Supplement to the monograph of the genus Psilocybe

Abstract

A revision of 29 species and varieties and more than 80 records of Psilocybe after 1980 and not considered in Guzmán's monograph (1983) are discussed. In addition, P. chlapanensis, P. meridensis, P. moseri, P. natarajanii and P. subtropicalis are described as new. P. aquamarina, P. ramulosum, P. paulensis, P. septentrionalis, Naematoloma gigaspora and N. guzmanii are proposed as new combinations. Several new records and nomenclatural observations are dis- cussed and a revision of the classification in sections of the genus, as well as an update of the keys of sections and species of Guzmán's monograph are provided.

Full text

Taxonomic Monographs of Agaricales. Bibliotheca Mycologica 159: 91-141.
© J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1995.
Supplement to the monograph of the genus Psilocybe*
Gastón Guzmán
Institute de Ecología, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
A revision of 29 species and varieties and more than 80 records of Psilocybe after 1980 and not
considered in Guzmán's monograph (1983) are discussed. In addition, P. chlapanensis, P.
meridensis, P. moseri, P. natarajanii and P. subtropicalis are described as new. P. aquamarina,
P. ramulosum, P. paulensis, P. septentrionalis, Naematoloma gigaspora and N. guzmanii are
proposed as new combinations. Several new records and nomenclatural observations are dis-
cussed and a revision of the classification in sections of the genus, as well as an update of the
keys of sections and species of Guzmán's monograph are provided.
Keywords: Agaricales, Basidiomycota, Psilocybe, taxonomy.
The interest in Psilocybe after the discovery of hallucinogenic mushrooms in
Mexico during 1956-1958 (Heim & Wasson, 1958; Singer & Smith, 1958) was
enormous. Extensive research work was carried out on the identification, dis-
tribution, chemistry, physiology, culture and use of the different species.
Guzmán (1983) summarized all existing knowledge in a monograph, but since
then several papers describing new species or new records have been pub-
lished.
Redhead (1985) correctly pointed out in Guzmán's monograph some
nomenclature problems linked with the names of some species such as P. cal-
losa but some of Redhead's comments were of rather subjective nature or at
least questionable.
Singer (1986) did not accept the sections proposed by Guzmán (1983). He
also incorrectly related P. coprophila to P. subcoprophila stating that they had
both hexagonal and subellipsoid spores, but the spores of P. coprophila are
subhexagonal in face view and subellipsoid in side view, while those of P. sub-
coprophila are only subellipsoid in both views. Moreover, Singer recognized
P. bolivarii Guzmán, that was considered by Guzmán (1983) as conspecific
with P. zapotecorum Heim emend. Guzmán based in the study of the types. In
addition, he accepted P. palmigena (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc., but this fungus be-
longs to Psathyrella according to the study of the type (Guzmán, 1983).
* This contribution is dedicated to Prof. Dr. M. Moser on occasion of his 70th anniversary.

92 Guzmán, Psilocybe
The present paper discusses critically the knowledge of the genus Psilocybe.
New species are described and the status of some others is revised. New
records are reported and some nomenclatural issues are discussed. In addition,
the keys of sections and of species presented in Guzmán's (1983) monograph
are updated. This paper is dedicated to Dr. Meinhand Moser in appreciation of
his valuable work in agarics. Moser's key (1983) to European and North
American species of Psilocybe are still useful and fully adequate.
Materials and methods
All the available bibliography on Psilocybe after 1980 and not considered in
Guzmán's monograph was studied to criticdly evaluate new taxa described and
new records. In addition, collections of Psilocybe from Guatemala, Colombia,
Venezuela, Spain, Kenya, Japan and Tasmania, as well as selected collections
from Mexico at XAL, ENCB and IBUG Herbaria were examined. All the mi-
croscopic observations were made on sections mounted in 5% KOH solution,
or occasiondly in Melzer's reagent or cotton blue lactophenol.
Taxa of Psilocybe described after 1980 and not considered in
Guzmán's (1983) monograph
Tab. 1 shows the 29 species and varieties of Psilocybe described or pro-
posed after 1980, and not considered by Guzmán (1983). Of these, P. pseudo-
aztecorum belongs to Sect. Aztecorum; P. banderillensis var. paulensis to Sect.
Brunneocystidiata; P. alpestris, P. februaria, P. magica and P. montana f.
plana to Sect. Psilocybe; P. trufemii to Sect. Singeriana; P. antioquensis, P.
samuiensis, P. subacutipilea and also probably P. pericystis to Sect. Mexicana;
P. rostrata to Sect. Stuntzii; P. bohemica and P. indica to Sect. Semilanceata;
P. laetissima (=P. calongei) and probably P. glutinosa to Sect. Atrobrunnea; P.
goniospora, P. guatapensis and P. heliconiae to Sect. Cordispora; and P. auck-
landii, P. barrerae, P. microcystidia, P. sanctorum and P. zapotecorum var.
ramulosum to Sect. Zapotecorum. On the other hand, P. fasciculare, P. giga-
spora and P. guzmanii belong to the genus Naematoloma, and P. inucta to
Stropharia. Among the new species of Psilocybe reported after 1983, those of
the Sect. Zapotecorum are the most abundant with 5 well recognized taxa, one
from New Zedand, two from Brazil, and two from Mexico.
Psilocybe bohemica was described by Sebek (1983) based on those Czech
collections identified as P. coprinifacies (Rolland) Pouzar and P. maire Singer,
the later known only from North of Africa and the former considered by
Guzmán (1983) to be a doubtful species because the type was not found and the
species seems to belong to Stropharia or Panaeolus. The caerulescent

Tab. 1. New species and varieties of Psilocybe described or proposed after 1980, and not considered by Guzmán (1983).
Taxon
P. alpestris Singer
P. antioquensis Guzmán & al.
P. aucklandii Guzmán, King & Bandala
P. banderillensis var. paulensis Guzmán & Bononi
P. barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán
P. bohemica Sebek
P. calongei Moreno & Esteve-Raventós
P. fasciculare (Hudson) Kiihner
P. februaria Singer
P. gigaspora Natarajan & Raman
P. glutinosa Arnolds
P. goniospora (Berk. & Br.) Singer [= P.
lonchophora (Berk. & Br.) Horak ex Guzmán]
P. guatapensis Guzmán & al.
P. guzmanii Natarajan & Raman
P. heliconiae Guzmán & al.
P. indica Sathe & Daniel
P. inuncta (Fr.) Kiihner
P. laetissima Hausknecht & Singer
P. magica Svrcek
P. microcystidiata Guzmán & Bononi
P. montana f.plana Arnolds, prov.
P. pericystis Singer
P. pseudoaztecorum Natarajan & Roman
P. rostrata (Fetch) Pegler
P. samuiensis Guzmán & al.
P. sanctorum Guzmán
P. subacutipilea Guzmán & al.
P. trufemii Guzmán & Bononi
P. zapotecorwn var. ramulosum Guzmán & Bononi
Reference
Fieldiana Bot 21 (1402): 108 (1989)
Mycotaxon51:225(1994)
Mycol. Res. 95: 507 (1991)
Mycotaxon 19: 347 (1984)
Bol. Soc. Mex. Mic. 16: 52 (1981)
Ceská Mykol. 37: 177 (1983)
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 90: 411 (1988)
Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon 49: 899 (1980)
Fieldiana Bot 21 (1402): 108 (1989)
Bibl. Mycol. 89: 100 (1983)
Bibl. Mycol. 90: 442 (1982)
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 12, p. 410 (1986)
Mycotaxon 51: 228 (1994)
Bibl. Mycol. 89: 102 (1983)
Mycotaxon 51: 229 (1994)
Maharashtra Ass. Cult Sc. Monograph 1: 100(1980)
Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon 49: 899 (1980)
Plant Syst. Evol. 151: 295 (1986)
Ceská Mykol. 43: 82 (1989)
Mycotaxon 19: 345 (1984)
Bibl. Mycol. 90: 446 (1982)
Fieldiana Bot. 21 (1402): 109 (1989)
Mycologia 77: 158 (1985)
Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 12, p. 409 (1986)
Mycotaxon 46: 156(1993)
Bol. Soc. Mex. Mic. 17: 90 (1982)
Mycotaxon 51: 230 (1994)
Mycotaxon 19: 344 (1984)
Mycotaxon 19: 346 (1984)
Geographic origin
Austria
Colombia
New Zealand
Brazil
Mexico
Czechoslovakia
Spain
Europe
Bolivia
India
Holland
Sri Lanka
Colombia
India
Colombia
India.
Europe
Germany
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Holland
Brazil
India
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Mexico
Colombia
Brazil
Brazil

94 Guzmán, Psilocybe
specimens identified in Europe as Psilocybe coprinifacies or P. maire are hal-
lucinogenic according to Pouzar (1953) and agree with Sebek's species. Gartz
& Müller (1989) and Wurts & al. (1984) made chemical studies on Sebek's
species and confirmed the presence of psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystidin in
the first and only psilocybin and psilocin in the latter. Some autors (e.g.
Bresinsky & Besl, 1990) considered P. bohemica as a synonym of P.
cyanescens, to which it is related (see key).
The study of the type of P. calongei (Moreno & Esteve-Reventós, 1988a).
Moreno 9906 (Figs. 46-47), Hiimera, Madrid, Spain, Oct. 12, 1986 (Alcalá de
Henares University Herbarium; isotype at XAL) has demostrated that this
taxon is identical with P. laetissima Hausknecht & Singer (1986), a species
with
subellipsoid,
thick-walled
spores,
(9.5-)
10.5-13
x
6.5-7(-8)
x
(6-)
6.5-7
µm (wall up to 1 µm thick), without pleurocystidia; cheilocystidia 24—44(-48)
x
6.5-8(-9)
µm,
hyaline,
lageniform
or
irregularly
cylindric
and
papillate:
trama hymenial with hyphae 4-16 µm wide, hyaline or yellow; hypodermium
subcellular, with subglobose elements 4-20 µm wide, hyaline or with yellow
or brownish pigment incrusted on the walls. All these features, mainly the
subellipsoid, thick-walled spores, indicate that P. laetissima belongs to Sect.
Atrobrunnea and it is close to P. sabulosa Peck, but that species has spores
(11-)12-16.5(-19)
µm
long.
Hausknecht
&
Singer
(1986)
have
claimed
that
this species belongs to Sect. Merdariae, in which, however, taxa with sub-
hexagonal spores, not found in P. laetissima, are accommodated.
P. glutinosa, according to its description (Arnolds, 1982), may belong to
Sect. Atrobrunnea; it is close to P. sabulosa but differs in the very viscid pileus
and small basidiomata. P. montana f. plana seems to be conspecific with the
typical P. montana. Arnolds (1982) only differentiated this form because of
the plane pileus, common in old specimens of P. montana. Psilocybe fascicu-
laris and P. inucta (Kühner, 1980), are typical species of Naematoloma and
Stropharia, respectively, following modern concepts (Singer, 1986; Guzmán,
1983). In fact, Kühner's concept of the genus Psilocybe includes the genera
Naematoloma and Stropharia.
Psilocybe indica from India is a caerulescent fungus with collybioid habit
and ellipsoid, thick-walled spores, with both pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia
(both 26.5-37 x 10.5-13.5 µm) (Sathe & Daniel, 1980). P. indica together
with P. cubensis, P. pseudoaztecorum and P. aztecorum var. bonetii (Natarajan
& Raman, 1983; 1985) from India are the only four fungi with psychotropic
propierties known from that country. However, P. aztecorum var. bonetii
sensu Natarajan and Raman is another species and its position will be discussed
below. P. aztecorum var. aztecorum reported from Costa Rica by Sáens & al.
(1983) may be another species.
Psilocybe rostrata was recognized by Pegler (1986) based on the study of
the type of Stropharia rostrata Petch from Sri Lanka, a fungus that has no
pleurocystidia. It is a caerulescent fungus with a permanent annulus, spores
7.5-9.5
x 5-6 µm,
with
"slightly
thickened
wall",
"ovoid
to
ellipsoid"
and
cheilocystidia 13-17 x 2.5-5 µm, fusoid to lageniform (Pegler, 1986). It
grows on elephant dung and it belongs to Sect. Stuntzii Guzmán, together with

Guzmán, Psilocybe 95
the tropical species P. subaeruginascens and P. aerugineomaculans.
Psilocybe pericystis from Amazonia, according to Singer (1989), is close to
P. acutipilea (Speg.) Guzmán, a species, however not recognized by Singer
1986). Spegazzini's species belongs to Sect. Mexicana according to Guzmán
1983). It is thus probably that Singer's fungus belongs to this section and has
psychotropic propierties. P. pericystis is one of the eleven hallucinogenic
species known from Brazil (Guzmán, 1983), together with P. banderillensis
var. paulensis and P. zapotecorum var. ramulosum described by Guzmán & al.
1984) from Sáo Paulo State.
New records of Psilocybe reported after 1980
Tab. 2 shows the new records of Psilocybe reported from different parts of
the world and not considered in Guzmán's monograph.
Guzmán & al. (1988) reported for first time Psilocybe subyungensis from
Mexico (State of Tamaulipas), a species known only from Venezuela; P. bar-
rerae, P. caerulescens var. caerulescens, P. cordispora, P. cubensis, P.fagicola
var. mesocystidiata, P. galindoi, P. herrerae, P. mexicana, P. subyungensis, P.
yungensis and P. zapotecorum were also reported from new localities in
Mexico.
Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata (Figs. 56-59), described from Mexico
(State of Morelos) (Guzmán, 1983), was reported by Mora & Guzmán (1983)
from the same locality. These authors also provided the first illustrations of
the microscopic features. This fungus was later recorded from the State of
Mexico (Guzmán & al., 1988) and only afterwards (Guzmán, 1990, p. 102)
the first drawing of the basidiomata was published. It is now reported here for
the first time from the State of Veracruz (Mexico), where it is apparently
common in subtropicd forests. Five new collections are recorded: road Xalapa
to Perote, near Acajete, Jun. 21, 1980, Jacobs 116; Jul. 8, 1980, Jacobs 179 ;
same road, near Piletas, Jul. 5, 1984, Guzmán 24455; Cofre de Perote Region,
Municipio Ixhuacan, Ejido Los Laureles, Oct. 7, 1983, Garcia s.n.; Oct. 12,
1983, Garcia s.n. (all in XAL). The form of the basidiomata in this species is
variable, with a pileus conic or subumbonate to convex, and slightly umbili-
cate, and stipe equal to subbulbous. The collections of Garcia were made at
2400 m elevation, in a Pinus-Alnus forest. This habitat is the same as for P.
muliercula Singer & Smith, a related species without pleurocystidia, known
only from coniferous forests of central Mexico. Jacobs' collections are from a
subtropical forest, at 1800 m, and in dl the cases growing on red clay soils in
eroded places outside of the forest. These species belong to Sect. Zapotecorum.
Psilocybe coprophila (Figs. 1-3) is a wide-spread fimicolous fungus, almost
cosmopolitan, but absent in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, as well as at high
elevations or in alpine regions, where it is replaced by P. argentina (Figs. 4-
5), a
close
species
with
larger
spores,
(11-)12-15(-17)
µm
long
vs.
(9-)10-
12(-14) µm long in P. coprophila (Guzmán, 1983). On the other hand,

96
Guzmán, Psilocybe
Figs. 1—4. Psilocybe coprophila and P. argentina- 1-3. P. coprophila.- 1. Spores.- 2.
Pleurocystidia.- 3. Cheilocystidia (all from Guzmán 29516).-4. P. argentina, cheilocystidia
(from Sampieri 264).- Scale bar = 10µm.
Natarajan & Raman (1983) reported these two species from Tamil Nadu State
in India, in the region of Ootacamund, a mountainous zone up to 2500 m, with
spores 12.6-15.4 µm long and 11.2-15 µm long, respectively; both seem to
belong to P. argentina. The reports of Pegler & d. (1981), Horak (1982) and
Gulden & d. (1985) of P. coprophila from the Antarctic, Arctic and Alpine
regions are most probably mis-identifications of P. argentina. The study of
several collections from Mexico and South America, as well as from the U.S.
and Europe confirmed that specimens gathered in low-lands have small

