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A comparison of the fungal genera Phaeophleospora and Kirramyces (Coelomycetes)

Authors:
Pedro W Crous at Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
Pedro W Crous
F. A. Ferreira
F. A. Ferreira
F. A. Ferreira
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B. C. Sutton
B. C. Sutton
B. C. Sutton
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Abstract

Phaeophleospora eugeniae Rangel, the type species of Phaeophleospora Rangel, has recently been collected and cultured from leaf spots of Eugenia uniflora L. in Brazil. Based on its brown, verruculose, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, conidiomatal anatomy and conidial morphology, Phaeophleospora is resurrected as the earlier name for the recently established coelomycete genus, Kirramyces J. Walker, B. Sutton and I. Pascoe, New combinations are proposed for the seven former species of Kirramyces, namely P. destructans (W. J. Wingf. and Crous) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton, P. epicoccoides (Cooke and Massee) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton, P. eucalypti(Cooke and Massee) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton, P. hebes (W. Wu, B. Sutton and A.C. Gange) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton, P. lilianiae (J. Walker, B. Sutton and I. Pascoe) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton, P. proteae (B. Sutton) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton and P. phormil(Nalto) Crous, F.A. Ferreira and B. Sutton combs. nov.
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... Fungal species within Phaeophleospora are morphologically characterized by comparing them with the species P. eugeniae (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). The conidia of P. eugeniae are characterized as being predominantly sigmoid (Crous et al. 1997). However, the recently described conidia of type II of M. nawae are characterized by being phragmo-to scolecosporous, while conidia of type I are aseptate or septate and vary in shape and size. ...
... The anamorph of M. nawae is similar to that of most Phaeophleospora species, such as P. destructans, (Burgess et al. 2006), P. faureae (Taylor and Crous 1999), P. stonei (Crous et al. 2009b), and P. vochysiae (Savi et al. 2018), but the morphology of M. nawae does not correspond to that of any described Phaeophleospora species. Phaeophleospora species are readily distinguishable from the anamorph of M. nawae by having vermiform, long obclavate, bases truncate, widest in the middle region, versicolored (basal cell lightbrown, apical cell pale brown), vermiform conidia (Andjic et al. 2007;Crous et al. 1997). The morphological characteristics of M. nawae are also comparable with those of the genus Devonomyces, as described by Videira et al. (2017). ...
... (M. nawae) (present isolates) M. nawae (Kwon et al. 1998a, b) Phaeophleospora eugeniae (Crous et al. 1997 nawae is phylogenetically distinct from Ramularia spp. (Lee et al. 2016). ...
Phylogenetic and Morphological Reassessment of Mycosphaerella nawae , the Causal Agent of Circular Leaf Spot in Persimmon
Article
  • Jul 2018
  • PLANT DIS
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit production is severely affected by circular leaf spot worldwide. Mycosphaerella nawae causes circular leaf spot of persimmon (CLSP) and can result in leaf spot, defoliation, early fruit maturation, and subsequent softening and abscission. The morphology and phylogenetic position of M. nawae within the family Mycosphaerellaceae is, therefore, of utmost importance given its impact on persimmon production. Based on previous morphological and molecular studies, the phylogenetic position of the anamorphic genera associated with M. nawae remain in confusion. In the present study, 15 isolates of M. nawae were collected from the tissue of living leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms. A subsample of three isolates was characterized phylogenetically and morphologically. Isolates were compared based on DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1- 5.8S ITS2), part of the 28S nrDNA including domains D1-D3 (LSU), actin (Act), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2). The anamorph and teleomorph structures, ascospore germination patterns, as well as host specificity were used to describe the isolates. The phylogenetic and morphological analyses revealed that M. nawae requires a new holomorphic genus within Mycosphaerellaceae, described herein as Plurivorosphaerella gen. nov. A host specificity test revealed that Plurivorosphaerella nawae comb. nov. (M. nawae) can superficially colonize but not infect, apple, peach, cherry, and plum. Keywords: circular leaf spot, Mycosphaerella, Devonomyces endophyticus, Plurivorosphaerella gen. nov., phylogenetic analyses
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... are usually associated with leaf spots and are characterized by subepidermal, dark-walled pycnidia that produce conidia on percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity of the conidiomata. The conidiomata become cup-shaped at maturity and exude masses of conidia under conditions of high humidity (Crous, Ferreira, & Sutton, 1997). The morphology of the genus is rather heterogenous, and it is polyphyletic, as recognized in some previous studies (Crous et al., 2009;Quaedvlieg et al., 2014) and as shown in our analysis ( Figure 3). ...
