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Neotype designation and a diagnostic account for the centipede, Scolopendra gigantea L. 1758, with an account of S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae)
Abstract
The oldest species-group name in the chilopod order Scolopendromorpha and family Scolopendridae, Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus 1758, is stabilized in accordance with the current concept by designating a neotype specimen from northern Venezuela. The species occurs in northern Colombia and Venezuela, and on Trinidad, Isla Margarita, Curaçao, and Aruba; records from the US Virgin islands, Haiti, Mexico, and Honduras are deemed to represent accidental human importations or labeling errors. Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman 1889 occurs in Cocos Island, the Galápagos Islands, and along the Pacific Coast of South America and the western slope of the Andes from Ecuador to southern Peru. Scolopendra gigantea weyrauchi Bücherl 1950 is placed in synonymy under S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889.
... Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman, 1889 ( Fig. 1) es un ciempiés escolopendromorfo distribuido en Costa Rica (isla del Coco), la zona insular (islas Galápagos) y continental de Ecuador, así como Perú (Shear y Peck 1992;Shelley y Kiser 2000;Shelley 2006). La especie alcanza tallas de hasta 20,05 cm, con registros extremos de 23 y 30 cm, y se caracteriza por presentar un par de suturas divergentes en la placa cefálica (Fig. 1A), antena de 17 segmentos y antenómeros basales del 4 al 7 hirsutos (Fig. 1A), coxoesternito con sutura transversal (Fig. 1B), placas dentales con cuatro dientes donde los tres internos están unidos (Fig. 1B), usualmente el fémur del primer par de patas con una espina dorsoapical (Fig. 1C), primer terguito con sutura anterior transversa (Fig. 1D), terguitos 4-5 en adelante con márgenes (Fig. 1E) y último terguito y patas terminales con modificaciones espinosas (Figs. ...
... La especie alcanza tallas de hasta 20,05 cm, con registros extremos de 23 y 30 cm, y se caracteriza por presentar un par de suturas divergentes en la placa cefálica (Fig. 1A), antena de 17 segmentos y antenómeros basales del 4 al 7 hirsutos (Fig. 1A), coxoesternito con sutura transversal (Fig. 1B), placas dentales con cuatro dientes donde los tres internos están unidos (Fig. 1B), usualmente el fémur del primer par de patas con una espina dorsoapical (Fig. 1C), primer terguito con sutura anterior transversa (Fig. 1D), terguitos 4-5 en adelante con márgenes (Fig. 1E) y último terguito y patas terminales con modificaciones espinosas (Figs. 1F, 1G) (Attems 1930;Shear y Peck 1992;Shelley y Kiser 2000). En Perú se ha registrado en los departamentos de Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Arequipa y Lima, entre los 300 y 2700 msnm (Bucherl 1950(Bucherl , 1971Kraus 1957;Shelley y Kiser 2000;Cupul-Magaña 2014). ...
... 1F, 1G) (Attems 1930;Shear y Peck 1992;Shelley y Kiser 2000). En Perú se ha registrado en los departamentos de Ancash, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Arequipa y Lima, entre los 300 y 2700 msnm (Bucherl 1950(Bucherl , 1971Kraus 1957;Shelley y Kiser 2000;Cupul-Magaña 2014). Así, en esta nota se presentan los primeros registros de S. galapagoensis en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Manu, región de Madre de Dios, en el suroeste de Perú (Fig. 2). ...
Se registra una nueva localidad de distribución para el ciempiés Scolopendra galapagoensis (Bollman) en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Manu en el sureste de Perú. El ámbito geográfico de la especie se amplía significativamente hacia el este de la cordillera de los Andes, en la provincia biogeográfica de la Rondonia.
... Kraepelin, 1904b REMARKS. One specimen from Haiti, without further data, was found at the Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and assumed to represent an accidental human importation or perhaps a labeling error; the species does not appear to be established (Shelley & Kiser, 2000). ...
... HISPANIOLAN LOCALITIES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Saint-Domingue; Puerto Plata (misplaced byKraepelin, 1904b in Brazil); Porto-Cabarete, dans un chargement de bois d'acajou(coll. H.-W. Brölemann, 1902).Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus, 1758: 638.Shelley & Kiser, 2000: 159. Shelley, 2006: 5. Perez-Gelabert, 2008. ...
... (1816) in references. HISPANIOLAN LOCALITIES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Saint-Domingue; Puerto Plata (misplaced byKraepelin, 1904b in Brazil); Porto-Cabarete, dans un chargement de bois d'acajou(coll. H.-W. Brölemann, 1902).Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus, 1758: 638.Shelley & Kiser, 2000: 159. Shelley, 2006: 5. Perez-Gelabert, 2008. Type locality: Jamaica.Shelley & Kiser (2000) selected a neotype from Venezuela, Carabobo, Valencia. ...
Ten years have passed since the last checklist of Hispaniolan Chilopoda was done and the last bibliographic compendium was published. In this work we expand the former list of species and bibliography, update the taxonomic classification and provide an assessment on Chilobase records. A new intensive literature review was performed and both recent and formerly overlooked myriapodological works were included. The treatment of supraspecific taxonomic ranks was updated and follows Chilobase 2.0. This catalogue lists 4 fossil taxa as well as 24 extant species of centipedes from Hispaniola, 9 of which are endemic. For each extant species considered, there is information on Hispaniolan synonymies and geographic distribution. Included are some clarifications on synonymies and locality problems, and species with uncertain taxonomic status are indicated. Chilobase 2.0 was tested for completeness and accuracy. We propose several updates, grouped by incorrect species records, records not backed by known literature and species not under their currently accepted synonym. We also recommend chilopodologists to maintain active collaboration and send their updates to this useful database.
... Nat. 10 th Ed. 638. Type Locality: Neotype: US Virgin Island; St. Thomas (Shelley & Kiser, 2000) Material Examined: 1.xii.1973, Alibagh, Raigad District, Maharashtra, India, coll. ...
... G.M. Yazdani. Attems (1930) records the body length up to 265mm but Shelley and Kiser (2000) documented a specimen of Scolopendra gigantea from Venezuela that is nearly 275mm (11in.) long. ...
1988 Yadav (1997) recorded the Giant Centipede Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus based on the study of a single specimen about 20cm long, and black in colour, collected from Alibagh, in Raigad district of Maharashtra. Since the species, is known to occur in nearctic and neotropical regions only, especially in Columbia and coastal islands of Venezuella, Khanna (1998) did not agree to the report of transoceanic occurrence of S. gigantea Linnaeus, in India. Khanna (2001) did not include the species in his checklist of the Indian species of Scolopendrid centipedes assuming that Yadav (1997) had probably been misled by the size of the species from India. Recently in the month of Dec 2004, the specimen of S. gigantea, displayed in the Museum of Western Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Pune, was re-examined by the senior author, and after being convinced, hereby rectify the error of excluding S. gigantea from the Indian checklist. With this, the total number of known species of scolopendrid centipedes is now raised to 102. The species is the largest centipede now known from India.