Guzmán, Psilocybe 97
spores, in contrast to those collected at high elevations. Besides differences in
spore size, the form of cheilocystidia is apparently another difference between
these two species, because P. coprophila has cheilocystidia with a short and
thick neck, whereas those of P. argentina are provided with a long, narrow
and flexuous neck, as shown in Figs. 3 and 5. Following records of P. ar-
gentina are new from Venezuela: Guzmán 30820 and 30821, State of Merida,
Sierra de Santo Domingo, Valle de Mucabaji, May 22, 1993 (Herb. Univ. de
los Andes, Fac. Farmacia 8002-A, 8002-B and XAL).
P. cubensis is a wide-spread subtropical species and P. subcubensis (Figs. 6-
7) a pantropical species. Both fungi are frequently confused because they are
very similar. Guzmán (1983) stated that the populations from the tropics have
smaller spores (11-13 µm long.), in contrast to the subtropical populations
which have larger spores (13-15 µm long.). Guzmán's observations have been
confirmed by Margot & Watling (1981) who have reported similar trends in
collections from Australia and by Velazquez & al. (1989) and Navarro &
Betancourt (1992) in collections from Colombia and Puerto Rico, respectively.
Margot & Watling (1981) in spite of having observed two populations of "P.
cubensis" in Australia, one with spores (11-)12-15.5 µm long and another
with spores 13.3-17.7 µm long, did not consider the presence of P. subcuben-
sis in Australia to be likely, and they wrote: "The small-spored material
matches exactly the recently described P. subcubensis Guzmán, but it is doubt-
ful whether the data above support the recognition of this taxon in Australia,
although listed by Guzmán (1978) from there". Here I also present the first
record of P. subcubensis from Thailand, based on five collections made by
Alien (dl in Herb. Alien at Hawaii and in XAL).
Psilocybe falklandica (Horde, 1982) and P. longinqua (Guzmán, 1983) are
doubtful species known only from the Antarctic region. "Psilocybe macquar-
iensis" reported by Horak (1982) from the Antarctic, belongs to Galerina
macquariensis Smith & Singer (Horak, 1982: p. 87). Psilocybe scocholmica
was considered by Parker-Rhodes as an apparent hybrid between P. co-
prophila and P. bulbacea (Watling & Gregory, 1987). P. velifera seems to
belong to Sect. Psilocybe and it was considered by Singer (1986) as a good
species.
Psilocybe lazoi Sing, was considered by Guzmán (1983) conspecific with P.
zapotecorum based in the study of the type (Lazo PU-151 at NY), but Singer
(1986) stated that the type is at SGO, and that the specimen at NY is another
species. Singer considered P. lazoi to be a non-caerulescent species with pleu-
rocystidia of the chrysocystidia type, and not conspecific with P. zapotecorum.
P. albofimbriata was considered by Guzmán (1983) as conspecific with P.
farinacea Rick ex Guzmán based in the study of the type, but Singer (1986)
pointed out that it is an independent species and if the two are the same, the
correct name must be P. albofimbriata.
Psilocybe sp. reported by Guzmán & al. (1993a) is probably new and be-
longs to Sect. Semilanceata, but the poor herbarium material made impossible
its formal description. Psilocybe sp. reported by Margot & Watling (1981) is
dso probably new and belongs to the same section. Recently Stijve & Meijer

98
Guzmán, Psilocybe
(1993) reported 11 species of Psilocybe from Brazil (State of Parana) (see
Tab. 2). All of them are first records for the State of Parana, but P.
caerulescens var. caerulescens, P. hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii, P. subyun-
gensis, P. uruguayensis and P. venezuelana are reported for the first time
from Brazil. The material of P. caerulescens studied by these authors seems to
be a complex of at least two species, because they described some specimens
with spores 6.5-7 x 5-6 µm and others with 7-9 x 6-7 µm, and cheilocystidia
25-30
x 6-8 µm for
both
types,
that
do not fit
with
the
concept
of P.
caerulescens. P. subyungensis does not fit with Guzmán's concept either, be-
cause the Brazilian fungus does not have pleurocystidia, and the cheilocystidia
reported are larger than those of the type.
Imazeki & al. (1988) presented good colour plates of P. argentipes, P. sub-
aeruginascens, P. venenata (as P. fasciatá) and P. coprophila from Japan, and
Bresinsky & Besl (1990) a good colour plate of P. semilanceata from Europe,
as well as a key for the European hallucinogenic species [P. callosa, P.
cyanescens (= P. bohemicá), P. fimetaria, P. liniformans var. liniformans, P.
pelliculosa and P. silvatica}.
Tab. 2.- New records or new localities of Psilocybe not considered by Guzmán (1983).
P. acutipilea (Speg.) Guzmán
P. albofimbriata (Rick) Singer
P. alnetorum (Singer) Singer
P. angustipleurocystidiata Guzmán
P. argentina (Speg.) Singer
P. atrobrunnea (Lasch) Gillet
P. atrorufa (Schaeff. : Fr.) Quál.
P. australiana Guzmán & Wading
P. aitecorum Heim emend. Guzmán var.
aztecorum
P. aztecorum var. bonetii (Guzmán)
Guzmán
P. barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán
P. bohemicá Sebek
P. bulbosa (Peck) Smith
P. bullacea (Bull. : Fr.) Kummer
Brazil (Guzmán & al., 1984)
Brazil (Singer, 1986)
(= Naematoloma, Guzmán). Brazil (Steijve
& Meijer, 1993)
Mexico (Guzmán, 1990; Guzmán & al.,
1988)
Colombia (Pulido, 1983), India (Natarajan &
Rarnan, 1983), Estonia (Urbonas &al.,
1986), the Netherlands (Arnolds, 1982, as
P. cf. merdicola Huijs.) and Peru
(Yokoyama, 1987)
Estonia (Urbonas & al., 1986) and
Switzerland (Monthoux, 1987)
reported by Horak (1982) (see P. montaná)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981), New
Zealand (Guzmán & al., 1993a) and
Tasmania (Chang & Mills, 1992)
Costa Rica (Sáens &al., 1983) and India
(Natarajan & Raman, 1983; 1985)
India (Natarajan & Raman, 1983)
Mexico (Guzmán, 1982; Guzmán & al.,
1988)
Czechoslovakia (Sebek, 1985)
Canada (Redhead, 1984)
Estonia (Urbonas & al., 1986), Germany
(Derbsch & Schmitt, 1987) and Poland
(Wojewoda & Lawrynowics, 1986)

Guzmán, Psilocybe
99
P. caeruleoannulata Singer ex Guzmán
P. caerulescens Murrill var. caerulescens
P. caespitosa (Berkeley) Sacc.
P. calongei Moreno & Esteve-Raventós
P. chionophila: see P. semistriata
P. coprophila (Bull. : Fr.) Kummer
P. cordispora Heim
P. crobula (Fr.) M. Lange ex Singer
P. cubensis (Earle) Singer
P. cyanescens Wakefield
P. eucalypta Guzmán & Watling
P.fagicola var. mesocystidiata Guzmán
P. falklandica Cotton
P.fuegiana (Horak) Singer
P. galindoi Guzmán
P. herrerae Guzmán
P. hoogshagenii Heim var. hoogshagenii
Brazil (Stijve & Meijer, 1993)
Brazil (Stijve & Meijer, 1993), Martinique
(Pegler, 1983), Mexico (Guzmán &al.,
1988)
(=
Psathyrella
s.
Guzmán),
India
(Lakhanpal, 1993)
Spain (Illana & al., 1989) (=P. laetissima)
Brazil (Stijve & Meijer, 1993), Australia
(Margot & Watling, 1981), Baleares Islands
(Menorca) (Listosella & Aguasca, 1980),
Baleares Islands (Mallorca) (Aguasca & al.,
1992), Colombia (Pulido, 1983), Estonia
(Urbonas & al., 1986), Germany (Derbsch
& Schmitt, 1987), India (Lakhanpal, 1993;
Natarajan & Raman, 1983), Italy
(Quadraccia & Lunghini, 1990), Korea (Lee
& Hong, 1985), Mexico (Ayala & Guzmán,
1984; Mora &al., 1992), New Zealand
(Guzmán &al., 1993), Peru (Yokoyama,
1987),
Poland (Wojewoda & Lawrynowics, 1986),
Spain (Ortega & Buendia, 1986; Malencon &
Bertault, 1976) and from Alpine, Artic and
and Antartic regions (Gulden &al., 1985;
Pegler &al., 1981; Horak, 1982)
Mexico (Guzmán &al., 1988)
Estonia (Urbonas & al., 1986), Germany
(Derbsch & Schmitt, 1987), Great Britain
(Watling & Gregory, 1987), India (Natarajan
& Raman, 1983), Italy (Aguasca &al.,
1992), and Sri Lanka (Pegler, 1986)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981), Brazil
(Stijve & Meijer, 1993), Colombia (Pulido,
1983), Costa Rica (Sáenz &al., 1983),
Dominicana (Rodriguez-Gallart, 1989),
Guadeloupe and Martinique (Pegler, 1983),
India (Natarajan & Raman, 1983), Mexico
(Acosta & Guzmán, 1984; Guzmán, 1982;
Guzmán & al., 1988; Mora & al., 1992) and
Puerto Rico (Navarro & Betancourt, 1992)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981),
Czechoslovakia (Sebek, 1985), Italy (Grilli,
1990; Samorini, 1993)
Australia (Chang & Mills, 1992, Margot &
Watling, 1981) and New Zealand (Guzmán
& al., 1993a)
Mexico (Guzmán &al., 1988)
Antartic region (Horak, 1982)
Peru (Yokoyama, 1987)
Mexico (Guzmán &al., 1988)
Mexico (Guzmán &al., 1988)
Brazil (Stijve & Meijer, 1993)

Guzmán, Psilocybe
P. inquilina (Fr. : Fr.) Bres.
P. lazoi Singer
P. longinqua Singer
"P. macquarensis"
P. maire Singer
P. maulensis Singer ined.
P. merdaria (Fr.) Ricken
P. merdicola: see P. argentina
P. mexicana Heim
P. cf. mexicana Heim
P. montana (Pers. : Fr.) Kummer. [= P.
atrorufa (Schaeff. : Fr.) QueL]
P. muscorum (Orton) Moser
P. paupera Singer
P. phyllogena (Peck) Peck [some reports as
P. rhombispora (Britzelm.) Sacc.]
P. aff . phyllogena (Peck) Peck
P. physaloides (Bull, ex Marat) Quel
P. pintonii Guzmán
P. plutonia (Berkely & Curtis) Sacc.
P. rhombispora: see P. phyllogena
P. sabulosa Peck (as P. squarrosipes
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981), Estonia
(Kalamees, 1989; Urbonas &al., 1986),
Germany (Derbsch & Schmitt, 1987), Great
Britain (Watling & Gregory, 1987), the
Netherlands (Arnolds, 1982) and Antartic
region (Horak, 1982)
Chile (Singer, 1986)
Antarctic region (Horak, 1982)
Antarctic region (Horak, 1982)
Czechoslovakia (Kubicka, 1985) and
Germany (Derbsch & Schmitt, 1987)
(Singer, 1986)
Australia (Miller & Hilton, 1986), Chile
(Valenzuela &al., 1992), France (Bon,
1989), Germany (Derbsch & Schmitt,
1987), Poland (Wojewoda & Lawrynowics,
1986), Spain (Malenson & Bertault, 1976;
Moreno & Esteve-Raventós, 1988; Moreno
& al. 1990), Antartic region (Horak, 1982)
and Alpine, Artic and Antartic regions
(Gulden & al., 1985)
Mexico (Guzmán & al., 1988)
Costa Rica (Sáenz & al., 1983)
Alaska (Miller & al., 1982), Australia
(Margot & Watling, 1981), Colombia
(Pulido, 1983), Estonia (Urbonas &al..
1986), Mexico (Mora &al., 1992), Poland
(Wojewoda & Lawrynowicz, 1986), the
Netherlands (Arnolds, 1982), Artic region
(Horak, 1982) and Alpine, Artic and Antartic
regions (Gulden & al., 1985)
Germany (Derbsch & Schmitt, 1987),
Estonia (Urbonas & al., 1986), India
(Natarajan & Ramán, 1983), and the
Netherlands (Arnolds, 1982)
Brazil (Steijve & Meijer, 1993), Estonia
(Urbonas &al., 1986), Germany (Derbsch
& Schmitt, 1987) and Poland (Wojewoda &
Lawrynowics, 1986)
France (Courtecuisse, 1985). Estonia
(Urbonas & al., 1986), Germany (Derbsch
& Schmitt, 1987), Great Britain (Watling &
Gregory, 1987) and Poland (Wojewoda &
Lawrynowicz, 1986)
Colombia (Pulido, 1983)
Estonia (Urbonas & al., 1986), Poland
(Wojewoda & Lawrynowics, 1986)
Colombia (Pulido, 1983)
Martinique and Guadeloupe (Pegler, 1983)
India (Natarajan & Raman, 1983)
100

Guzmán, Psilocybe
101
P. scocholmica Parker-Rhodes
P. semilanceata (Fr. : Secretan) Kummer
P. semistriata (Peck) Guzmán
P. serbica Moser & Horak
P. sierrae Singer
P. squarrosipes: see P. sabulosa
P. strictipes Singer & Smith
P. subaeruginosa Cleland
P. subcoprophila (Britzelm.) Sacc.
P. subcubensis Guzmán
P. subyungensis Guzmán
P. cf. subyungensis Guzmán
P. tasmaniana Guzmán & Wading
P. tenax see P. semistriata
P. uruguayensis Singer ex Guzmán
P. vanhoeffenii (Hennings) Sacc.
P. velifera (Favre) Singer
P. venezuelana Dennis
P. cf. venezuelana Dennis
P. yungensis Singer & Smith
P. zapotecorum Heim emend. Guzmán
Psilocybe sp.
Psilocybe sp.
Psilocybe sp.
Great Britain (Watling & Gregory, 1987)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981), Canada
(Redhead, 1989), Czechoslovakia (Kubicka,
1985; Kutan & Kotlaba, 1988; Sebek,
1985), Bulgaria (Kutan & Kotlaba, 1988),
Estonia (Urbonas & al., 1986), Italy
(Samorini, 1993), Tasmania (Chang &
Mills, 1992) and New Zealand (Guzmán &
al., 1993a)
France (as P. chionophild) (Bon, 1989),
Poland [as P. tenax (Fr.) Kiihn. & Romag.
sensu Fábry], (Wojewoda & Lawrynowics,
1986) and Switzerland (as P. chionophila
Lamoure) (Gulden &al., 1985)
Czechoslovakia (Sebeck, 1985)
Chile (Singer, 1986)
Czechoslovakia (Sebek, 1985, as P. cal-
losa), Great Britain (Watling & Gregory,
1987)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981; Chang
& Mills, 1992)
Scotland (Watling, 1987)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981),
Colombia (Velazquez & al., 1989), Puerto
Rico (Navarro & Betancourt, 1992)
Mexico (Guzmán & al., 1988)
Brazil (Steijve & Meijer, 1993)
New Zealand (Chang & Mills, 1992)
Brazil (Steijve & Meijer, 1993)
Antartic region (Horak, 1982)
Europe (Singer, 1986)
Martinique and Guadeloupe (Pegler, 1983)
Brazil (Steijve & Meijer, 1993)
Martinique (Pegler, 1983), Mexico (Guzmán
&al., 1988)
Brazil (Steijve & Meijer, 1993), Colombia
(Pulido, 1983) and Mexico (Guzmán & al.,
1988;Mora&al., 1992)
Australia (Margot & Watling, 1981)
Finland (Metsanheimo, 1987)
New Zealand (Guzmán & al., 1993a)