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... On PDA, mouse grey with lavender grey periphery; mouse grey reverse centrally, amber periphery; cultures sporulating moderately on OA, producing conidia. Notes -The genus Phaeophleospora, which is based on Ph. eugeniae, was collected from Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) in Brazil (Crous et al. 1997) and clusters within Mycosphaerellaceae (Crous et al. 2007a). In the past, this genus included species that are presently accommodated in Teratosphaeria (= Kirramyces) and have pycnidial asexual morphs (Walker et al. 1992, Andjic et al. 2007). ...
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... Notes -Phaeophleospora (based on P. eugeniae; Crous et al. 1997) is a genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, which is distinct from Teratosphaeria and its various asexual morphs (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Based on LSU DNA sequence data Phaeophleospora eucalypticola is identical (100 %) (818/818) to P. hymenocallidicola (CPC 25014; GenBank KR476772.1) ...
Fungal Planet description sheets: 400–468
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2016
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma kruticianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
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... Notes -Phaeophleospora (based on P. eugeniae; Crous et al. 1997) is a genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, which is distinct from Teratosphaeria and its various asexual morphs (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Based on LSU DNA sequence data Phaeophleospora eucalypticola is identical (100 %) (818/818) to P. hymenocallidicola (CPC 25014; GenBank KR476772.1) ...
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... On MEA, PDA and OA, surface and reverse mouse-grey. Notes — Phaeophleospora (based on P. eugeniae; Crous et al. 1997) is a genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, which is distinct from Teratosphaeria and its various asexual morphs (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Based on LSU DNA sequence data Phaeophleospora eucalypticola is identical (100 %) (818/818) to P. hymenocallidicola (CPC 25014; GenBank KR476772.1) ...
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... Notes -Phaeophleospora (based on P. eugeniae; Crous et al. 1997) is a genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae, which is distinct from Teratosphaeria and its various asexual morphs (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Based on LSU DNA sequence data Phaeophleospora eucalypticola is identical (100 %) (818/818) to P. hymenocallidicola (CPC 25014; GenBank KR476772.1) ...
Fungal Planet description sheets: 400–468
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2016
  • Persoonia
Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma krutiсianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
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Mycosphaerellaceae – Chaos or clarity?
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
The Mycosphaerellaceae represent thousands of fungal species that are associated with diseases on a wide range of plant hosts. Understanding and stabilising the taxonomy of genera and species of Mycosphaerellaceae is therefore of the utmost importance given their impact on agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Based on previous molecular studies, several phylogenetic and morphologically distinct genera within the Mycosphaerellaceae have been delimited. In this study a multigene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS and rpb2) was performed based on 415 isolates representing 297 taxa and incorporating ex-type strains where available. The main aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among the genera currently recognised within the family, and to clarify the position of the cercosporoid fungi among them. Based on these results many well-known genera are shown to be paraphyletic, with several synapomorphic characters that have evolved more than once within the family. As a consequence, several old generic names including Cercosporidium, Fulvia, Mycovellosiella, Phaeoramularia and Raghnildiana are resurrected, and 32 additional genera are described as new. Based on phylogenetic data 120 genera are now accepted within the family, but many currently accepted cercosporoid genera still remain unresolved pending fresh collections and DNA data. The present study provides a phylogenetic framework for future taxonomic work within the Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation into the United States of Unprocessed Eucalyptus Logs and Chips from South America
Technical Report
Full-text available
  • Apr 2001
In this report, we assess the unmitigated pest risk potential of importing Eucalyptus logs and chips from South America into the United States. To do this, we estimated the likelihood and consequences of introducing representative insects and pathogens of concern. Nineteen individual pest risk assessments were prepared, eleven dealing with insects and eight with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on the foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of Eucalyptus spp. Among the insects and pathogens assessed, eight were rated a high risk potential: purple moth (Sarsina violescens), scolytid bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytopsis brasiliensis, Xyleborus retusus, Xyleborus biconicus, Xyleborus spp.), carpenterworm (Chilecomadia valdiviana) on Eucalyptus nitens, round-headed wood borers (Chydarteres striatus, Retrachyderes thoracicus, Trachyderes spp., Steirastoma breve, Stenodontes spinibarbis), eucalyptus longhorned borer (Phoracantha semipunctata), Botryosphaeria cankers (Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botryosphaeria obtusa, Botryosphaeria ribi), Ceratocystis canker (Ceratocystis fimbriata), and pink disease (Erythricium salmonicolor). A moderate pest risk potential was assigned to eleven other organisms or groups of organisms: eucalypt weevils (Gonipterus spp.), carpenterworm (Chilecomadia valdiviana) on two Eucalyptus species other than E. nitens, platypodid ambrosia beetle (Megaplatypus parasulcatus), yellow phorancantha borer (Phoracantha recurva), subterranean termites (Coptotermes spp., Heterotermes spp.), foliar diseases (Aulographina eucalypti, Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti, Cylindrocladium spp., Phaeophleospora spp., Mycosphaerella spp.), eucalyptus rust (Puccinia psidii), Cryphonectria canker (Cryphonectria cubensis), Cytospora cankers (Cytospora eucalypticola, Cytospora eucalyptina), Coniothyrium canker (Coniothyrium zuluense), and root and stem rots (Armillaria spp., Phellinus spp., Ganoderma sp., Gymnopilus spectabilis). For those organisms of concern that are associated with logs and chips of South American Eucalyptus spp., specific phytosanitary measures may be required to ensure the quarantine safety of proposed importations.
