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N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251 239
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The polio vaccine: a critical assessment of its arcane history, efficacy,
and long-term health-related consequences
Neil Z. Miller
Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute
P.O. Box 9638
Santa Fe, NM 87504 USA
Website: www.thinktwice.com
Abstract
Polio (poliomyelitis) is a potentially dangerous viral ailment. To combat this disease, researchers developed two polio vaccines (inactivated and live)
grown in cultures made from monkey kidneys. Beginning in the 1950s, these vaccines were administered to millions of people in the United States and
throughout the world. Officially, the polio vaccine is considered safe and effective, and has been credited with singularly reducing the incidence of this
disease. These tenets are not supported by the data.
A cancer-causing monkey virus–SV-40–was discovered in polio vaccines administered to millions of people. SV-40 has been found in brain tumors,
bone cancers, lung cancers and leukemia. SV-40 is transmitted through sexual intercourse, and from mother to child in the womb. Monkeys that were used
to make polio vaccines were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the
infectious agent associated with AIDS. Some researchers question whether HIVs may simply be SIVs “residing in and adapting to a human host.” Polio
vaccines also contain calf serum, glycerol and other parts of the cow that may have been infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad
cow disease, a fatal brain-wasting ailment that some researchers link to Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), its human equivalent.
Current disease reduction techniques that emphasize short-term gains over long-term health consequences need to be reevaluated and discontinued
while new and safer health paradigms are researched and implemented.
©Copyright 2004, Neil Z. Miller. All rights reserved.
Keywords: polio, aseptic meningitis, simian virus, SV-40, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE, vCJD
1. What is polio?
Polio is a contagious disease caused by an intestinal virus that
may attack nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms
include fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting. Some victims
develop neurological complications, including stiffness of the neck
and back, weak muscles, pain in the joints, and paralysis of one or
more limbs or respiratory muscles. In severe cases it may be fatal,
due to respiratory paralysis.
2. How is polio contracted?
Polio can be spread through contact with contaminated feces
(for example, by changing an infected baby’s diapers) or through
airborne droplets, in food, or in water. The virus enters the body
by nose or mouth, then travels to the intestines where it incubates.
Next, it enters the bloodstream where Aanti-polio@ antibodies are
produced. In most cases, this stops the progression of the virus and
the individual gains permanent immunity against the disease [1].
1935-39 1940-44 1945-49 1950-54
Average Cases per 100,000
Many people mistakenly believe that anyone who contracts
polio will become paralyzed or die. However, in most infections
caused by polio there are few distinctive symptoms [2]. In fact, 95
percent of everyone who is exposed to the natural polio virus
won’t exhibit any symptoms, even under epidemic conditions
[3,4]. About 5 percent of infected people will experience mild
symptoms, such as a sore throat, stiff neck, headache, and fever—
often diagnosed as a cold or flu [3,5]. Muscular paralysis has been
estimated to occur in about one of every 1,000 people who con-
tract the disease [3,6]. This has lead some scientific researchers to
conclude that the small percentage of people who do develop para-
lytic polio may be anatomically susceptible to the disease. The
vast remainder of the population may be naturally immune to the
polio virus [7].
Injections: Several studies have shown that injections (for anti-
biotics or other vaccines) increase susceptibility to polio. In fact,
researchers have known since the early 1900s that paralytic polio-
myelitis often started at the site of an injection [8,9]. When diph-
theria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases
of paralytic poliomyelitis skyrocketed (Figure 1) [10]. This was
documented in Lancet and other medical journals [11-13]. In 1949,
the Medical Research Council in Great Britain set up a committee
to investigate the matter and ultimately concluded that individuals
are at increased risk of paralysis for 30 days following injections;
injections alter the distribution of paralysis; and it did not matter
whether the injections were subcutaneous or intramuscular
[14,15].
Figure 1. Polio cases skyrocketed after diphtheria and per-
tussis vaccines were introduced
Diphtheria and Pertussis
Vaccines Introduced
Several studies show that injections increas e susceptibility to polio. When diphthe-
ria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases of paralytic polio-
myelitis skyrocketed. This chart shows the average number of polio cases per
100,000 people during five year periods before and after the vaccines were intro-
duced. Source: National Morbidity Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveil-
lance reports; Lancet (April 18, 1950), pp. 659-63.
doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027
N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251
240
A 1992 study, published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases,
validated earlier findings. Children who received DPT (diphtheria,
tetanus, and pertussis) injections were significantly more likely
than controls to suffer paralytic poliomyelitis within the next 30
days [16]. According to the authors, “this study confirms that in-
jections are an important cause of provocative poliomyelitis
[16:444].”
In 1995, the New England Journal of Medicine published a
study showing that children who received a single injection within
one month after receiving a polio vaccine were 8 times more likely
to contract polio than children who received no injections. The risk
jumped 27-fold when children received up to nine injections
within one month after receiving the polio vaccine. And with ten
or more injections, the likelihood of developing polio was 182
times greater than expected [17].
Why injections increase the risk of polio is unclear [18]. Never-
theless, these studies and others [19-24] indicate that “injections
must be avoided in countries with endemic poliomyelitis [18].”
Health authorities believe that all “unnecessary” injections should
be avoided as well [18:1006;24].
Nutritional deficiencies: A poor diet has also been shown to
increase susceptibility to polio [25]. In 1948, during the height of
the polio epidemics, Dr. Benjamin Sandler, a nutritional expert at
the Oteen Veterans’ Hospital, documented a relationship between
polio and an excessive use of sugars and starches. He compiled
records showing that countries with the highest per capita con-
sumption of sugar, such as the United States, Britain, Australia,
Canada, and Sweden (with over 100 pounds per person per year)
had the greatest incidence of polio [26]. In contrast, polio was
practically unheard of in China (with its sugar use of only 3
pounds per person per year) [26].
Dr. Sandler claimed that sugars and starches lower blood sugar
levels causing hypoglycemia, and that phosphoric acid in soft
drinks strips the nerves of proper nourishment. Such foods dehy-
drate the cells and leech calcium from the body. A serious calcium
deficiency precedes polio [26-29]. Weakened nerve trunks are then
more likely to malfunction and the victim loses the use of one or
more limbs [26:146].
Researchers have always known that polio strikes with its
greatest intensity during the hot summer months. Dr. Sandler ob-
served that children consume greater amounts of ice cream, soft
drinks, and artificially sweetened products in hot weather. In 1949,
before the polio season began, he warned the residents of North
Carolina, through the newspapers and radio, to decrease their con-
sumption of these products. That summer, North Carolinians re-
duced their intake of sugar by 90 percentCand polio decreased by
the same amount! The North Carolina State Health Department
reported 2,498 cases of polio in 1948, and 229 cases in 1949 (data
taken from North Carolina State Health Department figures)
[26:146;29].
