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New report of leaf blight disease on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) caused by Pestalotiopsis virgatula in Thailand

Authors:
Nakarin Suwannarach at Chiang Mai University
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla at Chiang Mai University
Jaturong Kumla
Boonsom Bussaban at Chiang Mai University
Boonsom Bussaban
Saisamorn Lumyong at Chiang Mai University
Saisamorn Lumyong
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A leaf blight on eucalyptus, caused by Pestalotiopsis virgatula, was found on a Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation for the first time at Chiang Mai Province, Thailand in 2011. The fungus was isolated and its pathogenicity confirmed. Pathogenicity tests showed that P. virgatula could infect E. camaldulensis, which developed the same symptoms under artificial inoculation conditions as those observed in the field. The fungus was identified based on morphological and culture characteristics as P. virgatula. Identifications were confirmed using comparisons of DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions 1 and 2, including 5.8S rDNA (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2). This is the first report of eucalyptus leaf blight disease caused by P. virgatula.
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Can. J. Plant Pathol. (2012), 34(2): 306–309
Disease report/Rapport des maladies
New report of leaf blight disease on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) caused by Pestalotiopsis virgatula in Thailand
NAKARIN SUWANNARACH, JATURONG KUMLA, BOONSOM BUSSABAN AND SAISAMORN LUMYONG
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
(Accepted 26 March 2012)
Abstract: A leaf blight on eucalyptus, caused by Pestalotiopsis virgatula, was found on a Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation for the first
time at Chiang Mai Province, Thailand in 2011. The fungus was isolated and its pathogenicity confirmed. Pathogenicity tests showed that
P. virgatula could infect E.camaldulensis, which developed the same symptoms under artificial inoculation conditions as those observed in
the field. The fungus was identified based on morphological and culture characteristics as P. virgatula. Identifications were confirmed using
comparisons of DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions 1 and 2, including 5.8S rDNA (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). This is the first
report of eucalyptus leaf blight disease caused by P.virgatula.
Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, leaf blight, Pestalotiopsis virgatula
Résumé: La brûlure helminthosporienne de l’eucalyptus, causée par Pestalotiopsis virgatula, a été découverte dans une plantation
d’Eucalyptus camaldulensis pour la première fois en 2011, en Thaïlande, dans la province de Chiang Mai. Le champignon a été isolé et sa
pathogénicité, confirmée. Les tests de pathogénicité ont montré que P. virgatula pouvait infecter E. camaldulensis qui développait les mêmes
symptômes au champ que lorsqu’il était inoculé artificiellement. En se basant sur les caractéristiques morphologiques et culturales, le
champignon a été identifié comme P. virgatula. L’identification a été confirmée en comparant des séquences de l’ADN des régions 1 et 2 de
l’espaceur transcrit interne, y compris la région 5.8S de l’ADNr (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). Il s’agit de la première mention de la brûlure
helminthosporienne de l’eucalyptus causée par P. virgatula.
Mots clés: brûlure helminthosporienne, Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Pestalotiopsis virgatula
Introduction
Eucalyptus, a fast growing deciduous tree, is able to
grow under a wide range of conditions and is a valu-
able resource for foresters and farmers (Old et al., 2003;
Brooker & Kleinig, 2006). The most common species
planted in Thailand is Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
while others such as E. alba Reinw. ex Blume., E.
deglupta Blume., E. globulus Labill., E. grandis W. Hill.
ex Maiden., E. multiflora Poir. and E. urophylla S.T.
Correspondence to: Saisamorn Lumyong. E-mail: saisamorn.l@cmu.ac.th
Blake. are also grown (Old et al., 2003; Barney, 2005).
In addition to industrial size plantations, commune,
farm-scale plantings make a significant contribution to
household incomes. Areas planted with eucalyptus have
increased in Thailand and as more plantations are estab-
lished on less suitable sites, disease problems have
increased. The aim of this study was to determine the iden-
tity and pathogenicity of fungi causing eucalyptus leaf
blight disease in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.
