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Estimates of Genetic and Environmental Variability in Soybeans1
Agronomy Journal
Abstract
RiCENT studies on a number of characters of soybeans
have been directed toward estimation of heritability,
that is, the fraction of variance in phenotypic expression
that arises from genetic effects. However, the different
methods employed do not necessarily estimate the same
thing. For example, variance and regression methods of
estimating heritability of F2 plant differences estimate the
same thing only if all gene effects are additive. The nature
of the selection units (plant, plot, mean of several plots,
etc.) and sampling errors also influence greatly the magnitude
of heritability estimates. Therefore, any meaningful
comparison of the estimates obtained in different situations
must include a careful evaluation of the methods and
materials employed
... The broad sense heritability (h 2 A ) for each variable was estimated in the classical way as described in the following formula: h 2 A = (σ 2 g /σ 2 p ) x 100, where: σ 2 g represents genetic variance and σ 2 p is the phenotypic variance. Genetic advance (GA) was estimated for each variable, according to: AG = kσ p h 2 A (Johnson et al., 1955), where k = selection differential, it is a constant for a given selection intensity (2.06 at 5%), σ p = phenotypic standard deviation, and h 2 A = heritability in the broad sense. ...
... The most important expected genetic advance AG (Tab. 2) was achieved for the characteristics NF, ILMS, LP, CLL, WCL, NSPP, CBD and THC, with values greater than 30% and considered high according to Johnson et al. (1955). ...
... The most important expected genetic advance AG (Tab. 2) was achieved for the characteristics NF, ILMS, LP, CLL, WCL, NSPP, CBD and THC, with values greater than 30% and considered high according to Johnson et al. (1955). The advances achieved for phytocannabinoids indicate that Algarrobo CBD and No high genopytes for their high CBD content and Cundi gold, Blondie grl, River cosmic, Ice nilo and Timbiki skunk genopytes for greater THC accumulation, can be used as female parents to improve the percentage of phytocannabinoids, which it depends on the biotic and abiotic effects of pollination and its content can be reduced by 75 and 60%, respectively, due to seed formation and the genetic composition of the pollinator chemotype, given that co-dominant alleles control the synthesis of THCA and CBDA, in this way the BD allele codes for CBDA synthetase and the BT allele for THCA synthase (Small, 2018); so recurrent selection would be a good strategy according to Feder et al. (2021) to improve populations by taking advantage of additive genetic effects (Campell et al., 2020) or in vitro micropropagation as an alternative to overcome these limitations and manage to maintain the genetic identity and the desired phytochemical profile of the selected plant (Atehortua, 2018). ...
The ostracism to which the species was subjected in the last century generated a weak use of genetic variability in the genetic improvement of characteristics of interest. This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters, correlation, and path analysis for 13 agronomic traits, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in 10 cannabis genotypes from different departments of Colombia. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions with a polycarbonate cover and anti-aphid mesh at the La Esperanza farm in Pueblo Bello, Cesar (North Colombia). A randomized complete block design with 10 treatments (genotypes) and three replicates was used. Each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants obtained from mother plants and transplanted at 14 cm between rows and between plants. Significant differences (P≤0.01) were detected between genotypes for all traits and THC and CBD content. Heritability in a broad sense showed values higher than 82% for all the traits studied. Genetic variability between genotypes was detected for number of leaflets, internode length of main stem, length of petiole, central leaflet-length, width of central leaflet, number of stems per plant, CBD, and THC, which allowed obtaining genetic gains higher than 30%. There was a high, inverse, and significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation between the percentage of CBD and THC (r=-0.93**). Overall, width of central leaflet direct and indirect effects explains the association level between CBD and THC with the correlated traits. It is possible to increase CBD and THC by selecting genotypes with higher width of central leaflet.
... It was computed with the help of the following formula given by Johnson et al., [15]. ...
... The genetic advance as a percentage of the mean to facilitate comparison between different characters was estimated as suggested by Johnson et al., [15]. ...
... Therefore, heritability estimates combined with genetic advances are more informative. As per reference Johnson et al., [15] genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) was grouped if the values ranged from 0-10% are considered low, 10-20% are moderate and 20% and above are high. In the study, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, pods per plant, pod length, seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, and 100-seed weight. ...
Pulses play a vital role in providing nutrition to billions of individuals globally. Improving yield in the urdbean faces a significant challenge due to its narrow genetic base and limited exploitable variation. This research explores the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance among 111 diverse lines of urdbean. 27 lines, three testers, and Eighty-one F1 hybrids were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during Kharif 2023 at the Crop Experimental Research Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (U.P.). The analysis of variance for parents (27 lines and three testers) and their 81 triple test cross hybrids indicated highly significant genotypic differences across all traits under study. The PCV was higher compared to GCV for all the traits, While Maximum GCV and PCV were observed for primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and harvest index. Broad-sense heritability (h2b) was high for all the traits examined ranging from 73.27% to 98.05%. Further, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent over mean were recorded for all the traits except day to 50% flowering, day to 75% maturity, and protein content, where high heritability is observed with moderate genetic advance. These findings suggest the involvement of additive genetic effects in shaping the inheritance of these traits and phenotypic selection of these characters would be effective for further breeding purposes.
... To raise a healthy crop all the recommended package of practices were followed and observations were recorded for Days to 50 percent flowering, Days to maturity, Plant height (cm), Number of branches per plant, Diameter of capitulam, Number of capsules per plant, Number of seeds per capsule, Test weight, Grain yield and Oil content. The data was subjected to statistical analysis to estimate genetic parameters (Panse and Sukhatme, 1995) [13] , phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) according to Burton (1952) [7] and Johnson (1955) [10] , heritability in broad sense as per Burton (1952) [7] . Genetic advance and genetic advance expressed as percent of mean was estimated as per the formula proposed by Johnson et al.(1955) [10] . ...
... To raise a healthy crop all the recommended package of practices were followed and observations were recorded for Days to 50 percent flowering, Days to maturity, Plant height (cm), Number of branches per plant, Diameter of capitulam, Number of capsules per plant, Number of seeds per capsule, Test weight, Grain yield and Oil content. The data was subjected to statistical analysis to estimate genetic parameters (Panse and Sukhatme, 1995) [13] , phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) according to Burton (1952) [7] and Johnson (1955) [10] , heritability in broad sense as per Burton (1952) [7] . Genetic advance and genetic advance expressed as percent of mean was estimated as per the formula proposed by Johnson et al.(1955) [10] . ...
... The data was subjected to statistical analysis to estimate genetic parameters (Panse and Sukhatme, 1995) [13] , phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) according to Burton (1952) [7] and Johnson (1955) [10] , heritability in broad sense as per Burton (1952) [7] . Genetic advance and genetic advance expressed as percent of mean was estimated as per the formula proposed by Johnson et al.(1955) [10] . Correlation coefficients were worked out using the formula as suggested by Singh and Chaudhary (1977) [20] and was partitioned into direct and indirect causes according to Dewey and Lu (1959) [8] . ...
... A breeder leverages the genetic variety that persists today as a tool for improvement through selection rather than creating new genetic differences. Therefore, information on variance among the desired parameters and their interaction is essential for selection and breeding programmes (19) . The present study analysed variability estimates for various anthropometric growth and biomass traits as well as genetic parameters. ...
... The observable variation in a character is comprised of both genetic (heritable) and non-heritable variations. Heritability, in a broad sense, is the percentage of total variation that is inherited (19). Heritability and genetic advance give information about the total variation present in the population while also providing an indication about how the environment may have an impact on the character under consideration. ...
... If high genetic gain is present, heritability estimates in the broad sense will be reliable (20) . Johnson et al. (1955) reported that for selecting the appropriate genotype, heritability estimates combined with predicted gain are more feasible and realistic than heritability alone for estimating the result. In the growth and biomass characters of Asparagus racemosus, the number of roots per plant increased by 64.00%, followed by the number of branches per plant (52.88%), root diameter (48.10%), and stem length (30.27%). ...
This study was conducted in the experimental field of Division of Forest Products & Utilization of the Faculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Benhama, Ganderbal. Germplasm was collected from two districts of central Kashmir viz., Srinagar and Ganderbal. From district Srinagar two sites / populations and from district Ganderbal four sites/populations were selected based on distribution and abundance of the species. In this way six sites / populations were selected from two districts of Kashmir valley. Analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.05) variations in all the parameters recorded. The highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also exhibited by the same
characters with Phenotypic and genotypic characterization were performed to assess heritability, variability,and rhizome yield stability of Shatavar genotypes used in breeding to increase the Shatavar production. The study revealed that high heritability with high genetic gain was observed for number of roots per plant and number of branches per plant. While as root diameter and stem length were found to exhibit a moderate heritability. Highly significant and positive correlation existed between stem length and number of branches/plant (0.885), number of branches/plant and above ground biomass (0.780), root diameter and below ground biomass (0.852).It is considered that yield selection can be more effective when it is based on component
traits that are highly heritable and positively correlated.
