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A Review and an Illustrated Key to Genera of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from China
... A critical milestone in the study of Chinese Encyrtidae was achieved by Zhang and Huang (2004), who provided an extensive key to 123 genera. Despite this, knowledge of the biological resources of Encyrtidae in vast areas of China is still limited. ...
... The specimens were sorted and immediately preserved in absolute ethanol and stored at -20 °C. Selected specimens of both sexes were slide-mounted and labeled or air-dried and card mounted, and examined under a Nikon SMZ745T stereomicroscope using the available keys (Trjapitzin 1989;Zhang and Huang 2004). Habitus photographs were taken with a Nikon D7000 digital camera connected to a Nikon SMZ25 stereomicroscope. ...
A new genus and species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), Apteronotus Kang, Hu & Luo, gen. nov. (type species A. indigus Kang, Hu & Luo, sp. nov.), associated with insects inhabiting Oxytropis spp., and three newly recorded species for China, Copidosoma clavatum, Ericydnus aeneus and Tetracnemus kozlovi, are described from the Altun Mountain Nature Reserve, Xinjiang. Detailed illustrations of all species were included to support the identification and further study.
... Material was collected by sweeping and yellow pan trap as explained by Moravvej et al. (2016) and host rearing as described by Forouzan (2014) and are preserved in vials containing ethanol 75% at the Insect Collection of Chamran University. These literatures were utilized for determination of material: Timberlake (1919), Mercet (1921Mercet ( & 1929, Tachikawa (1956), Kerrich (1967), Jensen and Sharkov (1989), Noyes and Hayat (1994), Anga and Noyes (1999), Noyes (2000), Zhang and Huang (2004), Hayat (2006& 2009), Trjapitzin (1989, Trjapitzin andTriapitsyn (2008), Noyes (2010), Liu et al. (2013) and Wang et al. (2014). ...
... Genus Thomsonisca Ghesquière, 1946** Distribution: Oriental, Palaearctic (Zhang & Huang, 2004) and Iran in Khuzestan province (present study). (Noyes, 2010) and Iran in Isfahan, Mazandaran (Fallahzadeh & Japoshvili, 2017) and Khuzestan (present study) provinces. ...
... Other citations. Trjapitzin 1978Trjapitzin , 1989Noyes and Hanson 1996;Myartseva 1980Myartseva , 1984Zhang and Huang 2004;Japoshvili et al. 2016. ...
Fifteen species of Psyllaephagus from China are studied. Three species, P. clavus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov. , P. obliquus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov. , and P. tangae Zou & Zhang, sp. nov. , are described as new to science. A diagnosis or a description/redescription, figures of the characters, as well as the known distribution and hosts of each species are provided. A dichotomous key is also given to facilitate the identification of species.
... The contribution to the knowledge of the family Encyrtidae has been made by several workers from different countries: Argentina (De Santis, 1964), Australia (Dahms and Gordh, 1997), China (Liao et al., 1987;Shi et al., 1994;Yanzohu and Dawei, 2004;Li et al., 2020), Egypt (Abd-Rabou, 2001;Evans and Abd-Rabou, 2013), Hawaiian island (Beardsley, Jr. 1976), Iran (Guerrieri and Ghahari, 2018), Japan (Tachikawa, 1963), Korea (Jung Suh, 2019), Macaronesia (Trjapitzin, 2008), Madagascar (Risbec, 1951); Mexico (Rodríguez et al., 2010), New Zealand (Noyes, 1988), Turkey (Oncuer, 1991;Trjapitzin and Doganlar, 1997;Kaydan and Japoshvili, 2010;Japoshvili, 2012) and USA (Triapitsyn et al., 2015;Triapitsyn et al., 2020), European part of erstwhile USSR (Nikol'skaya, 1952). ...
Encyrtidae is one of the most speciose families of chalcid parasitoid wasps. They are important biocontrol agents of various insect species especially mealybugs and scales insects (Hemiptera) and help in maintaining necessary equilibrium among populations of various insect species in the ecosystem. Presently in the family 456 genera and 3826 species placed in 2 subfamilies, i.e., Encyrtinae and Tetracneminae, have been listed in Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of life (Noyes 2020; Table 1). Hosts of the species belonging to subfamily Tetracneminae are restricted to family Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera), whilst species of subfamily Encyrtinae have broad host range including insects from many orders, mites, ticks and spiders.
... Prochiloneurus sp. is parasitoid of A. arizonensis hyperparasitoid of P. solenopsis. Species of Prochiloneurus are most important hyperparasitoids of Coccidae and Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) (Zhang and Huang 2004). Prochiloneurus stenopterus has been previously recorded as a parasitoid of A. arizonensis in China (Wang et al. 2014). ...