ISSN: 0706-0661 print/ISSN 1715-2992 online © 2012 The Canadian Phytopathological Society
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2012.680501
Downloaded by [Chiang Mai University] at 02:44 24 October 2012
Eucalyptus leaf blight in Thailand 307
Disease symptoms and pathogen description
Eucalyptus leaves showing blight symptoms were col-
lected from E. camaldulensis plantations in Chiang
Mai Province, Thailand (18◦470740N, 98◦570410E) in
November 2011. The initial symptoms were brown,
oval or irregular-shaped lesions, 0.9–1.3 ×1.6–5.2 cm
(n =30), on the leaf margin or leaf tip. Lesions
enlarged and coalesced causing diseased leaves to become
blighted and desiccated (Fig. 1a). In a humid environ-
ment, black, sessile and discoid conidiomata developed
and exuded a spore mass that turned black (Figs 1b–e).
Diseased leaves eventually dropped off. Acervuli mea-
suring 200–350 µm in diameter, occasionally up to
500 µm, were visible on the surface of the leaf lesions
(Fig. 1f). Conidiogenous cells were discrete or integrated,
lageniform to ampulliform or subcylindrical, colourless,
smooth-walled, 12.5–18.7 ×3.7–6.2 µm (Fig. 1g). The
five-celled conidia were clavate fusiform, the apical and
basal cells were hyaline, while the three median cells
(the upper two were slightly darker than the lower one)
were olivaceous. Conidia (n=50) were 19.8–21.2 ×
5.8–6.7 µm, with typically three apical appendages aver-
aging 15.7–17.5 µm in length. The basal appendage
was 3.6–4.0 µm long (Fig. 1h). The fungus was initially
identified as Pestalotiopsis virgatula (Kleb.) Stey (Keith,
2008) based on these observations.
Fungal isolation and morphology
Five symptomatic leaves were kept in plastic box with
wet filter paper to induce sporulation. Spore masses were
then suspended in 250 µL of sterilized distilled water
on sterilized glass slides and dropped on 2% (w/v)
water agar containing 0.5 mg/L of chloramphenicol.
After 24 h incubation at 25 ◦C, individual germinating
spores was selected and transferred directly to potato
dextrose agar (PDA) according to the procedures by
Choi et al. (1999) and subculturing onto PDA. Fungal
colonies on PDA grew to 70–75 mm diameter in one
week at room temperature (25 ±2◦C) with an even
to undulating, glabrous, colourless margin; immersed
mycelium was pale buff (Fig. 1i), aerial mycelium pure
white and woolly-cottony. Acervuli formed on the aerial
mycelium and contained black, slimy spore masses.
The conidia were fusiform, five-cell, straight or slightly
curved. The cells comprised three colored median cells
and hyaline apical and basal cells with appendages
(Figs 1j–k).
Fig. 1. a, Natural symptoms of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf blight caused by Pestalotiopsis virgatula.b–e, The exuded spore mass on leaves.
f, Acervulus of P. virgatula on leaf. g, Conidiogenous cells in acervulus. h, Fusiform five-cell conidia on E. camaldulensis leaf. i, Colonies of
P. virgatula grown for 4 days at 25◦C on PDA (left, surface view and right, reverse view). j–k, Conidia on PDA culture. Bars: a–b=5 cm; c =
100 µm; d–f,h=50 µm; g, j–k=10 µm and i =1 cm.