Keywords: Asparagus recemosus, Shatavar, GCV, PCV, Heritability, Correlation.
... Analysis of variance was done for partitioning the total variation due to treatments and replications according to the procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme (1954) [13] . PCV and GCV were calculated by the formula given by Burton (1952) [5] , heritability in broad sense was calculated according to the formula suggested by (Johnson et al., 1955) [9] and expected genetic gain or advance for each character was estimated by using the following method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) [9] . Correlation coefficient and path coefficient were worked out as method suggested by Al Jibouri et al. (1958) [2] and Dewey and Lu (1959) [6] , respectively. ...
... Analysis of variance was done for partitioning the total variation due to treatments and replications according to the procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme (1954) [13] . PCV and GCV were calculated by the formula given by Burton (1952) [5] , heritability in broad sense was calculated according to the formula suggested by (Johnson et al., 1955) [9] and expected genetic gain or advance for each character was estimated by using the following method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) [9] . Correlation coefficient and path coefficient were worked out as method suggested by Al Jibouri et al. (1958) [2] and Dewey and Lu (1959) [6] , respectively. ...
... Analysis of variance was done for partitioning the total variation due to treatments and replications according to the procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme (1954) [13] . PCV and GCV were calculated by the formula given by Burton (1952) [5] , heritability in broad sense was calculated according to the formula suggested by (Johnson et al., 1955) [9] and expected genetic gain or advance for each character was estimated by using the following method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) [9] . Correlation coefficient and path coefficient were worked out as method suggested by Al Jibouri et al. (1958) [2] and Dewey and Lu (1959) [6] , respectively. ...
... Genotypic variance was calculated by using the method suggested by Johnson et al. [12] . ...
... Phenotypic variance was estimated as per the procedure described by Johnson et al. [12]. ...
... The ratio of genotypic variance to phenotypic variance was used to determine the heritability (h 2 ) for yield and its component traits, which was then reported as percentage. The computation was carried out following the guidelines provided by Hanson et al. [15] Johnson et al. [12], and Burton and Devane [16]. ...
The degree of genetic variability found in any particular germplasm is a major factor in determining the best breeding program or technique to be used. Exploitation of the natural genetic variability present within a crop species can aid in meeting the rising demand through the identification and modification of the adaptive and productive genes present. Breeders thus identify natural genetic variability as the key to crop improvement. The present investigation was undertaken at the Experimental field of Urban Technological Park Habbak, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir during kharif-2022. To investigate several aspects of genetic variability, including mean, range, PV, GV, PCV, GCV, heritability, genetic gain, and genetic advance among the genotypes, the experiment was set up in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and a plant spacing of 2×1 m for thirty genotypes. For every character under study, it was discovered that the estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variation were marginally greater than the respective genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating a possible involvement of environment in the expression of these traits. Fruit yield hectare-1 (q) exhibited the largest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation (39.788 and 38.970). For yield hectare-1 (q), high heritability and high genetic gain (0.95 and 78.62) were observed. This suggests that additive gene effects are most likely the cause of the heritability and increases the likelihood that this characteristic would be fixed by selection. For every characteristic, the estimates of broad sense heritability were high. All these factors help in selection of better parents for the development of commercial varieties/hybrids. Considering the potential nutritional and economic benefits of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), there is an imperative necessity to isolate such breeding lines having desirable traits, high yield potential along with better quality.
... Genetic parameters such as phenotypic and genotypic variances were measured using the formula from Johnson et al. (1955). The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were calculated in accordance with Burton (1952). ...
... The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were calculated in accordance with Burton (1952). Singh and Chaudhary (1979) assessed broad-sense heritability (h 2 b) as described by Johnson et al. (1955) and Hanson et al. (1956). The genetic advance was determined with the formula described by Johnson et al. (1955) and Allard (1960). ...
... Singh and Chaudhary (1979) assessed broad-sense heritability (h 2 b) as described by Johnson et al. (1955) and Hanson et al. (1956). The genetic advance was determined with the formula described by Johnson et al. (1955) and Allard (1960). The genetic advance (%) was estimated using the formula described by Comstock and Robinson (1952). ...
Drought is one of the major abiotic factors for reducing yield in lentils. In the past few decades, the severity of drought stress has become a concerning issue for Bangladesh. Therefore, this study was undertaken to screen drought-tolerant germplasms from 30 lentil genotypes, among which 10 genotypes were released varieties of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute and Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, and the remaining 20 genotypes were introduced by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) based on morphological and biochemical traits of plants grown under control and drought stress conditions. This study indicated that all genotypes possess a substantial degree of genetic variation. All the traits had heritability (h²b) ranging from moderate to high (66.13–96.03%). High h²b values, along with high genetic advances, were detected for the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per plant, indicating the potential for improving these characteristics. There was a significant positive correlation for most of the characteristics under study. Cluster analysis grouped 30 genotypes into five dissimilar clusters. The maximum number of genotypes was under cluster V (nine genotypes), while cluster III consisted of five genotypes that were tolerant genotypes. Several stress tolerance indices were calculated from yields under normal and drought stress conditions for 10 genotypes selected based on yield and yield-related characteristics. Based on these indices, BARI Masur‑5, Binamasur‑8, and ILL-6299 were categorized as tolerant genotypes. According to the assessment of lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, BARI Masur-5 had the lowest MDA content under both conditions, followed by Binamasur‑8, ILL-6299, and ILL-5127. In contrast, ILL-87039, BLX-05007, and BARI Masur-1 had greater amounts of MDA, indicating their susceptibility to drought stress. These findings may be useful for further breeding improvement programs for the development of drought-tolerant lentil varieties under climate-changing regimes.
... Heritability in broad sense was calculated as suggested by Burton and De-vane (1953) and Johnson et al. (1955). ...
... The expected genetic advance at 5 % selection intensity was calculated by the formula as suggested by Lush (1940) and further used by Burton and De-vane (1953) and Johnson et al. (1955). ...
... Genetic gain was worked out following the method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) as under: ...
... The assessment of existing variability in the material was done by computing coefficients of variation at genotypic and phenotypic level (Burton and de Vane, 1953) [5] . The heritability in broad sense (Hanson et al., 1956) [6] and genetic advance in percent of mean (Johnson et al., 1955) [7] were calculated to understand the transmissibility of characters. The nature of associations among different characters was studied by using phenotypic and genotypic correlations (Wright 1921, Dewey andLu, 1959) [8,10] and genetic divergence (Rao, 1952) [9] . ...
... The assessment of existing variability in the material was done by computing coefficients of variation at genotypic and phenotypic level (Burton and de Vane, 1953) [5] . The heritability in broad sense (Hanson et al., 1956) [6] and genetic advance in percent of mean (Johnson et al., 1955) [7] were calculated to understand the transmissibility of characters. The nature of associations among different characters was studied by using phenotypic and genotypic correlations (Wright 1921, Dewey andLu, 1959) [8,10] and genetic divergence (Rao, 1952) [9] . ...
... Heritability in broad sense was calculated for each character as described by Johnson et al. (1955) as follows. ...
... According to Singh (2001) selection could be fairly easy if heritability is greater than 70 %. Nonetheless, it is important to add that a high heritability alone is not enough for an efficient selection in advanced generations unless that it is accompanied by substantial genetic advanced (Johnson et al., 1955). Therefore, high heritability coupled with high genetic advanced observed for most of the yield components indicate that, promising lines could be selected for further evaluation, selection and release. ...
Background: Cowpea is a major legume crop which has high protein content and provides a powerful tool to combat malnutrition due to its highly nutritional value. Identification of superior genotypes will aid in cowpea breeding program. Genetic variability is the foremost requirement in a breeding population for the selection of high yielding genotypes. To develop a new high yielding variety, it is important to study the genetic variability present in it so that proper and efficient selection could be done and most promising genotypes could be identified. Methods: Keeping this in mind, studies on genetic variability in grain cowpea was done utilizing 40 diverse exotic and indigenous cowpea genotypes which were evaluated for ten quantitative characters for two consecutive years 2020 and 2021. The experiment was planted in randomized block design with 3 replications at Pantnagar. Data was recorded on ten characters. Result: Mean squares were found to be highly significant for all the characters. Cluster analysis revealed five genetically diverse clusters. Cluster I had 8 genotypes, cluster II had 9 genotypes, cluster III consisted of 12 genotypes, cluster IV had 6 genotypes and Cluster V consisted 5 genotypes. Cluster I had the greatest intra-cluster distance (2.500) whereas cluster V had the smallest intra-cluster distance (1.701). In the cluster V, one of the genotype Pant Lobia-2 exhibited the highest mean values for all the characters. The highest GCV and PCV was recorded by number of pods per plant (28.87, 29.19) followed by yield (q/ha) (28.72, 29.04). The higher value of phenotypic component compared to the corresponding genotypic component suggest that there was an environmental influence on the performance of the genotypes. Correlation studies revealed positive correlation between pod length, pods per cluster, seeds per pod and yield quintal per hectare. Path coefficient analysis showed the significant positive direct relationship between plant height, peduncle length, pod length, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod with yield quintals per hectare. The results of the study showed that, out of the 40 genotypes evaluated, Pant Lobia-2 exhibited the best performance. It has attractive red bold seeds with 31% protein content. Therefore it can be used in grain cowpea breeding program.