The invasive mealybugs, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are causing significant damage to Gymnema sylvestre in the semi-arid region. This study highlights the nature of the damage, severity of mealy bugs and natural enemy complex association. The severity of infestation was maximum during 23 rd and 22 nd Standard Meteorological Weeks (SMW) (3.67 and 3.66) of 2019 and 2020, respectively. The pooled data of both the years revealed that temperature has a significant positive correlation and rainfall has a negative correlation towards the severity of the pest incidence with respective r-values of 0.678** and −0.05. A total of 19 different natural enemies identified belong to 7 families of 4 insect orders. Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) was the most common predator and among the parasitoids, three species of primary parasitoids viz., Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) and Pseudleptomastix mexicana Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were more abundant. Besides, six species are hyperparasitoids viz., Aprostocetus sp, Chartocerus sp., Cheiloneurus sp., Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva, Marietta leopardina Motschulsky and Prochiloneurus sp. were recorded from primary parasitoids.
... In addition, the ABGD and bPTP analyses both support a three-species scenario among the studied specimens, but there was no blast match recovered in the BOLD or in the NCBI. Species of Prochiloneurus are mainly hyperparasitoids of Coccidae and Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) via other Encyrtidae species [54][55][56][57][58]. Prochiloneurus stenopterus has been previously recorded as a parasitoid of A. arizonensis in China [58]. ...
The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an emerging invasive insect pest in China. Hymenopteran parasitoids are the key organisms for suppressing populations of P. solenopsis in the field, and therefore could be used as biological agents. Accurate identification of the associated parasitoids is the critical step to assess their potential role in biological control. In this study, we facilitated the identification of the parasitoid composition of P. solenopsis using an integrated approach of species delimitation, combining morphology with molecular data. Eighteen Hymenoptera parasitoid species belonging to 11 genera of four families are recognized based on morphological examination and molecular species delimitation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene and the 28S rDNA using the automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the Bayesian Poisson tree processes model (bPTP). Among these species, eight species are primary parasitoids with Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) being the dominant taxon, while the other 10 species are probably hyperparasitoids, with a prevalence of Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). These results indicate that parasitoid wasps associated with P. solenopsis from China are diverse and the integrated taxonomic approach applied in this study could enhance the accurate identification of these parasitoids that should be assessed in future biological control programs.
... All the specimens in this study are deposited in Entomological Collection of the Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea (KNAE). Morphological terminology and abbreviations follow those of Zhang and Huang (2004) and Singh and Agarwal (1992). Photographs were taken with a Leica M165C and Leica DMC2900 microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). ...
In this study, the genus Eugahania (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) and its three species E. flaviscapus, E. latiscapus, and E. yanoi are newly discovered from the Korean Peninsula. The morphological information with photographs of the three species is presented.
... Prior to mounting the specimens were treated with Acetic acid' vapor in order to avoid collapsing (Noyes, 1982). The identifications were made using Noyes and Hayat (1984), Noyes et al. (1997) and Zhang and Huang (2004). The morphological terminology and classification follows Grissell andSchauff (1990, 1997). ...
In the present study, species diversity of Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitoid wasps were investigated in southern counties of Kerman province. The specimens were collected from 15 regions in 5 counties, using Malaise trap during 2015 and 2016. All obtained specimens were identified to species level and the number of each species per sample were counted. Species diversity and evenness indices of different regions were analyzed, using the software SDR4. A total of 40 species belonging to 25 genera and two families were registered in this research from southern regions of Kerman province. Among all species, Oencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev, 1904) with 39 specimens (22.3%) belonging to Encyrtidae and Halticoptera andriescui Mitroiu, 2005 with 28 specimens (16%) and Chlorocytus spicatus (Walker, 1835) with 20 specimens (12.1%) both belonging to Pteromalidae were the most abundant species, respectively. According to the studied indices, Bam had the highest species diversity and evenness among the studied regions. The highest similarity was also found between the wasp communities in Jiroft and Kahnuj.
The article contains: (1) a key to the genera of the tribe Homalotylini Hoffer, 1954 of the world fauna; (2) a key to 16 species of the genus Isodromus Howard, 1887 found in the Palaearctic Region; (3) a synopsis of these 16 species with indication of their distribution, chrysopid hosts, prey of chrysopids, and plants inhabited by them, as well as some biological traits of Isodromus species.
Observations on the developmental biology and adult behavior of Zeteticontus utilis, an endoparasite of Carpophilus spp., are presented. Ovarian dissections indicated that females carry 50 - 80 ovoid, stalked eggs at emergence. Eggs in the ovaries measured 0.16 mm by 0.07 mm, and increased in size ca. two-fold within 60 h of deposition. Four larval instars were observed. Pupation occurred approximately eight days after oviposition. Males emerged 21 - 22 days after oviposition, and females after 22 - 24 days. Zeteticontus utilis females were determined to be arrhenotokous, and both sexes engaged in multiple matings. Host odors and movement appeared to play a role in host suitability.
Three new species of Encyrtidae are described from material collected from the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, India-Bureshiella antennata sp. nov., Proleurocerus montanus sp. nov. and Pseudectroma annamalaicus sp. nov. Keys to the species of all the three genera are provided and Bureshiella Hoffer is reported for the first time from India.