One manufacturer shipped one million less gallons of ice cream
during the first week alone following the publication of Dr.
Sandler’s anti-polio diet. Soft drink sales were down as well. But
the powerful Rockefeller Milk Trust, which sold frozen products
to North Carolinians, combined forces with soft drink business
leaders and convinced the people that Sandler’s findings were a
myth and the polio figures a fluke. By the summer of 1950 sales
were back to previous levels and polio cases returned to “normal”
[26:146;29].
3. Can polio be treated?
Paralytic polio is rarely permanent. Usually there is a full re-
covery [30-34]. Muscle power begins to return after several days
and continues to improve during the next 12-24 months [30-34]. A
small percentage of cases will experience residual paralysis. In
rare cases, paralysis of the muscles used to breathe can lead to
death [5:108;30-34].
Treatment mainly consists of putting the patient to bed and
allowing the affected limbs to be completely relaxed. If breathing
is affected, a respirator or iron lung can be used. Physical therapy
may be required.
4. Does a polio vaccine exist?
In 1947, Jonas Salk, an American physician and microbiologist,
became head of the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of
Pittsburgh. He was interested in developing a polio vaccine. In
1952, Salk combined three types of polio virus grown in cultures
made from monkey kidneys. Using formaldehyde, he was able to
“kill” or inactivate the viral matter so that it would trigger an anti-
body response without causing the disease. That year he began his
initial experiments on human subjects. In 1953, his findings were
published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
And in April of 1954 the nation’s first polio immunization cam-
paign, directed at school children, was launched [35]. However,
shortly thereafter hundreds of people contracted polio from Salk’s
vaccine; many died. Apparently, his “killed-virus” vaccine was not
completely inactivated [1]. The vaccine was redeveloped, and by
August 1955 over 4 million doses were administered in the United
States. By 1959, nearly 100 other countries were using Salk’s vac-
cine [1,35].
In 1957, Albert Sabin, another American physician and micro-
biologist, developed a live-virus (oral) vaccine against polio. He
didn’t think Salk’s killed-virus vaccine would be effective in pre-
venting epidemics. He wanted his vaccine to simulate a real-life
infection. This meant using an attenuated or weakened form of the
live virus. He experimented with thousands of monkeys and chim-
panzees before isolating a rare type of polio virus that would re-
produce in the intestinal tract without penetrating the central nerv-
ous system. The initial human trials were conducted in foreign
countries. In 1958, it was tested in the United States. And in 1963
Sabin’s oral “sugar-cube” vaccine became available for general
use [1,35].
5. Which vaccine is in use today?
In 1963, Sabin’s oral vaccine quickly replaced Salk’s injectable
shot. It is cheaper to make, easier to take, and appears to provide
greater protection, including “herd immunity” in unvaccinated
people. However, it cannot be given to people with compromised
immune systems [1,35]. Plus, it is capable of causing polio in
some recipients of the vaccine, and in individuals with compro-
mised immune systems who come into close contact with recently
vaccinated children [1,35-38]. As a result, in January 2000, the
CDC “updated” its polio vaccine recommendations, reverting back
to policies first implemented during the 1950s: Children should
doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027
N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251 241
only be given the killed-virus shot. The oral polio vaccine should
only be used in “special circumstances [39-41].”
6. Are polio vaccines safe?
When national immunization campaigns were initiated in the
1950s, the number of reported cases of polio following mass in-
oculations with the killed-virus vaccine was significantly greater
than before mass inoculations, and may have more than doubled in
the U.S. as a whole. For example, Vermont reported 15 cases of
polio during the one-year report period ending August 30, 1954
(before mass inoculations), compared to 55 cases of polio during
the one-year period ending August 30, 1955 (after mass inocula-
tions)Ca 266% increase. Rhode Island reported 22 cases during
the before inoculations period as compared to 122 cases during the
after inoculations periodCa 454% increase. In New Hampshire the
figures increased from 38 to 129; in Connecticut they rose from
144 to 276; and in Massachusetts they swelled from 273 to
2027Ca whopping 642% increase (Figure 2) [26:140;29:146;42].
Figure 2. Cases of polio increased in th e U. S. aft er mass ino cu-
lations
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
MA CT NH RI VT
States
Cases of Polio
Before After
When national immunization campaigns were initiated in the 1950s, the
number of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with the
killed-virus vaccine was significantly greater than before mass inocula-
tions, and may have more than doubled in the U.S. as a whole. Source:
U.S. Government statistics.
Doctors and scientists on the staff of the National Institutes of
Health during the 1950s were well aware that the Salk vaccine was
causing polio. Some frankly stated that it was “worthless as a pre-
ventive and dangerous to take [26:142].” They refused to vacci-
nate their own children [26:142]. Health departments banned the
inoculations [26:140]. The Idaho State Health Director angrily
declared: “I hold the Salk vaccine and its manufacturers responsi-
ble” for a polio outbreak that killed several Idahoans and hospital-
ized dozens more [26:140]. Even Salk himself was quoted as say-
ing: “When you inoculate children with a polio vaccine you don’t
sleep well for two or three weeks [26:144;43].” But the National
Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, and drug companies with large
investments in the vaccine coerced the U.S. Public Health Service
into falsely proclaiming the vaccine was safe and effective
[26:142-5].
In 1976, Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the killed-virus vaccine used
in the 1950s, testified that the live-virus vaccine (used almost ex-
clusively in the U.S. from the early 1960s to 2000) was the “prin-
cipal if not sole cause” of all reported polio cases in the U.S. since
1961 [44]. (The virus remains in the throat for one to two weeks
and in the feces for up to two months. Thus, vaccine recipients are
at risk, and can potentially spread the disease, as long as fecal ex-
cretion of the virus continues [45].) In 1992, the Federal Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an admission
that the live-virus vaccine had become the dominant cause of polio
in the United States [36]. In fact, according to CDC figures, every
case of polio in the U.S. since 1979 was caused by the oral polio
vaccine [36]. Authorities claim the vaccine was responsible for
about eight cases of polio every year [46]. However, an independ-
ent study that analyzed the government’s own vaccine database
during a recent period of less than five years uncovered 13,641
reports of adverse events following use of the oral polio vaccine.
These reports included 6,364 emergency room visits and 540
deaths (Figure 3) [47,48]. Public outrage at these tragedies became
the impetus for removing the oral polio vaccine from immuniza-
tion schedules [36:568;37;38].