... High GCV values indicate substantial genetic diversity, which is essential for effective selection in breeding programs. For traits related to heat stress tolerance, high GCV suggests a greater potential for genetic improvement (Johnson et al. 1955) [9] . The Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) measures the total variability in a trait, including both genetic and environmental factors. ...
... High GCV values indicate substantial genetic diversity, which is essential for effective selection in breeding programs. For traits related to heat stress tolerance, high GCV suggests a greater potential for genetic improvement (Johnson et al. 1955) [9] . The Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) measures the total variability in a trait, including both genetic and environmental factors. ...
... Data were recorded for days to 1 st male flower, days to 1 st female flower, node order 1 st male flower, node order 1 st female flower, fruit length (cm), fruit breadth (cm), individual fruit weight (g), number of fruits per plant, harvest duration (day), and yield per plant (kg). However, the data were analyzed to estimate genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) using the formula of Burton and DeVane (1953), heritability in a broad sense using the formula of Hanson et al. (1956), the genetic advance was estimated by the using formula suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). Correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis were worked out as suggested by Singh and Chaudhary (1985) and Dewey and Lu (1959), respectively. ...
... Estimation of heritability in a broad sense (h 2 ) was expressed as the percentage of the ratio of the genotypic variance (σ 2 g) to the phenotypic variance (σ 2 p) h 2 = σ 2 g × 100 -------(6) σ 2 p ̅ Genetic advance (GA) and the percentage of the mean (GAM) assuming selection of the superior 5% of the genotypes was estimated as per methods described by Johnson et al. (1955): ...
Background and Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the genetic variation, the correlation coefficient, the interrelationship between the different characters, and the direct and indirect contribution of these characters to the yield of snake gourd inbreds. Methodology: Fifteen snake gourd inbreds were evaluated to measure the genetic variability, heritability, and path coefficient analysis for association among the characters and their contribution to yield. Main Results: A significant variation was observed for all the characters among the inbreds. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) along with high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found for the characters like fruit length (103.80% and 104.42%), individual fruit weight (31.27% and 33.47%), and yield per plant (25.11% and 33.81%). Whereas high heritability, coupled with the high genetic advance in percent means, was observed for fruit length (98.82% and 73.41%), individual fruit weight (87.30% and 60.19%), and number of fruits per plant (86.56% and 47.79%) which indicates that these characters are controlled by additive gene effect with minimum environment effect. Hence, direct selection can be the way out for further improvement of snake gourd inbreds. The highest positive direct effects were recorded for individual fruit weight (0.69), number of fruits per plant (0.31), and harvest duration (0.62). Correlation studies revealed that fruit yield had a significant positive correlation with individual fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and harvest duration. Conclusions: So, the direct selection of high-yielding inbreds of snake gourd should emphasize the individual fruit weight and number of fruits per plant.
... Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient was calculated by using the method given by Johnson et al., (1955) [7] . The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were used in finding out their direct and indirect contribution towards yield per plot. ...
... Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient was calculated by using the method given by Johnson et al., (1955) [7] . The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were used in finding out their direct and indirect contribution towards yield per plot. ...
... Estimates of genetic advance, as a percent of mean ranged at 5% selection intensity, ranged from 0.06% for harvest index to 1072.36% for biomass yield per hectare (Table 4). According to Johnson et al. [52] and Falconer and Mackay [25], GMA percent was considered low (<10%), moderate (10-20%), and high (>20%). A genotype's heritability alone does not provide a true indication of its genetic potential due to the interaction between genotype and environment. ...
... in the absolute unit (GA) and percent of the mean (GAM), assuming the selection of a superior 5% of the genotypes were estimated following the methods illustrated by Johnson et al.[52]. GA = K * σ P* H Where: K = the standardized selection differential at 5 % selection intensity (k=2.063) ...
... • Heritability was estimated as suggested by [10]. • Genetic advance was suggested by [11]. ...
... As a result, understanding genetic development and heritability is critical. Genetic progress is an improvement over the base population in the mean of selected families" [12,11]. It can also be expressed as a shift in gene frequency towards the superior side as a result of selection pressure. ...
Twenty two field pea genotypes were evaluated for estimation of variability, heritability and genetic advance. The Fieldpea genotypes were sown in, Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental farm of department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences Sultanpur 228118 (U.P.) India, during Rabi, season 2022-2023. Phenotypic data were recorded for nine characters viz. days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield per plant and biological yield per plant. It was reported that in general the value of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) is slightly higher than the value of genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) indicating the importance of environment in the phenotypic performance of the genotypes studied. The maximum value of GCV was observed for plant height (31.94), grain yield per plant (20.02). High estimates of heritability in broad sense (h2b) were recorded for plant height (97.28), days to 50% flowering (83.96), 100-grain weight (78.48) and days to maturity (64.83). High estimates of genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for plant height (64.89), 100-grain weight (25.28) and grain yield per plant (25.15). Thus, the characters (plant height, days to 50% flowering, 100-grain weight etc) having high value of GCV, heritability as well as genetic advance may be exploited in Fieldpea breeding program for further improvement in grain yield.
... Moderate GCV was recorded for traits such as, petiole length (15.09), stem thickness (13.45) and leaf width (10.20), moderate PCV was recorded for traits such as, petiole length (15.14), stem thickness (13.58) and Leaf width (10.33). GCV and PCV are estimates as low (0-10%), moderate (10-20%) and high (>20%) categorized by Johnson et al. (1955) Rashmi Yadav et al. (2014). The characteristics that showed high GCV and PCV are of economic importance, and there is scope for improvement of these characteristics through selection. ...
... Genetic advance as a percentage of mean was observed high seed test weight (91.57%), leaf length (54.89%), petiole length (30.63%), seed yield (27.06%) and leaf width (20.43%). The moderate GA as a percentage of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering (17.78%), plant height (16.87%), number of branches per plant (13.26%), stem thickness (12.98%), and Inflorescence length (10.02%) and low GA as a percentage of mean was observed for days to 80% maturity (2.95%).The genetic advance as % of mean was classified as below, medium or high following Johnson et al., (1955) 0-10%: low, 10-20%: medium, >20% or above: high. Additive I 44 IC 444156, IC 444167,IC 444193, IC 356085, IC 436948, IC 436953, IC 436974, IC 340825, IC 34086, IC 34080, IC 391517, IC 391561, IC 392498, IC 392525, IC 429977, IC 469777, IC 469803, IC 469837, IC 469858, IC 355992, IC 356046, IC 360827, IC 356070, IC 265008, IC 266778, IC 279807, IC 279413, IC 279631, IC 279670, IC 279760, IC 444100, IC 317427, IC 506611, IC 506521, IC 255481, IC 266835, IC 268885, IC 266937, IC 255482, IC 338640, IC 393022, IC 266754, IC 506555, IC 281749 II 39 IC 444159, IC 383578, IC 340823, IC 317517, IC 317549, IC 317631, IC 391468, IC 469805, IC 469820, IC 356023, IC 356041, IC 360834, IC 337341, IC 264805, IC 265980, IC 524215, IC 279462, IC 279567, IC 279612, IC 444099, IC 506605, IC 506612, NC 59949, IC 506514, IC 506520, IC 506528, IC 506529, IC 506531, IC 506534, IC 506535, IC 506575, IC 361327, IC 382640, IC 362257, IC 341452, IC 255555, IC genes govern the high-value GA for these characters, and selection will be rewarding for the further improvement of such characters. ...