... Una especie de escolopendra, Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman, 1889 (Figura 3), habita la costa ecuatoriana, el archipiélago de las Galápagos y la isla de Cocos (Costa Rica), distribuyéndose desde el sur del Perú, y es distinguible morfológicamente de S. gigantea, la cual habita el norte de Colombia y Venezuela, y algunas islas del Caribe (Shelley & Kiser, 2000). Existen registros antiguos que ubican la especie Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758 en el Río Napo (Brölemann, 1904;Campos, 1926), pero ello requiere confirmación a partir de material colectado recientemente. ...
Arthropods with venom glands that are capable of inflicting accidents of medical significance in humans have been poorly studied in Ecuador from epidemiological, clinical or biochemical standpoints despite the high diversity of arthropods in general in the country. Severe accidents due to envenoming by scorpions (Tityus asthenes Pocock), spiders (Phoneutria Perty) and “conga” ants (Paraponera clavata (Fabricius) have taken place in the coastal and Amazonian regions which have been underestimated in sanitary importance probably due to its prevalence in rural settings. Accidents derived from bites by spiders in the genus Loxosceles Heinecken & Lowe and scolopendrids (Class Chilopoda, Order Scolopendromorpha) or by contact with venomous caterpillars (Order Lepidoptera) have not been reported in spite that several potentially toxic species inhabit Ecuador. This work reports on the results of a scientific seminar conducted at the Natural Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Guayaquil, which involved students from the School of Biology, with the goal to evaluate, for the first time, the current knowledge on selected venomous arthropods in Ecuador belonging to the classes Arachnida, Chilopoda and Insecta and including perspectives of research on these medically important taxa in Biotechnology and Evolution.
... These organisms are characterized by a very large number of segments, often well over one hundred, and the presence of one pair of legs per body segment, besides a few segments at their head and tail [190]. They range in size from Hoffman's dwarf centipede Nannarrup hoffmani Foddai, Bonato, Pereira & Minelli, 2003 (Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae) which seldom becomes longer than twelve millimeters [191], to the Peruvian giant yellow-leg centipede Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) which may exceed thirty centimeters in length [192]. However, all have large venomous appendages called forcipules or poison claws which are modifications of the first pair of walking legs on the trunk [193]. ...
Drug discovery and development programs have historically mainly focused on plants with medicinal properties and the extensive knowledge of traditional healers about these plants. More recently, the vast array of marine invertebrates and insects throughout the world have been recognized as additional sources for identifying unusual lead compounds to obtain structurally novel and mechanistically unique therapeutics. The results from these efforts are encouraging and have yielded a number of clinically useful drugs. However, many arthropods other than insects-such as spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, centipedes, and millipedes-also produce hundreds of bioactive substances in their venom that may become useful in the clinic. Many of these chemicals are defensive and predatory weapons of these creatures and have been refined during millions of years of evolution to rapidly and with high specificity and high affinity shut down critical molecular targets in prey and predators. Exploration of these compounds may lead to the development of, among others, novel drugs for treating diseases caused by abnormalities in humans in the same (evolutionary conserved) molecular targets such as erectyle dysfunction, botulism, and autoimmune disorders, as well as the identification of novel antineoplastic, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic compounds. This paper addresses the importance of bioactive compounds from spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, sea spiders, centipedes, and millipedes to these advances.
... Iran, Turkey and other parts of the world (Kaltsas and Simaiakis,2012;Vazirianzadeh et al., 2007), a considerable amount of research has been carried out on different aspects e.g. taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, life history, physiology, behavior and ecology (Schileyko and Minelli, 1998;Shelley and Kiser, 2000;Chagas-Jr, 2001;Shelley, 2002Shelley, , 2006. ...
The present paper provides the first study of the morphology, description and distribution preferences of the Scolopendromorpha centipede fauna of Kurdistan/Iraq. Three species belong to the genus Scolopendra have been reported from the country. After a study of significant amount of new material collected in the period 2013-2014, three species namely Scolopendra subspinipes Leach (1815), Scolopendra polymorpha Wood (1861) and Scolopendra cingulata Latreille (1829) were found. New illustrations and, where appropriate, brief descriptions of the species are given, along with an identification key for the Iraqi Scolopendromorphs.
... Iran, Turkey and other parts of the world (Kaltsas and Simaiakis,2012;Vazirianzadeh et al., 2007), a considerable amount of research has been carried out on different aspects e.g. taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, life history, physiology, behavior and ecology (Schileyko and Minelli, 1998;Shelley and Kiser, 2000;Chagas-Jr, 2001;Shelley, 2002Shelley, , 2006. ...
The present paper provides the first study of the morphology, description and
distribution preferences of the Scolopendromorpha centipede fauna of
Kurdistan/Iraq. Three species belong to the genus Scolopendra have been reported
from the country. After a study of significant amount of new material collected in
the period 2013-2014, three species namely Scolopendra subspinipes Leach
(1815), Scolopendra polymorpha Wood (1861) and Scolopendra cingulata
Latreille (1829) were found. New illustrations and, where appropriate, brief
descriptions of the species are given, along with an identification key for the Iraqi
Scolopendromorphs
... Scolopendra robusta Kraepelin, 1903 is an exception in lacking them. In most species they are confined to leg pairs 19 and 20 but are present on most legs in S. galapagoensis Bollman, 1889, S. gigantea Linnaeus, 1758 (illustrated by Shelley & Kiser, 2000) and on many or few in S. viridicornis Newport, 1844 (2-21 in ZMMU specimens from Brazil). Several species have, in addition, distodorsal femoral spines on some legs. ...
... Aunque principalmente se alimentan de artrópodos, se han encontrado especies que pueden cazar pequeños reptiles, anfibios y mamíferos (Gonzales et al., 2000;Molinari et al., 2005). Los ciempiés presentan una longitud variable, encontrándose especies con medidas inferiores a 1cm, hasta aquellas que logran alcanzar los 30 cm de longitud (Shelley & Kiser, 2000;Zapparoli & Edgecombe, 2011en Minelli, 2011. Los quilópodos en la actualidad incluyen 18 familias, 39 géneros y más de 3110 especies (Minelli, 2011;. ...
... Aunque principalmente se alimentan de artrópodos, se han encontrado especies que pueden cazar pequeños reptiles, anfibios y mamíferos (Gonzales et al., 2000;Molinari et al., 2005). Los ciempiés presentan una longitud variable, encontrándose especies con medidas inferiores a 1cm, hasta aquellas que logran alcanzar los 30 cm de longitud (Shelley & Kiser, 2000;Zapparoli & Edgecombe, 2011en Minelli, 2011. Los quilópodos en la actualidad incluyen 18 familias, 39 géneros y más de 3110 especies (Minelli, 2011;. ...
