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The Analysis of Covariance Structures: Goodness-of-Fit Indices
Abstract
A major problem encountered in covariance structure analyses involves decisions concerning whether or not a given theoretical model adequately represents the data used for its assessment. Given that X2 goodness-of-fit tests are joint functions of the difference between theoretical and empirical covariance structures and sample size, gauging the impact of sample size on such tests is essential. In this paper, we propose a simple index (critical N) and tentative acceptance criterion, which, by focusing on sample size, provide an improved method for assessing goodness-of-fit. Both small- and large-sample examples are presented, illustrating the utility of the proposed method for assessing theoretical models.
... Analytical method: to validate the research hypotheses, quantitative analytical methods were employed, including testing internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). Research sample size: when using the SEM method, a reasonable sample size should be a minimum of 200 observations (Hoelter, 1983). However, a larger sample size increases the study's reliability, and CB-SEM requires a large sample size (Raykov and Widaman, 1995). ...
Understanding and predicting tourists’ intention to return to a destination is a fundamental factor for the success of a tourism destination. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the influence of perceived quality, perceived value, and satisfaction on the intention to return to the national park of tourists. The research utilizes a convenient sampling method with direct interview techniques to collect research data. The achieved sample size is 308 tourists who have visited and experienced tourism services at national parks in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. Applying a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study has proven that perceived quality positively influences satisfaction, enhancing the intention to return to national parks of tourists. Additionally, perceived value also has a positive impact on satisfaction, contributing to promoting the intention to return to national parks. Finally, the research has revealed a positive correlatio n between satisfaction and the intention to return to national parks of tourists.
... SEM is deemed to be proper in studies focusing on models with many constructs (Hair et al. 2019). The sample size exceeds the minimum acceptable sample size for using structural equation modeling, specifically 200 respondents (Hoelter 1983). IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and Smart PLS 3.0 were used to analyze the collected data. ...
... The only TPB construct that positively influences PI is SN (β4b = 0.753***, p < 0.001), so β4b is supported, while β4a and β4c are rejected. To evaluate the fit of the model (Fig. 2) and observed data ( Fig. 3; Table 3 [128][129][130][131][132]. Therefore, despite having an acceptable model with a significant χ2 value and test results supporting the null hypotheses, there is no guarantee that the obtained model is the best. ...
Background
The literature for assessing online and offline shopping behaviours that are linked to intelligent robotic goods and services is inadequate. In this study, we applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour model for guidance regarding how consumer behaviour affects their purchase intentions for intelligent robotic goods and services.
Methods
Data from 408 respondents were gathered through an online questionnaire binned into Online and Overall Shoppers, and analysed using SPSS, AMOS, and Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling software to evaluate the appropriateness of the measurements and to confirm data reliability, convergence, divergence, and validity. These tools were also used to track and test hypothesized relationships between the variables and model constructs used in this study.
Results and conclusions
The overarching outcomes from the data analyses indicated the Ease of Usage, Brand Perception, and Product Pricing variables causally impacted the TPB model constructs, namely Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behaviour Control for the two populations tested with respect to their intention to purchase intelligent robotic goods and services. The reliability measurements for Ease of Usage, Brand Perception, and Product Pricing are discussed. The results are important for companies and future investors because opportunities to study the complex relationships that ultimately drive consumer behaviour and their intention to purchase intelligent robotic goods and services are provided.
... The most accepted sample size in the literature is a sample size over 200. Many authors [84][85][86] pointed out that the critical threshold for SEM is 200 and that the sample size should not fall below this number. Another problem encountered at this point is what the upper limit of the sample size will be. ...
This study investigates the influence of religiosity on environmental concern and intentions to reduce food waste in Islam and Christianity. The study involves 575 adult participants, predominantly Muslims and Christians, utilizing the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) religiosity scale, environmental concern scale, and food waste reduction intention scale. The investigation was conducted in Romania, Italy, and Turkey. Utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) via AMOS software, the research reveals that religiosity significantly affects environmental concern in both religious groups. Furthermore, environmental concern acts as a mediator between religiosity and both Muslim and Christian participants. Notably, the impact of religiosity on the intention to reduce food waste is significant among Muslims, but is not observed among Christians. The study underscores the importance of integrating religiosity into consumer behavior research, especially concerning food waste reduction. It suggests that religiosity and environmental concern are crucial for successful campaigns targeting food waste reduction among Muslim and Christian consumers.
... Before proceeding with multivariate analysis, researchers should guarantee enough sample size, multicollinearity, and standard method bias (CMB). Hoelter (1983) suggested using at least 200 samples for factor analysis. The current study meets Hoelter's minimum sample size requirements due to its many participants (322). ...
... It is recommended practice to report a variety of model fit indices in addition to the Chi-square statistic (χ 2 ), which is extremely sensitive to sample size (Bryant & Yarnold, 1995;Hu & Bentler, 1999;Marsh et al., 1988;Schreiber et al., 2006). In the present study, absolute fit (how well the pattern of data corresponds to the model) was measured with the ratio of χ 2 to its degrees of freedom (χ 2 /df), with χ 2 /df < 2 proposed as an indication of acceptable fit (Hoelter, 1983). Relative fit (how well the model explains the data compared with alternative models, most commonly the null model assuming no relationships between variables) was measured by the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI; Tucker & Lewis, 1973) and the incremental fit index (IFI; Bollen, 1990), with values greater than or equal to 0.95 considered indications of good model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999;Schreiber et al., 2006). ...