Grain amaranth is a potential nutri-cereal and has high demand in the market due to its nutritional status. An experiment was conducted to evaluate different agro-morphological characteristics of grain amaranth. For this purpose, 102 grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) genotypes were taken to estimate different genetic components. The characters like leaf length (cm), stem thickness (cm), petiole length (cm), seed yield (q/ha) and seed test weight (g/10 mL) showed high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values. The highest GCV and PCV were recorded with seed test weight (g/10 mL) (40.57 and 45.40%). The estimated high heritability in different characters studied ranged from 77 to 99%. Heritability was observed to be high in consequence for days to 50% flowering, petiole length (cm), stem thickness (mm), seed test weight (g/10 mL), leaf width (cm), seed yield (q/ha), leaf length (cm), plant height (cm), and inflorescence length (cm). Days to 50% flowering showed a highly significant positive correlation with days to 80% maturity (rg = 0.8897, rp = 0.7931) and plant height (cm) highly significant positive correlation with petiole length (cm) (rg = 0.3202, rp = 0.2821). Petiole length significantly correlated with leaf width (rg = 0.1909, rp = 0.1918). Seed yield (q/ha) had a positive but not significant correlation with inflorescence length, leaf width, and petiole length. The Euclidean distance range 0 to 8. In pair-wise comparison, the maximum distance was obtained between IC444100 and IC444105 with the Euclidean distance of 8, whereas IC340823 and IC356023 (1.7%) showed least Euclidean distance with other genotypes. This study will help the utilization of diverse amaranth germplasm in future grain amaranth breeding programs to develop desired variety.
... Variability was assessed using genotypic variances and coefficients of variation, as proposed by (Burton and Devane, 1953), while the estimated of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) were calculated using the method reported by (Singh and Chaudhary, 1985). The broad-sense heritability (H²) of all characteristics was calculated using the method of (Allard, 1960) and genetic advance as a percentage of population means (GAM) was calculated using the method outlined by (Johnson et al., 1955). According to (Singh et al., 2001), heritability can be divided into four categories, namely low (40%), medium (40-59%), fairly high (60-79%), and extremely high (80%). ...
... In contrast in another study, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, segment number, and acidity have been found to be highly heritable unlike in our results, although our study agrees about TSS (Roy et al., 2014). The GA estimate is very useful as a tool for selection when combined with estimates of heritability (Johnson et al., 1955), because high GA values indicate additive gene action, whereas low values indicate non-additive gene action (Singh and Narayanan, 1993). Thus, heritability estimates will be more reliable when accompanied by a high GA (Panse and Sukhatme, 1957), because heritability is mainly due to additive genetic effects. ...
Citrus is an economically important fruit crop with a long history of cultivation worldwide, and many citrus varieties are grown
extensively in Morocco, both for domestic consumption and export. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of this genus in
Morocco has not been reported upon. Our objective was to explore phenotypic variations in grapefruit and pomelo genotypes
for targeted breeding, enhancing key traits, and identifying opportunities for genetic improvement. We emphasize practical
implications and outline future research directions for developing improved citrus varieties. This present study
physiochemically analyzes eight grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and two pomelo (Citrus maxima) cultivars to assess the genetic
variability of these fruits’ physicochemical characteristics. The results revealed significant variance among the genotypes for
all traits. For example, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)
for all the traits. Moreover, a high degree of heritability was recorded for seed number, β-carotene, vitamin C, juice yield (%),
total soluble solids, titratable acidity, maturity index, fruit diameter, and fruit weight, whereas limited heritability was observed
for fruit length, peel thickness, and segment number per fruit. The high genetic advance scores corresponded to the high degree
of heritability estimates for seed number per fruit, β-carotene, juice yield, and vitamin C, suggesting the existence of additive
genetic effects. Our principal component analysis (PCA) identified four components with cumulative variance of 93.20%,
while hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the collection into five clusters. In conclusion, phenotypic distinctions among
grapefruit and pomelo genotypes reveal opportunities for genetic enhancement through selection or hybridization. Varied traits,
including seed count, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and juice yield, across genotypes suggest potential avenues for targeted
breeding and practical applications in diverse citrus varieties.
Keywords: Citrus maxima, citrus paradisi, GCV, heritability, PCV, vitamin C.
... Heritability in broad sense was estimated by using the formula given by Hanson et al. (1956) [5] and was expressed in percentage. Genetic advance and genetic advance as percent of mean were computed and categorized as low (< 10%), moderate (10 -20%) and high (> 20%) according to the method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) [6] . ...
... Heritability in broad sense was estimated by using the formula given by Hanson et al. (1956) [5] and was expressed in percentage. Genetic advance and genetic advance as percent of mean were computed and categorized as low (< 10%), moderate (10 -20%) and high (> 20%) according to the method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955) [6] . ...
... The variance components and coefficients of variation were computed (Burten, 1952). The heritability in broad sense and expected genetic advance were determined by using the formula (Johnson et al., 1955). The correlation co-efficient among all possible character combinations at phenotypic and genotypic level were estimated by employing formula (Al-Jibouri et al., 1958). ...
... Burten (1952) suggested that, GCV along with heritability estimates would provide a better picture of the amount of advance expected by phenotypic selection. Heritability estimates in conjunction with genetic gains are more effective and dependable in predicting the improvement through selection (Johnson et al 1955). High genetic advance as per cent mean was observed for plant height (20.17%), number of primary branches/plant (40.99%), number of pods/plant (175.16%), ...
The genetic variability and character association were studied in 60 genotypes of dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus var. typicus
L.) during 2018-2023 at Central Horticultural Experiment Station (ICAR- CIAH), Panchmahals (Godhra), Gujarat. A degree of
variation was observed for all characters. High Phenotypic Co-efficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Co-efficient of Variation
(GCV) were recorded for primary branches/plant, number of pods/plant, Pod length, pod weight and pod yield/plant. The high PCV
and GCV were recorded for primary branches/plant, number of pods/plant, pod length, pod weight and pod yield/plant indicated
maximum variability in the genotypes. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was observed for plant
height, number of primary branches/plant, number of pods/plant, pod length, pod girth, pod weight and pod yield/plant indicating
that these characters are controlled by additive gene action. Thus, selection for these characters will improve the yield. Pod yield/
plant exhibited positive and highly significant correlation with number of branches, number of pods/plant, pod length, pod girth,
pod weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Hence these traits should be considered as important selection criteria for
improvement of pod yield/plant.
... From the earlier QTL mapping approaches, many molecular markers were developed and identified by different research groups [6,[11][12][13][14][15] for both LLS and rust resistance. These markers were developed using different kinds of donor genomes viz., GPBD 4, VG 9514, GP-NC WS 16 and Arachis manga (wild species). ...
... Character association between the LLS and rust scores with pod yield plant − 1 was calculated [16] by using INDOSTAT Version 9.2 and the significance of association between them was tested by comparing the genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients with table value at (n-2) degrees of freedom at 5% and 1% levels [17]. ...
Background
Groundnut is vulnerable to the major foliar fungal disease viz., late leaf spot (LLS) and rust in kharif season, which results in severe yield losses. Until now, LLS and rust resistance linked markers were developed based on GPBD 4 as a major donor source and were validated in its derivatives only, which restricted their use in marker assisted selection (MAS) involving other donors.
Methods and results
The current study focused to validate LLS and rust resistance linked markers employing advanced breeding lines of F6 generation, derived from nine different crosses involving nine diverse parents, to identify potential markers for marker-assisted breeding of LLS and rust resistance in groundnut. Out of 28-trait linked markers used for validation, 8 were polymorphic (28.57%). Marker-trait association (MTA) and Single Marker Analysis (SMA) revealed that the SSR marker pPGPseq5D05 is significantly associated with both LLS (15.8% PVE) and rust (17.5% PVE) resistance, whereas, the marker IPAHM103 is tightly linked with rust resistance (26.8% PVE) alone. In silico analysis revealed that the marker gene for IPAHM103 is a zinc finger protein and the marker gene for pPGPseq5D05 is an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein. Both these protein products impart resistance or tolerance to biotic stress in crop plants. Two other markers namely, GMLQ975 and pPGPseq13A10 were also found to be associated with LLS resistance explaining MTA up to 60%.
Conclusion
These gene specific markers will enable us to screen more number of germplasm lines or newly developed lines in MAS schemes for LLS and rust resistance using a wide range of resistant sources.
... is 2.06, σp is phenotypic standard deviation, H 2 is the broad sense heritability. The genetic advance as percentage of mean (GA) = kσpH 2 ; this GA was categorized as low (0-10%), moderate (10-20%), and high (> 20%) (Johnson et al., 1955). ...
... However, characters with low GCV and PCV values showed low variability among the variants with lesser opportunity for selection and crop improvement. Johnson et al. (1955) classified heritability estimates as low for 0-30%, moderate for 30-60% and high for values above 60%. ...