102 Guzmán, Psilocybe
New species of Psilocybe
Psilocybe chiapanensis Guzmán sp. nov.- Figs. 8-11.
Differt a Psilocybe yungensi Singer et Smith et P. subyungensi Guzmán ob copiosa pleurocys-
tidia
11-14.5(-16)
x
(4-)5-6.5(-7)
µm,
ventricosa,
rostrata
brevi
collo
praedita,
cheilocysti-
diaque ex duobus typibus: a) analoga pleurocystidiis, et b) (16-) 17-22.5 x 5-8 µm, ventrico-
sis. Species lignicola.
In zona subtropicali. Mexico, prope Chiapas, regie Tapachula, Union de Juárez, Ejido
Santo Domingo, Guzmán 30739, holotypus XAL.
Pileus approx. 10 mm in diam and approx. 13 mm high, campanulate sub-
papillate, sublubricous, even to slightly striate toward the margin, grayish
leather to brownish straw-yellow, hygrophanous.- Lamellae adnate,
brownish violet, uniform in colour.- Stipe approx. 40 x 3 mm, cylindric,
sinuous, hollow, whitish to reddish brown, covered by floccose appressed
white scales, mainly in the middle part.- Both pile us and stipe staining blue
to blackish where injured.- Context whitish to concolourous with the
pileus.- Odor and taste farinaceous.- Spores (4-)4.5-5(-5.5) x 4—5 x 3-4
µm, subrhomboid in face view, subellipsoid in side view, with a thick wdl up
to 1 µm, brownish yellow, with a broad germ pore at one end and an acute
short
appendage
at the
other.-
Basidia
(12-)14.5-21
x 5-7 µm,
4—spored,
clavate ventricose, hydine.- Pleurocystidia 11-14.5(-16) x (4—)5-6.5(-7)
µm, common, hyaline, ventricose rostrate, with a short apex.-
Cheilocystidia of two types, a) as the pleurocystidia (10.5-)12-16(-17.5)
x
5.5-6.5
µm,
hyaline,
and b)
(16-)17-22.5
x 5-8 µm,
ventricose,
regular
or
irregularly in form, hyaline.- Subhymenium with globose elements 3-5
µm in diam, hyaline or yellowish.- Gill tr a ma regular, formed by yellow-
ish or hyaline hyphae, 3-12 µm wide, thin or thick-walled (up to 1.5 µm).-
Epicutis
subgelatinized,
formed
by
repent
hyphae
2.5-5.5
µm
wide,
with
some hyaline ascending elements, 12-32 x 6-8 µm.- Hypodermium with
subglobose elements 4-16 µm in diam, yellowish to yellow-brown, wall up to
1.5 µm thick.-Clamp connections present.
Habitat.- Solitary on logs, in coffee plantations remainding of subtropical
cloud (mesophytic) forests. Known only from the type locdity.
Material examined.- MEXICO: State of Chiapas, Region of Tapachula, Municipio
Union de Juárez, Ejido Santo Domingo, Oct. 4, 1993, Guzmán 30739 (Holotype, XAL).
This species is close to P. yungensis Singer & Smith and P. subyungensis
Guzmán by similar pileus form, spores size and the lignicolous habitat, but
differs by more abundant pleurocystidia (scanty in those species) and in their
size
(14-25
µm
long
in P.
yungensis;
9-11
µm
long
in P.
subyungensis),
and
in the size and variability of the cheilocystidia [14-33(-40) µm long in P. yun-
gensis;
16.5-25
µm
long
in P.
subyungensis].

Guzmán, Psilocybe
103
13
Figs. 5-13. Psilocybe argentina, P. subcubensis, P. chiapanensis and P. moseri.- 5. P.
argentina, spores (Sampieri 264).-6-7. P. subcubensis-6. Pleurocystidia.-7. Cheilocystidia
(both from Alien "A").- 8-11. P. chiapanensis.- 8. Basidioma.- 9. Spores.- 10.
Pleurocystidia.- lla. Cheilocystidia type 1.- lib. Cheilocystidia type 2 (all from the type).-
12-13. P. moseri. 12. Spores.- 13. Pleurocystidia (both from the type).- Scale bar = 10 µm,
except in 8 = 10 mm.
Psilocybe meridensis Guzmán, sp. nov.-Figs. 17-21.
Pileus (10-) 15-30 mm latus, conicus vel convexus vel subcampanulatus, subpapillatus vel

104 Guzmán, Psilocybe
umbonatus, oleosus, laevis, fulvus vel rufobrunneus, hygrophanus, celeriter subcaeruleus vel
nigricans. Lamellae adnatae vel sinuatae, flavido-griseae vel brunneolo-violaceae, subcaeruleae
vel nigricantes tactu. Stipes 40—80 x 3-5 mm, albidus vel rufobrunneus, subcaeruleus vel ni-
gricans. Annulus subfibrillosus vel submembranaceus, frequenter duplex. Contextus flavidus
vel
albidus,
vel
subcaeruleus
ad
nigricans.
Sapor
mordax.
Sporae
(5.5-)6-7(-8)
x
3—4
µm,
subellipsoideae
frontaliter
et
lateraliter,
tenuitunicatae.
Pleurocystidia
(16-)17.5-27(-28)
x
(4-)
5-8(-9)
µm,
hyalina,
subfusoidea
vel
sublageniformia.
Cheilocystidia
(14.5-)16-28(-31)
x
(4—)5—6.5 µm, hyalina, ventricosa sublageniformia, collo simplici vel subramoso. Epicutis
pilearum subgelatinosa. Hyphae fibulatae.
Ad terram, in subtropicali sylva. Venezuela, prope Márida, Parque Sierra Nevada,
Telefárico, La Montana, Marcano et Guzmán (Guzmán 30806), holotypus Univ. Los Andes,
Márida, Farmacia Herbarium 8001, isotypus XAL.
Pileus (10-)15-30 mm diam, conical to convex or subcampanulate,
subpapillate or subumbonate, lubricous, even, slightly striate at the margin,
yellowish brown or reddish brown, becoming paler towards the margin,
readily turning blue-green to blackish when bruised or old.- Lamellae
adnate or sinuate, yellowish gray to brownish violet or dark brown sepia,
edges whitish and subfloccoses; turning blue-green to blackish when bruised.-
Stipe 40-80 x 3-5 mm, equally cylindrical or slightly thickened at the base,
somewhat flexuous, hollow, whitish to irregularly reddish brown or blackish,
readily turning blue-green when injured, covered by whitish floccose little
scales, mainly toward the base.- Veil well developed, cortinate and white,
forming a complex subfibrillose or submembranous annulus, frequently
double.-Context pallid yellow in the pileus and stipe, whitish toward the
pileus surface, readily turning blue-green to blackish when cut. Dried
basidiomata are completly blackish to black.- Odor something special but
fungus-like, not farinaceous.- Taste slightly fungal, subfarinaceous to
pungent.-
Spore
print
violaceous
brown.-
Spores
(5.5-)6-7(-8)
x 3-4 x
3-3.5(-4)
µm,
subellipsoid
or
subovoid
both
in
face
and
side
view,
brownish
yellow, thin-walled, with a broad germ pore at one end and an acute short
appendage
at the
other.-
Basidia
(16-)
17.5-24
x
(4-)5-6
µm,
4-spored,
clavate
ventricose,
hyaline.-
Pleurocystidia
(16-)17.5-27(-28)
x
(4—)5-
8(-9) µm, common, hyaline, subfusoid with acute apex or sublageniform with
a
short
neck.-
Cheilocystidia
(14.5-)16-28(-31)
x
(4-)5-6.5
µm,
abundant, hyaline, ventricose sublageniform, frequently with a middle
constriction with a short or long neck, sometimes bifurcate.-
Subhymenium not well differentiated.- Gill tram a regular, formed by
hyaline to pale yellow hyphae, thin-walled, 2.5-13 µm wide.- Epicutis
subgelatinized, formed by 2.5-4 µm hyaline to pde yellow parallel hyphae.-
Hypoder mium with hyaline or pale yellow hyphae or subglobose elements,
5-17 µm wide, thin to thick-walled.- Clamp connections present.
Habitat.- Gregarious on soil, in a subtropical forest ("bosque ombrofilo
montano siempre verde") with Cyathea and Blechnum, at 2400 m of elevation.
Known only from the type locality.
Material examined.- VENEZUELA: Márida State, Parque Sierra Nevada, Telefárico
de Márida, La Montana Station, May 23, 1993, Marcano & Guzmán s.n. (Guzmán 30806)

Guunán, Psilocybe 105
(Holotype Herb. Univ. de Los Andes, Fac. Farmacia 8001; isotype XAL).
The presence of an annulus relates this species to P. argentipes Yokoyama
from Japan and P. graveolens Peck from U.S., but the former has no pleuro-
cystidia and the latter has broader spores [4.5-5(-6) µm] and hyaline to
brownish pleurocystidia. Its habit is similar to that of P. zapotecorum and P.
angustipleurocystidiata, but those species have no annulus, and the pleurocys-
tidia
are
vesiculose
submucronate
or
subfusiform,
5.5-14
µm
wide
in the
for-
mer, and 3-6.5 µm wide in the latter. The strong blue-green to blackish or
black reaction in all parts of the basidiome, including the gills, as well as the
pungent taste, are two conspicuous features of P. meridensis.
Psilocybe moseri Guzmán, sp. nov.- Figs. 12-16.
Pileus 10-13 mm latus, suboleosus, subcampanulatus vel subpapillatus, laevis, hygrophanus,
luteus fuscus vel spadiceus, summe subcaeruleus. Lamellae adnatae, brunneolae vel fuscovio-
laceae,
ad
margines
albidae.
Stipes
75-80
x 2-3 mm,
flexuosus,
albidus
vel
subfuscus,
sub-
caeruleus,
longis
pseudorhizis
praeditus.
Sporae
(4-)5-5.5(-6.5)
x
(3-)3-3.5
x
2.5-3
µm,
subellipsoideae
frontaliter
et
lateraliter,
tenuitunicatae.
Pleurocystidia
12-16(-17)
x
(4—)5-5.5
µm, hyalina, vesiculosa, mucronata, communia. Cheilocystidia duobus typis, a) (17-) 18.5-
34.5(-37)
x
(4-)5.5-7(-8)
µm,
inaequalia
cylindracea
vel
vesiculosa
cylindracea,
hyalina,
communia, et b) 12-21.5(-22.5) x 4-5.5(-6.5) µm, vesiculosa vel mucronata, hyalina, rara.
Epicutis pileanim subgelatinosa. Hyphae fibulatae.
Ád terram, in tropical! sylva. Mexico, prope Chiapas, Ocozocuatla ad Apic-Pac (Presa
Malpaso), Laguna Bcflgica, Guzmán 30723, holotypus XAL.
Pileus 10-13 mm in diam, subcampanulate to subpapillate, sublubricous,
glabrous, even, dark buff to brownish, hygrophanous, very bluish.-
Lamellae adnate, pale brown to blackish violet, with whitish edges.- Stipe
75-80
x 2-3 µm,
flexible,
smooth,
silky,
whitish
to
brownish,
very
bluish,
subbulbous and with a thick, irregular long pseudorhiza.- Veil absent in ripe
specimens.-Context whitish to rufous brown, subfleshy in the pileus, fi-
brous in the stipe, staining blue when cut.- Odor and taste strongly farina-
ceous.-Spores (4-)5-5.5(-6.5) x (3-)3-3.5 x 2.5-3 µm, ellipsoid both in
face or side view, thin-walled (no more than 0.5 µm thick), pallid brownish,
with a distinct and broad germ pore and an apical short appendage.- Basidia
(14.5-)
16-21
x
4—5.5
µm, 4-
spored,
hyaline,
vesiculose, cylindric
or
sub-
clavate.- Pleurocystidia 12-16(-17) x (4-)5-5.5 µm, hyaline, common,
vesiculose
and
mucronate.-Cheilocystidia
of two
types,
a)
(17-)18.5-
34.5(-37)
x
(4-)5.5-7(-8)
µm,
irregularly
cylindric
or
subvesiculose,
hyaline,
common, and b) 12-21.5(-22.5) x 4-5.5(-6.5) µm, vesiculose mucronate,
hyaline and rare.- Subhymenium not well differentiated.- Gill trama
regular, with hyaline 3.5-12(-16) µm wide hyphae.- Epicutis formed by a
subgelatinized layer, with 1.5—4 µm hyphae in diam.- Hy poder mium sub-
cellular, with 4-16(-20) µm wide elements, brownish and thick-walled (up to
1.5 µm).-Clamp connections present.

106
Guzmán, Psilocybe
Figs.
14-21.-
Psilocybe
moseri
and P.
meridensis-
14-16.
P.
moseri.-
14.
Cheilocystidia
type
1.- 15.
Cheilocystidia
type
2.- 16.
Basidiomata
(all
from
the
type).-
17-21.
P.
meridensis.- 17. Basidiomata.- 18. Spores.- 19. Basidia.- 20. Pleurocystidia.- 21.
Cheilocystidia (all from the type).- Scale bar = 10 µm except in 16 & 17 = 20 mm.
Etymology.- This species is named in honor of Dr. Meinhard Moser
(Innsbruck).
Habitat.- Gregarious and caespitose on soil, in a tropical rain forest, 500
m elevation. Known only from the type locality.
Material examined.- MEXICO: State of Chiapas, road Ocozocuatla to Apic-Pac

Guzmán, Psilocybe 107
(Malpaso Dam), Laguna Bálgica, Sept. 26,1993, Guzmán 30723 (Holotype, XAL).
This species belongs to Sect. Zapotecorum because of its thin-walled spores
and for the bluing reaction. The peculiar pleurocystidia, the two types of
cheilocystidia, the pseudorrhiza, as well as the smaller spores, separate P.
moseri from all the species considered by Guzmán & al. (1988) in this section.
P. moseri is the species with the smallest spores in the section and the only
tropical one (the others are from the subtropicd highlands or from coniferous
forests), which confirms the observations by Guzmán (1979) that the tropical
species of Psilocybe have small spores in comparation with the alpine species.
For instance, P. uxpanapensis Guzmán from the tropics, has spores that are
(5-)5.5-6.5(-7.5)
µm
long
as
compared
with
P.
aztecorum
from
alpine
re-
gions with 12-14 µm long spores.
Psilocybe subtropicalis Guzmán, sp. nov.- Figs. 22-37.
Pileus 20-26 mm latus, subconvexus vel subcampanulatus vel subpapillatus, laevis vel stria-
tus, suboleosus, hygrophanus, rufrobrunneus vel nigricans. Lamellae adnate vel annexae,
brunneolae
vel
fuscoviolaceae,
marginis
albidae.
Stipes
40-80
x 1-3 mm,
albidus
vel
concolor
pileo,
subcaeruleus,
subbulbosa
basi.
Sporae
(5.5-)6.5-7(-8)
x
5-5.5(—6)
µm,
frontaliter
sub-
rhomboidae,
lateraliter
subellipsoidea.
Pleurocystidia
(12-)13-21(-22.5)
x
(4-)5-6(-7)
µm,
hyalina.
Cheilocystidia
(16-)20-28(-32)(-42)
x
5-6.5(-7)
µm,
hyalina.
Epicutis
pilei
subge-
latinosa. Hyphae fibulatae.
Ad terram, in regione subtropicali. Mexico, prope Veracruz, Xalapa-Coatepec, Parque
Ecológico Clavijero, Montoya 910, holotypus XAL.
Pileus 20-26 mm in diam, subconvex to subcampanulate, subpapillate,
sublubricous to dry, glabrous, even to striate toward the margin, reddish
brown to brown, hygrophanous, fading to straw colour, staining dark blue to
blackish when moist, almost black when dry mainly toward the margin.-
Lamellae adnate or adnexed, pale brown to cinnamon brown or blackish
violet, with whitish edges.- Stipe 40-80 x 1-3 mm, cylindric, whitish to
concolourous with the pileus, hollow, cáerulescent, covered with floccose
appressed white fibrils, with a subbulbous hollow base, up to 10 mm in diam
in dry, without pseudorhiza.- Veil absent in the adult.- Context whitish,
fleshy in the pileus, subfleshy in the stipe, staining blue when cut.- Odor and
taste
slightly
farinaceous.-
Spores
(5.5-)6.5-7(-8)
x
5-5.5(-6)
x
4-5.5
µm, subrhomboid in face view, subellipsoid in side view, with a thick wall (up
to 1.5 µm thick), brownish yellow, with a broad germ pore at one end and an
acute short appendage at the distal end.- Basidia 17.5-26.5 x 5.5-8 µm, 4-
spored, clavate or subcylindric, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia (12-)13-21(-
22.5)
x
(4-)5-6(-7)
µm,
ventricose
subacuminate
or
ventricose
rostrate,
hyaline, more or less common.- Cheilocystidia (16-)20-28(-32)(-42) x
5-6.5(-7)
µm,
ventricose
or
subcylindric,
irregularly
branching
mainly
at the
top, hyaline, abundant.- Subhymenium formed by subglobose elements, 3-
4.8 µm diam, hyaline or yellowish.- Gill trama regular, formed by hydine
thin-walled hyphae, 3.2-24 µm wide.- Epicutis subgelatinized, formed by