The Metacognitions Questionnaire – Short Form (MCQ-30) was designed as a parsimonious measure of the metacognitive beliefs and processes implicated in the maintenance of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The present study sought to examine the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the MCQ-30 among people with GAD. One hundred and thirty-nine adults diagnosed with GAD and 76 non-clinical controls completed the MCQ-30 and self-report measures of worry, fear of anxiety, attempted thought suppression, distress, GAD symptoms, and interference. A five-factor structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Among the clinical sample, CFA supported the construct validity of the scale, although the relationship between the factors differed from community samples. Evidence was found for the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent, convergent and criterion validity of the MCQ-30 in people with GAD. The treatment sensitivity and clinical responsiveness of the scale were also demonstrated, with the Uncontrollability and Danger Beliefs subscale identified as the most accurate predictor of clinical status. This subscale also exhibited the strongest correlations with most symptom measures, highlighting the cardinal role played by negative beliefs about worry in maintaining clinical levels of GAD. This study provides the first evidence of the reliability, validity and clinical utility of the MCQ-30 with people diagnosed with GAD.
... The sampling frame contains all Pakistani manufacturing organisations registered with the Lahore Chamber of Commerce (LCC). Garver and Mentzer (1999) and Hoelter (1983) proposed a sample size of 200 to provide sufficient statistical power for data analysis using SEM. Hair et al. (2010) suggested that the minimum sample required for factor analysis is a case per item ratio of 5:1. ...
... After filtering out invalid responses, 477 valid responses were obtained. Typically, a sample size greater than 200 is considered sufficient to test a model [46]. Table 1 presents the participants' descriptive statistics. ...
In social commerce, users are increasingly resorting to social media platforms to search for information, purchase goods, and share shopping experiences. However, social media use may also affect users' emotions negatively, causing them to switch platforms. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how negative factors (i.e., information and communication overload) affect consumers’ platform-switching behavior in social commerce. Drawing on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) model, this study established a research framework and conducted an online survey in China. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data, generating 477 valid responses. Data analysis, based on structural equation modeling, indicates that information and communication overload, and online fatigue positively affect platform-switching intention. The effect of the intention to switch on behavior is moderated by switching costs. Mediation analysis shows that information and communication overload can indirectly influence switching behavior through online fatigue and switching intention. This study incorporates the novel aspects of switching costs in examining the driving forces behind platform-switching in social commerce, thereby theoretically adding value to the existing body of knowledge. Apart from this, our findings also bear significant practical implications and are valuable for social commerce platforms and sellers to improve their user experience and retain existing customers.
... In the preliminary descriptive analysis of the data, maximum criteria for skewness (<2) and kurtosis (<7) were adopted as an approach for demonstrating normality [41]. The model's adequacy was assessed using popular fit indices, such as the Chi-square (χ 2 ) test, Chisquare/degrees of freedom (χ 2 /df), the Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI ≥ 0.90), the Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI ≥ 0.90), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI ≥ 0.95; [42]), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI ≥ 0.95; [43]), the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA < 0.05; [44]), and the Critical N (CN > 200; [45]) value, with the latter indicating that the sample size is adequate. ...
The Program for International Student Assessment highlights the persistent lack of commitment and motivation among students worldwide in their school activities, which is resulting in decreased proficiency levels in reading, mathematics, and science. The magnitude of this phenomenon, with its clear social implications, suggests that we are facing a concerning quest for immediate answers and results. This research focuses on the impact of the relationships between self-regulated learning processes and the planning of time management that is dedicated to school activities on student performance, specifically in the subjects of the Mother Tongue and Mathematics. The instruments used for analysis included the Inventory of Self-Regulated Learning Processes, the Inventory of Time Management Planning, a personal data sheet, and a school datasheet. The sample in this study consisted of 688 students from primary schools in northern Portugal. The results reveal that self-regulated learning has a positive influence on how students plan time management, both in the short and long term. Additionally, a positive and statistically significant relationship is observed between short-term and long-term time management planning and students' academic performance. This study provides an in-depth perspective on the dynamics between these elements, shedding light on the crucial nuances that shape students' academic journeys.
... Several goodness of fit indices were used to assess the fit of the three models. A close fit is suggested by: a relative chi-square value (χ 2 /df) close to 2 [35], a Root-Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) [36] and a Standardized Root-Mean Residual (SRMR) [37] below 0.05, a Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) [38] above 0.9 and a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) [36] above 0.95. ...
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Tinnitus Impact Questionnaire (TIQ) was performed. In contrast to commonly used tinnitus questionnaires, the TIQ is intended solely to assess the impact of tinnitus by not including items related to hearing loss or tinnitus loudness. This was a psychometric study based on a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of clinical data. Data were available for 155 new patients who had attended a tinnitus and hyperacusis clinic in the UK within a five-month period and had completed the TIQ. The mean age was 54 years (standard deviation = 14 years). The TIQ demonstrated good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α = 0.84 and McDonald’s ω = 0.89. CFA showed that two items of the TIQ had low factor loadings for both one-factor and two-factor models and their scores showed low correlations with scores for other items. Bi-factor analysis gave a better fit, indicated by a relative chi-square (χ2) of 18.5, a Root-Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.103, a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.97, a Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.92, and a Standardized Root-Mean Residual (SPMR) of 0.038. Total TIQ scores were moderately correlated with scores for the Visual Analogue Scale of effect of tinnitus on life and the Screening for Anxiety and Depression-Tinnitus questionnaire, supporting the convergent validity of the TIQ. The TIQ score was not correlated with the pure-tone average hearing threshold, indicating discriminant validity. A multiple-causes multiple-indicator (MIMIC) model showed no influences of age, gender or hearing status on TIQ item scores. The TIQ is an internally consistent tool. CFA suggests a bi-factor model with sufficient unidimensionality to support the use of the overall TIQ score for assessing the impact of tinnitus. TIQ scores are distinct from the impact of hearing impairment among patients who have tinnitus combined with hearing loss.
... Meaningfulness of considering endogeneity in PLS-SEM in explanatory modelling involved 'use of statistical models for testing causal explanations'. 31 Controlling for endogeneity is crucial to adequately test hypotheses. Endogeneity problems most often arise from omitted variables that correlate with one or more independent and dependent variable(s) in the regression model. ...