Figure 3. Polio vaccine: adverse and serious adverse reactions
13641
6364
540
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Number of Cases
Adverse Reactions
Serious Adverse
Reactions
Deaths
In the mid-1990s, during a period of less than five years, there were
13,641 documented adverse reactions to the oral polio vaccine. 6,364 of
these were serious enough to require hospital emergency room visits. 540
people died. Source: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
(VAERS); OPV Vaccine Report: Doc. #14.
The following story is typical of the damage associated with
oral polio vaccines: “Four months ago my son was taken to a local
clinic for his polio vaccine. I wasn’t aware that he was going to
have one, and would have prevented it if I had known. Unfortu-
nately, he changed from that dayChigh-pitched screaming, smelly
stools, non-stop crying, difficulty in breathing, high temperature,
and lethargy. He also lost weight. Weeks of sleepless nights for all
of us followed. His development ceased. He had been able to stand
and move around, but he went back to remaining in basically
whatever position we left him in.
“My wife was six months pregnant at the time, and about a
week after our son’s polio vaccine, she began to have headaches,
loss of balance, muscular weakness, and frequent tiredness. I pan-
icked because everything seemed to be pointing to polio infection.
Then, a week after her continuous headaches began, she had to go
to the hospital because there was something wrong with the preg-
nancy; she lost our daughter.
“I tried to get a polio test, and to find the cause of this tragic
series of events, but the medical profession was extremely unhelp-
ful. They laughed at me. I will never know why our son suddenly
stopped growing or why his development regressed. I will never
doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027
N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251
242
know why we lost our daughter. The only thing I am sure about is
that the precursor to these events was the polio vaccine.” [From an
unsolicited e-mail received by the Thinktwice Global Vaccine
Institute—www.thinktwice.com]
Today, fact sheets on polio published by the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, warn parents that the inactivated
polio vaccine (IPV) can cause “serious problems or even death...
[49]” The company that manufactures the current inactivated po-
lio vaccine warns that Guillain-Barré Syndrome, a debilitating
ailment characterized by muscular incapacitation and nervous sys-
tem damage, “has been temporally related to administration of
another inactivated poliovirus vaccine [3:780].” And although this
company makes the claim that “no causal relationship has been
established,” it also admits that “deaths have occurred” after vac-
cination of infants with IPV [3:780]. Yet, like the days of old, de-
spite these “danger alerts,” medical authorities continue to assure
parents that the currently available inactivated polio vaccine is
both safe and effective.
7. How effective are polio vaccines?
Polio is virtually nonexistent in the United States today. How-
ever, according to Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, medical investigator
and pediatrician, there is no credible scientific evidence that the
vaccine caused polio to disappear [50]. From 1923 to 1953, before
the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced, the polio death rate
in the United States and England had already declined on its own
by 47 percent and 55 percent, respectively (Figure 4) [51]. Statis-
tics show a similar decline in other European countries as well
[51]. And when the vaccine did become available, many European
countries questioned its effectiveness and refused to systematically
inoculate their citizens. Yet, polio epidemics also ended in these
countries [50].
Figure 4. The polio death rate was decreasing on its own be-
fore the vaccine was introduced
From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced,
the polio death rate in the United States and England had already declined
on its own by 47 percent and 55 percent, respectively. Source: Interna-
tional Mortality Statistics (1981) by Michael Alderson.
The standards for defining polio were changed when the polio
vaccine was introduced. The new definition of a polio epidemic
required more cases to be reported. Paralytic polio was redefined
as well, making it more difficult to confirm, and therefore tally,
cases. Prior to the introduction of the vaccine the patient only had
to exhibit paralytic symptoms for 24 hours. Laboratory confirma-
tion and tests to determine residual paralysis were not required.
The new definition required the patient to exhibit paralytic symp-
toms for at least 60 days, and residual paralysis had to be con-
firmed twice during the course of the disease. Also, after the vac-
cine was introduced cases of aseptic meningitis (an infectious
disease often difficult to distinguish from polio) and coxsackie
virus infections were more often reported as separate diseases
from polio. But such cases were counted as polio before the vac-
cine was introduced. The vaccine’s reported effectiveness was
therefore skewed (Table 1 and Figure 5) [52,53].
Table 1. Polio or aseptic meningitis?
Sample Months
Reported Cases
of Polio
Reported Cases of
Aseptic Meningitis
July 1955
(Before the new
polio definition was
introduced.)
273
50
July 1961
(After the new polio
definition was in-
troduced.)
65
161
September 1966
(After the new polio
definition was in-
troduced)
5 256
Cases of polio were more often reported as aseptic meningitis after the
vaccine was introduced, skewing efficacy rates. Source: The Los Angeles
County Health Index: Morbidity and Mortality, Reportable Diseases
.
Figure 5. Polio cases were predetermined to decrease when the
medical definition of polio was changed
Source: Congressional Hearings, May 1962; and National Morbidity
Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveillance reports.
doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027
N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251 243
The fact that dubious tactics were used to fabricate efficacy
rates was corroborated by Dr. Bernard Greenberg, chairman of the
Committee on Evaluation and Standards of the American Public
Health Association during the 1950s. His expert testimony was
used as evidence during Congressional hearings in 1962. He cred-
ited the “decline” of polio cases not to the vaccine, but rather to a
change in the way doctors were required to report cases: “Prior to
1954 any physician who reported paralytic poliomyelitis was do-
ing his patient a service by way of subsidizing the cost of hospi-
talization... two examinations at least 24 hours apart was all that
was required... In 1955 the criteria were changed... residual pa-
ralysis was determined 10 to 20 days after onset of illness and
again 50 to 70 days after onset... This change in definition meant
that in 1955 we started reporting a new disease... Furthermore,
diagnostic procedures have continued to be refined. Coxsackie
virus infections and aseptic meningitis have been distinguished
from poliomyelitis... Thus, simply by changes in diagnostic crite-
ria, the number of paralytic cases was predetermined to decrease...
[52:96,97]”
8. Polio vaccines and cancer
In 1959, Bernice Eddy, a brilliant government
scientist working in Biologics at the National Institutes
of Health, discovered that polio vaccines being
administered throughout the world contained an in-
fectious agent capable of causing cancer. When Eddy
attempted to report her findings and halt production of
these contaminated polio vaccines, her government
superiors barred her from publicly revealing the
problem. Instead, her lab and equipment were taken
away and she was demoted [54,55].