Resumen: Se dan a conocer nuevos registros de géneros y especies de la clase Chilopoda para el municipio de Icononzo, departamento del Tolima, Colombia. A través de la revisión de tres colecciones en universidades de la ciudad de Bogotá y co-lectas de individuos en diferentes meses entre los años 2014 y 2015 es presentado un estimado de la fauna de ciempiés para la zona de estudio. Para el orden Scolopendromorpha se reportan los géneros Newportia, Cryptops, Scolopocryptops y Scolo-pendra. En cuanto al orden Geophilomorpha se amplía el rango de distribución de los géneros Macronicophilus, Ribautia, Ityphilus, Notiphilides, Pectiniunguis y Schendylops, siendo el orden de quilópodos más diverso para el Tolima y este el depar-tamento con mayor número de géneros de Ciempiés en Colombia. Por último, se presenta una clave de órdenes, familias y al-gunos géneros para los ciempiés de Colombia, acompañada con algunos registros fotográficos de los taxones más caracterís-ticos. Palabras clave: Scolopendromorpha, Geophilomorpha, colecciones Los ciempiés (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) de bosque andino en el municipio de Icononzo (Colombia, Tolima) y clave para las familias presentes en Colombia Abstract: New records of genera and species of the class Chilopoda for the municipality of Icononzo, Tolima department, Co-lombia, are given. Through the review of three collections at universities in the city of Bogota and collections in different months between 2014 and 2015, an estimate of the centipede fauna for the study area is provided.For the order Scolopendromorpha the genera Newportia, Cryptops, Scolopocryptops and Scolopendra are reported. Concerning to the order Geophilomorpha, the distribution range of the genera Macronicophilus, Ribautia, Ityphilus, Notiphilides, Pectiniunguis and Schendylops is extended, being the most diverse order for Tolima and, which is the department with the largest number of genera of centipedes in Co-lombia. Finally, a key to orders, families and genera for the centipedes of Colombia is provided, with photographic records of most featured taxa.
... The breadth of the Gulf in this area varies from 110 to 190 miles (176-304 km), plausible distances for rafting events involving centipedes. Shelley (2002) postulated that the Florida populations of Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1813, arose by rafting across the Straits of Florida from the Greater Antilles in general and Cuba in particular, and Shelley and Kiser (2000) suggested that rafting from the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, a much greater distance than that postulated here, is the most likely explanation for the occurrence of S. galapagoensis Bollman, 1889, in the Galápagos Archipelago. In the order Geophilomorpha (family Schendyli-dae), Pereira et al. (1999) implied that rafting was operative in the dispersal of Pectiniunguis halirrhytus (Crabill, 1959), which has been found on beaches in seaweed and "beach drift" in the lower Keys of Florida, and in Cozumel and Quintana Roo, Mexico. ...
The scolopendrid centipede genus Arthrorhabdus Pocock, 1891, comprises 6 species: A. formosus Pocock, 1891, the type species, occurring in southern Africa (Mpumalanga, Free State, Western and Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa, and southern Namibia); A. somalus Manfredi, 1933, in Somalia and Yemen; A. jonesii Verhoeff, 1938, from southern India (Kerala Province); A. mjobergi Kraepelin, 1916, and A. paucispinus Koch, 1984, in Australia (Western and South Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland); and A. pygmaeus (Pocock, 1895), in the south central and southwestern United States, Mexico, and, potentially, Belize. This sporadic occurrence suggests that the genus is polyphyletic, and the monotypic synonym, Arthrorhabdinus Verhoeff, 1907, is available for pygmaeus, which is not referrable to another established genus. Arthrorhabdus spinifer (Kraepelin, 1903), known only from Belém, Pará State, Brazil, is transferred to Rhoda Meinert, 1886, thereby constituting a new combination. Sixteen new localities are reported for A. pygmaeus, 14 in Mexico and 2 in the U.S.; a specimen from Belize, intercepted in quarantine in Miami, suggests occurrence in this country. The 2 U.S. sites, in Cameron County, Texas, and Pima County, Arizona, extend the generic and specific ranges around 400 miles (640 km) to the southeast and west, respectively. In Mexico, A. pygmaeus ranges southward through the mainland, possibly excluding the Yucatan Peninsula, and also inhabits the southern half of Baja California Sur (BCS). Its apparent absence from the rest of the Baja peninsula suggests that the BCS populations may result from rafting across the Gulf of California from Sinaloa, where the species occurs.
... Pseudocarcinus gigas temperate 400 mm, 14 kg [176] Isopoda Bathynomus giganteus deep sea 50 cm [8] Paguroidea Tisea grandis tropical 128 mm [177] Cirripedia Austromegabalanus psittacus temperate 300 mm [178] Amphipoda Megaceradocus gigas deep sea 570 mm [164] Xiphosurida Tachypleus gigas tropical 450 mm [164] Brachiopoda Magellania venosa temperate 85 mm [178] Gastropoda Syrinx aruanus tropical 722 mm [8] Scaphopoda Fissidentalium metivieri tropical 180 mm [179] Cephalopoda Architeuthis dux deep sea 19 m [10] Cephalopoda Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni polar 200 kg [13] Asteroidea Pycnopodia helianthoides temperate 1.3 m [3] Terrestrial Brachyura Cardisoma carnifex tropical 150 mm [164] Scorpionida Hadogenes troglodytes tropical 21 cm [180] Araneae Heteropoda maxima tropical 46 mm, 300 mm (legspan) [181] Theraphosia blondi tropical 11.9 cm, 28 cm (legspan) [182] Diplopoda Archispirostreptus gigas tropical 82 g [183] Chilopoda Scolopendra gigantea tropical 241 mm [184] Arthropoda Phobaeticus chanii tropical 357 mm [185] Orthoptera Deinacrida heteracantha temperate 82 mm [186] Coleoptera Titanus giganteus tropical 17 cm [14] Lepidoptera Ornithoptera alexandraea tropical 25 cm [187,188] (wingspan) Odonta Petalura ingentissima tropical 170 mm wingspan, 125 mm length [189] Gastropoda Archachatina marginata tropical 213 mm [169] Amphibia Andrias davidianus temperate 160 cm, 50 kg [190] Archosauria Crocodylus intermedius tropical 6.25 m 191 ...
