theory to enhance the overall theoretical framework. Survey data collected from 699 female e-learning participants to test the study hypotheses. Findings suggested that subjective norms, self-efficacy, environment quality, and perceived innovativeness presented significant associations to behavioral intention of e-learning. Research implications and limitations are also examined and discussed.
... Similarly, SN is determined by two sub-constructs, which are the importance given by an individual to the point of view of people or groups of people around him/her (normative beliefs) and by his/her motivation to comply [20]. PBC is the degree of control the individual belief (control beliefs) can exercise over the behaviour compounded by his/her perception of the degree of ease or difficulty with which the behaviour is adopted [21]. Environmental factors are external and consist of social and physical characteristics (e.g., health facilities, household environment, workplaces, sociodemographic characteristics, food markets) that can influence ATT, SN and PBC through moderation as well as the operationalization of the intention to a concrete behaviour [22]. ...
To reduce anemia among adolescent girls, factors that influence the consumption of iron-rich foods/IRF have not been investigated, and neither has a tool been developed to assess its determinants. Using the extended version of the theory of planned behaviour/eTPB, this study aims to develop and validate a questionnaire assessing individual and environmental factors that could influence IRF intake among Senegalese adolescent girls aged 10-19 years old. First, eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were held in different regions to identify salient beliefs related to each of the four constructs of the eTPB. Information from FGDs was used to develop a questionnaire that was administered to the first group (n = 200) of girls. Principal component and exploratory factorial analyses were then performed to identify latent factors for each construct. A modified version of the tool was administered to the second sample of girls (n = 400), and confirmatory factorial analyses were conducted. Hancock and Muller's H reliability index was computed on the final model. Most metrics for fit indices were respected, and the H value was satisfactory. This study proposes a tool that could be used to explore determinants of the consumption of IRF among adolescent girls.
... Perceived behavior control refers to the residents' perceived personal capacity to regulate their behaviors, typically adopted to measure personal experience, external information, and estimated difficulty (Ajzen and Madden 1986). Essentially, it is determined by internal factors including individual limitations, abilities, and emotions, as well as external factors including information availability, opportunities, and obstacles (Notani 1998). ...
The large-scale integration of renewable power poses great challenges to grid stability. Among flexible resources, demand response (DR) stands out for its advantages in cost and efficiency. To identify key factors influencing DR, this study adopted the modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) to establish the conceptual model. Social norms were included as a front-end variable, and institutional factors and electricity consumption habits served as moderating variables. The model was subsequently tested and modified using the structural equation modelling (SEM). Results indicated that social norms can exert a substantial indirect effect on DR behavior. However, due to the deficiency of such norms, the formation of the positive attitude towards DR was hindered, resulting in a low standard coefficient of 0.16. Moreover, the influence of subjective norm on response intention was rejected due to limited perceived external pressure. Perceived behavior control exhibited the most significant direct influence on response intention (0.76). Additionally, the positive effects of situational factors and personal habits on the conversion from response intention to behavior were supported. Based on these findings, several policy suggestions including enhancing publicity and incentive policies were proposed.
... Referring to this TPB model, an individual's behaviour can be explained based on the person's behavioural intention (behavioural intention) which is also influenced by attitude, subjective norms and the perception of behavioural control (perceived behavioural control). Attitude refers to the evaluation of an individual whether the implementation of a certain behaviour is positive or otherwise (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). While the subjective norm refers to an individual's perception that the person who is important to him thinks that the individual should or should not perform a certain behaviour in a certain context (Ajzen, 1985). ...
... Purchase intention has gained a lot of attention over the years starting as early as 1975 when Fishbein defined it as the subjective probability of buying behaviour (Ajzen & Madden, 1986;Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). While buying behaviour is hard to study except observing people buy, buying intention or purchase intention provides researches with an alternate to understand the overall persuasion to buy (He & Qu, 2018). ...