Downloaded by [Chiang Mai University] at 02:44 24 October 2012
N. Suwannarach et al. 308
Molecular identification
For phylogenetic analysis, genomic DNA of the fungus
was extracted using the SDS-CTAB method described by
Suwannarach et al. (2010) and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region
was amplified using primers ITS4 and ITS5 under the fol-
lowing thermal conditions: 95◦C for 2 min, 30 cycles of
95◦C for 30 s, 50◦C for 30 s, 72◦C for 1 min and a cycle of
72◦C for 10 min. Three PCR products of size 600 bp were
directly sequenced. The partial ITS sequence, containing
548 bp, was deposited in GenBank as JQ396429. BLAST
searches of the database showed that the pathogen had
99 and 100% similarity with P. virgatula EU047945 and
AY924282, respectively. For the phylogenetic analysis, a
multiple sequence alignment was carried out using the
alignment subroutines in Clustal X (Thompson et al.,
1997) and a maximum-parsimony phylogenetic anal-
ysis using the PAUP beta 10 software versions 4.0
(Swofford, 2002). A maximum-parsimony tree is shown
in Fig. 2. The results confirmed that the fungus was
P. virgatula.
Pathogenicity test
To confirm pathogenicity, five healthy E. camaldulensis
leaves were sterilized with 2% sodium hypochlorite,
rinsed with sterile distilled water and then placed in a plas-
tic box. A spore suspension of the fungus was adjusted
to 12 ×106spores/mL and dropped on the leaves. After
15 days, the symptoms described above were observed on
all inoculated E. camaldulensis leaves. The same fungus
was re-isolated from diseased leaves, confirming Koch’s
postulates. The test was repeated twice.
In Thailand, Mycosphaerella has been the only known
cause of leaf blight prior to this research (Cheewangkoon
et al., 2008). Eucalyptus plantations in southern China
have a leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. (Chen et al.,
2011). In addition, Cylindrocladium and Kirramyces
species have also been reported as eucalyptus leaf blight
pathogens (Old et al., 2003). However, P. virgatula has
previously been described as a fruit rot pathogen of
rambutan in Hawaii (Keith, 2008). Here we report that
the leaf blight disease of E.camaldulensis, caused by
P. virgatula, is a new disease in Thailand.
Fig. 2. Maximum parsimonious tree of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and ITS 2 sequence alignments of
18 isolates. Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum were used to root the tree. Branches with bootstrap values ≥50% are shown at each
branch and bar represents 10 showed substitutions per nucleotide position.
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Eucalyptus leaf blight in Thailand 309
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from The Office
of Higher Education Commission, Thailand under the
National Research University (A1) Program, Chiang Mai
University and Thailand Research Fund (IUG5380003).
We are grateful to Mr. Keegan Kennedy for improving the
English text.
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Pestalotiopsis and related genera, including Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis have damaged many plants for many decades; however, there is little available information about the fungi on tropical fruit in Thailand. This study isolated and characterized pestalotioid fungi on tropical fruit, investigated host specificity, and screened whether plant extracts could control the fungi. In total, 53 diseased fruit samples were sampled from eight types of fruit trees (jackfruit, rose apple, mangosteen, plum, snake fruit, rambutan, strawberry, and avocado). Based on morphological characteristics, 44 isolates were classified as belonging to pestalotioid taxa. Of these isolates, seven with distinct characteristics were selected for identification using molecular analysis, and six isolates were identified as Neopestalotiopsis and one as Pseudopestalotiopsis . In the cross-inoculation experiment, the isolates exhibited nonhost specificity and could infect at least two host plants. The isolates were used to screen for a potential biocontrol resource using six crude plant extracts (clove, ginger, lemongrass, mangosteen, roselle, and turmeric). All crude extracts except mangosteen could inhibit the growth of Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis . Application of crude plant extracts could be a potential treatment to control these diseases on tropical fruit.
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... Pestalotiopsis rhizophorae Rhizophora apiculata ITS, TEF, TUB [211] Pestalotiopsis shoreae Shorea obtusa ITS, TEF, TUB [212] Pestalotiopsis thailandica Rhizophora apiculata ITS, TEF, TUB [211] Pestalotiopsis theae Cinnamomum iners ITS [213] Pestalotiopsis virgatula Eucalyptus camaldulensis ITS [214] Phaeoacremonium italicum Tectona grandis ACT, TUB [35] Phaeoacremonium tectonae Tectona grandis ACT, TUB [177] Phaeoappendicospora thailandensis Quercus sp. ...