Crop improvement through induced mutation has resulted in the development of new mutant varieties worldwide. Alkylating agents such as ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) are widely used to induce mutations in plants due to their ability to cause changes in the nucleotide sequence. In this study, a field experiment was conducted at the University of Nigeria Nsukka in southeastern Nigeria to evaluate M4 plants of tomato variety ‘Cobra’ obtained from selections in the third generation (M3) plants in the field. Seeds of the cobra tomatoes were subjected to induced mutation using different concentrations of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Before this study, selections based on desired horticultural traits were carried out in the first-generation mutant (M1), second generation mutant (M2), and third generation (M3). Eight different mutants were selected and evaluated in the field as M4 plants. Variations were bserved in both the qualitative and quantitative traits studied. Average fruit weight of 1.118 kg per plant and 23.60 fruits per plant were recorded for variant 3 as against the parent plant that had 479 g per plant and produced 14 fruits per plant. Other promising mutants in terms of fruit yield per plant were variant 5 (1.079 kg) a variant 2 (1.069 kg). Remarkably, there was no incidence of blossom end rot in all the M4 variants evaluated.
... Analysis of diallel data according to the methods of [34] partitioned the total variation of diallel data into GCA of the parents and SCA of the crosses while estimation of gene action following Jinks and Hayman [35] diallel method provides an understanding of the genetic effects that guided the inheritance of the traits. In the current study, diallel analysis was performed by following Griffing's method, combining ability test, genetic components and hierarchical clustering, genetic variability and correlation coefficients were estimated with the help of R-software (4.2.1 version), and the gene action was predicted using AGD-R (version 5.0), a software developed by CIMMYT whereas the estimated range of PCV, GCV and genetic advance was categorized into low (<10), medium (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) and high (>20) while the range of broad sense heritability was low (0-30 %), moderate (30-60 %) and high (>60 %) as suggested by Sivasubramannian [36], Johnson [37] and Robinson [38], respectively. Moreover, values of the correlation coefficient scaled into very strong (>0.65), ...
... Rai [45], Shekhawat [46], Reddy [47] also observed moderate to low GCV and PCV in the Brassica juncea species. The higher heritability correlated with higher genetic advance as percentage of mean revealed that additive gene action regulates trait inheritance [37]. In the current study, the number of primary branches per plant and yield per plant demonstrated a strong relationship between heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean. ...
Erucic acid, more than 2 %, in mustard seed oil is considered unhealthy as edible oil, and also anti-nutritional for human consumption. The existing mustard varieties of Bangladesh contain 40-48 % erucic acid, which is a big concern for the country's nutritional, and food security and safety. Hence, to improve the seed oil quality of the existing variety, six popular cultivars of Brassica juncea mustard were crossed with a canola-grade line in 7 × 7 half diallel fashion, and the developed 21 F 1 hybrids were assessed for yield contributing traits, and fatty acids composition. Variables with significant variations were found, while days to siliquae maturity, plant height, days to first flowering, and seeds per siliquae have moderate narrow sense heritability. The estimated gene action indicated that dominant or over-dominant gene action was more prominent in governing the traits. The parents, P 1 , P 3 , and P 4 were discovered the best general combiners for early maturity and short phenology, whereas P 2 and P 7 were found to be the best general com-biners for yield-attributing traits. Moreover, the hybrids P 1 × P 4 , P 1 × P 6, P 2 × P 7 , P 4 × P 6 and P 3 × P 5 were chosen as the promising hybrids due to their best specific combining ability, and desired heterotic effects on yield contributing traits. In addition, a significant decrease, on average 30-40 %, in erucic acid, but an approximately 20-25 % increase of oleic acid was found among the hybrids, in which the hybrids P 1 × P 6-S1, P 5 × P 6-S2 and P 5 × P 6-S4 demonstrated a better stability index. Overall, the obtained findings suggested that the hybrids, viz. P 1 × P 5 , P 1 × P 6 , P 2 × P 3 , P 2 × P 7 , P 4 × P 6 , P 5 × P 6 , and P 6 × P 7 were promising based on their early maturity, high-yielding, reduced erucic acid, and high oleic acid contents.
... GA ɺɺ X 100 (Allard, 1960;Johnson et al., 1955) r: replication; ɺɺ X: grand mean value of the trait; k: selection differential the value of which is 2.06 at 5% selection intensity; MS g : genotypic mean square; MS e : error mean square. Key: nS, *, **, = non-significant at 5%, significant at 5%, and 1% level of probability, respectively. ...
... however, this finding disagrees with that reported by Mulualem et al. (2013), who stated that fresh storage root yield was found to have a low ratio of GCV to pCV values in cassava. Bhateria et al. (2006) classified heritability estimates as high (> 50%), medium (30-50%), and low (< 30%), whereas Johnson et al. (1955) classified the genetic advance percent mean as high (20%), moderate (10-20%), and low (0-10%). Based on this categorization, the fresh storage root yield had high broad-sense heritability and a genetic advance percent mean at all crop ages. ...
The early optimal crop age for harvest is a desirable characteristic in cassava. Many cassava accessions have been disregarded due to their late maturity. In Ethiopia, there is a lack of data on cassava maturity studies, highlighting the need for further research. The study aimed to determine the optimal crop age for harvest in cassava using stored root yield over time. A total of 64 accessions were evaluated using a lattice design from 10 to 22 months after planting (MAP). Results of the analysis of variance showed a highly significant (p < 0.001) difference in the optimal crop ages for harvest in cassava. The fresh storage root yield (FSRY) ranged from 5.5 t ha⁻¹ at 10 MAP to 72 t ha⁻¹ at 18 MAP crop age. Clustering analysis categorized 64 accessions into three clusters with varied crop ages. The highest genetic coefficient of variation (35.2%) was at 10 MAP crop ages, while the lowest genetic coefficient of variation (21.8%) was at 18 MAP crop age. This indicates that the evaluated accessions had high genetic variability in the optimal FSRY over time. Furthermore, the FSRY had high broad-sense heritability and a genetic advance percent mean at all crop ages, indicating the presence of an additive gene effect. G30 at 10 MAP, G11, G17, G31, G55, and G56 at 12 MAP crop ages are selected as promising candidates for utilization. The study indicates that cassava cultivars can be developed below the national recommended crop age for harvest in the evaluated population.
... Five plants from each replication were randomly chosen for recording observations for all traits. The genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were calculated according to the formula provided by Burton (1952) [10] , while heritability in the broad sense (h^2) was determined as suggested by Burton and De (1953) [11] , and genetic advance was computed using the method described by Johnson et al. (1955) [17] . Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the degree of relationship between each character and yield, as well as among the variables contributing to yield. ...
... Five plants from each replication were randomly chosen for recording observations for all traits. The genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were calculated according to the formula provided by Burton (1952) [10] , while heritability in the broad sense (h^2) was determined as suggested by Burton and De (1953) [11] , and genetic advance was computed using the method described by Johnson et al. (1955) [17] . Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the degree of relationship between each character and yield, as well as among the variables contributing to yield. ...
... The samples were composed from East, West, North and South i.e. each direction and these directions were supposed to be one replication because the investigation was based on single plant observation. Johnson et al. (1955) [5] discovered formula for estimation of genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation coefficient. The data obtained from the latest experiment was scrutinized with the use of procedure explained by Panse and Sukhatme (1985) [11] . ...
... The samples were composed from East, West, North and South i.e. each direction and these directions were supposed to be one replication because the investigation was based on single plant observation. Johnson et al. (1955) [5] discovered formula for estimation of genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation coefficient. The data obtained from the latest experiment was scrutinized with the use of procedure explained by Panse and Sukhatme (1985) [11] . ...
... Phenotypic correlation and heritability in a broad sense were calculated as outlined by Walker (1960). Genetic Advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM) assuming the selection of a superior 5% of the genotypes was estimated by the methods illustrated by Johnson et al. (1955). The observed gain as the difference between a mean of the selected families and random bulk sample value was tested using the revised CD method. ...
... Backcross population were screened for Spodoptera litura under the natural epiphytotic condition as per the visual score as described by Ranga Rao and Wightman (1997). Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were worked out as per the method suggested by Burton and De Vane (1953), heritability and genetic advance were calculated according to Johnson (1955) and Robinson et al. (1949). The simple correlation coefficient was calculated as per Panse and Sukhatme (1967). ...
... Chlorophyll variations were also observed in putative mutants (Fig. 1). The reduction in growth may result from factors such as premature cell differentiation, inactivation, decreased auxin content and cumulative expression of delayed mitotic cycles due to increased radiation doses (7). ...