In 1960, Drs. Ben Sweet and M.R. Hilleman, phar-
maceutical researchers for the Merck Institute for
Therapeutic Research, were credited with discovering
this infectious agentCSV-40, a monkey virus that
infected nearly all rhesus monkeys, whose kidneys
were used to produce polio vaccines. Hilleman and
Sweet found SV-40 in all three types of Albert Sabin’s
live oral polio vaccine, and noted the possibility that it
might cause cancer, “especially when administered to
human babies [55,56].” According to Sweet, “It was a
frightening discovery because, back then, it was not
possible to detect the virus with the testing procedures
we had... We had no idea of what this virus would
do...” Sweet elaborated: “First, we knew that SV-40
had oncogenic (cancer-causing) properties in hamsters,
which was bad news. Secondly, we found out that it
hybridized with certain DNA viruses... such that [they]
would then have SV-40 genes attached [to them]...
When we started growing the vaccines, we just
couldn’t get rid of the SV-40 contaminated virus. We
tried to neutralize it, but couldn’t... Now, with the
theoretical links to HIV and cancer, it just blows my
mind [57].”
Further research into SV-40 uncovered even more
disturbing information. This cancer-causing virus was
not only ingested via Sabin’s contaminated oral sugar-
cube vaccine, but was directly injected into people’s
blood streams as well. Apparently, SV-40 survived the formalde-
hyde Salk used to kill microbes that defiled his injectable vaccine
[58,59]. Experts estimate that between 1954 and 1963, 30 million
to 100 million Americans and perhaps another 100 million or more
people throughout the world were exposed to SV-40 through ill-
conceived polio eradication campaigns (Figure 6) [58-60].
Studies published in eminent journals throughout the world
appear to confirm that SV-40 is a catalyst for many types of cancer
[61-80]. It has been found in brain tumors and leukemia [69-80].
More recently, in 1996, Michele Carbone, a molecular pathologist
at Chicago’s Loyola University Medical Center, was able to detect
SV-40 in 38 percent of patients with bone cancer and in 58 percent
of those with mesothelioma, a deadly type of lung cancer [81-83].
Carbone’s research indicates that SV-40 blocks an important pro-
tein that normally protects cells from becoming malignant [83].
Figure 6. Polio vaccines and simian virus #40
doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027
N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251
244
In 1998, a national cancer database was analyzed: 17 percent
more bone cancers, 20 percent more brain cancers, and 178 per-
cent more mesotheliomas were found in people who were exposed
to SV-40-tainted polio vaccines [84]. The National Institutes of
Health created a map showing the geographic distribution of con-
taminated stock [85]. Using this map, researchers found osteosar-
coma bone tumor rates to be 10 times higher than normal in some
regions where this tainted vaccine was used (Figure 7) [86,87].
Figure 7. SV-40-tainted polio vaccines: zones of contamination
Between 1954 and 1963, up to 100 million Americans were inoculated
with SV-40-contaminated polio vaccines. This chart shows areas of the
country in 1955 where 10 million people received polio vaccines with
either no, low, or high amounts of SV-40 in them. Source: National Insti-
tutes of Health.
Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this ongoing simian virus
debacle can be found in other studies suggesting that SV-40, intro-
duced to humans through the polio vaccine, can be passed from
human to human and from mother to child. A study of nearly
59,000 women found that children of mothers who received the
Salk vaccine between 1959 and 1965 had brain tumors at a rate 13
times greater than mothers who did not receive those polio shots
[59:58;88;89].
Another study published in the U.S. medical journal Cancer
Research found SV-40 present in 23 percent of blood samples and
45 percent of semen taken from healthy subjects [83:163;90]. Ap-
parently, the virus is being spread sexually and from mother to
child in the womb. According to biology and genetics professor
Mauro Tognon, one of the study’s authors, this would explain why
brain, bone, and lung cancers are on the riseCa 30 percent increase
in U.S. brain tumors alone over the past 25 years [83:163;90]Cand
why SV-40 was detected in brain tumors of children born after
1965 who presumably did not receive polio vaccines containing
the virus [83:163;90].
Despite official denials of any correlation between polio vac-
cines, SV-40, and increased cancer rates [91], by April 2001, 62
papers from 30 laboratories around the world had reported SV-40
in human tissues and tumors [84:10]. The virus was also discov-
ered in pituitary and thyroid tumors, and in patients with kidney
disease [84:10,13]. Even the National Cancer Institute issued a
statement that SV-40 “may be associated with human cancer
[84:11;92].”
Studies yet to be conducted may provide additional clues about
the link between contaminated polio vaccines, SV-40, and new
diseases. But scientists have their hands full. The latest research
has uncovered correlations between polio vaccines, another mon-
key virus, and AIDS.
9. Polio vaccines and AIDS
SV-40, the cancer-causing monkey virus found in polio vac-
cines and administered to millions of unsuspecting people
throughout the world, was just one of numerous simian viruses
known to have contaminated polio vaccines [38:57,58;93;94]. “As
monkey kidney culture is host to innumerable simian viruses, the
number found varying in relation to the amount of work expended
to find them, the problem presented to the manufacturer is consid-
erable, if not insuperable,” one early vaccine researcher wrote to a
congressional panel studying the safety of growing live polio-virus
vaccine in monkey kidneys [95]. “As our technical methods im-
prove we may find fewer and fewer lots of vaccine which can be
called free from simian virus [95].”
According to Harvard Medical School professor Ronald Des-
rosier, the practice of growing polio vaccines in monkey kidneys is
“a ticking time bomb [83:159].” Evidently, some viruses can live
inside monkeys without causing harm. But if these viruses were to
somehow cross species and enter the human population, new dis-
eases could occur. Desrosier continued: “The danger in using
monkey tissue to produce human vaccines is that some viruses
produced by monkeys may be transferred to humans in the vac-
cine, with very bad health consequences [83:159].” Desrosier also
warns that testing can only be done for known viruses, and that our
knowledge is limited to about “2 percent of existing monkey vi-
ruses [83:159].” Craig Engesser, a spokesman for Lederle Labora-
tories, a large vaccine manufacturing company, acknowledged that
“you can’t test for something if you don’t know it’s there [96].”
Virus detection techniques were crude and unreliable during the
1950s, 60s, and 70s when polio vaccines were initially produced
and dispensed. It wasn’t until the mid 1980s that new and more
sophisticated testing procedures were developed [84:5;96]. That
was when researchers discovered that about 50 percent of all Afri-
can green monkeysCthe primate of choice for making polio vac-
cinesCwere infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a
virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the
infectious agent thought to precede AIDS [97-100]. This caused
some researchers to wonder whether HIVs may simply be SIVs
“residing in and adapting to a human host [101].” It caused others
to suspect that SIV may have mutated into HIV once it was intro-
duced into the human population by way of contaminated polio
vaccines [59:54+;96-100;102-104].