Phytopathogenic Fungi Identification in Thailand: Current Trends and Future Perspectives
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2021
Thailand is rich in fungal diversity and new taxa are continuously introduced. In the last decade there has been a vast improvement on the taxonomy, phylogeny and classification of fungi, including in Thailand. Earlier studies were solely based on morphology while modern research uses morphology and molecular phylogeny. There is a huge gap between currently accepted species numbers and previously described species based on morphology. Hence, clarification of previously introduced species using molecular data and providing missing molecular data for those species, is as important as introducing novel taxa. Correct identification of fungi is important in plant pathology and for quarantine purposes. Some introduced fungal species have been discovered to be species complexes based on modern molecular phylogeny. The adoption of "one fungus one name" has necessitated the updating of previous classifications. There are also many taxa yet to be discovered from Thailand. Thus it is important to recollect, sequence, re-describe and resolve the taxonomic ambiguities. It is important to document all fungal taxa as well as provide information on their life modes and to update plant quarantine checklists. In this review we discuss the status of phytopathogenic fungal identification, evolution of the fungal studies through some well-known examples, modern technologies that can be used, and prospects. Most importantly we provide a checklist of plant associated fungi of Thailand, for which there is molecular data available.
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Pestalotioid species associated with palm species from Southern China
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Palm is the largest monocot group widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. The importance of palm species ranges from food sources to landscape. Therefore, the identification and characterization of pathogens associated with these hosts have economic and ecological significance. During surveys in 2020 to 2021, leaf spots on diseased Sabal mexicana and rotting tissues of Areca triandra, Arenga pinnata, Dypsis leptocheilos, Washingtonia robusta were collected from three cities in southwestern China. Fungal isolates were identified using morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, beta-tubulin (tub2) gene and part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef 1-α). Six Neopestalotiopsis isolates and 22 Pestalotiopsis isolates were obtained. These isolates were further confirmed as two novel species described here as P. guangdongnsis and P. sabal; and three new host records N. formicidarum, P. diploclisae, P. kandelicola; and one unclassified Neopestalotiopsis sp. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on potted Sabal mexicana leaves for all isolated taxa. The results revealed that all species isolated from this study induced weak lesions on Sabal mexicana leaves. Pathogens were reisolated, and Koch's postulates were fulfilled. The results from this study will be an addition to micro-fungi associated with palm trees. Moreover, pathogenicity test results revealed the opportunistic nature of pestalotioid species on Sabal mexicana. These results will provide a basic platform to understand the pathogenic mechanisms and lifestyle of pestalotioid species in the future.
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At the Supply Edge: Thailand's Forest Policies, Plantation Sector and Commodity Export Links with China
Technical Report
Full-text available
  • Jan 2005
Forest Trends (http://www.forest-trends.org): Forest Trends is a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization advocating market-based approaches to conserving forests outside of protected areas. In addition to promoting markets for some of the ecosystem services, Forest Trends also supports markets for sustainably-produced forest products and markets that bolster the livelihoods of forest-based communities. To promote these markets, Forest Trends brings together leading agents in industry and finance with representatives from governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with forests. In addition, Forest Trends generates and disseminates critical information to market players in an effort to promote sustainable forestry. Center for International Forestry Research (http://www.cifor.cgiar.org): The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), based in Bogor, Indonesia, was established in 1993 as a part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in response to global concerns about the social, environmental, and economic consequences of forest loss and degradation. CIFOR research produces knowledge and methods needed to improve the wellbeing of forest-dependent people and to help tropical countries manage their forests wisely for sustained benefits. This research is conducted in more than two dozen countries, in partnership with numerous partners. Since it was founded, CIFOR has also played a central role in influencing global and national forestry policies. The York Centre for Asian Research (http://www.yorku.ca/ycar/): The York Centre for Asian Research was created to enhance the understanding of Asia and Asian diasporas. Our goal is to raise the profile of scholarship and education about Asia and Asian diasporas through research, lectures, workshops, and other public events. YCAR also supports scholars, community groups, and other organizations working to improve social justice and welfare in Asia and among Asian communities elsewhere. Through links with NGOs, governments, and academic institutions in Asia, Canada and elsewhere, YCAR facilitates the exchange of ideas and knowledge and promotes public awareness about Asia and Asian diasporas. YCAR is a centre for information on expertise about Asia and Asian Canadians, both within York University and further afield.