Jasmine is commonly propagated vegetatively, representing a poor genetic diversity base for effective selection to make further improvements in yield and quality. Hence, research conducted at TNAU during 2021-2023 aimed to induce genetic variation in J. auriculatum through the application of physical (gamma rays) and chemical (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate; EMS) mutagens. The M1V3 generation putative mutants of J. auriculatum cv. CO.1 was evaluated under field condition. It was observed that mutants derived from treatments 10 Gy gamma irradiation and 35 mM EMS exhibited maximum vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, stem girth, internodal length, number of leaves, leaf width and leaf thickness and flower quality parameters viz., flower bud length and corolla tube length. These values were surpassed those of parent CO.1. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was prominent than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits studied, indicating the appreciable influence is not only by the genetic factor but highly influenced by the environment. The higher magnitude of broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % of mean was observed for corolla tube length at 15 Gy, 35 mM and 40 mM, bud girth at 10 Gy and 35 mM, flower diameter at 35 mM. Homeotic mutants were identified and isolated from the mutated population. This study further explored the reliability of the observed traits for making simple selection for efficient improvement of jasmine.
... Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) were calculated following equations 1 and 2. Broad-sense heritability (h^2 (bs)) was determined using the equation 3 provided by Lush [16]. The genetic advance was estimated from the heritability estimates using equation 4 proposed by Johnson [17]. Genetic advance per mean is computed by using equation 5. ...
Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt), is significant among legume vegetable crops. Global warming and climate change can significantly impact its cultivation, yield, and production. This study examined the F3 population of five yardlong bean families: F3-1, Original Research Article Noru et al.; Int. 483 F3-2, F3-3, F3-4, and F3-5. The findings revealed that all five families exhibited high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for yield per plant, indicating substantial variability for these traits in their progenies. For all the characters under consideration, the genotypic variation coefficient was lower than the phenotypic coefficient of variation. High heritability, along with high genetic advance per mean (GAM), was observed in pod weight, pods per plant, yield per plant, and vine length. This indicates significant potential for selecting these traits within these specific populations due to the wide range of variation and the influence of additive gene action. The study will help in selecting traits for further crop improvement programs.
... To find the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation [10] and broad sense heritability [11], the data were put via analysis of variance [12]. The estimation of the genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients followed the methodology of Singh and Choudhary [13] and the formula provided by Johnson et al. [14]. Path coefficient analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect impacts of various characters on yield and its analysis suggested by Wright [15] and Dewey and Lu [16] further explanation. ...
In order to estimate the genetic variability parameters, characters association and path analysis for the various traits, thirty-five genotypes of mungbean were evaluated during Kharif season 2023 at the Research Farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station, Nagaur (Rajasthan) using a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Based on the results, there were significant differences in the mean sum of square resulting from genotypes for each trait studied, indicating that the genotypes were genetically distinct. The PCV values was higher than GCV values for all the characters which reflect the impact of environment on the expression of traits. The estimates of GCV and PCV were higher for number of branches, number of pods per plant and seed yield. Highest heritability estimates were recorded for all the traits. High genetic advance as a percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The correlation of seed yield was positive and significant at phenotypic and genotypic level with characters viz., number of branches, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Path analysis revealed that at phenotypic level, highest positive direct effect on seed yield was observed for number of pods per plant followed by days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod, pod length and number of branches. At genotypic level, highest direct positive effect on seed yield were observed for number of pods per plant followed by days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod and plant height.
... Genetic advance as percent of mean was estimated as Where, GAM = Genetic advance as percent of mean GA = Genetic advance, x̄ = Mean. The GAM was categorized as low (< 10%), moderate (10-20%) and high (> 20%) [12]. thousand seed weight (TSW), grain lling rate (GFR) and grain yield (GY) ( Table 3). ...
Drought is one of the most important factors that affect crop production worldwide and continues to be a challenge to plant breeders, despite many decades of research. Understanding the genetic variability among sorghum genotypes is the key objective to develop improved sorghum cultivars for drought-prone environments. The field experiment was conducted at Miesso during the 2021 main cropping season. A set of 72 sorghum genotypes advanced from a pedigree breeding approach was used in this study. The experiment was laid out using a Row-Column design with two replications. R statistical software was used to analyze the data. The analysis of variance indicated that there were significant variations among the tested genotypes for the studied traits. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 0.56–23.88% and 0.66–28.99% respectively. Broad sense heritability ranged from 25.56–86.87% while genetic advance as a percent of mean ranged from 1.11–43.40%. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that five principal components with Eigenvalue greater than unity accounted for 74.1% of the total variation. Cluster analysis grouped the test genotypes into five clusters. Cluster I, II, III, IV, and V accounted for 41.667%, 6.944%, 26.389%, 16.667%, and 8.333% of the tested genotypes in that order. The highest intra-cluster distance was observed for cluster V whereas the maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V. The lowest intra-cluster distance was observed for cluster III, whereas clusters I and III showed the lowest inter-cluster distance. The overall study revealed the presence of wide genetic variability among the studied sorghum genotypes in the study area where moisture stress is a critical problem for sorghum production.
... In broad sense, the heritability per cent can be categorized as low (0-30%), moderate (31-60%) and high (>60%) as proposed by Robinson et al. (1949). The genetic advance as per cent of mean was categorized as low (<10%), moderate (10-20%) and high (>20%) as suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). ...
The aim of the research was to create genetic variations in Jasminum sambac using oryzalin as a polyploidizing agent. Rooted stem cuttings of J. sambac were treated with oryzalin (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05%) and their vegetative and flowering parameters were recorded on 150 days after treatment. The study revealed that the higher concentration of oryzalin (0.05%) caused reduction in plant height, internodal length, number of flowering cymes per plant and number of flower buds per cyme. However, the same treatment significantly enhanced certain vegetative parameters viz., number of secondary branches, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area, and flowering parameters namely flower bud length, corolla tube length, flower bud girth, diameter of open flower and hundred flower bud weight. High GCV was recorded in major yield attributing traits, i.e. number of flowering cymes per plant and hundred flower bud weight. High heritability and genetic advance registered for the traits viz., plant height, number of secondary branches, internodal length, number of flowering cymes, flower bud girth and hundred flower bud weight per plant indicates least influence by environment and selection such characters may be useful.
... In broad sense, the heritability per cent can be categorized as low (0-30%), moderate (31-60%) and high (>60%) as proposed by Robinson et al. (1949). The genetic advance as per cent of mean was categorized as low (<10%), moderate (10-20%) and high (>20%) as suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). ...
The aim of the research was to create genetic variations in Jasminum sambac using oryzalin as a polyploidizing agent. Rooted stem cuttings of J. sambac were treated with oryzalin (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05%) and their vegetative and flowering parameters were recorded on 150 days after treatment. The study revealed that the higher concentration of oryzalin (0.05%) caused reduction in plant height, internodal length, number of flowering cymes per plant and number of flower buds per cyme. However, the same treatment significantly enhanced certain vegetative parameters viz., number of secondary branches, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area, and flowering parameters namely flower bud length, corolla tube length, flower bud girth, diameter of open flower and hundred flower bud weight. High GCV was recorded in major yield attributing traits, i.e. number of flowering cymes per plant and hundred flower bud weight. High heritability and genetic advance registered for the traits viz., plant height, number of secondary branches, internodal length, number of flowering cymes, flower bud girth and hundred flower bud weight per plant indicates least influence by environment and selection such characters may be useful.
... The genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficient of variation were estimated as per the procedure of Burton and Devane (1953). Likewise, broad sense heritability (h 2 b), genetic advance (GA) and genetic gain over the percent of mean (GG m ) were calculated using the procedure of Johnson et al. (1955). The correlation between and within estimated and recorded traits, principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering of genotypes into different groups were analyzed by R software (R Core Team, 2022). ...
The present experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh to study the genetic diversity amongst oat (Avena sativa L.) lines for micronutrients and agro-morphological traits. For study, 150 oat accessions collected from different sources were evaluated for two years and four micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and 9 agro-morphological traits were recorded. Genotypes IG02122 (464.0 mg/kg), IG02156 (48.1 mg/kg), IG03271 (136.0 mg/kg), and IG03213 (22.0 mg/kg) had maximum Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu content in fodder (harvested at 50% flowering). Genotype IG0280 had both high Zn (36.97 mg/kg) and Mn (114.33 mg/kg); IG03233 had high Cu (18.0 mg/kg) and Mn (124.0 mg/kg); and IG02131 had high Cu (18.33 mg/kg) and Fe (369.0 mg/kg) content. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) highlighted significant genotypic differences (P<0.001) for micronutrient content and fodder yield and related traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for micronutrients, green fodder yield, test weight, dry matter yield, plant height, tiller number and grain number suggested the preponderance of additive and fixable genetic variance for these traits. The Cu content had significant negative association with Mn content but positive with leaf length and leaf width. Principal component analysis separated the total genetic variation into five main components and covered 59.09% of the total genetic variation. Based on Mahalanobis distances, genotypes were grouped into six clusters where maximum inter-cluster distance was observed for cluster 4 and 5. Therefore, genotypes from these two clusters can be used as parents for the future breeding programmes.