108
Guunán, Psilocybe
hydine repent hyphae 2.4-4 µm wide.- Hypodermium with subglobose
elements mixed with hyphae 3-12 µm in diam, hyaline or incrusted with
brown yellowish pigment.-Clamp connections present.
Figs. 22-29.- Psilocybe subtropical!*.- 22. Basidioma.- 23. Spores.- 24. Basidia.- 25.
Pleurocystidia.- 26. Cheilocystidia.- 27. Spores.- 28. Pleurocystidia.- 29. Cheilocystidia
(22-26
from
the
type;
27-29
from
Sampieri
987).-
Scale
bar = 10 µm,
except
in 22 = 20 mm.
Habitat.- In small groups on soil, in open places of subtropical
(mesophytic) forests. Known from Guatemala and Mexico.
Material examined.-GUATEMALA: approx. 25km south of Guatemala City, Santa
Elena Barillas, Jun. 28, 1990, Sommerkamp 371 (Herb. Univ. San Carlos Guatemala &

Guzmán, Psilocybe 109
XAL).- MEXICO: State of Veracruz, old road Xalapa to Coatepec, km 2.5, Parque Ecológico
F.J. Clavijero, Oct. 6, 1986, Montoya 910 (Holotype, XAL). Huatusco to Elotepec road,
Rancho San Rafael, Aug. 26, 1984, Sampieri 987 (XAL). Totutla to Xalapa road, near
Axocoapan, Jun. 29, 1984, Chacón 2259; Sept. 26, 1985, Chacón 3150 (both in XAL).
The subbulbous, hollow base of the stipe, the mycenoid habit, the branched
cheilocystidia and narrow pleurocystidia are the most typical features of this
caerulescent species. Psilocybe herrerae Guzmán is a close taxon, but differs in
the more branched cheilocystidia and thicker pleurocystidia (6-9 µm), and in
the presence of pseudorhiza (Guzmán, 1983). Due to the form and size of the
spores, this species belongs to Sect. Cordispora. P. subtropicalis is widely dis-
tributed in subtropical forests. Psilocybe mexicana grows also in the same
Guatemaltecan locdity.
Psilocybe natarajanii Guzmán, sp. nov.
= P. aztecorum var. bonetii (Guzmán) Guzmán sensu Natarajan & Raman, Bibl. Mycol. 89:
108. 1983.
A Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii (Guzmán) Guzmán differt pleurocystidiis 21-28 x 7-10
µm, mucronatis.
India, prope Tiger Shola, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, Natarajan & Raman, holotypus
Herbarium BUBL 2623.
This species differs from Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii known only
from Mexico, in the size and form of the pleurocystidia. Psilocybe natarajanii
has mucronate pleurocystidia 21-28 x 7-10 µm, instead of the 20-45 x 5-8
µm, lageniform pleurocystidia with a long neck found in the Mexican fungus.
P. natarajanii is known only from the type locality. This species is close to P.
pseudoaztecorum (Natarajan & Raman, 1985) (= P. aztecorum var. aztecorum
sensu
Natarajan
&
Raman,
1983),
but
differs
in the
smaller
spores,
12.5-17
µm long in P. pseudoaztecorum vs. 10-12.5(-14) µm in P. natarajanii. The
above description is compiled from Natarajan & Raman (1983), because no
herbarium material was studied.
New combinations
Psilocybe aquamarina (Pegler) Guzmán, comb, nov.- Figs. 38-39.
» Stropharia aquamarina Pegler, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 6: 462. 1977.
The study of the holotype [Pegler 370 (K), from Africa: Kenya, Central
Province, South Nyeri Distr., S side of Ml. Kenya, Castle Forest Station, near
Thiba
River,
on
soil]
shows
a
fungus
with
spores
(9-)9.5-ll(-12)
x
6.5-7(-
7.5)
x
(5-)5.5-6
µm,
subrhomboid
in
face
view
and
subellipsoid
in
side
view,
without
pleurocystidia,
cheilocystidia
(20-)22.5-34(-36)
x
7-ll(-12)
µm, fu-

110
Guzmán, Psilocybe
soid ventricose or vesiculose submucronate and gelatinized pileus with hyaline
hyphae
1.5-2.5(-3)
µm
wide.
The
basidiomata (two)
are of the
same
colour
as
in P. cubensis, with pileus convex subumbonate and stipe with an annulus per-
sistent. Blue tones are seen in the annulus and in some parts of the stipe. Pegler
(1977) related this species to P. aerugineomaculans Hóhnel, which differs in
the size of the cheilocystidia, as well as in habitat. The absence of pleurocys-
tidia places this fungus in the genus Psilocybe, and its annulus and possibly a
blue reaction relate it to Sect. Stuntzii Guzmán.
Figs.
30-37.-
Psilocybe
subtropicalis-
30.
Spores.-
31.
Pleurocystidia.-
32 & 33.
Cheilocystidia.- 34. Spores.- 35. Pleurocystidia.- 36. Cheilocystidia.- 37. Basidiomata (30-
32
from
Chacón 3150;
33
from
Chacón
2259;
34-37
from
Sommerkamp
371).-
Scale
bar = 10
µm, except in 37 - 20 mm.

Guzmán, Psilocybe 111
Psilocybe ramulosa (Guzmán & Bononi) Guzmán, comb, et stat. nov.
• P. zapotecorum var. ramulosum Guzmán & Bononi, Mycotaxon 19: 346. 1984.
This
species
is
close
to P.
zapotecorum
but the
size
of the
spores,
6-6.5(-7.5)
x 3.5-4 µm in P. ramulosa vs. 6.5-7(-9) x 4-4.5(-5.5) µm in P. zapotecorum,
the pleurocystidia variable to lageniform vs. never lageniform, and the cheilo-
cystidia frequently profusely branched vs. never branched separate both fungi
well. P. ramulosa is known only from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Guzmán
& al., 1984).
Psilocybe paulensis (Guzmán & Bononi) Guzmán, comb, et stat. nov.
• P. banderillensis var. paulensis Guzmán & Bononi, Mycotaxon 19: 347. 1984.
This fungus differs from P. banderillensis by the more ventricose or sub-
fusiform to obscurely sublageniform pleurocystidia. P. paulensis is known
only from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Guzmán & al., 1984).
Psilocybe septentrionalis (Guzmán) Guzmán, comb, et stat. nov.
• P. subaemglnascens Hohnel var. septentrionalis Guzmán, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 74: 219.
1983.
After revision of the notes of the type of this fungus and those of P. subaerug-
inascens, I now consider it necessary to separate both varieties in two different
species, according to the size of spores, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia, and
to their distribution. While P. subaeruginascens is a tropical and subtropical
species, P. septentrionalis is a temperate species, known only from northern
Japan.
Naematoloma gigaspora (Natarajan & Raman) Guzmán, comb. nov.
• Psilocybe gigaspora Natarajan & Raman, South Indian Agaricales, Bibl. Mycol. 89: 100.
1983.
This new combination is based on the presence of chrysocystidia in this fungus
("with hyaline amorphous body in the centre": Natarajan & Raman, 1983).
The genus Psilocybe sensu Guzmán (1983) has no chrysocystidia. Natarajan &
Raman (1983) figures show well defined chrysocystidia on the pleurocystidia.
Naematoloma guzmanii (Natarajan & Raman) Guzmán, comb. nov.
• Psilocybe guzmanii Natarajan & Raman, South Indian Agaricales, Bibl. Mycol. 89: 102.
1983.
Same observations as for the species above. Both taxa belong to Sect.

112
Guzmán, Psilocybe
Psilocyboides of Naematoloma, according to Guzmán (1980).
Figs.
38-46.-
Psilocybe
aquamarina,
P.
mammillata,
P.
caerulescens
var.
ombrophila
and P.
laetissima.-38-39. P. aquamarina-38. Spores.-39. Cheilocystidia (both from the type).-
40-42.
P.
mammillata.-
40.
Spores.-
41.
Cheilocystidia.-
42.
Pleurocystidia
(all
from
Contreras 2).- 43-45. P. caerulescens var. ombrophila- 43. Basidioma.- 44. Spores.- 45.
Cheilocystidia
(all
from
Anell
165).-
46. P.
laetissima,
spores
(from
the
type
of P.
calongei).-
Scale bar = 10 µm, except in 43 = 20 mm.

Guzmán, Psilocybe
New records of Psilocybe
Psilocybe barrerae from Mexico.
This species is known only from Mexico from the States of Guerrero, Hidalgo, and Mexico
(Cifuentes & Guzmán, 1981; Cifuentes &al., 1993; Guzmán &al., 1988). It is recorded now
from the State of Veracruz: Guzmán 24452 (XAL), Region of Piletas, Xalapa road to Perote,
July 5, 1984, in a subtropical (mesophytic) forest.
Psilocybe caerulescens var. ombrophila from Colombia
and from a new locality in Mexico.-Figs. 43-45.
Psilocybe caerulescens var. ombrophila (Heim) Guzmán, a hallucinogenic fungus, was so far
known only from Mexico from several localitites in the State of Oaxaca and one locality in the
State of Veracruz (Guzmán, 1983).
The main features that separate this variety from the type are the basidiomes less robust as in
var. caerulescens (the studied material has pilei about 8-35 mm in diam and slender stipes up to
5 mm wide), and grow in forest or in open places under shrubs.
Additional collections.-MEXICO: State of Veracruz, Anell 165 (XAL), Jun. 25,
1984, Parque Ecológico F.J. Clavijero, south of Xalapa, in a mesophytic forest.- COLOMBIA:
Muneton 7, Department of Antioquia, Municipio de Force, near Medellin road to Amalfi, zone
of Puente Gabino, in a meadow under shrubs, March 28, 1993; Tobón & Pineda 319,
Department of Antioquia, Municipio El Retiro, 2 km SE of E\ Retiro, vereda El Chuzcal, in a
forest, both in a subtropical region, Oct. 17, 1982 (both collections at HUA and XAL).
Psilocybe hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii from Colombia.
This fungus was described from the State of Oaxaca at Mexico (Heim & Wasson, 1958), and
subsequently reported from several other localities in Mexico and from Argentina (Guzmán,
1983). The record from Argentina is based on a collection (at BAFC) identified by Singer as P.
lapotecorum. P. hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii is now reported from Colombia: Tobón &
Pineda 316 (HUA; XAL), Department of Antioquia, Municipio El Retiro, 2 km SE of El
Retiro, vereda El Chuzcal, Oct. 17, 1982, gregarious on muddy clay soil, in a subtropical for-
est. This material agrees well with the description by Guzmán (1983). The main features of this
caerulescent species, observed in the Colombian material, are the acute papillate pileus, the
thick-walled
rhomboid
or
subrhomboid
spores
in
face
view,
(5.5-)6.5-8(-9)
x
5-5.5
x
4—5
µm and the presence of abundant pleurocystidia, 15-24 x 7-9 µm, ventricose or clavate, some
mucronate, as well as lageniform cheilocystidia, 18-25 x 5-6 µm. P. hoogshagenii var. con-
vexa Guzmán (= P. semperviva Heim & Cailleux) is known only from Mexico and differs in
the absence of the acute papilla on the pileus.
Psilocybe
inquilina
from
Mexico.
Psilocybe inquilina (Fr. : Fr.) Bres. was known only from Europe, the U.S. and Argentina
(Guzmán, 1983). It is reported here for first time from Mexico: Fanti 549 (IBUG), State of
Jalisco, 15 km SW of San Cristobal de la Barranca, El Escalon, in a subtropical vegetation.
The
studied
material
has
spores
8.5-9(-10)
x 6-7 µm,
subrhomboid
in
face
view
or
subellip-
soid in side view, more or less thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), without pleurocystidia, and with
cheilocystidia (19-)20-26 x 5-7 µm, lageniform or sublagenifrom.

114
Guzmán, Psilocybe
Figs.
47-53.-
Psilocybe
laetissima,
P.
luteonitens
and P.
sanctorum.-
47. P.
laetissima,
cheilocystidia
(from
the
type
of P.
calongei).-
48-50.
P.
luteonitens-
48.
Basidioma.-
49.
Spores.-
50.
Cheilocystidia
(all
from
Mattei
F-851).-
51-53.
P.
sanctorum-
51.-
Spores.-
52.
Pleurocystidia.-
53.
Cheilocystidia (all
from
Chacón
2529).-
Scale
bar = 10 µm,
except
in
48 = 20 mm.
Psilocybe
luteonitens
from
Mexico.-
Figs.
48-50.
Psilocybe luteonitens (Vahl : Fr.) Parker-Rodes was known only from Europe and the U.S.
(Guzmán, 1983). Presented here are the first two records of this species from Mexico, both in
the State of Mexico: Mattei F-850 (XAL), 13 km SE of Valle de Bravo, road to Temascaltepec,

Guzmán, Psilocybe 115
Valle de la Cuadrilla, July 1984, and Mattel F-851 (XAL), road Toluca to Los Saucos, 5 km
from junction to Valle de Bravo, Comal de Piedra, Sept. 25, 1985. Both collections were gath-
ered in meadows associated with Pinus forest, at 2000-2850 m elevation. The studied material
agrees with Guzmán (1983), except that the specimen Mattel F-851 has pilei up to 60 mm
wide, while the normal size in the species is 10-25(—40) mm diam.
Psilocybe
mammillata
from
Mexico.-
Figs.
40-42.
Psilocybe mammillata (Murrill) Smith was known from Bolivia, Jamaica (type locality), the
U.S. (Florida) and Mexico (State of Oaxaca) (Guzmán, 1983). It is reported now from the
State of Veracruz: Huayacocotla region, La Selva, subtropical (mesophytic) forest at 1800 m of
elevation,
Jul.
24,
1982,
Contreras
3
(XAL).
The
material
studied
has
spores
6.4-7(-8)
x 5-
5.5 x 4-5.5 µm; pleurocystidia are very rare, 12-20(-21.5) x 4-5.6 µm, hyaline, and cheilo-
cystidia are 17-22.5 x 5-5.5 µm.
Psilocybe mexicana from Guatemala.
This fungus was described from Mexico in 1956 and then found in Guatemala by Lowy in
1977, in Santa Elena Barillas, about 25 km south of Guatemala City (Guzmán, 1983), a place
explored by the author in 1985 where he found scarce collections of P. mexicana. Presented
here is a new record of P. mexicana from Guatemala, from the Region of Alta Verapaz, Finca
Guax: Sommerkamp 372, Jun. 29, 1990 (Herb. Univ. San Carlos de Guatemala; XAL), in
meadows as for the other collections.
Psilocybe montana from Japan.
This is a widespread fungus in temperate zones, always on soil covered by mosses and re-
ported from many parts of the world, even from Alaska (Miller & al., 1982). It is apparently
rare in Japan. Guzmán (1983) and Imazeki Si al. (1988) did not report P. montana from Japan.
A collection, Matsuda 82-1 (Herb. Matsuda; XAL), Niigata City, among mosses in a pine for-
est in a sand dune region, was kindly sent to me by Matsuda. The material agrees well with the
current concept of the species.
Psilocybe
muscorum
from
Venezuela.-
Figs.
67-68.
This species was so far known only from Europe (Guzmán, 1983) and was only recently re-
ported from India (Natarajan & Raman, 1983). It is characterized by a viscid pileus, thin-
walled subellipsoid or slightly rhomboid spores in face view, by the absence of pleurocystidia,
and by the sublageniform cheilocystidia with a long neck. The fungus grows on soil among
mosses and lichens, more rarely in grasslands.
The first record of this species from South America [Venezuela, MeYida State, Parque Sierra
Nevada, Telefárico de Márida, La Aguada Station, May 23, 1993, Marcano & Guzmán s.n.
(Guzmán 30819) (Herb. Univ. de Los Andes, Fac. Farmacia 8007; XAL), growing among
Polytrichum
in an
alpine
zone,
at
3600
m
elevation]
has
spores
(8-)9-9.5(-10.5)
x
5-5.5
x 4-
5 µm which are thin-walled, the pleurocystidia are absent, the cheilocystidia are 20-48 x 5-9
µm, lageniform with a long neck, with a well developed ixocutis; the subhymenium and gill
trama are strongly pigmented with a yellow pigment irregularly incrusted on the walls, even
some incrusted hyphae ascending to the hymenium resembling collapsed chrysocystidia, as ob-
served in P. montana and P. coprophila (Guzmán, 1983).