Background
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) decrease COVID-19 transmission. Reliability and validity of adherence to NPIs in accordance with normalization process theory (NPT) in coherent and convenient social subgroups using reflective measurement model assessment has not been evaluated.
Methods
In February 2021, a sample of medical students and people with substance use disorders in treatment as coherent (based on continuous probability distribution) vs. convenient groups (based on convenience, not equal probability) composed of travellers and COVID-19 suspected persons from Split-Dalmatia County (SDC) (n = 656) in the Mediterranean completed self-administered surveys. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to measure reflective model assessment of adherence to NPIs according to NPT.
Results
PLS-SEM reflective model assessment provided two-group specific factors in inverse relationships which determined adherence to NPIs with excellent goodness-of-fit [χ2 = 1.292, df = 1; P = 0.297, CFI = 1, TLI = 0.997, RMSEA = 0.011 (90% CI 0–0.105), RMSEA P = 0.604, SRMR = 0.008, Hoelter CN (α = 0.05) = 2322.757]. Significant negative factors covariance estimate (−0.716) revealed an inverse relationship between first (adherence to NPIs and internal locus of control (LoC) (0.640)) and second factor; young adulthood age (≤25) and highest level of education (1362). As the first factor increased the second tended to decrease. LoC is expected potential mechanism by which sex (MLsex = −0.017, SE = 0.007, P < 0.016) and belonging to coherent subgroups (MLgroup = −0.008, SE = 0.003, P = 0.015) can produce indirect effect of adherence to NPIs.
Conclusions
Coherent subgroups had a more pronounced tendency toward integration of NPIs in everyday life. Group factors that facilitate the normalization were higher educated younger adults with a tendency toward external LoC.
... Alternatively, the Hoelter statistic requires that the sample size should be more than 200 (Hoelter, 1983). Both of these suggestions are considered to be appropriate based on the empirical data, and it was determined that the causal relationship model was quite compatible with the data. ...
Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the elements influencing behavior usage intention related to technological and innovative products for health in Thailand. Theoretical Framework: In the field of medical industry is among those sectors that leverage emerging technologies and innovations to propel future economic growth. It contributes significantly to the improvement of health cares and livelihoods as a result of technological, innovative, and personalized health developments. Its goal is to establish a causality relationship and to check the consistency of the model influencing behavior usage intention and technological and innovative products for health in Thailand. Method: The study used a mixed method, incorporating qualitative feedbacks from 21 experts and quantitative data from 600 participants in Thailand. Filtering was performed on the data to remove outliers and demonstrates statistical, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results and Conclusion: This study found that health belief, credibility, consumer innovation, attitude to use, and perceived usefulness positively affect behavior usage intention toward technological and innovative products for health. It is established that attitudes to use is one of the strongest indicators of behavior usage intention healthcare technology and innovation utilization, directly and indirectly. Originality/Value: This research discloses causal elements that impact factors influencing behavior usage intention technology and innovation products for health in Thailand. Developers and marketers can utilize more development tactics to enhance consumers’ behavior usage intention in healthcare technology.
... The factor selection process was coupled with evaluation of model fit while also taking into account the parsimony and interpretability of the solution (Vitoratou et al., 2023). A number of goodness of fit indices were used to evaluate model fit: the relative chi-square (relative χ 2 values below 2 or 3 suggest reasonable fit when coupled with other fit indices that are in acceptable ranges; Hoelter, 1983, Hu & Bentler, 1999, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA values of below 0.05 indicate close fit; Steiger, 1990, Browne & Cudek, 1993, Comparative Fit Index (CFI values greater than 0.95 suggest close fit; Bentler, 1990;Hu & Bentler, 1999), the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI values greater than 0.95 demonstrate close fit; Hu & Bentler, 1999;Tucker & Lewis, 1973), and standardized root mean residual (SRMR values that are below 0.5 indicate close fit; Hu & Bentler, 1999;Kline, 2016). Items that did not have strong loadings (< 0.4) on the main factor were considered problematic and to be omitted. ...
Tools to measure autism knowledge are needed to assess levels of understanding within particular groups of people and to evaluate whether awareness-raising campaigns or interventions lead to improvements in understanding. Several such measures are in circulation, but, to our knowledge, there are no psychometrically-validated questionnaires that assess contemporary autism knowledge suitable to the UK context. We aimed to produce a brief measure to assess between-respondent variability and within-respondent change over time. A pool of questionnaire items was developed and refined through a multi-stage iterative process involving autism experts and a lay sample. Attention was paid to face validity, clarity, consensus on correct responses, and appropriate difficulty levels. Initial validation data was obtained from a lay sample of 201 people. Difficulty and discrimination ability were assessed using item response theory and low-performing items were removed. Dimensionality was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis, which revealed a one-factor structure of the questionnaire. Further items were removed where they did not load strongly on their main factor. This process resulted in a final 14-item questionnaire called the Knowledge of Autism Questionnaire-UK. Internal consistency was satisfactory, and the final questionnaire was able to distinguish between parents of autistic people and those without an affiliation to autism. The KAQ-UK is a new, freely-available measure of autism knowledge that could be used to assess between-respondent variability and within-respondent change over time. Further evaluation and validation of its measurement properties are required.
... Our evaluation of model fits adhered to Hu and Bentler's (1998) criteria, where SRMR < 0.08, RMSEA < 0.06, CFI > 0.95, and NNFI > 0.90 indicated satisfactory model fit. Additionally, considering the sensitivity of χ2 to sample size, a χ2/df ratio falling between 2 and 3 was considered indicative of favorable model fit (Hoelter, 1983). ...
Exploring the influence of culture on neuropsychological testing presents a complex challenge for researchers. Recently, RIAS-2 has garnered interest in cross-cultural studies. However, there remains a gap in understanding how Asian cultures, particularly in the Middle East, affect the outcomes of this test. This study aims to investigate the invariance and comparative performance of Iranian and U.S. children on the RIAS-2, shedding light on this aspect of the puzzle.
