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Abstract
Yard waste includes grass, leaves, and tree and brush trimmings. Grass is the biggest component of yard waste by weight, while leaves are the biggest component by volume. Local yard waste generation varies dramatically based on a number of factors, including climate, yard size, and the percentage of the population in single-family housing. Yard waste can be the largest component of municipal solid waste (MSW) streams during the summer and fall months, with grass predominating in the summer, and leaves in the fall. Yard waste is the largest individual component of generated MSW by weight and of landfilled MSW by volume.
... This relies in the fact that glass packaging (mostly from the package of food and beverage products) are 100% recyclable and can be recycled over and over again (Roy, 1996 ). Moreover, burning glass in wasteto-energy plants does not provide any heat energy for making steam or electricity (Miller, 1995). Therefore, it can be stated that glass recycling is the most environmentally friendly method for its disposal. ...
... Other benefits include the savings in wear and tear on furnaces, maintenances costs and lower CO2 emissions (Roy, 1996). The majority of recovered glass is made into new glass containers although there are other markets that include fiberglass, " glasphalt " for roads, glass beads for reflective paint and filler in storm and French drains (Miller, 1995). With respect glass packaging, the industry imposes very strict specifications, such as those related to the presence of contaminants and non-packaging glass. ...
... Non-packaging and heat resistant glass are chemically different and therefore possess a different temperature melting point. To carry on recycling programs, curbside collection systems are the most efficient way to collect all types of glass containers (Miller, 1995). Concretely in Catalonia (located at the north-east of Spain), governmental programs for glass recycling started in 1982 and it has experimented a great increase during the last decade ( " Agència de Residus de Catalunya, " 2012).Figure 1 shows the tendency on glass recycling in Catalonia from 2002 to 2012. ...
: The differences in composition with respect the glass content and other materials of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) between 1999 and 2013 were evaluated by making a materialographic classification of several BA samples. The results showed that there is a substantial decrease in the total weight of glass in the particles over 16 mm with respect 1999, explained by the fact that entire glass bottles have been easily recycled at curbside. Compared to 1999, ceramics are currently the major phase in BA for coarse fractions. The estimated value of the total average glass content in MSWI after revalorization in a recovering plant facility was estimated as 43.1%. A preliminary assessment on the energy demands in the life cycle stages of glass reuse as granular material showed that glass BA reutilization supposes an energy consumption 5 to 7 times lower that the energy consumption for the production of natural gravel, highlighting the great environmental and sustainable benefits.
IntroductionPackaging for Processed Food and the EnvironmentTraditional Packaging Materials and the EnvironmentNovel Packaging Materials and the EnvironmentThe Future: the Role of Consumers and the Food Industry in the Impact of Packaging on the EnvironmentAcknowledgmentReferences
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