116
Guzmdn, Psilocybe
Figs.
54-61.-
Psilocybe
sanctorum,
P.
cyanofibrillosa,
P.
angustipleurocystidiata
and P.
panaeoliformis.- 54. P. sanctorum, basidioma (Chacón 2529).- 55. P. cyanofibrillosa,
cheilocystidia.- 56-59. P. angustipleurocystidiata.- 56. Basidiomata.- 57. Spores.- 58.
Cheilocystidia.-
59.
Pleurocystidia
(56-58
from
Jacobs
179;
59
from
Garcia,
Oct.
12,
1983).-
60-61.
P.
panaeoliformis
—
60.
Spores.-
61.
Pleurocystidia
(both
from
Tapia
925).-
Scale
bar
= 10 µm, except in 54 & 56 = 20 mm.
Psilocybe
panaeoliformis
from
Mexico.-
Figs.
60-63.
This fimicolous or subfimicolous species was described by Murrill from the Mississippi re-
gion, U.S., and then reported from Texas and Alabama, U.S. and from Russia (Guzmán,

Guzmán, Psilocybe 117
1983). The first record of P. panaeoliformis from Mexico [State of Veracruz, 8 km NW of
Xalapa, road to San Andres Tlalnehuayocan, Dec. 2, 1991, Tapia 925 (XAL), on rich soil, in a
subtropical meadow] agrees well with Guzmán's description, except that it presents scattered
pleurocystidia,
which
are
17.5-22.5
x
5-6.5
µm,
hyaline,
ventricose,
with
a
short
simple
neck.
The
cheilocystidia
are
16-26.5(-28)
x 5-7 µm,
hyaline
and
ventricose
with
a
short
neck,
simple
or
branched.
The
spores
are
(7-)9.5-12(-13)
x
6.5-8
µm
with
a
thick-wall,
subhexa-
gonal or subovate in face view, subellipsoid in side view. Smith (1948) and Guzmán (1983)
reported "pleurocystidia none seen", which means they are probably not common, as in all
members of the Sect. Coprophila, in which these structures are not conspicuous or important
from the taxonomic point of view.
Psilocybe
peruviana
from
Colombia.-
Figs.
69-71.
Psilocybe peruviana Singer was known only from the type locality in Peru, growing in a moss
carpet (Guzmán, 1983). The first record of this fungus from Colombia [Tobón & al. 417
(HUA; XAL), Department of Antioquia, Municipio de Medellfn, Estación Experimental Piedras
Blancas, vereda Mazo, Dec. 21, 1982, on mosses in a Quercus forest] agrees with the type,
except
that
the
pleurocystidia
are
narrower,
14.5-26.4
x
(6.5-)7-9.5
µm vs.
16-32
x
10-13.5
µm in Singer's species. The spores are 6.5-8(-9) x 5-5.5 x 4.5-5 µm, subellipsoid or ob-
scurely subrhomboid in face view, wall up to 1 µm thick. The cheilocystidia are sublageni-
form,
24-38
x 5-8 µm. The
Colombian
material
apparently
belongs
to a new
taxon,
but for the
moment it is convenient to consider it conspecific with P. peruviana, because the material in the
studied specimen is rather scarce.
Psilocybe sanctorum in Mexico.- Figs. 51-54.
Psilocybe sanctorum was known only from the type locality in Mexico, in the State of Mexico,
in grassland on the border of a Pinus-Quercus-Populus forest (Guzmán, 1982). It is now
recorded for first time from the State of Veracruz [Chacón 2529 (XAL), 5 km W from
Coatepec, Aug. 22, 1984, in a subtropical (mesophytic) forest]. This material differs from the
type by the pileus which is not so papillate. This demonstrates the variation of the basidiomata
in this species, a feature typical of several other species of Sect. Zapotecorum.
Psilocybe semilanceata in Spain.- Figs. 64-66.
This psychoactive fungus is rare in Spain (Moreno & al., 1986). Recently Samorini (1994) re-
ported it from the Departament of Cataluna (ME of Spain, roadway 230 to Viella, E of Pont de
Suert, Station Boi-Taull, Oct. 15, 1993, Samorini A and B (both with several specimens)
(Herb. Samorini at Bologne, Italy, and XAL). Samorini's collections are caerulescents and
have spores which are (11-) 12-15 x 7-9 µm, ellipsoid or subellipsoid, both in face and side
view,
thick-walled;
the
cheilocystidia
are
(12-)
20-32
x
5-7(-8)
µm,
lageniform
with
a
long
neck, sometimes two, and the pleurocystidia scarce, 16-28 x (4-)5.5—8µm, lageniform with a
long and flexuous neck.
Nomenclatural remarks on some species
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa.- Fig. 55.
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa Guzmán & Stamets was described from the State of Washington

118
Guzmán, Psilocybe
(U.S.) (Stamets & al., 1980). One of the main features not considered at that time (Guzmán,
1983), are the cheilocystidia, frequently with two irregular long necks, that separate this fungus
from its close relative P. subflmetaria Guzmán & Smith, which has cheilocystidia with a long
neck. Another difference separating both species is the diameter of the pileus, 14—35 mm in the
former
and
8-12(-20)
mm in the
latter,
as
observed
in
both
types
(Stamets
79-8
and
Guzmán
16677, respectively, both at ENCB).
Figs.
62-71.-
Psilocybe
panaeoliformis,
P.
semilanceata,
P.
muscorum
and P.
peruviana.-
62-63.
P.
panaeoliformis.-
62.
Cheilocystidia.-
63.
Basidioma
(from
Tapia
925).-
64-66.
P.
semilanceata, 64.- spores.- 65. Cheilocystidia.- 66. Pleurocystidia (all from Samorini B).-
67-68.
P.
muscorum.-
67.
Spores.-
68.
Cheilocystidia
(both
from
Guzmán
30819).-
69-71.
P. peruviana- 69. Spores.- 70. Pleurocystidia.- 71. Cheilocystidia (all from Tobón & al.
417).- Scale bar = 10 µm, except in 63 = 10 mm.

Guzmán, Psilocybe 119
Psilocybe jacobsii
Psilocybe jacobsii Guzmán was described in the Sect. Cordispora from Mexico (Guzmán,
1983), based on its well developed annulus. After examination of the type (at ENCB) and the
relating notes, it is considered that it is a good representative of the Sect. Stuntzii. The thick-
walled subrhomboid spores and the annulus are common features in that section.
Psilocybe phyllogena, P. modesta and P. rhombispora
Guzmán (1983) stated that Psilocybe modesta (Peck) Smith and P. rhombispora (Britzelmayr)
Sacc. are conspecific with P. phyllogena (Peck) Peck, but Courtecuisse (1985) observed that
Agaricus phyllogenus Pers. (non A. phyllogenus Peck) is conspecific with Mycena metata (Fr.:
Fr.) Kummer, making the name Psilocybe phyllogena illegitimate. Courtecuisse proposed to
use P. modesta as the valid name for this fungus, following the priority principle.
Psilocybe strictipes
Psilocybe strictipes is the correct name of P. callosa (Fr.: Fr.) Quál. sensu auct., sensu
Guzmán (1983), according to Redhead (1985) and Watling & Gregory (1987), because
Agaricus callosus Fr. is synonymous of Panaeoluspapilionaceous (Bull.: Fr.) Quálet.
Psilocybe subfimetaria vs. P. sierrae
Psilocybe subfimentaria was described from the NW of North America and Chile (Guzmán &
Smith, 1978). The record from Chile was based on the collection Singer M-7214 at SGO
named "Psilocybe maulensis Sing, ined." Singer (1986) stated that collection to be the type of
P. sierrae Sing., although in his original description Singer (1969) did not mention the number
of the collection or the unpublished name. When Guzmán & Smith (1978) studied Singer's
material, they considered it to be conspecific with the North American specimens named P.
subfimetaria. A comparative study between the types of P. subflmitaria and P. sierrae shows
that they are identical, thus making P. subflmitaria a synonym of P. sierrae. The distribution of
this fungus is bipolar or circumboreal and it occurs on the coastal regions of the Pacific
Northwest and in Chile.
Psilocybe
bulbosa
Peck
and P.
tuxtlensis
Guzmán
These two species are close and probably conspecific. Spores, pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia
are very similar in both species. The only differences between them are the shape of the pileus
and the habitat. P. bulbosa has a convex to plane pileus and grows on dead stems or herbs in
New York State (U.S.), whereas P. tuxtlensis has a conic to subumbonate pileus and grows on
rotting wood in a tropical rain forest in the State of Veracruz (Mexico) (Guzmán, 1983). Both
fungi are known only from the type materials and it is preferable to keep both species separate,
until more material is available.
Psilocybe collybioides vs. P. barrerae
Comparison of the author's notes on the type of P. collybioides Singer & Smith from
Argentina (at MICH) and on the type of P. barrerae Cifuentes & Guzmán from Mexico (at

120 Guzmán, Psilocybe
ENCB), it was found that both species are very close. The material of P. collybioides, how-
ever, is very scarce (only two collections) and semisterile. Probably P. barrerae is conspecific
with P. collybioides, but until more material is available, it is wiser to consider both fungi as
separate taxa. P. collybioides is known only from Argentina (Singer & Smith, 1958) and P.
barrerae only from Mexico (Cifuentes & Guzmán, 1981).
Psilocybe aerugineomaculans vs. P. subaeruginascens
These are two independent species, based on the author's notes on the types (at FH) of these
two psychotropic fungi (Singer & Smith, 1958), although until now they were considered con-
specific (Guzmán, 1983). P. aerugineomaculans has no pleurocystidia, the pileus is gelatinized
and the fungus is lignicolous, while P. subaeruginascens presents pleurocystidia, non-gela-
tinized pileus and is fimicolous. Material from Japan considered by Guzmán (1983) as P. sub-
aeruginascens in fact agrees well with that species. P. aquamarina (discussed above) is very
close to P. aerugineomaculans; the length of the cheilocystidia, the habitat, as well as their dis-
tribution, are apparently the only features that separate both species.
Psilocybe aztecorum var. bonetii
When Guzmán (1978) studied the variation of several populations of P. aztecorum Heim, he
considered P. bonetii Guzmán to be a variety of Heim's species, because all features are the
same but for the size of the spores, a little smaller in P. bonetii, and its habitat, pine forest be-
tween
2,500-3,300
m
elevation
for the
latter
vs.
alpine
regions
at
3,300-4,000
m of
elevation
for the former. On the other hand, if P. subaztecorum, P. natarajanii, P. cubensis and P. sub-
cubensis are separated only because of the spore size, it may be necessary to consider P.
bonetii an independent species. As only few collections of P. bonetii are available, it is better to
give this taxon the variety rank until more collections are seen.
P. aztecorum var. bonetii sensu Natarajan & Raman corresponds to P. natarajanii ( see
above).
A revision of the classification in Sections of the genus Psilocybe
Singer (1986) did not accept the sections proposed by Guzmán (1983) in the
genus Psilocybe. He continued to use the complex Sect. Caerulescentes Sing.,
dthough Smith (1977) suggested that "the section Caerulescentes will eventu-
ally be abandoned and its species distributed on other features such as degree
of veil development, presence or absence of an ixocutis on the pileus, etc., to
arrive at a more natural classification."
Guzmán divided Sect. Caerulescentes in 9 sections, based on the shape and
size of the spores, on the cystidia and on the degree of veil development. The
classification in 18 sections of the genus Psilocybe presented by Guzmán
(1983) was based on a careful andysis of the main taxonomic features (shape
and size of the spores, thickness of the spore wall, presence of veil or annulus,
colour of both pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia, presence or absence of pleu-
rocystidia, and bluing reaction of the basidiomata) in an attempt to find a natu-
ral arrangement.

Guzmán, Psilocybe 121
Section Cyanescens
Guzmán (1983) included in this section fungi with subellipsoid thick-walled
spores and with pleurocystidia, and separated them from those of Sect.
Semilanceata Guzmán which have no pleurocystidia and thick-walled spores.
After revision of the status of P. maire Singer and of P. serbica Moser &
Horak and P. bohemica Sebek, which differ in the presence or absence of often
scarce pleurocystidia, Sect. Cyanescens Guzmán is now considered a synonym
of Sect. Semilanceata.
Sections Psilocybe and Pratensis
Guzmán (1983) proposed Sect. Psilocybe to accommodate species with rhom-
boid or subrhomboid small spores (no more than 10 µm long), thick or thin-
walled, and Sect. Pratensis for taxa with subellipsoid or slightly rhomboid and
thin-walled spores. In both Sections species lack pleurocystidia. To separate
the two sections more clearly, it is preferable to assign to Sect. Psilocybe only
species with thick-walled spores, and to Sect. Pratensis those with thin-walled
spores. Thus P. inquilina (Fr.: Fr.) Bresadola, P. nothofagensis Guzmán &
Horak, P. physaloides (Bull.: Mer.) Quelet and P. smithiana Guzmán of the
Sect. Psilocybe must be transferred to Sect. Pratensis. On the other hand, P.
omnium-sanctorum Singer of the Sect. Psilocybe is placed now in Sect.
Atrobrunnea Guzmán because of its ellipsoid thick-w aled spores.
Section Cubensis
Redhead (1985) and Singer (1986) pointed out that Psilocybe cubensis is the
type of Sect. Caerulescentes Sing. Therefore, P. cubensis cannot be the type of
Sect. Cubensis Guzmán. Sect. Caerulescentes is not recognized, because it
forms a complex of severd sections of the genus; the only feature shared by
all taxa of that section is the blueing reaction in the basidiomata. P. subcuben-
sis Guzmán is considered the type of the Sect. Cubensis.
Updated key to the Sections
Only those sections to which species were added are presented. Therefore, the sections
Blattariopsis, Merdaria, Squamosa, Subaeruginosa and Cubensis are not considered here.
la Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia with an homogenous brown or choco-
late brown content. Spores thick-wdled (up to 1 µm)......................... 2
1b Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia (if present) hyaline. Spores thin- or
thick-walled ..................................................................................4

122 Guzmán, Psilocybe
2a Spores up to 8 µm long, rhomboid or subrhomboid in face view.
Tropical or subtropical species, staining blue......Sect. Brunneocystidiata
2b
Spores
longer
than
8 µm
................................................................
3
3a Spores subellipsoid both in face and side view. Stipe without annulus.
Australian and South American species. Staining blue or not.................
...........................................................................Sect. Subaeruginosa
3b Spores subhexagonal in face view. Stipe with annulus. South American
species. Not staining blue..........................................Sect. Blattariopsis
4a Spores rhomboid, subrhomboid or subhexagonal in face view, thick-
walled........................................................................................... 5
4b Spores ellipsoid, subellipsoid or ovoid, in face and side view, thick or
thin-walled....................................................................................
11
5a Spores rhomboid or subrhomboid in face view (obscurely ovoid),
mostly up to 10 µm (rarely up to 12 or 14 µm) long.......................... 6
5b Spores subhexagonal in face view, mostly longer than 10 µm.............. 9
6a. No bluing reaction. Temperate species, with or without annulus and
without pleurocystidia. Pileus mostly 5-15 mm, rarely up to 20 or 30
mm diam....................................................................Sect. Psilocybe
6b Staining blue or fading to blackish when old or dried. In temperate or
subtropical regions.........................................................................?
7a With annulus. Temperate or subtropical species.................Sect. Stuntzii
7b Without annulus............................................................................. 8
8a Spores longer than 8 µm . Subtropical species, rare in the tropics..........
..................................................................................Sect. Mexicana
8b Spores not longer than 8 or 9 µm. Subtropical species, rare in the trop-
ics, one species in alpine zones of South America.................................
............................................................................... Sect. Cordispora
9a Without annulus. Not staining blue. On dung or rich soil......................
............................................................................... Sect. Coprophila
9b With annulus.................................................................................10
10a Staining blue. Tropical or subtropical species.................. Sect. Cubensis
10b Not staining blue. Temperate or subtropicd species ........ Sect. Merdaria
11a Spores thin-walled......................................................................... 12
11b Spores thick-walled........................................................................14
12a Pleurocystidia absent. Temperate, non-staining species .....Sect. Pratensis
12b Pleurocystidia present.................................................................... 13