The current study conducted a comparative analysis involving Iranian and U.S. children. A total of 178 Iranian children were chosen through cluster sampling from Tehran and completed the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS-2) test. The U.S. sample was carefully matched with the Iranian group and made available to the researchers for analysis.
In this study, we initially examined a single-factor model encompassing all subtests across both groups. However, the SPS subtest was excluded from this model. Subsequently, we employed index scores, revealing that only two indexes, CIX and SPI, maintained invariance across the two cultural groups. Notably, in both models, U.S. participants exhibited higher average scores compared to their Iranian counterparts. Additionally, the ANOVA test, serving as a supplementary measure, yielded nearly identical results regarding the average score discrepancy.
The findings of this study underscored the suitability of CIX and SPI scores as reliable indicators for cross-cultural investigations. Furthermore, in the following, some cultural factors affecting the difference in IQ scores between the U.S. and Iranian groups were discussed.
... The selection of these participants was carried out utilizing a convenient sampling method. According to Kline's (2022) recommended guidelines, the ideal 6 sample size should include at least one acceptable sample or the minimum acceptable sample for every 10-20 observed variables, and it should exceed 200 as suggested by Hoelter's statistics (Hoelter, 1983). Following these guidelines, the causal model aligned with the empirical data, thus necessitating approximately 300 samples based on 15 observable variables. ...
Purpose: This investigation explores the moderating role of reader characteristics in shaping individuals' intentions to engage in e-book reading in Thailand. Theoretical Framework: Drawing upon a diverse sample of readers in Thailand, this analysis employs advanced statistical techniques to assess the moderating effects of reader characteristics, including sex, age, education level, income, and devices used to read e-books. Design/methodology/approach: Utilizing a quantitative approach, the study analyzes responses from 701 Thai people who have engaged with a minimum of five e-books to understand the moderating role of reader characteristics on e-book reading intention in Thailand. Findings: The results from the structural equation model analysis showed that several factors in the proposed model had a significant influence on intention to read e-books. These factors include trust, diversity of e-book options, social norms, and resource usage. Practical implications: The results that come from this investigation contribute to the growing body of literature on digital reading behavior and offer practical implications for stakeholders in the publishing sector and government organizations that promote reading. By comprehending how reader characteristics moderate the factors influencing e-book reading intentions, tailored strategies can be developed to promote digital literacy and enhance the adoption of e-books in the Thai market. As the global landscape of reading continues to evolve, this research offers a precious viewpoint to explore the intricate interplay between individual characteristics and the digital reading experience in Thailand. Originality/value: Limited research has examined the moderating influence of reader characteristics on the intention to read e-books. Therefore, this study seeks to address this gap in the existing literature by conducting a multigroup analysis in the context of Thailand.
... Not only that, but this method is also money-and time-saving [31]. A sample size of 150 indigenous people in Perak was selected as the respondents out of the total of 53,299 indigenous people [11], as recommended by [32]. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale. ...
The Orang Asli Resettlement Programme (RPS) aimed to uplift the indigenous community, particularly in the Titiwang Range area of Perak. Despite socio-economic development projects under the RPS, poverty persists among the indigenous people, and conventional farming practices persist. They also refuse to implement fertigation technology due to negative perceptions of fertigation technology. This study aims to determine the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behaviour control towards fertigation technology among indigenous people in Perak. This study adopted a quantitative survey design conducted in Perak, Malaysia. A sample size of 150 indigenous people in Perak was selected as the respondents through purposive sampling. The collected data was subjected to descriptive and correlation analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 26. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between attitude (r=0.776, p=0.000), subjective norm (r=0.591, p=0.000) and perceived behavioural control (r=0.726, p=0.000) with the perception of indigenous people towards fertigation systems. The study recommended increasing agriculture-related programmes, particularly training initiatives, by organisations such as MUHAMMAD KAMALHAMDI BIN NAZAN (IMS ADA, EXCEL XDOP) JAKOA, DOA and non-profit organisations to improve indigenous technical training.
... The current sample size is considered to be appropriate because according to Hoe (2008), any sample larger than 200 can provide adequate statistical power for analyzing the data. Further, for applying covariancebased SEM (CB-SEM), the minimum required sample size is 200 (Hoelter, 1983 There are so many brands to choose from that often I feel confused CBOC2 ...
Purpose-With rapidly changing marketing landscape, nowadays, the formulation of various marketing strategies is increasingly focused on how consumers tend to make decisions. To meet the highly demanding consumer expectations, market segmentation can be used as an important marketing strategy. Due to gender marketing concept familiarity in the contemporary world, gender difference is one of the reference features in the process of market segmentation for marketers. This research is aimed to examine various determining factors that foster consumer purchase decision-making and the differences between consumers of different genders while making shopping and purchase decisions with special reference to an emerging economy, i.e. Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach-Based on a cross-sectional sample of 367 consumers, the study adapted Sproles and Kendall's (1986) Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) to scrutinize the decision-making of both genders in Pakistan. For data analysis, the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in addition to the structural equation modeling has been used. Findings-The study emphasized that, with the exception of quality awareness, brand consciousness, fashion consciousness, option overload and price consciousness greatly affect buying decisions. In addition, when it comes to consumer purchase decision-making, significant gender variations were discovered for both fashion consciousness and price consciousness. Originality/value-Drawing upon the distinctive cultural characteristics of Pakistan and its people, in-depth research was conducted on purchasing behaviors of Pakistani consumers and the decision-making characteristics of customers of different genders were summarized. The outcomes are expected to make a significant contribution to the field of gender marketing by organizations.
... The selection of these participants was conducted using a simple sampling method. Referring to the guidelines proposed by Kline (2022) and Wiratchai (1999), the optimal sample size should be one acceptable sample or the minimum acceptable sample for every 10-20 observed variables and must exceed 200, as suggested by Hoelter statistics (Hoelter, 1983). Following these guidelines, the causality model aligned with the empirical data, so the study required approximately 290 samples based on 29 observable variables. ...