Vaccine authorities were so concerned about the possibility that
SIV was a precursor to HIV, and that polio vaccines were the
means of transmission from monkey to human, that The World
Health Organization (WHO) convened two meetings of experts in
1985 to explore the data and consider their options [100,105]. Af-
ter all, SIV was very similar to HIV and occurred naturally in the
monkey species predominantly used by vaccine manufacturers
[98,100]. Nevertheless, WHO concluded that the vaccines were
safe and insisted that vaccination campaigns should continue un-
abated [100,105].
Shortly thereafter, Japanese researchers conducted their own
investigation and found that African green monkeys used to pro-
duce polio vaccines had antibodies against SIV [106]. The impli-
cation was clear: monkeys used to produce polio vaccines were
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natural carriers of a virus that looked and acted like HIV, the in-
fectious agent linked to AIDS. In 1989, they recommended that
monkeys infected with SIV not be used to make polio vaccines
[106].
In 1990, wild chimpanzees in Africa were found to be infected
with a strain of SIV that was nearly identical to HIV [107]. Some
researchers called it “the missing link” to the origins of human
immunodeficiency virus [108]. And since chimpanzees were used
to test viruses for potential use in vaccines, and were kept in cap-
tivity by research laboratories, they could have been a source of
vaccine contamination [109,110]. Scientific concerns were also
heightened when researchers found some West Africans who were
infected with an SIV-like virus that was a fundamental twin to
HIV. They called it HIV-2, and like the initial HIV subtype, it was
implicated in the development of AIDS [111]. According to
Robert Gallo, an expert on the AIDS virus, some versions of the
SIV monkey virus are virtually indistinguishable from some hu-
man variants of HIV: “The monkey virus is the human virus.
There are monkey viruses as close to isolates of HIV-2 as HIV-2
isolates are to each other [59:106+].” In May 1991, virus-detection
techniques were improved once again, and researchers found SIV
DNA in the kidneys of infected monkeys [112]. Minced monkey
kidneys were (and still are) used to produce the live polio vaccine
[3;59:60]. SIV was also found in the cancer cells of an AIDS vic-
tim, and in other people as well [113-115]. To many researchers,
this trail of evidence had become too persuasive to deny. Appar-
ently, millions of people were infected with monkey viruses capa-
ble of causing AIDS [101], and this cross-species transfer most
likely occurred by way of SIV-contaminated polio vaccines
[59;84;96-100;102-104;116-119].
10. Didn’t AIDS originate in Africa?
Most historians agree that AIDS originated in Africa [120]. But
Salk tested his vaccine in the U.S., and Sabin’s trials were con-
ducted in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union [100]. If
tainted polio vaccines were responsible for introducing SIV and
HIV into humans, why did the initial cases of AIDS show up on
this remote continent?
In March 1951, several years before Drs. Jonas Salk and Albert
Sabin would scuffle over whose vaccine was the true prophylactic,
Dr. Hilary Koprowski announced at a medical conference that he
had become the first doctor in history to test a polio vaccine on
humans. His “volunteers” included several institutionalized chil-
dren with mental handicaps. They drank the vaccine in chocolate
milk [121].
From 1957 to 1960, after years of tinkering with monkey kid-
neys and polio germs, Koprowski tested his own experimental
polio vaccine on 325,000 equatorial Africans, including 75,000
citizens of Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Zaire)
[59:59;121]. Called by drums, rural natives traveled to local vil-
lages where they had a liquid vaccine squirted into their mouths
[122]. Ninety-eight percent of the vaccine recipients were infants
and toddlers [121]. The youngest children received 15 times the
adult dosage [103:98]. Though Koprowski claimed he had the
backing of the World Health Organization, WHO denied sanction-
ing the large-scale trials [123].
In 1959, Dr. Albert Sabin reported in the British Medical Jour-
nal that Koprowski’s polio vaccine used in the African trials con-
tained an “unidentified” cell-killing virus [124]. It was never iden-
tified. However, in 1986 the earliest known blood sample contain-
ing antibodies against HIV was traced back to 1959. The serum
came from a patient visiting a clinic in Leopoldville [125]. There
is no evidence that HIV infected humans before 1959 [126,127].
Gerald Myers, a genetic sequencing expert with Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratories in New Mexico, tracked the evolution of HIV
and confirmed that today’s major subtypes of the AIDS virus in
humans appear to have arisen as recently as 1960 [128].
Koprowski’s vaccine was not approved for human use, so it
was discontinued in 1960 following the African trials [100]. Thus,
it was only administered to inhabitants of the Belgian Congo,
Rwanda and Burundi [104,121]Cthe precise area where high lev-
els of HIV infection were identified by researchers 30 years later
[129]. Furthermore, the AIDS virus is known to infect mucous
cells, prevalent in the mouth [59:60]. The African vaccines were
squirted into people’s mouths. Could squirting an HIV-
contaminated polio vaccine into people’s mouths cause AIDS?
According to Tom Folks, chief retrovirologist at the CDC, “Any
time a person has a lesion in his mouth, then there could be trans-
mission” of the virus [59:60]. Dr. Robert Bohannon of Baylor Col-
lege of Medicine maintains that the process of squirting the polio
vaccine into people’s mouths would tend to aerosolize some of the
liquid. Tiny drops could then go directly into the lungs, and from
there to the blood cells susceptible to infection [59:60]. This would
have been an efficient mode of HIV transmission [100].
Disease experts believe that the average time between HIV
infection and the development of AIDS is 8-10 years [100]. If the
African polio vaccine was indeed contaminated with SIV/HIV,
initial outbreaks of AIDS would have occurred from the mid-
1960s to early 1970s. This period accurately coincides with the
emergence of AIDS in equatorial Africa [130].
11. Test the polio vaccines
Authorities are reluctant to acknowledge the possibility that
medical scientists, preoccupied with growing polio vaccines in
virus-laden monkey kidneys, may have been responsible for bring-
ing about the AIDS pandemic. For example, Dr. David Heymann,
who heads the World Health Organization’s Global Program on
AIDS, flatly stated that “the origin of the AIDS virus is of no im-
portance to science today [59:106+].” William Haseltine, a Har-
vard pathology professor and AIDS researcher also believes that
any discussion about the origin of AIDS is distracting and nonpro-
ductive. “It’s not relevant,” and “I’m not interested in discussing it
[59:106+].” Jonas Salk won’t discuss the subject either. He is now
working on an AIDS vaccine [59:55]. Albert Sabin believes “you
can’t hang Koprowski with that [59:60].” And Koprowski dis-
missed the idea with a laugh, then later claimed “this is a highly
theoretical situation [59:106+].” However, samples of the polio
vaccines used in Africa are kept in freezers at the Wistar Institute
where Koprowski did much of his research. They could be tested
[59:106+].