Guzmán, Psilocybe 123
13a Staining species. Subtropical, rarely tropical distribution......................
.............................................................................. Sect. Zapotecorum
13b Non-staining species. Tropical or subtropical distribution.....................
...................................................................................Sect. Singeriana
14a Non-staining temperate species........................................................15
14b Staining temperate species..............................................................16
15a Annulus present. Spores longer than 11 µm. Pleurocystidia absent.........
................................................................................. Sect. Squamosa
15b Annulus absent. Pleurocystidia absent or present........ Sect. Atrobrunnea
16a Strongly hygrophanous pileus, drying whitish. Spores asymmetric in
side view. Pleurocystidia scarce or, rarely, common.....Sect. Aztecorum
16b Moderately hygrophanous pileus, non drying whitish. Spores not asym-
metric in side view. Pleurocystidia absent or present............................
.............................................................................Sect. Semilanceata
Sect. Atrobrunnea Sing.
la Spores longer than 10 µm................................................................2
1b Spores shorter than 10 µm...............................................................7
2a Only in Sphagnum bogs. Known from eastern U.S. and central and
northern Europe..........................................................P. atrobrunnea
2b On other substrates......................................................................... 3
3a On
sand
or
sandy
soil.
Spores
(11-)12-16.5(-19)
µm
long.
Known
from
the U.S. and Argentina...................................................... P. sabulosa
3b On other substrates......................................................................... 4
4a On soil.......................................................................................... 5
4b On dung........................................................................................ 6
5a Pileus glutinous, small (up to 7 mm in diam). Spores 10-14(-14.5) µm
long. Species known only from the Netherlands.................. P. glutinosa
5b
Pileus
not
glutinous,
larger
(up 35 mm in
diam).
Spores
(9.5-)10.5-13
µm long. Species known only from Austria, Hungary, Germany and
Spain........................................................P. laetissima(-P. calongei)
6a
Cheilocystidia
4-8 µm
wide.
Spores
(12-)13-14(-18.5)
x
(5-)
6.5-8(-
9) µm. Known only from NW U.S............................... P. angustispora
6b Cheilocystidia 9-10(-12) µm wide. Spores (13-)14-18(-19)(-22) x

124 Guzmán, Psilocybe
(6.5-)8-9(-10)
µm.
Widespread
fungus
in
temperate
and
cold
regions
...............................................................................P. subcoprophila
7a Pleurocystidia absent....................................................................... 8
7b Pleurocystidia present..................................................................... 9
8a On
humus.
Spores
(7-)8-9(-10)
µm,
cheilocystidia
17.5-28.5
µm
long.
Known only from NW of Mexico........................................P. borealis
8b On
rotten
wood.
Spores
(6-)6.5-8(-8.5)
µm,
cheilocystidia
16—44
µm
long. Known only from Chile and Argentina.......P. omnium-sanctorum
9a Pleurocystidia large, 34-60 µm long, thin or thick-walled. Known only
from Mexico................................................................... P. clavatum
9b Pleurocystidia smaller, thin-walled..................................................10
lOa Cheilocystidia 10-25 µm long. On rotting wood or debris. Known only
from
Chile.......................................................................
P.
chilensis
lOb Cheilocystidia 25-27 µm long. On mosses. Known only from Peru and
probably also from Colombia.......................................... P. peruviana
Sect. Aztecorum Guzmán
la Pleurocystidia common, mucronate.................................................. 2
1b Pleurocystidia rare or absent; when present lageniform with a long
neck.............................................................................................. 4
2a Cheilocystidia lageniform with a long neck and subglobose base.
Spores
(7-)9-ll(-14)
µm
long.
Known
only
from
the NE of
North
America......................................................................P. quebecensis
2b Cheilocystidia sublageniform with a short neck and narrow base. Known
only from India.............................................................................. 3
3a Spores 12.5-17 µm long.............................................P. subaztecorum
3b
Spores
10-12.5(-14)
µm
long.........................................
P.
natarajanii
4a Pileus viscid, dark chestnut brown, brownish vinaceous red, brownish
orange or olive brown, fading to whitish. Known only from NW North
America........................................................................P. baeocystis
4b Pileus lubricous, yellowish brown or brown-gray, fading to whitish.... 5
5a
Spores
(10.5)
12-14(-17)
µm
long.
Known
only
from
alpine
zones
of
Mexico...................................................P. aztecorum var. aztecorum
5b
Spores
(9-)10-13(-14)
µm.
Known
only
from
pine
forests
of
Mexico...
...................................................................P. aztecorum var. bonetii

Guzmán, Psilocybe 125
Sect. Brunneocystidiata Guzmán
Here only Psilocybe paulensis and P. banderillensis are presented. The other 9 species are
keyed out in Guzmán (1983).
la Pleurocystidia ventricose mucronate or sublageniform. Known only
from Mexico.............................................................P. banderillensis
Ib Pleurocystidia ventricose, subfusiform or obscurely sublageniform, not
mucronate. Known only from Sáo Paulo State (Brazil)........ P.paulensis
Sect. Cordispora Guzmán
la Pleurocystidia absent....................................................................... 2
1b Pleurocystidia present (common or scanty)......................................14
2a Cheilocystidia up to 28 or35µm long.............................................. 3
2b Cheilocystidia shorter..................................................................... 5
3a Stipe bulbous. On soil, known only from Colombia..........P. guatapensis
3b Stipe not bulbous............................................................................ 4
4a Cheilocystidia 25-35 µm long, not branched. Pileus conic to subum-
bonate. On soil, known only from Mexico........................P. cordispora
4b
Cheilocystidia
16-28(-33)
µm
long,
frequently
branched.
Pileus
convex
to subcampanulate. On muddy soil, known only from Jamaica...............
..................................................................................... P. fuliginosa
5a Habit collybioid.............................................................................. 6
5b Habit mycenoid.............................................................................. 8
6a On rotting wood. Pileus 6-22 mm diam. Known only from Sri Lanka...
....................................................................................... P. ochreízta
6b On soil. Pileus up to 40 or 70 mm diam............................................ 7
7a Basidiomata robust. Pileus 30-70(-100) mm diam. Stipe 8-10(-12) mm
thick. In sun-exposed localities of the subtropical regions. Known from
the SE of the U.S. to Venezuela, including Mexico, and in the Caribbean
zone................................................. P. caerulescens var. caerulescens
7b
Basidiomata
slender.
Pileus
(8-)15-40(-50)
mm
diam. Stipe
2-5(-8)
mm thick. In shaded places in subtropical forests or under shrubs.
Known from Mexico and Colombia...... P. caerulescens var. ombrophila
8a Stipe with a pseudorhiza.................................................................. 9
8b Stipe without pseudorhiza...............................................................11

126 Guzmán, Psilocybe
9a Known only from the high alpine mountains ("paramos") of Colombia.
Spores
(6.5-)7-8(-9)
µm
long.
Pileus
convex
to
campanulate,
not
papillate....................................................................
P. columbiaana
9b Known from subtropical forests in Mexico. Pileus conic to subumbonate
and papillate.................................................................................. 10
10a
Spores
5-6(-6.5)
µm
long...............................................P.
xalapensis
10b
Spores
(6-)6.5-7.5(-8.5)
µm
long...............................
P.
wassoniorum
lla Cheilocystidia hyaline to brownish toward the base...........................12
lib Cheilocystidia always hyaline.......................................................... 13
12a Cheilocystidia polymorphous, fusoid ventricose-rostrate, clavate, stran-
gulate or mucronate. Known only from Panama................. P. d
umontii
12b Cheilocystidia uniform in shape (sublageniform). Known only from
Brazil...........................................................................P.furtadoana
13a Cheilocystidia 4-5.5 µm wide. Known from the Caribbean zone, Florida
(U.S.), Mexico and Bolivia........................................... P. mammillata
13b
Cheilocystidia
6.5-13
µm
wide.
Known
only
from
New
Guinea............
.......................................................................................
....P. papuana
14a Pleurocystidia scanty...................................................................... 15
14b Pleurocystidia common..................................................................19
15a Stipe with a long pseudorhiza..........................................................!6
15b Stipe without pseudorhiza...............................................................17
16a Cheilocystidia 6-13 µm long. Restricted to the Fagus forests of Mexico
..................................................................... P. fagicola var. fagicola
16b Cheilocystidia 9-15 µm long. Wide distribution in the subtropical
forests of Mexico...................................P. fagicola var. mesocystidiata
17a Terricolous in subtropical meadows. Pileus convex. Known only from
Argentina.........................................................................P. wrightii
17b Lignicolous in subtropical forests. Pileus conic to campanulate and
papillate........................................................................................ 18
18a Cheilocystidia branched. Known from Mexico and Venezuela...............
.................................................................................P. subyungensis
18b Cheilocystidia unbranched. Known from Mexico to Argentina and
Martinique..................................................................... P. yungensis
19a Stipe with a hollow bulbose base, more than 10 mm diam. Known from
subtropical forests of Mexico and Guatemala................. P. subtropicalis
19b Stipe without a bulbose base............................................................20

Guzmdn, Psilocybe 127
20a Pleurocystidia ventricose, rostrate, fusoid, mucronate or sublageniform
....................................................................................................21
20b Pleurocystidia irregular in shape and/or branched.............................27
21a Cheilocystidia of two types: ventricose, rostrate, (10.5-) 12-16 (-17.5)
µm
long,
and
ventricose,
regular
or
irregular
in
form,
(16-)17-22.5
µm long. On rotten wood in subtropical forests. Known only from
Mexico (Chiapas).........................................................P. chiapanensis
21b Shape of cheilocystidia uniform......................................................22
22a Cheilocystidia up to 14 µm long. Known only from Araucaria and
Podocarpus forests of Brazil.......................................... P. brasiliensis
22b Cheilocystidia longer.....................................................................23
23a Pleurocystidia up to 7 or 9 µm wide................................................24
23b Pleurocystidia wider......................................................................25
24a Pleurocystidia 16-24 x 6.5-9 µm, ventricose mucronate or lageniform.
On rotten wood. Known only from a tropical Quercus forest of Mexico
......................................................................................P. schultesii
24b
Pleurocystidia
(11-)14-17
x
5-7(-9)
µm,
ventricose
or
fusoid,
not mu-
cronate or lageniform. On soil. Known only from a tropical region of
Colombia.......................................................................P. heliconiae
25a On
rotten
wood.
Cheilocystidia
up to 8 µm
wide.
Spores
5.5-6.5(-7)
µm long. Known only from Sri Lanka............................ P. goniospora
...........................................................................(=P. lonchophord)
25b On soil. Cheilocystidia up to 6.5 µm wide........................................26
26a Pileus with an acute papilla. On muddy soil, in subtropical forests.
Known from Mexico and Argentina.. P. hoogshagenii var. hoogshagenii
26b Pileus not acute papillate. On soil in meadows. Known only from sub-
tropical Mexico...................................... P. hoogshagenii var. convexa
27a Stipe without pseudorhiza. Cheilocystidia unbranched. Known from the
Caribbean region, Venezuela and Brazil...............................P. plutonia
27b Stipe with a pseudorhiza. Cheilocystidia branched. Known only from
subtropical forests of Mexico.............................................P. herrerae
Sect. Mexicana Guzmán
la Mycenoid habit............................................................................... 2
1b Collybioid habit.............................................................................. 9

128 Guzmán, Psilocybe
2a With a pseudorhiza......................................................................... 3
2b Without pseudorhiza....................................................................... 4
3a
Spores
9-12(-14)
µm
long.
Known
only
from
subtropical
Mexico........
.
.........................................................................................P. galindoii
.................................................................................
......(=P. galindii)
3b
Spores
8-10(-11)
µm
long.
Species
known
only
from
a
subtropical
re-
gion of Colombia.........................................................P. antioquensis
4a Caespitose. Known only from a subtropical meadow in Colombia..........
.................................................................................P.
subacutipilea
4b Non-caespitose............................................................................... 5
5a
Cheilocystidia
45-67
µm
long.
Spores
7-10
µm
wide.
Known
only
from
Amazonia (Brazil)...........................................................P. pericystis
5b Cheilocystidia up to 35 µm long....................................................... 6
6a Pleurocystidia 16-20 µm long, scattered. Cheilocystidia 18.5-28(-30)
µm.
Spores
10.5-13
µm
long.
Species
known
only
from
Thailand.........
....................................................................................P. samuiensis
6b Pleurocystidia absent or a few similar to Cheilocystidia. Spores smdler
than
10.5-13
µm.
Known
only
from
Latin
America...........................
7
7a
Cheilocystidia 11-22 x 3-5.5 µm. Known only from a tropical Quercus
forest of SE Mexico......................................................... P. armandii
7b Cheilocystidia larger than above....................................................... 8
8a Cheilocystidia 15-28 µm, with a neck 8-10 µm long. Known only from
Southern Brazil...............................................................P. acutipllea
8b
Cheilocystidia
13-28(-34)
µm,
with
a
short
neck,
up to 3 µm
long.
Common in subtropical meadows of Mexico and Guatemda..................
......................................................................................P. mexicana
9a Cheilocystidia 16-22 µm long. Pileus up to 24 mm diam. Known only
from Florida (U.S.).....................................................P. tampanensis
9b Cheilocystidia 22-23 µm long. Pileus more than 24 µm diam. Known
only from southern Brazil..........................................P. albofimbriata
(= P. farinaceá)
Sect. Pratensis Guzmán
la Spores longer than 10 µm................................................................ 2
2b Spores smaller................................................................................ 3
2a
Cheilocystidia
sublageniform,
non
mucronate.
Spores
(9-)9.5-ll(-12.5)

Guzmán, Psilocybe 129
µm long. Known only from Europe ...................................P. pratensis
2b Cheilocystidia fusoid, ampullaceous and mucronate. Spores (8-) 10-11
(-12) µm long. Known only from New Zealand .......P. novae-zelandlae
3a Spores 7-9 µm long........................................................................ 4
3b Spores smaller................................................................................ 5
4a On grass stems, rotten twigs, sticks or rotten wood. Widespread in tem-
perate regions ..................................................................P. inquilina
4b On soil with mosses or lichens. Known from Europe, India and alpine
regions of Venezuela......................................................P. muscorum
5a Cheilocystidia up to 9 µm wide........................................................ 6
5b Cheilocystidia slender, up to 7 µm wide............................................ 7
6a Pileus with a separable pellicle. On soil. Known from Europe and the
U.S...............................................................................P. subviscida
6b Pileus without a separable pellicle. On soil. Known only from Europe...
...................................................................................P. apelliculosa
7a
Subhymenium
with
incrusted
pigment.
Spores
(5-)5.5-6(-6.5)
µm
long. On rotten mossy wood. Known only from New Guinea................
................................................................................P. nothofagensis
7b Subhymenium without incrusted pigment.......................................... 8
8a Veil conspicuous, remaining as appendages on the margin of the pileus
and as fibrils on the stipe. On rotten wood or twigs, grass stems, ma-
nured soil or very rotten dung. Known from Europe and N of North
America.....................................................................P. physaloides
8b Pileus and stem without veil remnants...............................................9
9a Pileus without a gelatinous pellicle. On rotten wood. Known from
Europe and the U.S..........................................................P. smithiana
9b Pileus with a gelatinous pellicle.......................................................10
10a On soil in lawns. Known only from the U.S........................................
................................................................ P. castanella vai. castanella
10b On rotten wood in Quercus forests. Known only from Colombia...........
............................................................P. castanella var. subhyperella
Sect. Psilocybe
la Stipe with annulus. On soil covered by mosses at high elevation
"paramos". Known only from Venezuela...............................P. andina
1b Stipe without annulus......................................................................2