Gigantism-very large body size-is an ecologically important trait associated with competitive superiority. Although it has been studied in particular cases, the general conditions for the evolution and maintenance of gigantism remain obscure. I compiled sizes and dates for the largest species in 3 terrestrial and 7 marine trophic and habitat categories of animals from throughout the Phanerozoic. The largest species (global giants) in all categories are of post-Paleozoic age. Gigantism at this level appeared tens to hundreds of millions of years after mass extinctions and long after the origins of clades in which it evolved. Marine gigantism correlates with high planktic or seafloor productivity, but on land the correspondence between productivity and gigantism is weak at best. All global giants are aerobically active animals, not gentle giants with low metabolic demands. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere correlates with gigantism in the Paleozoic but not thereafter, likely because of the elaboration of efficient gas-exchange systems in clades containing giants. Although temperature and habitat size are important in the evolution of very large size in some cases, the most important (and rare) enabling circumstance is a highly developed ecological infrastructure in which essential resources are abundant and effectively recycled and reused, permitting activity levels to increase and setting the stage for gigantic animals to evolve. Gigantism as a hallmark of competitive superiority appears to have lost its luster on land after the Mesozoic in favor of alternative means of achieving dominance, especially including social organization and coordinated food-gathering.
... received August 11, 2004;accepted February 18, 2005 lophylla, Pteronotus parnellii and P. davyi (Mormoopidae); Leptonycteris curasoae (Phyllostomidae); and Natalus tumidirostris (Natalidae) (Linares and Ojasti 1974;Matson 1974;Genoud et al. 1990;Bonaccorso et al. 1992;Arends et al. 1995). Scolopendra gigantea, the world's largest centipede (maximum length >300 mm; Shelley and Kiser 2000), is common in Paraguaná and easily found in the antechamber. ...
We report the first known cases of predation by centipedes, Scolopendra gigantea (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), on three species of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera), Mormoops megalophylla and Pteronotus davyi (Mormoopidae), and Leptonycteris curasoae (Phyllostomidae). Our observations were made in Cueva del Guano, a limestone cave in Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela, that harbors important colonies of five bat species. These observations show that, nocturnally and diurnally, centipedes can perform two actions that most other bat predators cannot. First, they climb cave ceilings to catch and eat flying or perching bats. Second, they subdue bats substantially heavier than themselves. Such capabilities may allow large centipedes to prey on bats in what otherwise would be safe roosts.
... Such huge differences are found within each of the two major clades within the Epimorpha, i.e. the Scolopendromorpha (~700 species) and the Geophilomorpha (>1200 species). Among scolopendromorphs, at least two species of Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 have been reported to overreach 30 cm in length, i.e. S. gigantea Linnaeus, 1758 and S. galapagoensis Bollman, 1889 (Shear and Peck, 1992;Shelley and Kiser, 2000;Kronmüller, 2013). Among geophilomorphs, individuals surpassing 20 cm have been reported in a few species of Himantarium Koch, 1847, Orya Meinert, 1870and Titanophilus Chamberlin, 1915, all in the superfamily Himantarioidea (Attems, 1929;C. ...
The centipedes of the clade Epimorpha change slightly during
post-embryonic growth but there is huge variation between
species in the maximum body size. New specimens of the rarely
collected Neotropical genus Dinogeophilus provide further
evidence that this genus comprises the smallest species of the
Epimorpha, with a recorded maximum length of 5.5 mm. Up to
now Dinogeophilus has been invariantly classified in Geophilidae
but different sources of evidence (examination by SEM,
cladistic evaluation of morphology, similarity and phylogenetic
analysis of molecular data) agree on a very different phylogenetic
hypothesis: Dinogeophilus is actually a derived lineage
of Schendylidae, only distantly related to Geophilidae, and
possibly belong to a mainly Neotropical subgroup of schendylids.
A comparison of Dinogeophilus with the most closely
related taxa suggests that body miniaturization was accompanied
by possibly paedomorphic traits, including lower number
of some multiple elements (antennal sensilla, processes on the
mouth-parts, coxal organs) and shorter setae. Possibly associated
with miniaturization are also a few novel features of Dinogeophilus,
among which the unique subterminal denticles of
the forcipules, suggesting a possible change in the feeding behavior.
... Such huge differences are found within each of the two major clades within the Epimorpha, i.e. the Scolopendromorpha (~700 species) and the Geophilomorpha (>1200 species). Among scolopendromorphs, at least two species of Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 have been reported to overreach 30 cm in length, i.e. S. gigantea Linnaeus, 1758 and S. galapagoensis Bollman, 1889 (Shear and Peck, 1992;Shelley and Kiser, 2000;Kronmüller, 2013). Among geophilomorphs, individuals surpassing 20 cm have been reported in a few species of Himantarium Koch, 1847, Orya Meinert, 1870and Titanophilus Chamberlin, 1915, all in the superfamily Himantarioidea (Attems, 1929;C. ...
The centipedes of the clade Epimorpha change slightly during post-embryonic growth but there is huge variation between species in the maximum body size. New specimens of the rarely collected Neotropical genus Dinogeophilus provide further evidence that this genus comprises the smallest species of the Epimorpha, with a recorded maximum length of 5.5 mm. Up to now Dinogeophilus has been invariantly classified in Geophilidae but different sources of evidence (examination by SEM, cladistic evaluation of morphology, similarity and phylogenetic analysis of molecular data) agree on a very different phylogenetic hypothesis: Dinogeophilus is actually a derived line-age of Schendylidae, only distantly related to Geophilidae, and possibly belong to a mainly Neotropical subgroup of schendylids. A comparison of Dinogeophilus with the most closely related taxa suggests that body miniaturization was accompanied by possibly paedomorphic traits, including lower number of some multiple elements (antennal sensilla, processes on the mouth-parts, coxal organs) and shorter setae. Possibly associated with miniaturization are also a few novel features of Dinogeophilus, among which the unique subterminal denticles of the forcipules, suggesting a possible change in the feeding behaviour .
... En total se anotaron 177 especies con ocurrencia en México; sin embargo, la lista se redujo a 175, ya que se suprimió a Cormocephalus andinus (Kraepelin, 1903) y a Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus, 1758, por considerarse dudosa la presencia de la primera especie en el país (Minelli, 2006) y porque se ha aceptado que el registro de la segunda representa una introducción humana accidental o un error al momento de su etiquetado (Shelley y Kiser, 2000). ...
A partir de la revisión de la base de datos electrónica en línea de los ciempiés (Chilopoda) del mundo, Chilobase, se generó la primera lista completa de las especies presentes en México. En total se obtuvieron 175 registros de especies para el país, las cuales representan el 5.5% de la diversidad total mundial. ABSTRACT After the revision of the on-line electronic database of the centipedes (Chilopoda) of the world, Chilobase, the first complete list of species from Mexico was generated. A total of 175 species was cited from the country and these species represent 5.5% of the world total diversity.
... Abbreviations used in the Tables : Table 1. Detailed distribution data of Hanseniella caldaria (Hansen, 1903 (1913,1914,1924,1950,1955), KRAUS (1958), SHEAR & PECK (1992), PECK & SHEAR (2000), SHELLEY & KISER (2000) and MINELLI et al. (2006). ...