Our study explains the impact of Islamic symbolism in video commercials, introducing the concept of perceived Islamic value of advertising" to enhance persuasive efforts targeting Muslim consumers. The study focuses on mediating role of advertisement value. Using a quantitative approach, we surveyed 549 participants using a 5-point Likert scale to analyse the role of perceived Islamic value in purchase intention, revealing its significant influence. Interestingly, when considering advertisement value as a mediator, the direct impact of perceived Islamic value of advertisement on purchase intention diminished, indicating full mediation. While among the earliest, our study acknowledges limitations, including a focus solely on Muslim consumers and concerns about stimulus control. Nevertheless, our findings provide practical guidance for marketers in effectively utilizing Islamic symbols in Muslim-majority markets.
... The TPB postulates that PBC, attitude, and subjective norms are essential predictors for intentions to engage in behaviour and actual conduct (Ajzen and Madden, 1986;Ajzen, 1991). Since then, various studies rely on TBP such as online purchases (Pavlou and Fygenson, 2006); online food purchases during Covid times (Troise et al., 2020); HIV protection (Albarracin et al., 2000); cancer follow-up care (Baenziger et al., 2018); etc. ...
... It focuses on someone's capacity to exhibit a particular behaviour (Ajzen and Madden, 1986). It refers to a person's insights regarding the easiness or difficulty in engaging in a behaviour (Safa and Solms, 2016). ...
The centrality of knowledge has resulted in knowledge economy. Among the several sectors contributing in the development of such economy, education sector has emerged as one of key sectors. Further, the higher education institutions may have huge contributions to such economy. In return, the industry also provides various resources to the universities for effective creation and dissemination of knowledge that can help the industries to create sustainable businesses. The first objective of the study is to understand the relationship between the 'higher education institutions' and the 'knowledge economy.' Moreover, the academicians being a key stakeholder of the such institution, may be vital role in establishing a strong knowledge economy. Therefore, the study also aims to understand the contributions of academicians in knowledge economy and their knowledge sharing behaviour at the workplace. It has been found that universities may have huge impact on the knowledge economy through various contributions including providing feasible solutions to the socioeconomic issues, innovation in the society and the industry, producing human capital for the industries, and positively impacting the GDP per capita of the nation. Further, based on extant literature, the study has identified some key factors that may affect the academicians' knowledge-sharing behaviour including 'attitude toward knowledge sharing','subjective norm', 'perceived behavioural control', 'intention to share knowledge', 'motivation to share knowledge', and 'organizational climate' with sub-dimensions 'organizational culture', 'ICT', 'innovation', and 'affiliation.' HIgHlIgHtS m Knowledge economy focuses on an education curriculum that promotes innovation, entrepreneurship, and socioeconomic upliftment. m In the contemporary knowledge-based societies, universities have become critical in achieving economic growth. m A significant contribution of the university can be seen in the form of production of highly skilled knowledge workers who can be an asset for the economy. m Industry-university collaborations create opportunities for both the parties and help them to remain relevant in the modern economy. m The universities because of their infrastructure, employment, and commercial activities, may impact the GDP per capita of that geographical region.
... It focuses on someone's capacity to exhibit a particular behaviour (Ajzen and Madden, 1986). It refers to a person's insights regarding the easiness or difficulty in engaging in a behaviour (Safa and Solms, 2016). ...
"Finance serves as the lifeblood of every business, and effectively managing finances stands as a crucial element for any company’s sustenance. This study delves into the examination of how a Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) influences a company’s earnings. For this purpose, five companies from the Fortune 500 list are selected and ten years of data are extracted from their annual reports for analysis. Employing statistical methodologies, using a sample of firms from diverse industries, we employ regression analysis to examine how variations in the CCC affect profitability yardsticks like Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Implications of this probe extend to financial managers, policymakers, and investors, emphasizing the paramountcy of efficient working capital management in enhancing firm profitability, earnings, and sustainability in competitive markets."
... TPB also postulates rationality as a basis to conduct behavior and preferences whereas subjective norms, knowledge, attitude, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are critical to deriving individual decisions for water, food, and energy to ensure sustainable urban communities (Ajzen & Madden, 1986;Liu et al., 2020). An individual is likely to behave depending on the level of PBC (De Leeuw et al., 2015). ...