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the determinants of electronic word-of-mouth (E-WOM) within Thailand's cosmetic industry, focusing on social commerce platforms. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in the application of a structural equation model (SEM) and the e-Rough Set Delphi Technique to assess the interplay between social commerce, customer satisfaction, trust, and E-WOM. Design/methodology/approach: Utilizing a quantitative approach, the study analyzes responses from 808 cosmetic product consumers active on social media platforms to understand the dynamics of customer satisfaction and its impact on E-WOM. Findings: The findings reveal that both social commerce functionalities and customer satisfaction play pivotal roles in fostering trust towards online cosmetic stores. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of functional and emotional values in enhancing customer satisfaction, which subsequently influences purchase intentions and the propensity to engage in E-WOM. Practical implications: The research underscores significant implications for practitioners and scholars, suggesting that understanding the factors that drive E-WOM can aid online cosmetic entrepreneurs in Thailand to boost their E-WOM effectiveness. This, in turn, could lead to sustained business growth and a deeper understanding of social commerce dynamics. Original/Value: The originality of this study lies in its examination of factors as an effective force of E-WOM in the cosmetic industry in Thailand. It explores the interplay of trust and satisfaction and the recognition of loyalty's significant role underscores the imperative for retailers to dedicate resources to cultivating enduring E-WOM connections with customers.
... While there is no unanimous consensus on the ideal sample size for SEM, Sivo et al. (2006) and Hoelter (1983) have recommended a "critical sample size" of 200 as a rule of thumb. This implies that any sample size exceeding 200 participants generally provides adequate statistical power for data analysis when employing SEM. ...
Welcome to this comprehensive reference book, the result of extensive research into the fascinating
world of celebrity endorsements and their impact on consumer behavior. In an era where marketing
dynamics are constantly evolving, and consumer choices are increasingly influenced by various
factors, understanding the profound effects of celebrity endorsements has never been more crucial.
This reference book is the product of a rigorous research endeavor, which sought to advance both
theoretical knowledge and practical utility. It aims to bridge the gap between academic research and
real-world marketing decisions. The aspiration behind this work is to offer a comprehensive resource
that not only deepens our theoretical understanding but also provides a valuable tool for marketing
professionals to make more informed decisions.
Within these pages, you will find a wealth of insights, analyses, and practical guidance. We delve
into the intricate dimensions of celebrity endorsements, specifically focusing on their effects on
consumer ad perception, brand attitude, and purchase intention. Our journey begins with the creation
and validation of a novel celebrity endorsement scale, integrating previous research findings with the
fresh insights garnered from an exploratory study conducted within the scope of this research
project.
The development and validation of this scale is a significant milestone, as it offers a practical
framework for marketing managers to make informed choices when selecting celebrity endorsers.
This tool is comprised of five dimensions - attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise, popularity, and
relevance - and provides marketing professionals with an invaluable resource to guide their decision�making process.
In addition to this, our work offers a roadmap for marketing managers, emphasizing which specific
dimensions they should prioritize when choosing celebrity endorsers. Our findings underscore the
preeminence of a celebrity's popularity, followed closely by attractiveness, trustworthiness,
relevance, and expertise. This knowledge is pivotal for decision-makers as they navigate the
complex landscape of celebrity endorsements.
Moreover, the newly validated five-dimensional celebrity endorsement scale empowers marketing
professionals to evaluate the effectiveness of various celebrity endorsements across these
dimensions. It aids in examining the impact of attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise, popularity,
and relevance, providing clarity on which factors contribute most significantly to a particular
endorsement's success.
Our research also demonstrates the influential role of celebrity endorsements as a marketing tool.
When executed skillfully, these endorsements are shown to have a positive impact on consumer ad
perception, brand attitude, and purchase intention. This knowledge underscores the strategic value of
celebrity endorsements when integrated into a marketing strategy.
Popularity and attractiveness emerge as critical factors in this regard, offering marketers clear
guidance in their selection of celebrity endorsers. At the same time, the study highlights that
expertise, although valuable in building brand attitudes and ad perceptions, may not necessarily
translate into increased purchase intentions.
This reference book serves as a valuable resource for scholars, students, and marketing professionals
who aspire to deepen their comprehension of the impact of celebrity endorsements on consumer
behavior. Whether you are a dedicated academic researcher, an aspiring marketing professional, or a
seasoned manager, the content within these pages is intended to enrich your knowledge and inform
your strategic decisions.
As we explore the compelling world of celebrity endorsements, we invite you to immerse yourself in
the insights, tools, and practical guidance presented in this reference book. Our goal is not only to
inform but also to inspire further exploration of the dynamic marketing landscape and the pivotal
role of celebrity endorsements.
We express our sincere appreciation to all those who contributed to this research and this reference
book, and we eagerly anticipate the continued growth of knowledge and practice in the field of
marketing.
Welcome to the world of celebrity endorsements and their profound influence on consumer behavior
with hope you keep enjoying the outcome of the book as WOW Talk.
... Model fit was evaluated using: χ 2value, χ 2 /df ratio, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). Lower χ 2 and χ 2 /df indicate better fit [43]. Acceptable fit was defined as TLI > 0.90 and RMSEA and SRMR < 0.08 [44]. ...
Abstract
Background: With this study, we aimed to explore the emotional experiences of sick-listed employees facing imminent job loss, as this emotional distress may hinder successful job search outcomes. The study had two objectives: (1) to develop and validate the Imminent Job Loss Scale (IJLS) for assessing pre-job loss grief reactions and (2) to examine its relationship to work attachment.
Methods: Development of the 9-item IJLS was carried out using feedback from an expert panel, consisting of five academic experts in grief and labour, five re-integration specialists, and five sick-listed employees facing imminent job loss. The psychometric properties of the IJLS were evaluated, and its association with work attachment was examined using data from 200 sick-listed employees facing imminent job loss.