Thirteen centipeds, eleven millipeds and one symphylan species are reported from the Galápagos islands. Six centipeds (Cryptops beebei Chamberlin 1924, Nannopodellus purpurescens Chamberlin 1924, Pachymerium pereirai Shear & Peck 1992, Pectiniunguis albemarlensis Chamberlin 1914, Pectiniunguis kraussi Shear & Peck 1992, Schendylops nealotus (Chamberlin, 1950)) and one milliped (Nesodesmus insulanus Chamberlin, 1914) are probably endemic to the archipelago. Their distribution within the archipelago is given together with their preferential vegetation zones and altitudinal range of occurrence on the islands. The world distributions of the introduced species are also given.
... The only islands that have received somewhat focused investigations, for which faunistic works of varying depths are available, are Antigua, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, St. John, and Guadeloupe, the most thoroughly studied island (Pocock 1888, Chamberlin 1924, Hoffman 1960a, Loomis 1970, Mauriès 1980a, Jeekel 1980, Lewis 1989, Hounsome 1994. Scattered species have been reported or described from the (Lesser) Antilles/West Indies/Caribbean Islands in general and the following indi- (Porat 1876;Pocock 1888Pocock , 1894aCook 1896;Brölemann 1900;Chamberlin 1914Chamberlin , 1915Chamberlin , 1918Chamberlin , 1922Chamberlin , 1923Chamberlin , 1924Chamberlin , 1947Chamberlin , 1950Chamberlin , 1952Loomis 1934Loomis , 1938Bücherl 1942Bücherl , 1974Crabill 1959Crabill , 1960Hoffman 1960aHoffman , b, 1999Jeekel 1963Jeekel , 1980Jeekel , 1999Jeekel , 2000Jeekel , 2001Jeekel , 2004Jeekel , 2009Vélez 1967;Würmli 1978;Mauriès 1980aMauriès , b, 1988Demange 1981;Krabbe 1982;Krabbe and Enghoff 1985;Demange and Pereira 1985;Lewis 1989;Shelley 1996Shelley , 2000aShelley , b, 2002aShelley , b, 2003bShelley , 2004Shelley , 2006Shelley , 2007aPereira et al. 1997Pereira et al. , 2000Schileyko and Minelli 1998;Shelley and Lehtinen 1999;Shelley and Kiser 2000;Foddai et al. 2000;Enghoff 2001;Edwards 2002, 2004;Marek et al. 2003;Chagas 2003;Chagas and Shelley 2004;Bonato et al. 2003Bonato et al. , 2009Stoev and Geoffroy 2004;Shelley et al. 2005Shelley et al. , 2006. ...
The chilopod, Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) (Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae), and the diplopods, Pseudospirobolellus avernus (Butler, 1876) (Spirobolida: Pseudospirobolellidae) and Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), are newly recorded from Saba Island, Lesser Antilles, which also harbors one additional scolopendromorph and four more chilognath millipeds. Except for the plausibly native scolopendrid centipede, Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1813, all are human introductions. Concentrated sampling is needed in the cloud/elfin forest atop Mt. Scenery, where indigenous millipeds may reside, and with extraction techniques throughout the island, to potentially document the diplopod subclass Penicillata. Nine small Caribbean islands in addition to Saba have been incorrectly reported as lacking diplopod records because publications citing them were overlooked by past authors. Works documenting myriapods from small Caribbean islands are consolidated.
... We believe that suture should be retained for the fine lines and sulcus for the grooves or furrows, in accordance with current usage in the Geophilomorpha (Figs. 3–5, 7). The transverse groove or suture on tergite I (Fig. 3), present in some genera of all three scolopendromorph families, has been referred to as Ringfurche (Attems 1930), " transverse collar sulcus " (Lawrence 1955), " anterior cervical suture " (Crabill 1960), " anterior transverse suture " (Eason 1964), " ring suture " (Lewis 1999Lewis , 2002), " procurved transverse groove " (Shelley & Kiser 2000, Shelley 2002), and " semi-lunar sulcus " (Schileyko & Stagl 2004). Further data are required because these structures may not be homologous in all taxa. ...
The need for standardising the terminology of the external taxonomic characters of scolopendromorph centipedes is addressed. Single terms are proposed for most characters, bearing in mind those currently in use for the Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha; alternatives are suggested for others. A table compares this nomenclature with those employed in recent treatments of these three orders and is accompanied by explanatory notes. Setal terminology and that for features restricted to individual families and genera are discussed separately.
... The Scolopendridae is one of the largest families in the Order Scolopendromorpha, including approximately 10% of the world's centipede diversity (Menon et al., 2003). The family has been the subject of research around the world (for example Schileyko and Minelli, 1998;Shelley and Kiser, 2000;Chagas-Jr, 2001;Shelley, 2002Shelley, , 2006Shelley et al., 2005). The commonest genus within the family Scolopendridae (Newport, 1894) is the genus Scolopendra (Linnaeus, 1758). ...
Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829 is the commonest scolopendromorph species in the Mediterranean area. However, its morphological and geographic variation has not been examined so far, and therefore robust hypotheses about the factors that have shaped that variability are lacking. We examined, using multivariate methods for 19 morphometric and meristic characters, the morphological variation of that species using a comprehensive sample of 503 adult specimens from 130 restricted geographic localities. The localities were distributed in three major geographic areas (Balkans, Asia Minor-Middle East, and Italy) in order to discern biological entities and to estimate the morphological relationships between populations and geographic regions. Results showed significant differences between the three geographic groups. Characters such as the distance between the paramedian sulci of the 7th and 8th tergite, the number of antennal segments, the number of spines on the dorsal side of 21st prefemur and number of spines on the 21st prefemoral process significantly discriminated populations of S. cingulata along a west–east geographic gradient. Both eastern (Balkan) and easternmost populations (Asia Minor-Middle East) showed higher mean values of antennal articles and spines of 21st prefemur than the Italian populations. No significant morphological variation was discovered between the sexes of S. cingulata apart from cephalic width and distance between the two paramedian sulci of the 7th and 8th tergite. Based on certain morphometric differences among the three major geographic regions, we suggest that S. cingulata originated in the east and colonized south European area from two different geographic routes. It is suggested that west–east morphological trend of S. cingulata is related either to the prominent palaeogeographic events of the area or to the competition with S. oraniensis Lucas, 1846 in the western Mediterranean.
Predation by centipedes on vertebrates has been reported in the wild and in captivity but reports of centipede predation on snakes are rare. Here we report the first known case of a scolopendrid centipede preying on a
young terrestrial snake in the Galapagos Islands.
A checklist of the centipedes (Chilopoda) and millipedes (Diplopoda) species recorded in Sinaloa, Mexico, is provided. Currently, seven species and one subspecies of centipedes and one species of millipedes are known to occur in this state. Two species and one subspecies are endemic to Mexico: Aztekophilus (Thylakiophilus) mexicanus, Scolopendra octodentata, and S. viridis genuina. One millipede species is endemic: Aspidiophon divisum. The checklist includes collecting localities in Sinaloa.