Tom Folks of the CDC thinks it’s a good idea to test the seed
stocks of polio because “any time we can learn more about the
natural history [of AIDS], it helps us understand the pathogenesis
and…the transmission [59:106+].” Robert Gallo also thinks it’s
important to determine whether a monkey virus sparked AIDS.
Questions like this “are of more than academic interest because
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246
answering them may help avoid future zoonotic catastrophesCthat
is, transmission of disease from lower animals to humans [131].”
Responding to these concerns, some AIDS researchers formally
requested samples of the original polio vaccine seed stocks. But
the government will neither release nor test them because there are
“only a small number of vials” of the material, and tests “might
use it all up [59:108].”
12. AIDS within the Gay community
If AIDS originated in Africa via contaminated polio vaccines,
how did this disease spread to male homosexuals in America? In
1974, clinics in New York and California began experimental
treatments for gay men afflicted with herpes. Therapy consisted of
multiple doses of the live polio vaccine [132]. As noted earlier,
this vaccine was produced in the kidneys of the African Green
monkey, a known reservoir for simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV), a likely precursor to HIV [59;84;97-104]. Beginning in the
early 1980s, simultaneous outbreaks of Kaposi sarcoma and seri-
ous opportunistic infections (later associated with AIDS) were
reported among homosexual men, especially in New York City,
San Francisco, and Los Angeles [99]. This time span coincides
with the average incubation period between HIV infection and the
development of AIDS [100].
In 1982, the CDC concluded that such outbreaks “strongly sug-
gests the occurrence of a single epidemic of underlying immuno-
suppression... [133]” The following year, HIV was identified as
the causative agent [99]. And in 1992, Lancet published the first
scientific explanation showing how repeated doses of SIV-
contaminated polio vaccines may have seeded HIV among Ameri-
can homosexual men [99].
13. AIDS with no identified risk factor (NIR)
Another unusual event occurred in the 1980s. Hundreds of peo-
ple diagnosed with AIDS had no identified risk factor (NIR) [134].
They did not engage in risky behaviors related to AIDS infection.
The CDC also listed numerous children as NIR [134]. Some par-
ents believe HIV-contaminated polio vaccines infected their loved
ones [135].
On February 12, 1994, Bruce Williams filed a civil suit against
the American Cyanamid Company, claiming its polio vaccine
caused his daughter’s illness. The suit alleges that “the live oral
poliovirus vaccine was produced, tested, and approved by the
United States Food and Drug Administration pursuant to measures
inconsistent with accepted standards of medical practice.” The
lawsuit also asserts that “the product was FDA approved despite
the known presence of contaminants, including retroviruses such
as HIV [136].”
Walter Kyle, the Williams’ lawyer, identified the specific lots
of vaccine the child received, but the CDC and federal health offi-
cials have refused to test them [134:106]. Kyle believes “The CDC
could disprove my entire hypothesis by testing the vaccines they
have in their possession. The fact that they haven’t done so is evi-
dence there’s something wrong with the vaccine [134:106].”
Some researchers believe the true number of NIR cases could
be in the thousands [134,137]. When health officials examine peo-
ple with AIDS, they try to identify a risk factor. If a patient admits
he once had unprotected sex, that becomes his factor, even though
there’s no proof that is how he was infected [134].
The evidence implicating polio vaccines grown in monkey kid-
neys with our current epidemics of cancer and AIDS continues to
grow. But what if polio vaccines were produced in cow serum?
Would that make a difference?
14. Polio vaccines and Mad Cow disease
Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle. Infected cows lose
weight, drool, arch their backs, wave their heads, teeter back and
forth, threaten other cows, act crazy, and eventually die. The first
case of the disease was observed in 1984. Since then, BSE has
killed more than 200,000 cows [138].
Mad cow disease is related to scrapie, a similar disease afflict-
ing sheep [139]. In fact, authorities believe it spread to cows from
sheep when they were fed scrapie-infected bone meal [139].
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and vCJD (a newly discovered
variant) are the human equivalents of mad cow disease [139].
They cause a comparable wasting of the brain leading to muscle
incoordination, sensory loss, and mental confusion [139]. It is al-
ways fatal. There is no known cure [138:54].
There is very strong evidence that mad cow disease and the
newly discovered variant of Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused
by the same infectious agent. For example, a 1996 study showed
that monkeys injected with BSE developed symptoms remarkably
similar to vCJD [140]. Another study showed that BSE and vCJD
had similar molecular characteristicsCunlike “classical” CJD
[141]. Two later studies, one published in 1997, the other in 1999,
appear to confirm that BSE from cattle causes vCruetzfeldt-Jakob
disease in humans [142,143]. Researchers think that mad cow dis-
ease can be passed from cows to humans if they ingest BSE-
infected beef [138:56;144;145], or if they receive vaccines con-
taminated with BSE [145-148].
BSE associated infectious agents are capable of contaminating
polio vaccines because they are not only grown in monkey kid-
neys, but in calf serum as well [3]. In fact, many parts of the cow
are used in vaccine production. Glycerol is derived from cow fat;
gelatin and amino acids come from cow bones; and the growth
medium for viruses and other microorganisms may require cow
skeletal muscle, enzymes, and blood [139].
Authorities knew that vaccines could be infected with BSE
associated transmissible agents as early as 1988. Yet, in England,
vaccine manufacturers waited months before switching to cows
less likely to be infected, and refused to remove current stock off
the shelves and out of doctor’s offices until it was all sold, or ex-
pired five years later towards the end of 1993 [146]. One outraged
legislator declared that “the Department of Health was potentially
criminally negligent in not requiring the immediate withdrawal or
cessation of use of vaccines from potentially contaminated sources
[146].” Despite nationwide apprehension, manufacturers continued
to disregard European guidelines [150]. Finally, in October 2000,
the Department of Health became so concerned about the likeli-
hood of children being infected with BSE-contaminated vaccines
and falling prey to vCruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (dozens of people,
including children, had already contracted it) [151] that they is-
sued a recall of hundreds of thousands of polio vaccines made
using fetal bovine serum extracted from British cows
[139,148,152].