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Muscodor cinnamomi, a new endophytic species from Cinnamomum bejolghota
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2010
Muscodor cinnamomi is described as a new species, endophytic within leaf tissues of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Lauraceae) in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand. Molecular analysis indicated differences from the five previously described Muscodor spp. Volatile organic compounds analysis showed that M. cinnamomi produced azulene (differentiating it from M. crispans) but did not produce naphthalene (differentiating it from M. albus, M. roseus, and M. vitigenus).
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Single spore isolation of fungi
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1999
W.H. (1999). Single spore isolation of fungi. Fungal Diversity 3: 29-38. Methods to isolate fungi from single spores are outlined. These methods are specifically designed for mycological laboratories which are not necessarily well funded. Therefore, they involve a simple procedure, are relatively inexpensive, and most importantly effective. Furthermore, only basic equipment is required. By using these methods, most fungi, with the exception of those that do not germinate on artificial medium, can be isolated. Some approaches are suggested to prevent mite infestations and to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.
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Novel species of Calonectria associated with Eucalyptus leaf blight in Southeast China
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2011
  • Persoonia
Leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. is an important disease occurring on Eucalyptus trees grown in plantations of Southeast Asia. Symptoms of leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. have recently been observed in commercial Eucalyptus plantations in FuJian Province in Southeast China. The aim of this study was to identify these Calonectria spp. employing morphological characteristics, DNA sequence comparisons for the β-tubulin, histone H3 and translation elongation factor-1α gene regions and sexual compatibility. Four Calonectria spp. were identified, including Ca. pauciramosa and three novel taxa described here as Ca. crousiana, Ca. fujianensis and Ca. pseudocolhounii. Inoculation tests showed that all four Calonectria spp. found in this study were pathogenic on two different E. urophylla × E. grandis hybrid clones, commercially utilised in eucalypt plantations in China.
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Species of Mycosphaerella and related anamorphs on Eucalyptus leaves from Thailand
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2008
  • Persoonia
Species of Mycosphaerella and their related anamorphs represent potentially serious foliar pathogens of Eucalyptus. The fungi treated in the present study were isolated from symptomatic Eucalyptus leaves collected in Thailand during June-October 2007. Species were initially identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Identifications were confirmed using comparisons of DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8S nrDNA, ITS2) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions. To help distinguish species of Pseudocercospora, the dataset was expanded by generating partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha and actin genes. By integrating the morphological and molecular datasets, five new taxa were distinguished, namely Mycosphaerella irregulari, M. pseudomarksii, M. quasiparkii, Penidiella eucalypti and Pseudocercospora chiangmaiensis, while M. vietnamensis represents a new record for Thailand.
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The CLUSTAL_X Windows Interface: Flexible Strategies for Multiple Sequence Alignment Aided by Quality Analysis Tools
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 1998
CLUSTAL X is a new windows interface for the widely-used progressive multiple sequence alignment program CLUSTAL W. The new system is easy to use, providing an integrated system for performing multiple sequence and profile alignments and analysing the results. CLUSTAL X displays the sequence alignment in a window on the screen. A versatile sequence colouring scheme allows the user to highlight conserved features in the alignment. Pull-down menus provide all the options required for traditional multiple sequence and profile alignment. New features include: the ability to cut-and-paste sequences to change the order of the alignment, selection of a subset of the sequences to be realigned, and selection of a sub-range of the alignment to be realigned and inserted back into the original alignment. Alignment quality analysis can be performed and low-scoring segments or exceptional residues can be highlighted. Quality analysis and realignment of selected residue ranges provide the user with a powerful tool to improve and refine difficult alignments and to trap errors in input sequences. CLUSTAL X has been compiled on SUN Solaris, IRIX5.3 on Silicon Graphics, Digital UNIX on DECstations, Microsoft Windows (32 bit) for PCs, Linux ELF for x86 PCs, and Macintosh PowerMac.