A new scolopendromorph centipede (Myriapoda: Chilopoda), Cratoraricrus oberlii n. gen. and sp., is described from the Nova Olinda Member of the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeast Brazil. The specimen is tentatively referred to the Scolopendridae based on possession of bisegmented tarsi and paramedian longitudinal grooves on the sternites. This specimen represents one of only four verifiable Mesozoic taxa.
Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus, n. gen., n. sp., is proposed for a minute scolopocryptopid centipede occurring near sea level in coastal Jalisco that is anatomically similar to the unillustrated, written description of Ectonocryptops kraepelini Crabill, 1977, from ca. 1,615 m (5,300 ft) elevation in the interior of Colima. Both possess enlarged, subclavate caudal legs that lack claws and in which the distal podomeres are inflated and bulbous, but this appendage has only 4 articles in the former (tibiae and 1st tarsi enlarged) and 5 in the latter (tibiae and 1st & 2nd tarsi enlarged). The genera cannot be accommodated by an existing subfamily, necessitating proposal of Ectonocryptopinae, the fourth scolopocryptopid subfamily, the others being Newportiinae, Kethopinae, and Scolopocryptopinae. A key is provided to the subfamilies and eight component genera; each of the former contains two anatomically similar genera, as Tidops Chamberlin, 1915, is returned to the Newportiinae from the nominate taxon, where it was transferred without justification. Relationships among the four subfamilies are postulated as Kethopinae + (Scolopocryptopinae + (Ectonocryptopinae + Newportiinae)).
Since 1758, 140 names have been erected for, transferred into, or assigned to species of Scolopendra occurring in the New World. One hundred sixteen are from definite, though sometimes vague, type localities; 18 are for nominal species without type localities; three lack standing in nomenclature and are invalid; and three are nomina nuda. To facilitate future studies and determining synonymies, these names are cataloged in chronological order in four listings plus a summary roster of senior names and junior subjective synonyms. Additional rosters cite primary homonyms needing rectification and species needing neotypes - ones with revisitable type localities, ones with unknown or overly generalized type localities that cannot be rechecked, and ones whose type specimens may still exist. The Mexican species, S. robusta Kraepelin, 1903, inadvertently reduced to subspecific status under S. gigantea L., 1758, in a popularized booklet, is returned to full specific status and deleted from Colombia, and 5. punctiscuta Wood, 1861, is placed in synonymy under S. heros Girard, 1853, which is deleted from India. Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure, 1860, & S. olmeca Humbert & Saussure, 1969, are possible synonyms of S. pomacea C. L. Koch, 1847. The synonymy of S. viridilimbata Daday, 1891, under S. polymorpha Wood, 1861, is accepted, and the following established synonymies are confirmed: under S. alternans Leach, 1815 - S. sagraea Gervais, 1837, S. cubensis Saussure, 1860, S. complanata, S. multispinata, & S. grayi, all by Newport, 1844, and S. torquata & S. testacea, both by Wood, 1861; under S. subspinipes Leach, 1815 - S. sexspinosa Newport, 1844, and S. placea & S. lutea, both by Newport, 1845; under S. morsitans L., 1758, S. brandtiana Gervais, 1837, and S. pella Wood, 1861; and under S. viridicornis Newport, 1844, S. punctidens Newport, 1844. The following generic assignments are confirmed: S. lobidens Newport, 1844, in Cormocephalus Newport, 1845; and S. cormocephalina Kohlrausch, 1878, S. longipleura Silvestri, 1895, and S. chilensis & S. pallida, both by Gervais, 1847, in Hemiscolopendra Kraepelin, 1903. Scolopendra viridicornis Newport, 1844, a plausible inhabitant of Guyana, is deleted from Cuba and the Lesser Antilles. The publication date of S. alternans Leach, previously thought to be 1813, is corrected to 1815, and that of S. arthrorhabdoides Ribaut, previously cited as both 1912 and 1914, is established as 1913.
This study presents an updated list of centipedes of the orders Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha from Colombia based on data from the literature, the World Catalogue of Centipedes (CHILOBASE), and specimens examined in museum collections. Four families, nine genera, 37 species and four subspecies are listed. One species belongs to Scutigeromorpha, and 36 species and four subspecies to Scolopendromorpha. Eleven species and four subspecies of scolopendromorphs are recorded for the first time from Colombia. Newportia Gervais, 1847 is the most diverse genus with 12 species and three subspecies. Six species of Scolopendromorpha are endemic. Three species-Otostigmus inermis Porat, 1876, O. scabricauda (Humbert & Saussure, 1870) and Cryptops iheringi Brölemann, 1902-are deleted from the fauna of Colombia. The Andean Región in Colombia has the most records of Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha. Maps showing the geographical distribution are given for the orders, genera, and some species.
This work is a first attempt to integrate into one list and quantify all the known species of Hispaniolan arthropods. It includes all the terrestrial and surrounding marine arthropod species (plus those of Tardigrada and Onychophora) known to me to be reported for the island of Hispaniola until the end of 2007, as well as 158 species that are reported here as new records for the Dominican Republic and the island. A total of 8,237 valid species (6,833 extant and 1,404 fossils) are listed, of which the largest component are the insects (5,676 extant and 824 fossil species). Preliminarily, 2,521 arthropod species (36.9%) are considered to be endemic or unique to Hispaniola. Also 84 species are recognized as introduced. The bibliography complements the taxonomic information and includes over 4,000 titles. Brief annotations are also given on the history of entomology in Hispaniola.
Two junior homonyms were detected amongst the Myriapoda generic names and the following replacement names are proposed: Cemsunguria nom. nov. for Szechuanella Hoffman, 1961 and Scolopendra (Nurettiniella) nom. nov. for Scolopendra (Collaria) Porat, 1878. Accordingly, new combinations are herein proposed for the species currently included in these genera: Cemsunguria grandis (Golovatch, 1984) comb. nov., Cemsunguria tenebra (Hoffman, 1961) comb. nov. and Cemsunguria variata (Attems, 1953) comb. nov. from Szechuanella Hoffman, 1961 and Scolopendra (Nurettiniella) gigantea (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. from Scolopendra (Collaria) Porat, 1878.
A new scolopendromorph centipede (Myriapoda: Chilopoda), Cratoraricrus oberlii n. gen. and sp., is described from the Nova Olinda Member of the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeast Brazil. The specimen is tentatively referred to the Scolopendridae based on possession of bisegmented tarsi and paramedian longitudinal grooves on the sternites. This specimen represents one of only four verifiable Mesozoic taxa.