130 Guzmán, Psilocybe
2a With two types of cheilocystidia according to the age of the basidiome,
when
young
22-38(-40)
µm
long;
in age
becoming
larger,
50-70
µm
long. On decaying stems. Known only from Canada........... P. acadiensis
2b With one type of cheilocystidia........................................................ 3
3a Cap with conspicuous dentate, appendiculate veil at the margin ........... 4
3b Cap without veil remnants............................................................... 8
4a Cheilocystidia up to 45-50 µm long..................................................5
4b Cheilocystidia shorter.....................................................................6
5a
Spores
(6.5-)7-8(-8.5)
µm
long.
Known
from
the
alpine
regions
of
central Europe..................................................................P. velifera
5b
Spores
(5-)5.5-6.5(-7.5)
µm
long.
Wide
distribution
in
temperate
re-
gions................................................................................ P. crobula
(see dso P. alpestris, 9a)
6a Cheilocystidia 21-35 x 7-13 µm. Known only from Centrd Europe......
...........................................................................................P.schoeneti
6b Cheilocystidia narrower.................................................................. 7
7a
Cheilocystidia
25-35
x
4.5-5
µm. On
rotting
ferns.
Known
only
from
Argentina............................................................P. pteridophytorum
7b
Cheilocystidia
16-25(-35)
x
(3.5-)4-5(-7)
µm. On
dung,
rich
soil
or
rotten straw. Widespread....................................................P. bullacea
8a Cheilocystidia 7-12 µm wide........................................................... 9
8b Cheilocystidia narrow, 5-7 µm wide ...............................................10
9a Cheilocystidia 8.5-9 µm wide. On soil. Known only from dpine zones
in Austria........................................................................ P. alpestris
9b
Cheilocystidia
7-12(-15)
µm
broad.
On
debris.
Known
from
Europe
and the U.S...................................................................P. xeroderma
10a
Cheilocystidia
longer
than
40-60
µm.
Spores
(5-)6-7(-8)
µm
long.
On
leaves, rotten wood or debris. Known only from the U.S......................
..........................................................................P. rhomboidospora
10b Cheilocystidia shorter than 40 µm................................................... 11
11a Spores wider than 6 µm................................................................12
11b Spores narrower............................................................................ 13
12a
Cheilocystidia
9-15
x
4.5-5.5
µm.
Spores
(8-)9-10(-11)
µm
long.
On
soil without mosses. Known only from Chile........................P. marthae
12b.
Cheilocystidia
longer
than
15 µm.
Spores
(7-)8-9(-10)
µm. On
soil

Guzmán, Psilocybe 131
covered by mosses or lichens. Wide distribution in Europe and North
America .......................................................................P. semistriata
13a Cheilocystidia 17-30 µm and spores 5-6µm long............................. 14
13b Cheilocystidia and spores larger, or if the cheilocystidia smaller, spores
longer
than
7
µm..............
.........................................................15
14a Cheilocystidia 19-30 µm long. On grasses, twigs or debris. Known only
from the U.S....................................................................P. latispora
14b Cheilocystidia 17-18 µm long. On soil. Known only from Bolivia.........
......................................................................................P.februaria
15a Spores 6-7 µm. Cheilocystidia 22-37 µm long. Pileus dry. On leaves,
mosses or twigs. Known from Europe and the U.S..............P. modestus
(= P. phyllogend)
15b Spores 7—8.5 µm long.................................................................... 16
16a Pileus dry. On dead monocotiledonous plants or mosses. Known from
Central Europe and South America.................................... P. angulata
16b Pileus viscid. On soil covered by mosses..........................................17
17a Cheilocystidia subcylindric moniliform or narrow sublageniform with
the apex 4-8 µm wide. Known only from Czechoslovakia....... P. magica
17b Cheilocystidia sublageniform or lageniform with a long neck, apex of
2-3.5 µm wide. Widespread temperate species..................... P. montana
Sect. Semilanceata Guzmán
= Sect. Cyanescens Guzmán
la Pleurocystidia common................................................................... 2
1b Pleurocystidia absent or rare........................................................... 6
2a
Spores
(9-)10-12(-13)
µm
long.
Known
only
from
SE of
Australia......
......................................................................................P. eucalypta
2b Spores larger.....................................................................................3
3a
Pleurocystidia
and
cheilocystidia
10.5-13
µm
wide.
Known
only
from
India...................................................................................P. indica
3b Pleurocystidia narrow, up to 11 µm wide.......................................... 4
4a Pleurocystidia 8-11 µm wide. Known only from SE of Australia and
Tasmania......................................................................P. australiana
4b Pleurocystidia 5-9 µm wide............................................................. 5
5a
Pileus
(10-)20-50(-75)
mm
diam.
On
humus
or
soil.
Known
from

132 Guzmán, Psilocybe
Europe and North America (not Mexico).........................P. cyanescens
5b Pileus 10-20 mm in diam. On dung or rich soil. Known from Tasmania,
SE of Australia and New Zedand................................ P. tasmanianana
6a Stipe without annulus...................................................................... 7
6b Stipe with annulus or at least a fibrillose zone or subannulus is present
On the
Stipe...................................................................................
17
73
Habit
mycenoid.............................................................................
8
7b Habit collybioid.............................................................................11
8a Spores up to 13 µmlong ................................................................ 9
8b Spores longer than 13 µm...............................................................10
9a
Spores
(8-)9-l
1(-13)
µm
long.
Known
from
the NW of
North
America
and Europe................................................................... P. pelliculosa
9b
Spores
(6.5-)8.5-9.5(-11)
µm
long.
Known
from
NW of
North
America and Central Europe..............................................P. silvatica
lOa Spores (10.5-)12-13(-14.5) µm. Cheilocystidia 23-28 µm long. Known
only from Chile on carbonaceous soil..............................P. carbonaria
lOb. Spores (11-)12-14(-16) µm. Cheilocystidia 18-32(-35) µm long.
Widespread in temperate meadows in Europe, Asia, North America
(however unknown in Mexico), South America and Australia...............
.................................................................................
P.
semilanceata
11a Spores (12-) 13-14.5(-16.5) µm long ..............................................12
11b Spores smaller............................................................................... 13
12a Edge of lamellae with a gelatinous layer. Fimicolous, known only from
the Netherlands ................................... P. liniformans var. liniformans
12b Edge of lamellae without a gelatinous layer. Terricolous, known only
from north of the U.S. and from Chile.... P. liniformans var. americana
13a Cheilocystidia arising from a layer of hyphae parallel to the edge of the
gill.
Spores
(9-)10-ll(-13)
µm
long.
Known
only
from
Central
Europe..............................................................................P. serbica
13b Cheilocystidia arising from hyphae in radid arrangement.................. 14
14a
Spores
(7-)8-10(-11)
µm
long.
Known
only
from
deciduous
eastern
forests of the U.S. and eastern subtropical forests of Mexico.................
.....................................................................................P. caerulipes
14b Spores larger................................................................................15
15a Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 21-46(-50) x 7-10 µm. Known
from Europe and North America (not in Mexico) and Chile.................

Guzmán, Psilocybe 133
...................................................................................P.
strictipes
(= P. callosd)
15b Pleurocystidia scanty...................................................................... 16
16a Cheilocystidia in fascicules. Known only from central Europe..............
...........................................................................................P.bohemica
16b Cheilocystidia not in fascicules, forming a sterile band at the edge of the
gill. Known only from Morocco and Algeria..........................P. mairei
17a
Annulus
membranous
to
fibrillose.
Spores
(8-)10-12(-14)
x
6-7(-9)
µm.
Cheilocystidia
17-30(-36)
x
4.5-7.5
µm.
Known
only
from
Japan..
.........................................................................................P. venenata
17b Annulus dways fibrillose...............................................................18
18a Cheilocystidia lageniform with one or two irregular and long necks.
Spores
(9-)9.5-ll(-12)
µm
long.
Pileus
14-35
mm
diam,
convex
to
plane. Known only from NW of the U.S....................P. cyanofibrillosa
18b Cheilocystidia with one neck and a different set of features................ 19
19a Pileus 10-25(-36) mm diam. Spores (9.5-)12-14(-16) µm long. Known
from the NW of North America and Europe...................... P. fimetaria
19b Pileus (5-)8-12(-20) mm diam. Spores (10-)11-12(-12.5) µm long.
Known from the NW of North America and from Chile......... P. sierrae
(= P. subfimetaria)
Sect. Singeriana Guzmán
la Pleurocystidia abundant................................................................... 2
1b Pleurocystidia scarce.......................................................................
8
2a Pleurocystidia thick-walled.............................................................. 3
2b Pleurocystidia thin-wdled .............................................................. 4
3a
Spores
(7-)8-9(-10)
x
(5-)5.5-6.5(-7)
µm.
Known
only
from
Brazil
(State of Sáo Paulo)............................................................... P. trufemii
3b
Spores
(5-)6-7(-7.5)
x
(3.5-)4-4.5
µm.
Known
from
Venezuela
and
the Caribbean zone......................................................P. venezuelana
4a Cheilocystidia very variable, from fusoid ventricose or mucronate to
clavate. Known only from Washington State (U.S.)... P. washingtonensis
4b Cheilocystidia mostly uniform......................................................... 5
5a Pleurocystidia lageniform with a long neck. Known only from Oregon
and Idaho (U.S.)...............................................................P. laticystis
5b Pleurocystidia fusoid or subcylindric without neck............................. 6

134 Guzmán, Psilocybe
6a Pleurocystidia up to 30 µm long. On dung, known only from high ele-
vation "paramos" of Colombia........................................... P. fimicola
6b Pleurocystidia shorter..................................................................... 7
7a
Pleurocystidia
10-13.5(-16)
µm
wide,
irregular
in
form,
ventricose
mucronate symmetrical or asymmetrical, even with two mucrons,
Cheilocystidia ventricose, 8-10 µm wide. On coniferous sticks and de-
bris. Known only from the northern U.S........................P. subborealis
7b
Pleurocystidia
8-10(-12)
µm
wide,
uniform
in
form,
ventricose
mu-
cronate. Cheilocystidia similar to the pleurocystidia. On dung. Known
only from Argentina...........................................................P. horakii
8a Pleurocystidia 30-44 µm long, sublageniform. On fallen sticks. Known
only from Jamaica.......................................................P. pallidispora
ip to 30 µm long....................................................... 9
9a On dung. Known only from Cuba..................................... P. scatigena
9b On other substrates........................................................................ 10
10a Pleurocystidia ll-16µm diam........................................................11
lOb Pleurocystidia 7-11 µm diam..........................................................!2
lla Pleurocystidia hyaline to yellowish, frequently mucronate, neck more
than 4 µm long. Known only from Argentina in Alnus forests ..............
................................................................................P. subalnetorum
lib Pleurocystidia always hyaline, not or rarely mucronate, neck shorter
than 3 µm. On rotten wood and humus, known only from the New York
Botanical Garden (U.S.).................................................. P. pyrispora
12a Pleurocystidia ventricose, 9-10 µm wide. On fallen leaves of bombaca-
ceous plants, known only from Brazil (Bahia) ...................P. singeriana
12b Pleurocystidia narrow, not wider than 9 µm..................................... 13
13a Pileus conic to subumbonate. On rotten wood, known only from a tropi-
cal forest in Mexico (Veracruz) ........................................P. tuxtlensis
13b Pileus convex to plane. On dead stems of herbs, known only from New
York State (U.S.)............................................................... P. bulbosa
Sect. Stuntzii Guzmán
la Pleurocystidia present..................................................................... 2
1b Pleurocystidia absent....................................................................... 4
2a
Spores
(4.5-)5-6(-6.5)
µm
long.
On
soil,
in
a
subtropical forest.

Guzmán, Psilocybe 135
known only from Mexico...................................... ........................... 1
2b Spores longer................................................................................. 3
3a
Spores
(8-)9-ll(-13)
µm.
Pleurocystidia
(19-)22-30(-33)
µm and
cheilocystidia
(16-)
18-23(-33)
µm
long.
On
dung,
known
only
from
Java and subtropical regions of Japan......................P. subaeruginascens
3b Spores (5-)6-10(-12) µm. Pleurocystidia 19-23 µm and cheilocystidia
16-25 µm long. On conifer chips, known only from northern Japan......
...............................................................................P. septentrionalis
4a Cheilocystidia up to 22 µm long....................................................... 5
4b Cheilocystidia longer...................................................................... 7
5a On
dung.
Spores
7.5-9.5
µm
long.
Cheilocystidia
13-17
x
2.5-5
µm,
fusoid to lageniform. Known only from Sri Lanka................ P. rostrata
5b On soil or rotten wood, or if on dung character combination different...
.....................................................................................................6
6a Spores 10-11 µm long. On soil, rarely on dung or rotten wood. Known
only from Brazil and Uruguay............................... P. caeruleoannulata
6b
Spores
8.5-10.5
µm
long.
On
rotten
wood.
Known
only
from
Java.......
........................................................................P. aerugineomaculans
7a Cheilocystidia pedicellate. On dung. Known only from Uruguay...........
.................................................................................
7b Cheilocystidia not pedicellate. On soil............................................... 8
8a Cheilocystidia vesiculose submucronate or vesiculose subfusiform. On
soil. Known only from Kenya........................................P. aquamarina
8b Cheilocystidia sublageniform with a long neck. On soil. Known only
from the NW of North America...........................................P. stuntzii
Sect. Zapotecorum Guzmán
la Annulus well developed................................................................... 2
1b Annulus absent............................................................................... 4
2a Pleurocystidia absent. Stipe with a pseudorhiza. Known only from
Japan.............................................................................P. argentipes
2b Pleurocystidia present. Stipe without pseudorhiza.............................. 3
3a
Spores
7.5-10
µm
long.
Known
only
from
the
U.S. (New
Jersey
State)
....................................................................................P. graveolens
3b
Spores
6-7(-8)
µm
long.
Species
known
only
from
Venezula
(State
of
Merida)........................................................................P. meridensis

136 Guzmán, Psilocybe
4a Cheilocystidia of two types: 1) common, irregularly cylindric or sub-
ventricose, (17-)18.5-34.5(-37) µm long, and 2) rare, vesiculose mu-
cronate,
12-21.5(-22.5)
µm
long.
Spores
(4-)5-5.5(-6.5)
µm
long.
Known only from SE of Mexico in subtropical forests ........... P. moseri
4b Cheilocystidia mostly lageniform, branched or unbranched................. 5
5a Cheilocystidia wider than 6µm .......................................................6
5b Cheilocystidia narrower.................................................................. 9
6a Pleurocystidia up to 21 µm long.......................................................?
6b Pleurocystidia larger....................................................................... 8
7a
Pleurocystidia
16-21.5
x
(3-)5-8(-9.5)
µm,
inconspicuous,
ventricose
mucronate
or
sublageniform.
Cheilocystidia
(5-)5.5-7(-8)
µm
wide.
Known only from New Zealand.......................................P. aucklandii
7b Pleurocystidia 12-20 x 6-7.5 µm, common, variable in form, ventricose
mucronate, subfusiform or sublageniform, sometimes branched.
Cheilocystidia
6-16.5
µm
wide.
Known only
from
Mexico...................
.................................................................................... P. sanctorum
8a Pleurocystidia 22-28(-32) µm, Cheilocystidia 12-27 µm long. Known
only from semisterile collections from Argentina. Spores rare, mostly
5.5-6.5
µm
long..........................................................P.
collybioides
8b
Pleurocystidia
24-32
µm,
Cheilocystidia
16.5-31.5
µm.
Spores
6.5-7.5
L long. Known only from subtropical forests in Mexico ....P. barrerae
9a
Cheilocystidia
irregularly
branched,
8-20(-35)
x 3-6 µm.
Pleurocystidia subglobose, ventricose, subfusiform, submucronate or
sublageniform. Known only from Brazil (Sáo Paulo State)...................
...................................................................................P. ramulosum
9b Cheilocystidia not branched............................................................10
lOa Pleurocystidia present.................................................................... 11
lOb Pleurocystidia absent...................................................................... 13
lla
Cheilocystidia
1.5-3
µm
wide.
Pleurocystidia
10-21 (-24)
x
7-10(-12)
µm, fusiform, ventricose, globose or napiform. Known only from
Brazil (Sao Paulo State)........................................... P. microcystidiata
lib Cheilocystidia wider...................................................................... 12
12a
Pleurocystidia
20-38
x
5.5-14
µm.
Cheilocystidia
3.5-6
µm
wide.
Known from subtropical forests in Mexico and South America.............
.................................................................................P. zapotecorum
12b
Pleurocystidia
(9-)11-15.5(-20)
x 3-6 µm.
Cheilocystidia
5-6.5(-8)
µm wide. Known only from subtropical forests in Mexico....................