... Over the years, many instruments have been developed and validated for measuring attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, including AIDS Impact Scale [8], AIDS Knowledge Scale (AKS) [9], AIDS Attitude Scale (AAS) [10][11][12], Bougardus Social Distance Scale [13], Clinical Attitude Scale (CAS) [9,14], Fear of AIDS Scale [15,16], HIV Prevention Attitude Scale [17], the Q-Sort instrument [18], and the HIV Antibody Testing Attitude Scale (HTAS). Previous HIV attitude scales have measured a variety of constructs [4,[19][20][21][22][23]. ...
Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been a stigmatized illness as well as a medical condition. Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS testing have been shown to suggest an individual’s predisposition to test for HIV. The objectives of this study were to develop an instrument examining the attitudes towards HIV/AIDS by adapting and validating the HIV Antibody Testing Attitude Scale for use in HIV self-testing among young people in Nigeria.
... This can be explained by the fact that when the behavioral task becomes more challenging, one's perception of mastery is in doubt. Thus, circumstances outside the control of educators (e.g., parents' opposition to sexuality education) may dictate an approach or avoidance intention; therefore, perceived behavioral control might not be realistic (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). ...
Grounded on Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (1991), the current project in two studies (_N _= 402) examined Greek and Spanish pre-service early childhood educators’ behavioral intentions (i.e., approach and avoidance intentions) toward young children’s sexual curiosities. Specifically, the current research project aimed to examine whether Greek and Spanish pre-service early childhood educators’ views on sexuality education were linked to their behavioral intentions toward children’s sexual curiosities. The current research also examined whether conservative ideology (religiosity and right-wing political orientation) moderates the link between educators’ views and their behavioral intentions. This study’s findings showed that educators’ views influence their behavioral intentions toward children’s curiosity about sexual issues. In addition, moderation analysis showed religiosity’s underlying role in avoidance intention. This result provides evidence that there are theoretical and empirical grounds to assume that conservative worldviews (i.e., religiosity) significantly influence behavioral intentions concerning sexuality education. The theory of planned behavior not only represents the factors influencing intention but also provides an opportunity to comprehend the impacts of contextual and individual background elements that may be relevant to a particular behavior.
... An individual's attitude toward a behavior reflects the individual's psychological desire to perform the behavior. Therefore, behavioral attitude is a key indicator for predicting behavioral intention (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). According to the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior, behavioral attitude has a significant positive impact on behavior, and behavioral attitude has a positive impact on behavioral intention through behavioral desire. ...
This study investigates Chinese theme park tourists' behavioral intentionsthrough the lens of the Model of Goal-Directed Behavior (MGB), elucidating theeffects of COVID-19 risk perceptions. A survey of 390 tourists was analyzedusing structural equation modeling. Results demonstrate tourists' epidemic riskperceptions significantly reduce desires and intentions to visit theme parks.Meanwhile, positive attitudes and emotions encourage desires, despite norms andcontrol being insignificant. The findings imply safety assurances and bolsteringpositive messaging could mitigate adverse risk impacts and foster theme parkindustry recovery. This research pioneers application of MGB in examiningtourism behavioral motivations during an enduring health crisis.
... This study follows the theory of public knowledge, attitude and behavior (Ajzen and Madden, 1986) in conjunction with previous research. Drawing on environmental sociology, this study examines various factors that influence the public's willingness to reduce microplastic emissions. ...
This research paper addresses the urgent environmental concern of microplastic (MP) emissions, focusing on the behavioral attitudes and perceptions of the general populace in Shyamnagar Upazila, Bangladesh. Against the backdrop of escalating MP pollution globally, this study investigates the level of awareness and the factors influencing public engagement in mitigating MP prevalence. Leveraging survey data from 350 respondents, the ordered logistic regression (OLR) and boosted regression tree (BRT) models are employed for comprehensive data analysis. The findings expose a concerning lack of awareness about MPs, as only 12% of respondents possessed prior knowledge, and a notable 63% remained uninformed about MP pollution. The OLR model reveals a positive correlation between heightened awareness of MPs and an increased willingness to take action. Gender differences become evident, with women exhibiting greater willingness than men to mitigate MP emissions, and environmental practitioners displaying heightened motivation. The BRT model underscores construction materials and industrial pollution as the primary influential factors amplifying MP pollution. These insights not only illuminate the existing scenario but also provide a basis for fostering favorable behavioral attitudes and perceptions to mitigate the prevalence of MPs within the coastal milieu.