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Taxonomy and phylogeny of dematiaceous coelomycetes
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2016
Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e. conidiomata. Coelomycetes comprise about, 1000 genera and 7000 species, which can be endophytic, pathogenic or saprobic. Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology, such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis, while it was treated as a distinct group i.e. Deuteromycotina. Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system, resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes, as well as establish asexual-sexual links. Nevertheless, most of genera lack sequence data, thus, morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species. In this paper we illustrate, describe, and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera, including five new genera viz. Apiculospora, Didymellocamarosporium, Melanocamarosporium, Melnikia and Paulkirkia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. One-hundred and fifty-two (65 %) of genera have sequence data, thus, their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system, is listed as an outline. However, 83 genera still lack sequence data, hence, they are treated as Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis. In addition, separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
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Kirramyces phormii comb. nov. from leaves of Phormium
Article
  • Mar 1996
  • MYCOL RES
Hendersonia phormii, a coelomycetous fungus originally described from leaves of Phormium, is transferred to Kirramyces. The species is redescribed from the host and in culture. Generic relationships are discussed and characters summarized. Kirramyces phormii is compared to and contrasted with other species in that genus and a key is provided to species of Kirramyces.
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Revision of Septoria species on Hebe and Veronica and description of Kirramyces hebes sp. nov
Article
  • Oct 1996
  • MYCOL RES
Species of Septoria on Hebe and Veronica are revised and 4 taxa are accepted, including 2 species of Septoria, S. exotica (syn. S. exotica var. andersonii, ?S. exotica var. beccabungae) and S. veronicae (syn. S. triphylli, S. veronicae var. cotyledonicola, S. veronicae var. major, S. veronicae var. spicatae, ?S. exotica var. beccabungae), Kirramyces hebes sp. nov., and Pseudocercospora veronicicola (Karsten) comb. nov. (syn. S. veronicicola).
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Kirramyces destructans sp. nov., a serious leaf pathogen of Eucalyptus in Indonesia
Article
  • Dec 1996
  • S AFR J BOT
A number of Kirramyces J. Walker et al. species, formerly accommodated in the genus Phaeoseptoria Speg., are pathogens of Eucalyptus L' Herit. spp. A new species, K. destructans M.J. Wingf. and Crous sp. nov., associated with a leaf blight disease in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia, is described. This disease is most common on leaves of E. grandis Hill: Maid., but has also been observed on other Eucalyptus spp.
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Phaeoseptoria eucalypti and similar fungi on Eucalyptus, with description of Kirramyces gen. nov. (Coelomycetes)
Article
  • Nov 1992
Phaeoseptoria eucalypti, with prominent, brown, rough-walled, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, is shown to be distinct from the type species of Phaeoseptoria, P. papayae, which has small, smooth-walled and apparently non-proliferating conidiogenous cells. As no suitable genus exists for P. eucalypti, the new genus Kirramyces is erected for it. Study of various Eucalyptus leaf fungi has shown that the earliest name applied to this fungus is Cercospora epicoccoides, transferred here as Kirramyces epicoccoides. Other synonyms include Hendersonia grandispora and Phaeoseptoria luzonensis. Two other species of Kirramyces, K. eucalypti, based on Cercospora eucalypti, and K. lilianiae n. sp., are recognized. The taxonomic position of Stagonospora delegatensis and of other collections which may represent additional species of Kirramyces requires further investigation. The host ranges of these fungi are discussed in relationship to the subgeneric classification of the genus Eucalyptus.
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