Guzmán, Psilocybe 137
.P. angustipleurocystidiata
13a Cheilocystidia frequently and irregularly branched, 4-7 µm wide.
Known only from high elevations "paramos" of Colombia......P. pintoni
13b Cheilocystidia simple, not branched (except few cases in P. muliercula,
see 15a), mostly uniformly lageniform............................................14
14a With small Cheilocystidia, 11-17 x 3-5 µm. Known only from New
Guinea...................................................................... P. kumaenorum
14b With large Cheilocystidia, 15-22 µm long ........................................15
15a
Spores
(6-)7-8(-10)
x 4-5 µm.
Cheilocystidia
4—5(-6)
broad,
some-
times irregularly branched. Known only from high mountains with
coniferous forest in central Mexico .................................P. muliercula
15b Spores (5.5-)6-7(-7.5) x 4-5(-5.5) µm. Cheilocystidia 5-7 µm broad,
unbranched. Known only from Japan........................... P. subcaerulipes
Discussion
Ten years after the publication of the monograph of the genus Psilocybe
(Guzmán, 1983), more than 80 new records and 28 new taxa (including new
combinations) from different parts of the world have been published. A revi-
sion of all new taxa shows that 3 belong to the genus Naematoloma; one to
Stropharia and one is a synonym of P. montana. Five new species are de-
scribed and four new combinations in the genus Psilocybe are proposed. At
present a totd of 172 species and varieties are accepted in the genus, as op-
posed to the 144 listed in 1983. Thus, only 28 new taxa have been added to the
genus, mostly from Latin America, followed by SE Asia and Europe, and one
only from Africa.
Acknowledgments
I acknowledge the help and the critical observations of V. M. Bandala and L. Montoya and the
technical assistance of F. Tapia. V. M. Bandala prepared the final version of the drawings. J.
W. Alien (Hawaii), L. Guzmán-Dávalos (IBUG), L. G. Heano (HUA), J. Q. Jacobs (Oregon,
U.S.A.), X. Llimona and J. Listosella (both from Barcelona, Spain), V. Marcano (Univ. Los
Andes, Merida, Venezuela), I. Matsuda (Niigata, Japan), G. Moreno (Alcalá de Henares,
Spain), D. N. Pegler (K), G. Samorini (Bologne, Italy), I. Sommerkamp (Guatemala) and R.
Valenzuela (ENCB) kindly provided important collections and/or information. CONACYT at
Mexico supported in part this study. Working facilities were provided by the Institute de
Historia Natural and the Centra de Investigaciones Ecológicas del Sureste, both at Chiapas
(Mexico). Prof. E. Horak (Zurich) provided valuable information and critical revision of this
paper. The author also thanks Dr. A. Vovides from the Institute de Ecologia for his help in im-
proving the English text.

138 Guzmán, Psilocybe
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Index to fungal names
acrothele, Mycena
acutifera, Mycena
acutipilea, Psilocybe
adonis, Agaricus
adscendens, Agaricus
— —, Mycena
— —, var. adscendens,
Mycena
— — , var. carpophila,
Mycena
— — , var. rickiana,
Mycena
aerugineomaculans,
Psilocybe
Agaricus
alba, Mycena
albofimbriata, Psilocybe
alcalinus, Agaricus
alpestris, Psilocybe
alphitophora, Mycena
alphitophorus, Agaricus
— — , Prunulus
alutacea, Cynema
amazonica, Mycena
Amparoina
angustipleurocystidiata,
Psilocybe
antioquensis, Psilocybe
aquamarina, Psilocybe
— —, Stropharia
160,
162
162
95
192
53,56
3, 4, 5, 7,
53, 56-60,
72, 79, 87
6, 85, 86
4,56-60
85
95,
110,
120
145
152
97
159
92
4, 5, 27, 45,
47, 49, 51,
53, 79_84
49
49
209,211
3, 5, 18,
24, 27-37
5, 8, 17, 37,
95, 105
92
109,
120
109
araujae, Mycena 3,
argentina, Psilocybe
argentipes, Psilocybe
arundinarialis, Mycena
Asterophora
asterophora, Mycena
athrophylla, Hydropus
aucklandii, Psilocybe
austroavenacea, Mycena
aztecorum, Psilocybe
— —, var. aztecorum,
Psilocybe
— — , var. bonetii,
Psilocybe
Baeospora
banderillensis, Psilocybe
— —, var. paulensis,
Psilocybe
barrerae, Psilocybe
biomata, Mycena
— —, var. biomata,
Mycena
— — , var. manausensis,
Mycena
bohemica, Psilocybe
bolivarii, Psilocybe
brunneola, Xeromphalina
brunneospinosa, Mycena
bulbacea, Psilocybe
5, 18, 29-37
95-97
98, 105
2, 4,
69-72, 81
5
4, 18-20,
73,75
207,
208
92
158
107,
120
94, 109
94,
109,
120
225
111
92,95, 111
95,92, 113,
119,
120
5,37
3, 29, 30-32
30-32
94, 92,
98, 121
91
225
2, 3, 42,
44, 45, 47
97

232
Index
bulbosa, Psilocybe
119
caerulescens, var. caerulescens,
Psilocybe
— — , var. ombrophila,
Psilocybe
caespitosus, Favolus
callosa, Psilocybe
callosus, Agaricus
calongei, Psilocybe
campanella, Xeromphalina
capillaripes, Mycena
capillaris, Mycena
celidocaulis, Mycena
chiapanensis, Psilocybe
Marina, Mycena
chlorinus, Agaricus
chlorophos, Mycena
chloroxantha, Mycena
— — , var. appalachiensis,
Mycena
— —, var. chloroxantha,
Mycena
chrysocorypha, Mycena
citrinomarginata, Mycena
clavulifera, Mycena
clavuliferus, Agaricus
cognata, Mycena
cognatus, Agaricus
collybioides, Psilocybe
conicola, Mycena
conocephala, Mycena
conus, Filoboletus
coprinifacies, Psilocybe
copriniformis, Mycena
coprophila, Psilocybe
95, 98, 1 13
113
214
98, 1 19
119
92,94
222, 223
158
78
182, 184
102
75
27,75
143
3, 5, 18,
24, 75, 80
24, 27, 81
22
170
170
75
75
77
77
119, 120
156
153
213, 214,
215, 222
92,94
77,78
115
coprophila, Psilocybe
cordispora, Psilocybe
corynephora, Mycena
crocea, Mycena
cryptomeriicola, Mycena
cubensis, Psilocybe
91, 95-98
95
2, 7, 38, 40,
42, 49, 152
170
4, 7, 56,
57,60
94, 95, 97,
110, 120,
121
cuspidatipilosa, Mycena
cyanescens, Psilocybe
cyanoflbrillosa, Psilocybe
cylindrospora, Mycena
Cynema
daisy ogunensis, Mycena
dendrophila, Mycena
depilata, Mycena
detrusa, Mycena
digitata, Mycena
discogena, Mycena
discopus, Agaricus
— —, Mycena
— —, Pseudomycena
dryopteridis, Mycena
echinocephala, Eomycenella
— — , Mycena
echinulata, Mycena
elegans, Filoboletus
fagicola, Psilocybe
— —, var. mesocystidiata
Psilocybe
falklandica, Psilocybe
farinacea, Psilocybe
farinellus, Agaricus
78
94,98
117
3, 7, 37, 38
208, 209
78
49,79
2, 4, 47, 49
204, 205
193
65-68
79
79
79
2-4,
63,
65,68
37
3, 37, 38
143
217
95
95
97
97
53,79

Index
233
— — , Mycena
farinosa, Mycena
fasciata, Psilocybe
fascicularis, Psilocybe
Fayodia
februaria, Psilocybe
fibula, Mycena
Filoboletus
fimetaria, Psilocybe
floccifera, Mycena
floccipes, Hydropus
— — , Mycena
flos-alba, Mycena
fuliginarius, Hydropus
juliginella, Mycena
fuscovinacea, Mycena
galericulata, Mycena
galericulatus, Agaricus
galindoi, Psilocybe
gigaspora, Naematoloma
— — , Psilocybe
glutinosa, Psilocybe
goniospora, Psilocybe
graminea, Pseudomycena
grandiuscula, Favolaschia
— — , Laschia
granulosa, Mycena
graveolens, Psilocybe
griseolilacea, Mycena
guatapensis, Psilocybe
guzmanii, Naematoloma
— — , Psilocybe
hawaiiensis, Mycena
heliconiae, Psilocybe
Hemigaster
79
49,79
98
92,94
206
92
143
209,211,214
98
49, 77, 80
208
206
184
206
168
188
209
145, 153
95
111
92, 1 1 1
92
92
80,81
222
222
81
105
186
92
111
92, 111
6,63,
70, 72, 81
92
17
hemisphaerica, Mycena
hemitrichialis, Mycena
herrerae, Psilocybe
heteracantha, Amparoina
— —, Mycena
hiemalis, Marasmiellus
hinnulea, Mycena
hoogshagenii, var. convexa,
Psilocybe
— — , var. hoogshagenii,
Psilocybe
Hydropus
incana, Mycena
incamativelum, Mycena
Mica, Psilocybe
inquilina, Psilocybe
insignis, Mycena
inucta, Psilocybe
irritans, Mycena
jacobsii, Psilocybe
kermesiana, Mycena
lachiwalensis, Filoboletus
laetissima, Psilocybe
lammiensis, Mycena
lamprospora, Mycena
lanipes, Mycena
lanosipes, Mycena
lazoi, Psilocybe
leaiana, Mycena
leptophylla, Mycena
liniformans, var. liniformans,
156
51,53
95, 109
17-20
2, 5, 7, 18,
20, 30, 44,
45,75
201
162,
164
113
98, 113
206
165
2, 3, 7,
45, 47, 49
92,94
113,
121
176
92,94
146
119
200
215,216
92,94
187
146
173,
175
176
97
181
195

234
Index
Psilocybe
lividorubra, Mycena
longinqua, Psilocybe
lutea, Mycena
luteonitens, Psilocybe
macquariensis, Galerina
— — , Psilocybe
98
158
97
170
114
97
97
madecassensis, Phlebomycena 211
magica, Psilocybe
moire, Psilocybe
mammillata, Psilocybe
manipularis, Favolus
— — , Mycena
— —, Poromycena
Marasmius
maulensis, Psilocybe
melizea, Xeromphalina
meridensis, Psilocybe
metata, Mycena
mexicana, Psilocybe
microcystidia, Psilocybe
microstena, Mycena
miniata, Mycena
minima, Mycena
minirubra, Mycena
modesta, Psilocybe
montana, Psilocybe
— — , f.plana, Psilocybe
moseri, Psilocybe
mostnyae, Mycena
muscorum, Psilocybe
Mycena
Mycenella
mycenoides, Filoboletus
myosura, Baeospora
- -, Colly bia
myriadophylla,
92
92, 94, 121
115
143
143
143
8, 17
119
225
103, 105
119
95,
109,
1 15
92
49, 81, 82
200
82
200
119
94,
115,
137
92,94
105,
107
3, 65, 68
115
1-89, 143-229
208
211
225
225
Baeospora 143, 144, 227
Naematoloma 92, 94, 112, 137
natarajanii, Psilocybe 109, 120
nothofagensis, Psilocybe 121
nolhomyrciae, Mycena 82, 84
nubila, Mycena 150, 152, 153
nucicola, Mycena 4, 7, 56, 57,
58, 60, 79
nudicaulis, Xeromphalina 223, 225
nummularius, Favolus 222
occulta, Mycena 3, 4, 65, 68, 69
odora, Mycena 195
omnium-sanctorum, Psilocybe 121
osmundicola, Mycena 4, 5, 27, 49,
51,81-84
— — , ssp. imleriana, Mycena 50, 81
— — , var.flava, Mycena 80
— — , var. osmundicola, Mycena 80
— — , var. yalensis, Mycena 40
pachyderma, Mycena 152
palmigena, Psilocybe 91
panaeoliformis, Psilocybe 116, 117
Panaeolus 92
papillonaceus, Panaeolus 119
paulensis, Psilocybe 111
pelianthina, Mycena 182
pelianthinus, Agaricus 181
pelliculosa, Psilocybe 98
pellucida, Mycena 143, 153
pericystis, Psilocybe 92, 95
peruviana, Psilocybe 117
phaeophylla, Mycena 203
phlogina, Mycena 199, 200
phyllogena, Psilocybe 119
phyllogenus, Agaricus 1 19

Index
235
physaloides, Psilocybe
picta, Mycena
pictus, Agaricus
pityrodes, Agaricus
— —, Mycena
polyporus, Filoboletus
porphyrea, Mycena
praeclam, Mycena
pruinoso-viscida, Mycena
— —, var. rabaulensis,
Mycena
Psathyrella
pseudoaztecorum,
Psilocybe
Pseudomycena
pseudostylobates, Mycena
Psilocybe
ptychocephala, Mycena
pudica, Mycena
pulvinibasis, Mycena 3,
punctillipes, Mycena
pura, Mycena
purus, Agaricus
pustulosus, Filoboletus
quercus-ilicis, Mycena
quisquiliaris, Mycena
ramulosa, Psilocybe
Resinomycena
rhombispora, Psilocybe
Rickenella
roriduliformis, Mycena
rostrata, Psilocybe
— — , Stropharia
rotula, Marasmius
rubiaetinctus, Agaricus
— — , Mycena
121
205
225
84
84
218
157,
159
146,200
144
143,44
91
92, 94, 109
8
85
91-141
167,
168
85
6, 7, 60, 61
179, 181
187, 188
187
220, 222
152
143
111
86
119
143
175
92,94
94
60
197
197
rubidolimbata, Mycena
rubromarginata, Mycena
rufolimitata, Mycena
sabulosa, Psilocybe
saccharifera, Mycena
— —, Pseudomycena
— —, Resinomycena
sacchariferus, Agaricus
samuiensis, Psilocybe
sanctorum, Psilocybe
sanguinolenta, Mycena
scocholmica, Psilocybe
semilanceata, Psilocybe
semperviva, Psilocybe
septentrionalis, Psilocybe
serbica, Psilocybe
sierrae, Psilocybe
silvatica, Psilocybe
sinuosus, Pseudocraterellus
smithiana, Psilocybe
sotae, Mycena
speirea, Mycena
spinosissima, Amparoina
— — , Mycena
spinosissimus, Marasmius
splendens, Mycena
stenophylla, Baeospora
stipata, Mycena
strictipes, Psilocybe
Stropharia 5.
subacicula, Mycena
subacutipilea, Psilocybe
subaeruginascens, Psilocybe
171, 172
156
190, 192
94
85
85
85
85
92
92, 1 17
170
97
98, 1 17
113
111
121
119
98
209
121
18, 29, 30,
35, 36, 37
201
15, 17,
18,20
2, 5, 15, 18,
20, 44, 45
15, 17, 18
168
144, 225,
227
167
119
, 92, 94, 137
200
92
95, 98,

236
Index
— —, var. septentrionalis,
Psilocybe
subaztecorum, Psilocybe
subcaerulea, Mycena
subcoprophila, Psilocybe
subcubensis, Psilocybe
subdebilis, Mycena
subfimetaria, Psilocybe
subtropicalis, Psilocybe
subyungensis, Psilocybe
tenerella, Mycena
tenerrima, Mycena
— — , Pseudomycena
— —, var. carpophila,
Mycena
— —, var. salicis, Mycena
tenerrimus, Agaricus
— —, Prunulus
tenuicaulis, Mycena
tephrina, Mycena
texensis, Mycena
orquata, Mycena
trichocephala, Mycena
triplotricha, Mycena
111,
120
111
120
152
91
97,
120,
121
86,87
118,
119
107,
109
95, 98, 102
87
5, 53, 56,
58, 80, 85,
87, 147
53,87
56
53,86
53,87
53,87
201,
203
176
178
60
5, 34, 35
4, 6, 61,
63, 68, 72
trufemii, Psilocybe
tuxtlensis, Psilocybe
umbrinoviolacea, Mycena
Uruguay ensis, Psilocybe
uxpanapensis, Psilocybe
velifera, Psilocybe
venenata, Psilocybe
venezuelana, Psilocybe
vesiculosa, Mycena
vinaceipora, Mycena
virgata, Mycena
viscido-cruenta, Mycena
vulgaris, Mycena
Xeromphalina
yalensis, Mycena
yungensis, Psilocybe
zapotecorum, Psilocybe
— — , var. ramulosum,
Psilocybe
92
119
164
98
107
97
98
98
149
182
155,
156
200
173
222
7, 40, 42,
49,61
95, 102
91, 95, 97,
105, 111,
113
92,95, 111