We report the first known cases of predation by centipedes, Scolopendra gigantea (Chi-lopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), on three species of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera), Mor-moops megalophylla and Pteronotus davyi (Mor-moopidae), and Leptonycteris curasoae (Phyllo-stomidae). Our observations were made in Cueva del Guano, a limestone cave in Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela, that harbors important colonies of five bat species. These observations show that, noctur-nally and diurnally, centipedes can perform two ac-tions that most other bat predators cannot. First, they climb cave ceilings to catch and eat flying or perch-ing bats. Second, they subdue bats substantially heavier than themselves. Such capabilities may al-low large centipedes to prey on bats in what other-wise would be safe roosts.
Thirteen centiped species and one symphylan are reported from the Galápagos Islands. Hanseniella caldaria (Hansen) is the first symphylan reported from the Galápagos Islands. Among the centipeds, Hemiscolopendra galapagosa Chamberlin is a new synonym of Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman and should be deleted from the Galápagos list. Cormocephalus andinus Kraepelin, its probable junior synonym C. carolus Chamberlin, and Nannopodellus purpurascens Chamberlin, previously reported from the Galápagos Islands, were not in any collections made from 1974 to the present and may be extinct on the islands. Lamyctes coeculus (Brölemann), Lamyctes fulvicornis Meinert, and Newportia monticola Pocock are new records, and first appear in collections made in 1974. Two new species, Pectiniunguis krausi and Pachymerium perdrai, are described. The former had been misidentified previously as Pectiniunguis albermarlensis Chamberlin. While Pectiniunguis albemarlensis and Scolopendra galapagoensis may be Galápagos endemics, lack of knowledge about the centiped fauna of source areas precludes definitive statements.
Of the six species of Australian Rhysida recognized by Chamberlin (1920), three are synonymized and one is excluded from Australia. Three Australian species of Rhysida are recognized: R. carinulata (Haase) and R. nuda (Newport) are redescribed, and a new species, R. polyacantha, is described. These three species are keyed, their distributions in Australia mapped, and some of their important characters tabulated together with those of two related extralimital Rhysida species, immarginata and longipes. R. nuda is confined to Australia. Hence all the extralimital forms of Rhysida to which previous workers have applied the specific or subspecific name nuda should not bear that name. The name R. immarginata may be applicable to some or most of those forms.
Fraters (ZMA); 1 spec
- Oranjestad
Oranjestad, 2 spec., 22 December 1936, Fraters (ZMA); 1 spec., 5 February 1937, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA); 1 spec., August 1949, J. van. Zijl (ZMA); 1 spec., 1963, I. Tjon Sie Fat (ZMA);
The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies
- V Chamberlin R
CHAMBERLIN R.V. 1918. The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 62: 151-262.
collector unknown (AMNH); and Iguana Cove, 4 spec collector unknown (NMNH). Baltra I., 7 spec., date unknown, K. Vinton (NMNH). Beta I., 1 spec Kruitz (NMNH). Floreana I., 5 spec
- I Isabela
- West
Galápagos Islands: Isabela I., west coast, 2 spec., 9 March 1934, collector unknown
(AMNH); and Iguana Cove, 4 spec., 31 December 1898, collector unknown (NMNH). Baltra I.,
7 spec., date unknown, K. Vinton (NMNH). Beta I., 1 spec., 24 January 1942, W.H.W. Kruitz
(NMNH). Floreana I., 5 spec., 1876, collector unknown (BMNH); 1 spec., August 1948, K.
Depts. Bolivar/Magdalena, lower part of Magdalena Val., 4 spec
Buret (MNHP). Depts. Bolivar/Magdalena, lower part of Magdalena Val., 4 spec., 8 July 1903,
K. Thompson (BMNH). Dept. Cordoba, Montería, 1 spec., May 1947, F.L. Gallego (NMNH).
Eagle Petroleum Co., 1 spec
- Hummelinck
Hummelinck (ZMA). Eagle Petroleum Co., 1 spec., 10 May 1955, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA).
Catalogo dos Quilópodos da zona neotropica
- Bücherl W
BÜCHERL W. 1942. Catalogo dos Quilópodos da zona neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 15: 251-372.
1 spec Ortiz (NMNH) and 1 spec., 13 May 1913, collector unknown (ZMUC). Edo. Aragua, Maracay, 1 spec., date and collector unknown (NMNH)
- Venezuela
Venezuela: Edo. Zulia, Maracaibo, 1 spec., date unknown, T. Ortiz (NMNH) and 1 spec.,
13 May 1913, collector unknown (ZMUC). Edo. Aragua, Maracay, 1 spec., date and collector
unknown (NMNH). Edo. Merida, Aricagua, 2 spec., 6 February 1952, J.L. Mendez (NMNH).
Hummelinck (ZMA) Savaneta, 1 spec Localities unknown, 1 spec., 17 October 1952, collector unknown (AMNH), 1 spec
- Heintje Kroes
and Heintje Kroes, 2 spec., 14-15 December 1936, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Savaneta, 1 spec.,
1955, J.G. v.d. Bergh (ZMA). Localities unknown, 1 spec., 17 October 1952, collector unknown
(AMNH), 1 spec., 1 December 1949, J. v. Zijl (ZMA), and 1 spec., 1955, J.G. v.d. Bergh (ZMA).
Galápagos Islands: Sites on Espanola
- Lives Mirador
- Quebrada Verde
- San Lima
- La Bartolomé
- Libertad
Mirador, Lives, Quebrada Verde near Lima, San Bartolomé, and La Libertad (BÜCHERL 1974).
Galápagos Islands: Sites on Espanola, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta,
Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, and Wolf islands (SHEAR & PECK 1992).
1 spec Dept. Magdalena , nr. Mamtoea, Santa Marta Mts, 1 spec
- La Dept
- Guajira
Dept. La Guajira, Riohacha, 1 spec., 19 January 1936, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA). Dept. Magdalena, nr. Mamtoea, Santa Marta Mts, 1 spec., 30 July 1913, A.G. Ruthven, F.M. Gaige
(MCZ); and nr. Rio Frio, 2 spec., 5 August 1928, P.J. Darlington (MCZ).
Baranquilla, 2 spec Steindachner (NMV), and 1 spec
- Colombia
- Dept
- Atlantico
Colombia: Dept. Atlantico, Baranquilla, 2 spec., March 1879, Steindachner (NMV), and
1 spec., 3 August 1909, B. Heighton (BMNH). Dept. Bolivar, Carthagena, 2 spec., 1835, M.
Chilopods in the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History
CHAMBERLIN R.V. 1944. Chilopods in the collections of the Field Museum of Natural History.
Zoological Series, Field Museum of Natural History 28: 175-216.
Chilopods of the Williams Galapagos expedition
- V Chamberlin R
CHAMBERLIN R.V. 1924. Chilopods of the Williams Galapagos expedition. Zoologica 5: 137-141.