... The TPB is one of the most successful frameworks for conceptualizing people's participation in different activities [7,9,12]. The TPB has successfully conceptualized behavioral intent and behaviors in multiple areas, including several teaching-related studies as well as intentions to include technology in teaching [13]. ...
Guided by the theory of planned behavior, this study aimed to determine the influence of Physical Education (PE) teachers’ attitudes, their perceived behavioral control, and the influence of subjective norms on their intention and constraints (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural) to offer a high-quality class based on best practices to deliver PE lessons online during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional, multi-country survey study recruited PE teachers from five countries (China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Turkey, and the United States). A total of 928 online questionnaires were used in the analysis. In terms of the overall intention to teach online, our findings showed that American and Filipino teachers had higher levels of intention to continue teaching online. In contrast, Turkish, Malaysian, and Chinese teachers showed a lower interest. Moreover, Malaysian teachers had more intrapersonal constraints while the teachers in the other four countries were not as restrained intrapersonally. The results highlight the significant influence of perceived behavioral control and attitudes on PE teachers’ intention to deliver online courses. Constraints to online teaching had a considerably large negative impact on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Based on the results, the proposed extension to the theory of planned behavior was an appropriate framework for understanding the behavioral intent of PE teachers.
... Perceived behavioral control fundamentally reflects the extent to which an individual feels capable of controlling and implementing a specific behavior, influencing behavior through both direct and indirect intentions [25][26][27][28]. In this context, intentions are a measure of the effort an individual is willing to exert to engage in a specific behavior, generally indicating the behavior's likelihood of implementation [8]. ...
Innovation resistance is an emerging area of research in marketing. Despite the high rate of market introduction failures that businesses encounter, there is surprisingly little research into a key cause of these failures: the resistance of customers to innovation. This study explores the complex relationship between resistance to innovation, purchase intention, and new product adoption behavior. The conceptual framework was inspired by various theories, such as Kotler's Decision-Making Process, Innovation Resistance Theory and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Through a descriptive research approach utilizing an online survey, the study examines how Resistance to Innovation influences various aspects of New Product Adoption Behavior such as New product Buying Behavior, New Product Information Searching Behavior in the lens of New Product Purchase Intention. This research uses SPSS 26.0 software to analyse the survey data. As expected, resistance to innovation exerts some influence on new product purchase intention. Purchase intention is found to partially mediate the relationship between resistance to innovation and new product adoption behavior.
Since the first phase of the lockdown in Malaysia, the cinema has been the place which best exemplifies the implementation of the control order in the venue-based sectors. After almost 2 years of physical distancing and lifestyle changes, the authority attempted to bring a new form of “normal life” to its residents. Such a decision witnessed more economic sectors were permitted to reopen, cinema among them. This study employed a mixed-method approach which aims to identify the emerging factors which inform about Malaysian audiences’ perception of cinema-going in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the audiences with the help of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as this theory claims that people are more likely to act in a certain way if they feel certain behaviors will lead to specific results that are in keeping with their values. This study identified the attitude toward cinema reopening and readiness toward visiting cinema are able to significantly predict all the related factors of cinemagoers’ willingness in the post COVID-19 era. The results informed on the concerns of their family members, friends, and those with whom they have regular physical contact have become the agent of decision-making in terms of cinema-going.
Despite the success of psychoeducational interventions at improving willingness to seek professional help for mental illness, limited research explores the effect of culturally tailored psychoeducational interventions on African American (AA) college students. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to a culturally relevant psychoeducational intervention impacted AA young adult attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, depression stigma, disclosure and willingness to seek help for depression. We conducted a one-group pre- and post-test intervention study of AA college students (N = 75). The 2.5-h intervention featured presentations, large-group discussions, videos, and active learning exercises and was guided by applying a cultural adaptation framework to an existing psychoeducational intervention. The self-administered surveys were created using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a guide. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests. A total of 70 participants completed both pre- and post-test surveys. Overall, willingness, attitude, and disclosure significantly increased after the intervention ( p < .001). Additionally, depression stigma significantly decreased after the intervention, indicating fewer stigmatizing beliefs about depression ( p < .001). Willingness to seek help for depression among AA college students can be improved through culturally relevant and interactive psychoeducational interventions. These interventions can also improve negative attitudes and perceived behavioral control toward seeking help and decrease stigmatizing beliefs. More research is needed to explore the longitudinal impact of culturally relevant psychoeducational interventions and how they may affect actual help-seeking behavior among AA college students.