... The observed characters were subjected to various statistical analyses such as correlation, path and cluster analysis. Correlation analysis among all the observed characters with flower yield as dependent trait was computed by adopting the method suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). Path analysis which is helpful to figure out the direct and indirect relationships of variables on independent variables was determined as per Wright (1921) and Dewey and Lu, (1959). ...
... The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were calculated according to the formulae given by Falconer (1981) whereas the categorization of the range of variation was done as proposed by Sivasubramanian and Madhavamenon (1973). Heritability (h²) in broad sense was calculated according to the formula given by Allard (1960) and the range of genetic advance as per cent of mean was classified as suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). ...
... The estimates of heritability were categorized as high (> 60%), moderate (30-60%) and low (0-30%) (Robinson et al. 1949). Genetic advance was calculated and classified as high (> 20%), moderate (10-20%) and low (< 10%) as given by Johnson et al. (1955). ...
Stem rot of groundnut, caused by a necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is an important soil-borne disease that can cause a pod yield loss of 20–80% depending on severity. Stem rot disease reaction of 160 groundnut genotypes was assessed by employing sick field screening at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT, Patancheru, India) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Directorate of Groundnut Research (ICAR-DGR) (under natural and high humidity conditions), pot screening under controlled conditions at ICRISAT and through oxalic acid assay. In the sick field at ICRISAT, percent mortality (PM) of the genotypes ranged from 13 to 80%, clearly discriminating the genotypes, while it was 8–58% at ICAR-DGR under natural conditions. The disease pressure was high in pot screening and under high humidity conditions at ICAR-DGR. Owing to a discrimination ability among the genotypes, ICRISAT sick field results were considered in selecting the resistant genotypes. Out of 160 genotypes, ten were found to be resistant (13–19% PM) and fourty were moderately resistant (20–29.43% PM) at ICRISAT sick field. Fourty four of these lines, (9 resistant and 35 moderately resistant) were developed from the wild Arachis species A. villosa, A. correntina, A. helodes, A diogoi, A. cardenasii, A. stenosperma, A. paraguariensis, A. kempff-mercadoi, A. hoehnei. The other 6 lines are not interspecific-derivatives to our best knowledge; one resistant and four moderately resistant lines are breeding lines derived from cultivated species at ICRISAT (4) and USA (1), and one moderately resistant is a land race from Nigeria. Interestingly, the stem rot resistant interspecific derivatives identified in the study, except A. paraguariensis (EE), originate from the AA genome of the wild Arachis species. The potential genotypes for stem rot disease resistance are three interspecific derivative lines, ICGR 161939, ICGR 162044, ICGR 162032, and two advanced breeding lines, ICGV 10342 and ICGV 181045. Oxalic acid assay further confirmed the resistance of the three inter-specific derivatives, ICGR 161939, ICGR 162044 and ICGR 162032 with a low wilting score (1–2) and less lesion length (1–3 cm).The study suggests the use of comprehensive screening protocols employing both lab and sick field screening for assessing the components of host resistance to stem rot disease and find their use in breeding programs to develop stem rot resistant cultivars.
... The expected genetic advance under selection for various characters was calculated according to the formula given by Allard et al. [23]. ...
This research outlines into exploring the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance among 33 diverse lentil genotypes for 11 quantitative traits in the rabi season of 2022-2023 in Punjab, India. Three replications of each of the 33 genotypes of lentil were planted in a randomized block design. The Analysis of Variance was found significant for all the traits under study, this implies that a significant amount of variation is present among these genotypes. The estimates of PCV and GCV were found to be moderate for most of the traits under study. Heritability estimates ranged from 96.80% to 45.08%, with a high heritability observed for traits like Days to maturity, No. of primary branches per plant, No. of secondary branches per plant, seed yield per plant, No. of pods per plant, Biological yield, No. of seeds per pod, Harvest index, and Day to 50% flowering. The traits with the highest estimates of genetic advance included Seed yield per plant, No. of primary branches per plant, No. of secondary branches per plant, and No. of seeds per pod. The study identified a significant genetic variability among the lentil genotypes, characterized by high heritability and genetic advance for key traits such as Seed yield per plant, No. of primary branches per plant, No. of secondary branches per plant and No. of seeds per pod. These results point towards the presence of additive gene effects influencing the inheritance of these traits, highlighting the efficacy of simple selection methods for enhancing lentil quality focusing on these essential agronomic characteristics.
... Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) was used for comparing means. Genetic advance (GA) expected genetic advance (EGA), were computed following Johnson et al. (1955) and heritability in the broad sense meaning (H) following Falconer (1989). The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the FactoMineR R package (Husson et al., 2024). ...
Mutation breeding offers a simple, fast, and efficient way to rectify major defects without altering their original identity. The current research aimed to study interesting traits in a mutant population generated by gamma rays. Five gamma rays doses (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy) were applied to develop M1 and M2 mutant populations from the Egyptian rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Giza177’. Both populations were evaluated in the field during two successive years 2022 (M1) and 2023 (M2). Several traits related to growth and yield were recorded such as plant height, number of branches and panicles, panicle weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Significant differences were found among radiation treatments for most traits. Overall, low radiation doses (100, 200, and 300 Gy) promoted the growth and productivity of plants; however, high doses (400 and 500 Gy) decreased these traits and increased the number of sterile plants. The effect of radiation doses was different on some traits between M1 and M2. The mutant population M2 displayed several promising mutant lines with desirable traits; early flowering (4-7 d earlier), short plant height (< 95 cm), panicle length (> 23 cm), tiller number per plant (> 25), and grain yield per plant (> 43 g). Conclusively, low gamma rays doses (inferior to 300 Gy) are of interest in generating desirable traits and promising lines. The current promising mutant lines should be further evaluated in multi-year trials to validate their behavior across various field conditions.
... Also, according to [22], it could be relatively easy if there is a heritability that is beyond 70 %. However, it is crucial to mention that, the fact that one has higher heritability only is not a good reason to conclude that it is a successful parameter or indices in further progenies except more genetic advance is implored that is substancial [23]. Because most of the yield components have substantial genetic advance and high heritability, lines of genes that shows promise may be sellected so as it could be subjected to more analysis, chosen and be made be made known to farmers for use. ...
The current investigation demonstrated that all the seeds taken into consideration generally had different varietal characteristics with the exception of several growth characteristics, notably the stem girth where the improved varieties outperformed the local Bambara nuts. The local Bambara nut varieties (Jan Iri) had the highest parameters measured compared to others. The huge variation in yield component recorded for this variety made the promise it displayed astounding. Due to the importance of the genotype-by-environment interaction on the expression of all the examined characters, the phenotypic coefficients of variation for each character were all more significant than the genotypic coefficients of variation. Three examined features, including number of pods per plant, number of pods per plot, and number of seeds per plot, all had high heritability estimates (84.96, 99.24, and 99.35, respectively). The quantity of seeds produced by each plant and the dried weight of each plot were moderately recorded at 32.48 and 38.63, respectively. Number of pods per plot (140.01) and number of seeds per plot (176.83) both showed strong genetic advance and with high heritability also. However, fresh weight per plot (109.12) revealed low heredity along with high genetic advance. Looking at the number of seeds per plant, the number of pods per plant, and the number of seeds per plant, a substantial positive association was found.
... Salt stress can have a significant impact on cotton physiology, leading to reduced growth, disrupted water and ionic balance, oxidative stress, and decrease in yield. Understanding these physiological effects is critical for developing strategies to mitigate the negative effects of salt stress and improve cotton productivity in salt-affected soils 29,30 . A significant amount of work has been done so far to develop cotton cultivars that can tolerate stress. ...