Results: The IJLS demonstrated strong internal consistency and temporal stability, distinctiveness from depression and anxiety symptoms, and solid convergent validity. Work-centrality and organizational commitment were positively related to pre-job loss grief reactions, while work engagement and calling showed no significant associations.
Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into pre-job loss grief reactions and shows the potential utility of the IJLS for screening and monitoring purposes. Understanding pre-job loss grief reactions can improve the re-integration and job prospects of sick-listed employees. In future research, explorations of these dynamics should continue to provide better support to sick-listed employees during this challenging period.
... For factor analysis, Hoelter (2016) advised a minimum sample size of 200. The present research's sample size of 221 respondents meets Hoelter's minimal sample size requirements (Hoelter, 2016). The variance inflation factor (VIF), used to measure multicollinearity, revealed a value of 2.942, indicating the absence of multicollinearity. ...
Purpose
Food SMEs is the backbone of local and world economy. Even while food SMEs are aware of the potential advantages of implementing supply chain analytics (SCA), only a small number of companies use data-based decision-making. This is because of technophobia. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that have an impact on SCA adoption which in turn influence the sustainable performance of firms.
Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected from 221 managers working in food-related SMEs in China by using a questionnaire-based survey. The framework of this study was validated using a rigorous statistical procedure using the technique, namely, partial least squares structural equation modelling.
Findings
The findings of this study suggest that all modified UTAUT components (i.e. performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions and technophobia) significantly influence SCA adoption. Moreover, the existing study highlights and confirms the significance of adopting SCA to improve sustainable performance.
Originality/value
This research is novel, as it extends and investigates the theoretical framework based on UTAUT theory in SCA context and its impact on sustainable organizational performance. In addition, the factor of technophobia is tested in SCA context. This study has several contributory managerial implications for food SMEs.
... To ensure reliability in testing the appropriateness of the SEM model, a reasonable sample size must reach a minimum of 200 observations (Hoelter, 1983). The study conducted a formal survey to collect research data from July 2023 to August 2023. ...
This study aims to demonstrate the factors influencing the job satisfaction of promotion girls (PGs). The study collected data from a survey of 288 PGs working in Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho City, Vietnam. To test the research hypotheses, quantitative analysis methods such as Cronbach’s alpha reliability test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed. The results of the study confirmed that the job satisfaction of PGs is influenced by six factors: job nature, work environment, income and benefits, relationships with colleagues, training and development, and recognition and rewards. Among these, recognition and rewards were identified as the most significant factors, exerting the most impact on PGs’ job satisfaction.
... The discriminant validity ensures that constructs measure different underlying concepts and are distinct from each other. To meet the requirement for discriminant validity, the square root of a latent variable's AVE must be higher than the correlations between the latent variable and the other variables in the study [55]. In Table 4, the diagonal elements are the square root values of AVEs, and the other elements are the Pearson correlation coefficients among the constructs. ...
Purpose - This study aimed to explore how social commerce platforms retain specific user groups in the context of emerging economies post-COVID-19. We intend to provide essential insights concerning market entry decision-making in other similar emerging markets and to develop marketing strategies for promoting consumer continuance purchase intention in current social commerce platforms.Design/methodology/approach – By adopting the stimulus–organism–response model, this study established a framework to explore the impact of technological environments on consumers’ intrinsic and extrinsic values and visualize how these technological characteristics contribute to the continuance intentions. We used SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0 to conduct multiple data analyses, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to assess the reliability and validity of the research model, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and mediation analysis to test the proposed hypotheses.Findings - The findings suggest that the pursuit of social, informational, and emotional values is the primary motivation rather than hedonic value and that social commerce platforms should not be considered simply as a communication tool or a social network service, but as artificial structural equivalence of social connections that carries users’ social capital.Originality/value – By connecting the virtual social commerce platform and the real commercial world, this paper explains partially why consumers join a social network platform and why they repeatedly use it. The research could be potentially generalized to other developing countries and developed countries with analogous socioeconomic and cultural circumstances.
... The response rate is similar to some recent studies that have been challenged by the recent trends of declining response rates to Web-or internetbased surveys (Wu et al., 2022). In addition, for confirmatory factor analysis, a minimum sample size of 200 has been recommended (Hoelter, 1983). However, to check for possible biases in the responses, we compared the early respondents with the late respondents. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a multistakeholder scale for assessing an excellent human resource (HR) function to demonstrate the extent to which it is focused on creating value from the perspective of its key internal and external stakeholders.
Design/methodology/approach
At the first stage, an in-depth literature review was conducted to extract the best practices for an excellent HR function. Then, to test the validation of the developed framework, it was sent to HR academics and practitioners in different countries. The survey responses were analyzed using the methods of the structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factorial analysis.
Findings
This study proposes an excellent HR multistakeholder assessment scale consisting of ten criteria based on the perceptions of internal and external HR stakeholders.
Research limitations/implications
This study suggests a framework for assessing overall HR excellence based on the perceptions of key internal and external HR stakeholders. In addition, it is recommended that future researchers empirically test the developed scale across various industries and firm sizes.
Practical implications
HR managers, by using this framework, could continuously assess their HR excellence and compare their HR excellence with other companies’ HR excellence in the industry and then plan for continuous improvement in different HR areas to improve their stakeholders’ experiences.
Originality/value
This paper identifies the enablers and results of an excellent HR department and designs a multistakeholder feedback scale to better understand key internal and external HR stakeholders’ perceptions.
... The presence of MI was supported if delta χ 2 (Δ χ 2 ) was nonsignificant. However, as literature recognizes the impact of large sample sizes on chi-square [60], the decision on model fit comparison was made by computing the changes in the goodness-of-fit indices (i.e. ΔCFI, ΔRMSEA, and ΔTLI). ...