This study examines the impact of digital marketing on consumer attitudes and behaviours in the context of Pakistan. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study investigates how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence consumer behaviour. A convenience sampling technique was utilized to select 250 participants aged 20 years or above. Data was collected through a survey measuring Pressure (PGP) using 4-point Likert scales. This study explores the relationship between digital marketing and consumer behaviour, specifically focusing on how digital media influences attitudes towards brands and shapes purchase intentions. The study also highlights the positive influence of celebrities in web marketing, enhancing brand awareness and credibility. This research contributes to understanding consumer behaviour in the digital marketing landscape of Pakistan. The insights gained can assist businesses in optimizing their digital marketing strategies to drive consumer engagement, enhance brand promotion, and influence purchasing behaviour. Findings reveal the significant impact of digital media advertising on consumer attitudes and purchase intentions, influenced by factors such as perceived value, brand trustworthiness, social influence, personalization convenience, and user experience.
Since the idea of the smart city was first introduced, over two decades ago, there has been an increasing focus on sustainability as a core strategic priority. However, as the relevance, importance and even definition of sustainability is a function of cultural context, planners must take account of local and regional cultural factors in the selection and adaption of digital infrastructures, as well as in the management and encouragement of public acceptance. Achieving this is not a sequential process, but a concurrent one, as these factors are interdependent. This raises the question of what factors affect and mediate the technology, choice, and public acceptance of smart sustainable cities. This paper attempts to address this question by proposing a new model which advances our current, and considerable, understanding of Technology Acceptance Modelling—using an analysis based on Structural Equation Modelling. This new model, called the Culturally Informed Technology Acceptance Model, was validated using data from a survey of residents of a variety of Saudi Arabian cities. The proposed model is designed around important factors that can be influenced by cultural context, such as digital literacy, process improvements, cost savings and privacy, and is a useful tool for understanding the role of culture in the public acceptance of smart sustainable technology. This design focus is for a number of reasons, such as helping development bodies ensure that the technologies used align with the socio-cultural context. It will also help in the management of at-scale technology roll out in a way that is resource-efficient. Although the Culturally Informed Technology Acceptance Model has been developed and validated using data from Saudi Arabia, the authors believe that it could be adapted to meet the needs of countries/cities that are looking to implement smart city strategies matched to their own distinct socio-cultural identity.
This study aims to analyze how green marketing tools can influence the intention of domestic tourists to stay at a hotel that is environmentally friendly using theory of planned behavior by measuring individuals' subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioral control. Based on the analysis outcomes using partial least squares structural equation modeling, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and green marketing tools have an influence on domestic tourists' behavioral intention. However, Subjective norm does not influence and mediate the green marketing tools to customers' intention to visit a green hotel. Green marketing tools is a good marketing strategy however, green marketing is not enough on its own to influence the intention to visit a green hotel. 437 respondents in all were gathered in Indonesia to provide quantitative data. This study shed light on hoteliers' understanding of how to apply green marketing tools going forward. These techniques can improve green attitudes and the behavioral intention of buying green products in the hospitality sector.
Background
The food safety behavior of food handlers constitutes the main factor in foodborne disease control. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, behavior is determined by the intention that is established from a combination of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This research aimed to predict the intention for food safety behavior using the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted for two months in the Bantul beach culinary area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research population consisted of 80 food handlers representative of all existing seafood stalls. The respondents were interviewed face-to-face using a paper-based questionnaire related to attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. The data collected were evaluated using structural equation model-partial least square (SEM-PLS), version 3.0, with a sig. level of 0.05.