The development of genotypes that can tolerate high levels of salt is crucial for the efficient use of salt-affected land and for enhancing crop productivity worldwide. Therefore, incorporating salinity tolerance is a critical trait that crops must possess. Salt resistance is a complex character, controlled by multiple genes both physiologically and genetically. To examine the genetic foundation of salt tolerance, we assessed 16 F1 hybrids and their eight parental lines under normal and salt stress (15 dS/m) conditions. Under salt stress conditions significant reduction was observed for plant height (PH), bolls/plant (NBP), boll weight (BW), seed cotton yield (SCY), lint% (LP), fiber length (FL), fiber strength (FS), potassium to sodium ratio (K⁺/Na⁺), potassium contents (K⁺), total soluble proteins (TSP), carotenoids (Car) and chlorophyll contents. Furthermore, the mean values for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium contents (Na⁺), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and fiber fineness (FF) were increased under salt stress. Moderate to high heritability and genetic advancement was observed for NBP, BW, LP, SCY, K⁺/Na⁺, SOD, CAT, POD, Car, TSP, FL, and FS. Mean performance and multivariate analysis of 24 cotton genotypes based on various agro-physiological and biochemical parameters suggested that the genotypes FBS-Falcon, Barani-333, JSQ-White Hold, Ghauri, along with crosses FBS-FALCON × JSQ-White Hold, FBG-222 × FBG-333, FBG-222 × Barani-222, and Barani-333 × FBG-333 achieved the maximum values for K⁺/Na⁺, K⁺, TSP, POD, Chlb, CAT, Car, LP, FS, FL, PH, NBP, BW, and SCY under salt stress and declared as salt resistant genotypes. The above-mentioned genotypes also showed relatively higher expression levels of Ghi-ERF-2D.6 and Ghi-ERF-7A.6 at 15 dS/m and proved the role of these ERF genes in salt tolerance in cotton. These findings suggest that these genotypes have the potential for the development of salt-tolerant cotton varieties with desirable fiber quality traits.
... Genetic advance (GA) and Genetic advance as percentage of mean (GAM) were calculated and categorized stated by (Johnson et al., 1955). ...
To explore high yielding genotype and significant yield contributing trait, field experiment was conducted using alpha lattice design replicated three times at the National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Nepal in 2022. Eighteen fine rice genotypes were evaluated based on nine quantitative traits (Heading days, maturity days, plant height, panicle length, effective tillers, filled grains per panicle, unfilled grains per panicle, thousand grain weight and grain yield per hectare). Variance analysis, correlation and estimation of genetic parameters were conducted to comprehend genetic variations and interrelationships among traits within genotypes. The results showed most of traits except unfilled grains had statistical significance differences. Tarahara-107 (3940 kg/ha) had the highest grain yield followed by Tarahara-2 (3700 kg/ha) and NR 2381-RGA1-RGA2 (3665 kg/ha). Similarly, grain yield showed positive and significant association with filled grains at both phenotypic and genotypic level (r p = 0.7074 ** and r g = 0.9482 **). Elevated values of PCV and GCV were recorded for filled grains (22.05 and 17.57). The high value GAM coupled with high heritability was recorded for filled grains (28.83%), plant height (23.10%), number of effective tillers (21.57%) and thousand grain weight (19.37%). Thus, identified genotypes NR 2380-RGA1-RGA2 and NR 2381-RGA1-RGA2 exhibited early and potential high yielding genotypes while Tarhara-107 and Tarhara-2 identified as high yield, medium maturity and good filled grain number per panicle. In addition, filled grains trait displayed tightly linked with grain yield and possess high GCV, PCV, GAM with moderate heritability indicated direct selection could be employed for trait enhancement in breeding program.
Rice is the fundamental staple crop of Nepal. For food security, the production rate of main season rice is insufficient; nevertheless, spring rice can be a possibility. Spring rice is short duration crop as compared to the main season crop as, it can be best utilized through its cultivation. An experiment on spring rice (Oryza sativa) was performed to examine ten different elite rice genotypes in irrigated seedling stage at Campus of Live Sciences, Tulsipur, Dang from April to May 2023 with an objective to assess the response of different genotypes of seedling stage under controlled environment condition and to compare seedling stage growth and development of different spring rice variety The study was conducted with three replications on a completely randomized design (CRD). Data on the seedlings' growth was gathered at intervals of ten days. The outcome showed that there were statistical differences in morphological features between various genotypes. In comparison to other plants, IR09R270 had the highest average plant height (12.9 cm), IR17A106 had the greatest amount of leaves (2.44), IR09R270 had the greatest length of leaves (6.59 cm), Svin080 had the widest leaves (0.18 cm), IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA had the longest shoots length (16.46 cm), and IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA had the longest roots length (9.30 cm). The sample with the highest percentage of germination (85.65%) was IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA. The majority of genotypes were found to have heritability more than 60%, indicating a greater contribution from genetic factors than environmental conditions. It was discovered that the phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was marginally larger than the genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), suggesting that the environment had little effect on how characters are expressed. The study's conclusions demonstrated that the rice genotypes IR09R270 and IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA were preferable to other elite genotypes found in the Terai region. In conclusion under irrigated conditions, rice genotypes IR09R270 and IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA performed well.
Genetic variability, Correlation and path analysis studies for yield and yield contributing characters in Pink Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under subtropical plains of Jammu ABSTRACT The present investigation was conducted during the year 2022-2023 with the objectives i) To estimate the magnitude of genetic variability and its contribution trait ii) To ind out the correlation between the traits under study and work out the path analysis for yield and yield contributing traits. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 30 genotypes. Data on the 21 quantitative, qualitative, seed and biotic stress traits has been recorded as per standard procedure. Data on mean performance of all individual plant progenies revealed that genotype Pink long to be the highest yielder followed by long Kashmiri and also performed better for another important desirable trait viz. plant spread, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, marketable fruit yield per plant. The analysis of genotypic and phenotypic coef icient variance revealed a higher magnitude of PCV than the corresponding GCV for all characters which indicated the effect of environment on the character expression. The highest PCV and GCV were obtained for marketable and unmarketable fruit yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for average fruit weight showing the in luence of additive gene action on the characters hence, may be useful for selection. Fruit yield per hectare showed a positive and signi icant correlation with the number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, fruit weight, marketable fruit yield per plant, unmarketable fruit yield per plant and total fruit yield per plant while fruit yield per hectare showed a negative and signi icant correlation with days to irst lowering, days to irst harvest. Days to irst lowering, plant height, plant spread, fruit weight, marketable fruit yield per plant, total fruit yield per plant and number of seeds per fruit showed maximum direct effect on fruit yield per plant.
Twenty diverse rice genotypes, mostly aromatic landraces, were grown during warm wet season of 2022 to analyse the genetic variability, correlation and path coefficients for sixteen agro-morphological characters. The results of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability, heritability, and genetic advance indicated that improvement through selection for flag leaf angle, panicle exertion, secondary branches per panicle, test weight, spikelet number, and number of filled grains would be effective. Correlation coefficients of grain yield with flag leaf area, spikelet fertility percentage, test weight and harvest index were positive and significant, while with flag leaf angle it was negative and significant indicating the importance of these characters on grain yield. Path analysis revealed that selection for larger flag leaf area, greater test weight and narrow flag leaf angle, reduced plant height and early flowering would increase grain yield. However, restrictions are required to be imposed on panicle number, panicle length and filled grain, so that a balance between morphological architecture and physiological rhythm is maintained to optimize source-sink relationship.
The experimental material consisting of 106 genotypes were evaluated for 14 yield and its attributing traits during Kharif 2021 to ascertain genetic variability, genetic divergence, correlations, path coefficients and the MYMV disease resistance. Morphological characterization as per DUS guidelines classified genotypes in discrete classes for all the traits. The analysis of variance revealed significant amount of variability was observed among genotypes for all the traits studied. Two traits viz., the number of branches per plant and MYMV showed the high GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for the traits viz., plant height, number of branches per plant and clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield, harvest index, 100-seed weight, MYMV and seed yield per plant indicated additive gene effects. Seed yield per plant was found to be positively correlated with the number of clusters and pods per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant and 100-seed weight. The maximum positive direct effect on seed yield per plant was observed by the biological yield per plant followed by harvest index, days to flowering, plant height and number of branches per plant. Number of clusters per plant and number of seeds per pod apart from their direct effect on seed yield exhibited a positive indirect effect via days to maturity, biological yield, harvest index and 100-seed weight. Therefore, these traits should be given higher priority in direct selection for high-yielding mungbean genotypes. No association between MYMV and yield attributing traits was observed. The hierarchical cluster analysis classified mungbean genotypes into ten discrete clusters indicating the presence of substantial genetic diversity in the evaluated genotypes. The most diverse genotypic pairs were Pusa Vishal and EC 393407 followed by VGG-2 & IPM 205-7, ML 1628 & EC 393407, IPM 409-4 & VGG-2, SML 1018 & VGG-2. These genotypes were found to have heterogenic origin and can results into most diverse heterotic combinations among all the genotypes studied. After the field screening of 106 genotypes using the infector row technique against MYMV 23 genotypes were found to be highly resistant, 42 resistant, 33 moderately susceptible, six susceptible and two were found highly susceptible. Based on yield and other morphological traits studied, the genotypes ML 1628, ML 2037, SML 1023, MH 521, MH 560, MH 565, IPM 312-394, IPM 410-3 and EC 581523 were found superior and exhibited sufficient diversity and can be utilized for future mungbean improvement programs.
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