Although Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has gained increased attention in scientific, clinical, and community contexts, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the best assessment tools (i.e., self-report or other reports) for assessing its symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of both versions (youth and parent) of The Lemmens Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-9. To achieve this goal, we recruited between June and October 2019 from five Romanian highschools a total of 697 adolescents (11–19 years old) and one of their parents (N = 391). The internal consistency was good in both versions of the instrument (α = 0.772 for the youth version and α = 0.781 for the parent version). Construct validity assessed through confirmatory factor analysis showed support for the one factor structure of the scales, while multigroup confirmatory factor analysis endorsed the invariance across age, gender, and respondents (i.e., parent vs. youth report). The current research identifies both IGD scales to be reliable and valid, arguing for their utility for assessing IGD symptomatology among adolescents. Implications for theory, assessment, and future directions are discussed.
... According to causal structural-modes with a latent variable. Wiratchai (1999), a suitable sample size is a sample size of approximately 10 -20 times the number of one observed variable or the smallest possible sample size based on Hoelter's N statistics which is a sample of 200 numbers ( Hoelter, 1983) , which can be considered a causal relationship model consistent with the empirical data. There were 20 variables in this study, requiring at least a sample of 200-400 numbers. ...
This research aimed to analyze the structure and relationship and to study the path of effects between customer behavior, customer relationship management, airline service quality, digital marketing, and brand loyalty. The study population comprised individuals aged 20 years and above who utilized airline services. The sample was selected using a simple random sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The sample consisted of 400 participants. Then analysis the measurement model and structural equation modeling before hypotheses testing by Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. 0 software. The results found that the causal relationship structure was consistent with the empirical data. Customer behavior, customer relationship management, and airline service quality had a positive influence on digital marketing, and digital marketing had a positive influence on brand loyalty, but airline service quality did not have an influence on brand loyalty. The study results revealed that digital marketing was a mechanism driving customer behavior, customer relationship management, and airline service quality, leading to how to build brand loyalty in the airline business in Thailand.
... Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini merujuk pada rekomendasi Hoelter (1983) bahwa pada analisis faktor konfirmatori ukuran sampel minimal adalah sebesar 200. ...
The rapid transformation of education in the 21st century from a conventional learning approach to cooperative learning requires individuals (students) to have adaptability and thinking skills in learning, which include the ability to diagnose, identify needs and formulate learning goals (Du Toit-Brits, 2018). The concept of self-directed learning (SDL) is very relevant to this need. A valid instrument is needed to find out and measure the SDL level. However, the obstacles, especially in the 1975 to 2000 era, were (1) the lack of empirical evidence about the existing SDL conceptual model, (2) the instruments used were not developed and revised as they should have been (Rusticus, 2021), and (3) the SDL instruments were generally self-assessment and measuring attitude. Therefore, we need an empirically validated SDL measurement tool with the latest methodology and behaviour-based (measuring behaviour).
This research has produced a valid SDL measurement tool. Initially, 87 items were developed to measure the four dimensions of SDL, namely personal needs (PN), self-initiative (SI), internal motivation (IM), and responsibility (RP). Content validity was tested through an expert judgment process, and CVR values were produced in the range of 0.60 to 1.00, which indicated that all items were good and usable. However, in terms of narrative, two items need to be eliminated because they are duplications; the final instrument is 85 items.
Respondents to this study were 405 active undergraduate students (n= 344) and postgraduate students (n=61) from various universities in Indonesia (mean age = 22 years). Using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) approach, a valid instrument named Self-directed Learning Instrument for Students in Higher Education (SDLI HE) is developed. This instrument consists of two versions, namely long-form (31 items, RMSEA= 0.058, CFI= 0.935, TLI= 0.931) and short-form (20 items, RMSEA= 0.059, CFI = 0.949, TLI= 0.949). The short-form model (parallel items, Cronbach's alpha = 0.995) is easier to use because scores can be obtained simply by adding the raw scores. In comparison, the long-form model is used to obtain a more accurate true score, especially in research and decision-making that requires high accuracy. The use of SDLI-HE is accompanied by scoring and standardization guidelines in order to categorize students' SDL levels.
This study also tested the discriminant validity between SDL and Self-regulated Learning (SRL) constructs, where SRL was theorized as part of SDL (Teal et al, 2015). Using the Bi-factor analysis method proved that these two constructs differ, where SDL is a broader concept than SRL. In this case, if individuals (students) have high SDL abilities, it is predicted that they will tend to be more successful in learning.
... By convention, Hoelter's N > 200 suggests the sample size is acceptable. Hoelter's N under 75 is considered unacceptably low to accept a model by chi-square (Hoelter, 1983). ...
Despite high prevalence of anxiety, current interventions for family carers of people with dementia are considered to be not as effective for anxiety as they are for depression. Understanding the mechanism by which a common stressor (i.e. carer subjective burden) and underlying psychological processes influence anxiety among this population is critical to inform these interventions. Roles of two psychological processes were explored: experiential avoidance in caregiving (attempt to control distressing thoughts/feelings related to caregiving) and cognitive fusion (tendency for one's behaviour to be overly regulated by thoughts). With a sample of seventy-seven family carers, this study examined the indirect effect of carer subjective burden (ZBI-12) on anxiety (GAD-7) through experiential avoidance in caregiving (EACQ) and cognitive fusion (CFQ) using path analysis approach. The whole sample model showed a good fit to the data and accounted for 54 % of the variance in anxiety. The indirect effect of carer subjective burden on anxiety through its effect on cognitive fusion (b = 0.17), and its combined effect on experiential avoidance in caregiving and cognitive fusion (b = 0.01) were significant. Given the higher explanatory value of cognitive fusion alone, facilitating cognitive defusion through psychological interventions may be critical for preventing clinically significant levels of anxiety, particularly among those carers experiencing high levels of carer subjective burden.