Results
This research successfully predicted 64.3% of the variance in the intention for food safety behavior of food handlers (R2 adjusted = 0.643). The variable-perceived behavioral control was the strongest and most significant predictor, with a positive effect on intention for food safety behavior (β = 0.560, p = 0.000 < 0.05), followed by the variable subjective norms (β = 0.275, p = 0.001 < 0.05). The variable attitude was the weakest predictor, with an insignificant positive effect (β = 007.0, p = 0.182 > 0.05).
Conclusion
This research successfully predicted the intention for food safety behavior of food handlers in the Bantul beach culinary area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Lockdowns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic forced fitness centers to quickly adapt their entire offering to an online format. The subsequent health situation facilitated the maintenance of the online offer and has been a paradigm shift for sports centers. Success in the nowadays situation requires a proper understanding of what factors influence e-service quality and how these factors behave in relation to consumer satisfaction, attitudes toward online fitness services, and behavioral intentions. This research was conducted in April 2020, with 745 participants (492 women, 253 men) completing the Carlson and O'Cass e-service quality evaluation battery. The results showed that e-service quality during the lockdowns predicted attitudes toward the digital platforms and behavioral intentions, and e-service quality predicted attitudes and behavioral intentions. However, attitudes did not predict behavioral intentions; the possible influence of subjective norms and low perceived control in this particular situation is discussed. When offering services on digital platforms, fitness service managers must take into account the importance of the quality of the e-fitness service, but also the social context in which it is offered. Psychosocial functioning in times of crisis influences users' perceived control and their future intention to use online services.
Purpose
The adoption of residential rooftop solar panel systems (SPS) in India is at a nascent stage. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the factors affecting consumers’ intention to purchase SPS by expanding the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with three environmental psychology factors. The study was targeted at potential users’ intention to purchase SPS, thus it further explored the moderating role of perceived government subsidy policy (PGSP) in determining consumers’ purchase intention of SPS.
Design/methodology/approach
Using G*power software, the minimum sample size of 189 was calculated; accordingly, 292 valid responses were gathered from potential users of SPS from three Indian states, namely Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana, via an online questionnaire survey with the help of purposive sampling method. Structural equation modeling technique of partial least squares was employed to analyze the data.
Findings
Results demonstrated that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and PGSP significantly influence purchase intention of SPS. Green trust and green self-identity did not influence the purchase intention of SPS. Further, PGSP strengthens the effect of attitude, green trust, PCE on purchase intention of SPS while it weakens the effect of subjective norms on purchase intention of SPS.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the existing literature by integrating green trust, green self-identity, PCE and PGSP into the TPB model to better understand factors affecting consumers’ purchase intention towards SPS in India.
Fisheries tourism is a relatively new style of tourism in many countries, which has brought many benefits to both sectors by merging the tourism and fishing sectors. To create and develop fisheries tourism, the participation of the local community, including the fishermen community, as one of the most important groups related to fisheries tourism, is considered an effective tool and an important element. Among the most important prerequisites for the participation of communities in the development of fisheries tourism is the intention of these communities to participate. Therefore, this research was conducted with the general purpose of investigating the intention of fishermen to participate in fisheries tourism and the factors affecting it. This research is practical in terms of purpose, is descriptivr-correlational in terms of analysis, and has been carried out through survey relying on the theory of planned behavior. The statistical population in this research was fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline(N=9594). Due to the distribution of fishermen in the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan, the sample size of the study was determined to be 209 fishermen and the samples were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed based on the theoretical framework of the research and based on the The Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB). The results showed that fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline have a high intention to accept and participate in the implementation of fisheries tourism. The results also showed that participation in the program "watching the local fish markets by fisheries tourists" has the highest level of intention among all fisheries tourism activities among the fishermen of beach seine cooperatives. They also expressed their intention to participate in programs for "watching beach seine fishing and throwing nets". "staying in the house of local people and being familiar with local fishing communities (cultures and customs)" and cooperation to "participation in local festivals related to fisheries" were other activities that fishermen were interested in participating them. Extended Abstract Objectives To identify the factors affecting the intention of fishermen to participate in fisheries tourism in the Caspian Sea Coastline, it is necessary to conduct exploratory research so that finally solutions can be proposed to attract fishermen to participate in fisheries tourism. Therefore, this research was conducted with the main purpose of
Claims that attributions and their related behaviors may reflect a type of perceived control that is generally overlooked. People attempt to gain control by bringing the environment into line with their wishes (primary control) and by bringing themselves into line with environmental forces (secondary control). Four manifestations of secondary control are considered: (a) Attributions to severely limited ability can serve to enhance predictive control and protect against disappointment; (b) attributions to chance can reflect illusory control, since people often construe chance as a personal characteristic akin to an ability ("luck"); (c) attributions to powerful others permit vicarious control when the individual identifies with these others; and (d) the preceding attributions may foster interpretive control, in which the individual seeks to understand and derive meaning from otherwise uncontrollable events in order to accept them. (5½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This research examines two questions concerning Fishbein's Value x Expectanc.1t model: (I) the actual relationship among the components of the model and (2) the role of alternative choices. One hundred thirty-six women awaiting results of a pregnancy test completed questionnaires assessing intention to have or not to have an abortion, attitude toward abortion, beliefs about the consequences of having an abortion, and beliefs about the consequences of continuing the pregnancy or having a child. Follow-up on actual behavior was obtained for the S9 women with positive tests. Path analysis revealed support for most of the assumptions of the Fishbein model but raised questions about the separate roe of' the normative versus belief components. The usefulness of including alternative choices was also shown.