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N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251 247
In the United States, authorities waited until December 1993
before issuing a “recommendation” that U.S. manufacturers not
use bovine material from countries reporting BSE [153]. The FDA
issued a second warning to manufacturers in 1996 informing them
to “take whatever steps are necessary to reduce potential risk of
transmission of BSE agent [139,147].” But in March 2000, the
FDA discovered that its “recommendations” were ignored. Vac-
cines were still being made in bovine materials obtained from
countries reporting BSE [147].
Americans have something else to be concerned about as well.
Although U.S. cows do not exhibit “mad cow symptoms,” every
year in the United States tens of thousands of cattle are severely
incapacitated; they cannot stand and walk on their own. Farm
Sanctuary, a national non-profit organization dedicated to halting
irresponsible agricultural practices, believes that these “downed”
animals may harbor a new variant of BSE, and is critical of the
Food and Drug Administration’s BSE surveillance efforts [154].
Despite early warning signs, downed cows are not examined for a
new variant of BSE, and have not been ruled out of vaccine pro-
duction [154].
Dr. Richard Marsh of the Department of Animal Health and
Biomedical Sciences at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
conducted research providing evidence that downed cattle in the
U.S. may harbor a new variant of mad cow disease. He inoculated
cows with TME, a variant of BSE. They became “downed” instead
of “mad” [155]. Other scientists inoculated cows with scrapie from
U.S. sheep. They, too, became “downed” instead of “mad” [156].
Responding to the FDA’s apparent indifference, Farm Sanctuary
issued the following statement: “We are distressed that economic
priorities have tended to take precedence over the health of con-
sumers. We are also concerned that, like in Britain, a powerful
economic incentive exists to ignore evidence that BSE, or a variant
of BSE, exists in the U.S. We urge the FDA to examine the scien-
tific evidence regarding BSE carefully and to act in the interest of
American consumers [154].” Regardless, the FDA did not modify
its BSE surveillance policies, and vaccines made in bovine mate-
rial obtained from countries reporting BSE were not going to be
removed from the market for at least another year, until
2002Cafter all existing stock had been purchased and consumed
[139,147].
15. More animal viruses
Thousands of viruses and other potentially infectious micro-
organisms thrive in monkeys and cows, the preferred animals for
making polio vaccines [83:159]. SV-40, SIV, and BSE associated
transmissible agents are just three of the disease-causing agents
researchers have isolated. For example, scientists have known
since 1955 that monkeys host the “B” virus, foamy agent virus,
haemadsorption viruses, the LCM virus, arboviruses, and more
[157]. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), similar in genetic
structure to HIV, was recently found in some cows [103:100].
In 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was discovered in
chimpanzees [158]. According to Dr. Viera Scheibner, who stud-
ied more than 30,000 pages of medical papers dealing with vacci-
nation, RSV viruses “formed prominent contaminants in polio
vaccines, and were soon detected in children [159].” They caused
serious cold-like symptoms in small infants and babies who re-
ceived the polio vaccine [159]. In 1961, the Journal of the Ameri-
can Medical Association published two studies confirming a
causal relationship between RSV and “relatively severe lower
respiratory tract illness [160].” The virus was found in 57 percent
of infants with bronchiolitis or pneumonia, and in 12 percent of
babies with a milder febrile respiratory disease [161]. Infected
babies remained ill for three to five months [161]. RSV was also
found to be contagious, and soon spread to adults where it has
been linked to the common cold [162].
Today, RSV infects virtually all infants by the age of two years,
and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia
among infants and children under one year of age [163]. It also
causes severe respiratory disease in the elderly [164]. RSV re-
mains highly contagious and results in thousands of hospitaliza-
tions every year; many people die from it [165]. Ironically, scien-
tists are developing a vaccine to combat RSV [166]Cthe infectious
agent that very likely entered the human population by way of a
vaccine [159].
Dr. John Martin, a professor of pathology at the University of
Southern California, has been warning authorities since 1978 that
other dangerous monkey viruses could be contaminating polio
vaccines. In particular, Martin sought to investigate simian cyto-
megalovirus (SCMV), a “stealth virus” capable of causing neuro-
logical disorders in the human brain. The virus was found in mon-
keys used for making polio vaccines. The government rebuffed his
efforts to study the risks [83:159–61]. However, in 1995, Martin
published his findings implicating the African green monkey as
the probable source of SCMV isolated from a patient with chronic
fatigue syndrome [167].
In 1996, Dr. Howard B. Urnovitz, a microbiologist, founder
and chief science officer of Calypte Biomedical in Berkeley, Cali-
fornia spoke at a national AIDS conference where he revealed that
up to 26 monkey viruses may have been in the original Salk vac-
cines. These included the simian equivalents of human echo virus,
coxsackie, herpes (HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8), adenoviruses,
Epstein-Barr, and cytomegalovirus [168-170]. Urnovitz believes
that contaminated Salk vaccines given to U.S. children between
1955 and 1961 may have set this generation up for immune system
damage and neurological disorders. He sees correlations between
early polio vaccine campaigns and the sudden emergence of hu-
man T-cell leukemia, epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma, Burkitt’s lym-
phoma, herpes, Epstein-Barr and chronic fatigue syndrome
[168:1].
Urnovitz also discussed “jumping genes”—normal genes that
may recombine with viral fragments to form new hybrid viruses
called chimeras. He believes that this is exactly what happened
when monkey viruses and human genes were brought together
during early polio vaccine campaigns. And because the chimera
“has the envelope of a normal human gene,” typical cures won’t
work. How do you develop a vaccine or other antidote against the
body’s own DNA [168:1-4;171]?
16. Mutated polio strains
Several years ago, the World Health Organization launched the
Global Polio Eradication Initiative, with 2000 as its target date for
eliminating the disease. However, by 2000 it became clear that not
only was polio still around, but new strains of the disease—
derived from the vaccine itself—were emerging [172]. Research-
ers first noticed something unusual in 1983. Outbreaks of polio in
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248
Egypt were being caused by a “vaccine-derived” polio virus [173].
In 1993, Dr. Radu Crainic of the Pasteur Institute, discovered that
strains of the polio virus have the ability to spontaneously recom-
bine with themselves and create new strains. Crainic showed that
if you vaccinate a child with polio strains 1, 2, and 3, you can pro-
duce a new strain, strain 4, out of the child’s stool. Crainic con-
cluded that the polio vaccine creates favorable conditions contrib-
uting to the evolution of viral “recombinations” [174].
In October 2000, virologist Hiromu Yoshida of Japan’s Na-
tional Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo reported finding a
new infectious polio virus in Japanese rivers and sewage. Genetic
sequencing confirmed that the virus had mutated from the polio
vaccine and regained much of its original virulence [175]. Accord-
ing to Yoshida, it poses a “persistent environmental threat [172].”