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PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0b10
Book
  • Jan 2002
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
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First Report of Pestalotiopsis virgatula Causing Pestalotiopsis Fruit Rot on Rambutan in Hawaii
Article
  • May 2008
  • PLANT DIS
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) is a tropical, exotic fruit that has a rapidly expanding niche market in Hawaii. Diseased rambutan fruit was commonly observed in orchards in the Hilo and Kona districts of Hawaii Island during 2006. In surveys conducted in January, symptoms appeared as dark brown-to-black spots on mature fruit and blackened areas at the base of spinterns (hair-like projections) of mature and immature fruits. Pieces of infected fruit (cv. R167) were surface sterilized for 2 min in 0.5% NaOCl, plated on potato dextrose agar, and incubated at 24 ± 1°C for 7 days. The fungus growing on PDA was pale buff with sparse, aerial mycelium and acervuli containing black, slimy spore masses. All isolates had five-celled conidia. Apical and basal cells were hyaline, while the three median cells were olivaceous; the upper two were slightly darker than the lower one. Conidia (n = 40) were 20.3 ± 0.1 × 6.8 ± 0.1 μm. There were typically three apical appendages averaging 16.8 ± 0.2 μm long. The average basal appendage was 3.8 ± 0.1 μm long. The fungus was initially identified as Pestalotiopsis virgatula (Kleb.) Stey. on the basis of conidial and cultural characteristics (3). The identification was confirmed by molecular analysis of the 5.8S subunit and flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of rDNA amplified from DNA extracted from single-spore cultures with the ITS1/ITS4 primers (1,4) and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU047943). To confirm pathogenicity, agar pieces, 3 mm in diameter, from 7-day old cultures were used as inoculum. Five mature fruit from rambutan cv. R134 were rinsed with tap water, surface sterilized with 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, wounded with a needle head, inoculated in the laboratory, and maintained in a moist chamber for 7 days. Lesions resembling symptoms that occurred in the field were observed on fruit after 7 days. No symptoms were observed on fruit inoculated with agar media. The fungus reisolated from diseased fruit was identical to the original isolates, confirming Koch's postulates. The disease appears to be widespread in Hawaii. Preharvest symptoms may have the potential to affect postharvest fruit quality if fruits are not stored at the proper conditions. Pestalotiopsis spp. have been reported on rambutan in Malaysia, Brunei, and Australia (2). To my knowledge, this is the first report of P. virgatula causing fruit spots on rambutan in Hawaii. References: (1) G. Caetano-Annolles et al. Curr. Genet. 39:346, 2001. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2007. (3) E. F. Guba. Monograph of Pestalotia and Monochaetia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1961. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1990.
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First report of Pestalotiopsis virgatula causing pestalotiopsis fruit rot on rambutan in Hawaii A manual of dis-eases in Eucalyptus in South-East Asia. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Muscodor cinnamomi, a new endophytic species from Cinnamomum bejolghota
  • Jan 2003
  • 15-23
  • L M Keith
  • K M Old
  • M J Wingfield
  • Z Q Yuan
  • B Hyde
  • K D Lumyong
KEITH, L.M. (2008). First report of Pestalotiopsis virgatula causing pestalotiopsis fruit rot on rambutan in Hawaii. Plant Dis., 92, 835. OLD, K.M., WINGFIELD, M.J., & YUAN, Z.Q. (2003). A manual of dis-eases in Eucalyptus in South-East Asia. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor. SUWANNARACH, N., BUSSABAN, B., HYDE, K.D., & LUMYONG, S. (2010). Muscodor cinnamomi, a new endophytic species from Cinnamomum bejolghota. Mycotaxon 114, 15–23.