130 undergraduates responded to 3 questionnaires over a 6-wk period before and after the 1980 presidential election. The questionnaires assessed self-monitoring tendency, attitudes, and intentions with respect to voting in the election and smoking marihuana, and included self-reports of actual behavior. Low self-monitors tended to exhibit stronger attitude–behavior correlations than high self-monitors. There was, however, no difference in the predictability of intentions from attitudes, a finding that disconfirmed the perceived relevance interpretation of the effect of self-monitoring. Instead, the difference was located in the relation between intentions and behavior; low self-monitors exhibited significantly stronger intention–behavior correlations than did high self-monitors. Findings support the interpretation that the 2 types of individuals are equally aware of the implications of their attitudes, but that high self-monitors, being sensitive to situational demands, are less likely to carry out their previously formed intentions than low self-monitors, who are more attentive to internal cues. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examines research on the relation between attitude and behavior in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude–behavior relations are obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature. (4½ p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reviews experimental research relating types of personal control to the experience of stress. 3 main types of personal control may be distinguished: (a) behavioral (direct action on the environment), (b) cognitive (the interpretation of events), and (c) decisional (having a choice among alternative courses of action). Each type of control is related to stress in a complex fashion, sometimes increasing it, sometimes reducing it, and sometimes having no influence at all. It may be generally said that the relationship of personal control to stress is primarily a function of the meaning of the control response for the individual, i.e., the stress-inducing or stress-reducing properties of personal control depend upon the nature of the response and the context in which it is embedded and not just upon its effectiveness in preventing or mitigating the impact of a potentially harmful stimulus. (66 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Addresses the centrality of the self-efficacy mechanism (SEM) in human agency. SEM precepts influence thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal. In causal tests, the higher the level of induced self-efficacy, the higher the performance accomplishments and the lower the emotional arousal. The different lines of research reviewed show that the SEM may have wide explanatory power. Perceived self-efficacy helps to account for such diverse phenomena as changes in coping behavior produced by different modes of influence, level of physiological stress reactions, self-regulation of refractory behavior, resignation and despondency to failure experiences, self-debilitating effects of proxy control and illusory inefficaciousness, achievement strivings, growth of intrinsic interest, and career pursuits. The influential role of perceived collective efficacy in social change and the social conditions conducive to development of collective inefficacy are analyzed. (21/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1982 American Psychological Association.
The present experiment was designed to test the theory that psychological procedures achieve changes in behavior by altering the level and strength of self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived self-efficacy. In this formulation, perceived self-efficacy influences level of performance by enhancing intensity and persistence of effort. Adult phobics were administered treatments based upon either performance mastery experiences, vicarious experiences., or they received no treatment. Their efficacy expectations and approach behavior toward threats differing on a similarity dimension were measured before and after treatment. In accord with our prediction, the mastery-based treatment produced higher, stronger, and more generalized expectations of personal efficacy than did the treatment relying solely upon vicarious experiences. Results of a microanalysis further confirm the hypothesized relationship between self-efficacy and behavioral change. Self-efficacy was a uniformly accurate predictor of performance on tasks of varying difficulty with different threats regardless of whether the changes in self-efficacy were produced through enactive mastery or by vicarious experience alone.