In December 2000, researchers reported on a polio outbreak in
Haiti and the Dominican Republic that resulted in numerous cases
of flaccid paralysis [173]. Laboratory examinations confirmed
health authorities’ worst suspicions: the disease was caused by “an
unusual viral derivative” of the polio vaccine. The virus demon-
strates genetic similarity to the parent vaccine strain, “but it has
assumed the neurovirulence and transmissibility” of the wild polio
virus [173]. Health officials are obviously concerned, “because a
wild poliovirus has not circulated in the Western Hemisphere since
1991,” and if the newly mutated polio virus spreads, it could cause
new epidemics of the disease (Figure 8) [173].
Figure 8. Polio eradication with vaccines: a vicious cycle?
The wild polio virus brought about the development of polio vaccines,
which spawned mutations of the polio virus, resulting in new “vaccine-
derived” wild polio viruses. Source: Virology 1993; 196:199-208; Lancet
(October 28, 2000); Reuters Medical News (December 4, 2000)
17. How is today’s polio vaccine produced?
Despite the polio vaccine’s long history of causing polio, and
the manufacturer’s inability to protect the public from dangerous
microorganisms that perpetually contaminate their ever growing
repertoire of “new and improved” products, the currently avail-
able inactivated, or “killed-virus” polio vaccine continues to be
manufactured in much the same way as earlier versions. Animal
matter and questionable drugs are still used. In the United States,
today’s polio vaccine is a sterile suspension of three types of po-
liovirus. “The viruses are grown in cultures of a continuous line of
monkey kidney cells...supplemented with newborn calf serum...”
The vaccine also contains two antibiotics (neomycin and strepto-
mycin), in addition to formaldehyde as a preservative [3].
In Canada, the inactivated polio vaccine is produced in “human
diploid cells” instead of monkey kidneys [83:163]. Some research-
ers believe this is a safer alternative. According to Barbara Loe
Fisher, president of the National Vaccine Information Center in
Vienna, Virginia, “With mounting evidence that cross-species
transfer of viruses can occur, the United States should no longer be
using animal tissues to produce vaccines [91].” However, Dr. Ar-
thur Levine of the National Institutes of Health believes that mak-
ing polio vaccines using human cells isn’t risk-free either, “be-
cause they must be tested for human infections [176].”
18. Are positive changes possible?
Government officials worry that even debating the issue will
frighten parents. Levine probably speaks for many people within
the vaccine industry when he declares: “We do a grave disservice
to the public if we were now to question the safety of the current
polio vaccines... [176]” But Barbara Loe Fisher would like to see
changes in the way vaccine safety is governed. She believes that
agencies like the FDA have an inherent conflict of interest because
of their mandate to promote universal vaccination on the one hand
and regulate vaccine safety on the other. “Who’s minding the store
when the FDA has allowed drug companies to produce vaccines
grown on contaminated monkey kidneys?” Fisher asks. “What
happened to protecting the public health [60]?” Dr. John Martin
agrees. He believes that we need to immediately determine the
prevalence of stealth viruses of simian origin in the United States,
and whether they may be contributing to chronic immune system
and brain disorders in children and adults [177]. Dr. Urnovitz is
even more resolute in his convictions. He thinks that an extensive
study of human exposure to simian microbes is long overdue.
“Half of the people in this country are baby boomers who were
born between 1941 and 1961 and are at high risk for having been
exposed to polio vaccines contaminated with monkey viruses. Are
we just a time bomb waiting to happen, waiting to develop lupus,
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease [168:4,5;169]?” Urnovitz
also challenged medical science to prove him wrong. “What we
are saying here is that there is a strong probability that no human
retroviruses existed before the polio vaccines... You have to real-
ize that if you mess around with nature, you’re going to pay the
price... The objective here is a better, healthier world...
[168:4,5;169;171]”
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About the Author
Neil Z. Miller is a medical research journalist and natural health ad-
vocate. He is the author of numerous articles and books on vaccines,
including Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective? (updated and
revised 2004); Vaccines, Autism and Childhood Disorders (2003); Im-
munizations: The People Speak (1996); and Immunization Theory Versus
Reality (1995). He is a frequent guest on radio and TV talk shows, in-
cluding Donahue and Montel Williams, where he is often seen and heard
debating doctors and other health officials. Mr. Miller has a degree in
psychology, is the director of the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute
(www.thinktwice.com), and is a member of Mensa, the international
high-IQ society. He lives in Northern New Mexico with his family.
Mr. Miller began his crusade against mandatory vaccines when his
son was born. Very little data could be found on this topic. His search for
the truth led him to scientific journals. There he discovered numerous
studies warning medical practitioners that vaccines are often unsafe and
ineffective. His shock and anger at the suppression of this information
culminated in his passionate advocacy of health freedom and informed
parenting options.
Neil Miller is a health pioneer who presented documentation about
vaccine safety and efficacy problems long before these concerns were
made public. For example, several years ago he complained about toxic
mercury being put into childhood vaccines and provided evidence linking
vaccines and autism. During the past decade, cases of autism skyrocketed
by more than 500 percent in countries that use the MMR vaccine. In
some parts of the United States, one of every 150 children is autistic.
Recently, Congress commanded the FDA to remove mercury from vac-
cines, and new studies by several world-renowned scientists confirmed
an MMR-autism link.
Despite the many problems uncovered in Mr. Miller’s research, he
does not tell parents to reject the shots:
Every year, more than 12,000 people in the United States file
vaccine-damage reports with the FDA documenting serious ad-
verse reactions to mandated immunizations (children are mainly
affected). The FDA estimates that this represents just 10 percent
of the true rate. Yet, even these figures pale in comparison to the
number of cases of new diseases scientifically linked to inocula-
tions: MMR and autism, polio vaccines and cancer, the hepatitis
B vaccine and multiple sclerosis, the Hib vaccine and diabetes,
to name just a few. For these reasons, among others, I am op-
posed to mandatory vaccines. I do not recommend for or against
the shots. I want everyone to think through this enigmatic and
controversial subject on their own. I believe that parents are ca-
pable of obtaining the facts and making knowledgeable choices
regarding the care and welfare of their children.
Mr. Miller has publicly debated the pros and cons of mandatory vac-
cines with several pediatricians and other health practitioners, including
the chief medical epidemiologist for the National Immunization Program
at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He conducts
lectures throughout the United States and is available to discuss his re-
search on vaccines.
doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027