Port of Spain, 1 spec collector unknown (NMNH) Chaguanas, 1 spec Cocos Island: 1 spec
- Tobago Trinidad
Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad: Port of Spain, 1 spec., 11 July 1941, collector unknown
(NMNH). Chaguanas, 1 spec., 5 April 1963, R.K. Wacring (FSCA). SW Gaspar Grande Island, Cocos Island: 1 spec., 25 April 1941, W.L. Schmitt (NMNH).
On the Chilopoda of North America, with a catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
- C Wood H
WOOD H.C. 1862. On the Chilopoda of North America, with a catalogue of all the specimens
in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (2) 5: 2-52.
1 spec., 1892, collector unknown (MNHP) Ancash
- W K Peru
Peru: Arequipa Edo., Pueblo Cocachacra on Tambo R., 1 spec., 1892, collector unknown
(MNHP). Ancash Edo., Cajacay, Rio Fortaleza, 2650-2750 m, 4 spec., 3 June 1956, W.K.
Unknown estado, Orinoco, exact location unknown, 2 spec., date and collector unknown (MNHP)
Unknown estado, Orinoco, exact location unknown, 2 spec., date and collector unknown
(MNHP). Isla Margarita, Porlamar, 7 spec., 25 May-5 August 1936, P.W. Hummelinck (ZMA).
Myriapoden aus Peru, III
- Kraus O
KRAUS O. 1955. Myriapoden aus Peru, III. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 173-200.
Vogl (ZSBS) and 1 spec., date and collector unknown (ZMUC) Schibbye (ZMUC). Edo. Lara, xerophytic zone, 3 specFSCA). Edo. Falcon, Paraguaná Penin., 3 km N Moruy, off road in dry tropical rainforest, 1 spec
- L W J M Caracas
- H Osorio
- Da Unda
Caracas, 1 spec., date unknown, F. Vogl (ZSBS) and 1 spec., date and collector unknown
(ZMUC). Edo. Carabobo, Valencia, 7 spec., 1889, L.W. Schibbye (ZMUC). Edo. Lara, xerophytic zone, 3 spec., 21-25 July 1978, J.M. Osorio, H. da Unda (FSCA). Edo. Falcon,
Paraguaná Penin., 3 km N Moruy, off road in dry tropical rainforest, 1 spec., 1 December
1990, A.L. Markezich (MCZ). Edo. Anzoatequi, Naricual, 1 spec., 1885, Chaper (MNHP).
southwest of Cajamarca, and near Pariacoto between Casma and Huaras
- Cajabamba
Cajabamba, southwest of Cajamarca, and near Pariacoto between Casma and
Huaras (KRAUS 1957);
Die Scolopendromorpha der Neotropischen Region
- Bücherl W
BÜCHERL W. 1974. Die Scolopendromorpha der Neotropischen Region. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 32: 99-133.
- Kraus O
KRAUS O. 1958. Myriapoden von den Galapagos-Inseln. Senckenbergiana Biologica 39: 97-102.
and Post Office Bay, 1 spec collector unknown (NMNH) San Cristobal I., 1 spec
Vinton (NMNH); and Post Office Bay, 1 spec., 27 July 1938, collector unknown (NMNH). San
Cristobal I., 1 spec., 29 March 1891, US Fish Comm., Steamer Albatross (NMNH); 1 spec., 27
Revision der Scolopendriden
KRAEPELIN K. 1903. Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen
Museum in Hamburg 20: 1-276.
Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the collection of the British Museum, Part I. Chilopoda.96London: British Museum
- G Newport
Kruitz (NMNH). Floreana I., 5 spec., 1876, collector unknown (BMNH); 1 spec
- Iguana Cove
and Iguana Cove, 4 spec., 31 December 1898, collector unknown (NMNH). Baltra I.,
7 spec., date unknown, K. Vinton (NMNH). Beta I., 1 spec., 24 January 1942, W.H.W. Kruitz
(NMNH). Floreana I., 5 spec., 1876, collector unknown (BMNH); 1 spec., August 1948, K.
Vinton (NMNH); and Post Office Bay, 1 spec., 27 July 1938, collector unknown (NMNH). San
Cristobal I., 1 spec., 29 March 1891, US Fish Comm., Steamer Albatross (NMNH); 1 spec., 27
May 1899 (NMNH); and 7 spec., July 1948, K. Vinton (NMNH). Hood I., 1 spec., 18 May
1899, collector unknown (NMNH); 1 spec., 27 April 1927, collector unknown (NMNH); and
albatross rookery, 2 spec., 18 December 1934, W.L. Schmitt (NMNH). James I. under rock
between lagoons, 18 April 1941, W.L. Schmitt (NMNH). Island unknown, 8 spec., 1 February
1878, Steindachner (NMV).
Ecuador: Guayas Edo., Guayaquil, date and collector unknown (NMNH).
- C H Bollman
BOLLMAN C.H. 1889. Myriapoda. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 12: 211-216.
The civil and natural history of Jamaica. Printed for the author and sold by T. Osborne and J. Shipton in Gray's-Inn
- Browne P
BROWNE P. 1756. The civil and natural history of Jamaica. Printed for the author and sold by
T. Osborne and J. Shipton in Gray's-Inn. London, 420 pp. (Reprinted by Arno Press,
New York, 1972).
- Bücherl W
BÜCHERL W. 1950. Quilópodos do Peru. II. Memorias do Instituto Butantan 22: 173-186.
The Chilopoda of the Lund University and California Academy of Sciences Expeditions
- V Chamberlin R
CHAMBERLIN R.V. 1955. The Chilopoda of the Lund University and California Academy of Sciences Expeditions. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift (N.F.) (Avd. 2) 51: 3-61.
Gattungen und Arten der Scolopendriden
KOHLRAUSCH E. 1881. Gattungen und Arten der Scolopendriden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 47:
50-132.
Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem
- Kraepelin K
KRAEPELIN K. 1903. Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen
Museum in Hamburg 20: 1-276.
Myriapoden aus Peru, VI
- Kraus O
KRAUS O. 1957. Myriapoden aus Peru, VI. Senckenbergiana Biologica 38: 359-404.
Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigensis
- Meinert F
MEINERT F. 1886. Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigensis, Mass. Part I. Chilopoda. Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society 23: 161-232.
Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the collection of the British Museum, Part I
- Newport G
NEWPORT G. 1856. Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the collection of the British Museum, Part I.
Chilopoda. London: British Museum (Natural History), 96 pp.
1895-1910. Chilopoda and Diplopoda
- I Pocock R
POCOCK R.I. 1895-1910. Chilopoda and Diplopoda. Biologia Centrali-Americana, 217 pp. [Fascicle treating S. gigantea distributed in December 1895].
Descriptions of new species of Scolopendra, in the collection of the Academy
- H C Wood
WOOD H.C. 1861. Descriptions of new species of Scolopendra, in the collection of the Academy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 13: 10-15.