Success at attempted weight reduction among college women was predicted on the basis of a theory of planned behavior. At the beginning of a 6-week period, participants expressed their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, and intentions with respect to losing weight. In addition, the extent to which they had made detailed weight reduction plans was assessed, as were a number of general attitudes and personality factors. In support of the theory, intentions to lose weight were accurately predicted on the basis of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control; perceived control and intentions were together moderately successful in predicting the amount of weight that participants actually lost over the 6-week period. Actual weight loss was also found to increase with development of a plan and with ego strength, factors that were assumed to increase control over goal attainment. Other factors, such as health locus of control, perceived competence, and action control, were found to be unrelated to weight reduction.
Since the "discovery" of attitude-behavior inconsistency in the 1930s by LaPiere and others, the study of the relationship between attitudes and behavior has come a long way. During the 1960s and early 1970s researchers systematically examined the problem of attitude-behavior incosistency, showing that the attitude-behavior relationship depends on "other" variables. In the middle and late 1970s much of this research was integrated and synthesized in various general models of behavior, the most significant of which is the Fishbein/Ajzen model. This paper critically examines the causal structure of that model. Specifically, it examines the theoretical problems and issues generated by the parsimonious causal structure of the model, that is, the structure underlying the traditional attitude concept and the relationships between other varibles and the model concepts.
It was hypothesized that one possible explanation of moderator effects is that they are due to different degrees of homogeneity with respect to a causal variable among different subgroups. This hypothesis was tested in a laboratory experiment in which performance was predicted from ability using motivation as the moderator. Ability was measured with a work sample and motivation was varied by assigning goals with different degrees of difficulty and specificity. It was found that ability predicted performance better in groups which were homogeneous with respect to motivation that in those which were motivationally heterogeneous. A moderated regression analysis showed that most of the differential validity was reducible to main effects, but significant interaction effects were found. One of them was caused by the fact that in one low motivation condition the variance in performance was reduced, thus decreasing the slope of the regression line.
The present set of studies tested the explanatory and predictive generality of self-efficacy theory across additional treatment modalities and behavioral domains. Microanalysis of changes accompanying symbolic modeling indicates that this mode of treatment enhances coping behavior partly through its effects on perceived efficacy. Cognizing modeled mastery of threats increased phobics' self-percepts of efficacy, which, in turn, predicted their specific performance attainments on tasks of varying threat value. Examination of efficacy probes revealed that making efficacy judgments has no effect on subsequent avoidance behavior or on fear arousal. The close congruence found between changes in self-efficacy and different forms of coping behavior in the treatment of agoraphobia provides some evidence for the generality of efficacy theory across different areas of functioning. Microanalysis of anticipatory and performance fear arousal accompanying varying strengths of self-efficacy also lends support for the social learning conception of fear arousal in terms of perceived coping inefficacy.
In recent years there have been several hundred studies within the rather narrowly-defined topic of information utilization in judgment and decision making. Much of this work has been accomplished within two basic schools of research, which we have labeled the “regression” and the “Bayesian” approaches. Each has its characteristic tasks and characteristic information that must be processed to accomplish these tasks. For the most part, researchers have tended to work strictly within a single approach and there has been minimal communication between the resultant subgroups of workers. Our objective here is to present a review and comparative analysis of these two approaches. Within each, we examine (a) the models that have been developed for describing and prescribing the use of information in decision making; (b) the major experimental paradigms, including the types of judgment, prediction, and decision tasks and the kinds of information that have been available to the decision maker in these tasks; (c) the key independent variables that have been manipulated in experimental studies; and (d) the major empirical results and conclusions. In comparing these approaches, we seek the answers to two basic questions. First, do the specific models and methods characteristic of different paradigms direct the researcher's attention to certain problems and cause him to neglect others that may be equally important? Second, can a researcher studying a particular substantive problem increase his understanding by employing diverse models and diverse experimental methods?