... The demographics of study participants reflects a diverse range of experiences in the apple horticulture sector across Kashmir valley. Notably, 54% of respondents exhibit up to 10 Discriminant validity analysis in this study incorporated the Fornell and Larcker Criterion, and the Heterotriat-Monotrait correlation (HTMT). Following the criteria postulated by Fornell & Larcker (1981), discriminant validity is deemed acquired when the square root of the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for a specific variable exceeds its correlation with the remaining variables. ...
This study investigates the efficacy of sustainable marketing strategies on the economic and environmental performance of apple horticulture in the Kashmir Valley. Data was collected from 500 respondents across the Indian Kashmir Valley using a standardized instrument, and the study utilizes Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) through Smart PLS 3.3.3 for data analysis. The outcomes indicate significant positive impact on both economic and environmental dimensions, with Certification and Traceability, Climate-Resilient Cultivation Techniques, and Digital Marketing and E-commerce demonstrating substantial statistical significance. The
study validates all established hypotheses, highlighting the interconnectedness between sustainable marketing strategies and the overall performance of apple horticulture. Implications for practitioners and policymakers include the importance of transparent processes, climate-resilient practices, and modern marketing approaches for sustainable and thriving apple horticulture. The study concludes by providing avenues for future exploration at the end of the research.
... CFI = 0.990. Critical analysis N Hoelter 0.05 and Hoelter 0.01, namely Hoelter 0.05 = 133 and Hoelter 0.01 = 150, all of which meet the fit criteria because the total sample size is 115 below that recommended by (Hoelter, 1983). The company's competence in developing original products, improving old products, modifying new products through the company's product development efforts (Hanfan & Setiawan, 2018) X1: Original product development competence X2: Old product repair competence X3: Competency of product modification and new brands Product Configuration Capability (PCC) ...
This research examined and explored the role of religious product advantage to improve marketing performance. Religious product advantage represented the company's advantage to placing products in the minds of consumers by using the uniqueness of syariah products, unique consequence products and irreplaceable experiential products. This advantage indicated that the products produced by the company were more distinctive and unique than competitors' products. This research is based on a survey of 155 halal industry MSMEs respondents in Brebes, Central Java. The proposed hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation Model using the AMOS program. The results found that religious product advantage could increase sales volume, number of buyers, growth in profits and sales. The halal industry MSMEs have the specifics and uniqueness of syariah products, they did not require product configuration capability that were always changing. Product configuration capability has no effect on religious product advantage. This research was expected to provided a contribution to both theoretical and practical knowledge of strategic management. Business players had focussed on developing company advantages to address the constantly changing business environment.
... An adequately suggested sample size for a cause and effect relationship could range from fifty to preferably two hundred (Lindquist et al., 2001). Some other recommendations from scholars such as (Hoelter 1983;Garver and Mentzer, 1999;Malhotra and Dash, 2011) outline that an adequate size of sample for a research in the realm of social science could range between 200 and 400. A least digit of 200 might readily be sufficient for a desired path analysis based on the primary data. ...
Female labour force participation (FLFP) in developing countries is far lower than their male counterparts. Many factors such as household, education, culture, economic, age influence female decision making for labour force participation (LFP). The present study attempts to examine the impact of patriarchal values and generalized self-efficacy (GSE) on female decision making for labour force participation in Afghanistan. 414 responses collected using stratified sampling from females between the age of 15 to 64 years old living in Afghanistan. Females doing any activity that generates money or actively searching for a paid job, were considered participating in the labour force. We found that GSE, patriarchal value and education qualification are some of the important factors determine female decision making for labour force participation in Afghanistan. GSE play significantly positive role on female decision making for LFP. However, patriarchy do not have any impact on FLFP in the presence of other factors, however, controlling other factors (especially education), patriarchy value has significantly negative impact on FLFP. It was also found that education qualification is one of the most powerful factors determine female decision making for LFP. Female with illiterate, primary and high school certificate are less likely to enter the labour market than those with bachelor, master and Ph.D. degrees.
... (8) shows the regression weights for model 1 by observing the critical ratio (C.R) which represents the parameter estimate divided by its standard error; as such, it operates as a z-statistic in testing that the estimate is statistically different from zero. Based on a probability level of significance of 0.05 or 0.01 (Hoelter's, 1983) Table (8) The above table shows that with the inclusion of the interaction effect of the moderating influence of stress on the relationship between highperformance working systems and perceived employee performance, this model has a p-value < 0.05. for the interaction effect which shows that the null hypothesis of having no moderating effect of stress on the relationship between high-performance working systems and perceived employee performance is rejected because the value is less than the significance level of the study i.e. 0.05. ...
... So even though the ACNC database includes 2203 NFPs that engage solely in aged care activities, only 564 NFPs issued both audited financial and annual reports for those two years. A sample size of 100-200 is considered appropriate for regression analysis (Hair et al., 2006) and Hoelter (1983) suggests a sample size of between 100 and 200 for quantitative research. Hence, 200 aged care NFPs (medium, large, very large, and extra-large in ACNC terminology) were randomly selected from the remaining population (i.e., 564) to form the sample for the present study. ...
... Generally, the sample size has a comparatively smaller effect on model parameter bias but a more substantial impact on parameter standard errors. Since our study's sample size was at the lower limit considered acceptable for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (i.e., 200) [60,61], future studies should aim for larger sample sizes to enhance standard error estimates. ...
Using self-determination theory, this study examined the autonomous motivation and regulatory styles of volunteers. The Volunteer Motivation Scale (VMS) is one of the main instruments available to assess these constructs, but it requires validation and adaptation for different contexts. Therefore, the goal of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the 12-item VMS in a sample of Portuguese volunteers. The sample consisted of 207 volunteers, mostly women (74.4%), aged from 14 to 81 years, from various areas of volunteering. The measures included self-regulation, basic psychological needs, causality orientation, and autonomy support. Confirmatory factor analysis using the lavaan package in R was performed to test a four-factor model and a two-factor model. The results indicated that the four-factor model had a better fit to the data. The VMS showed good internal consistency, discriminant validity, and convergent validity. The VMS can be viewed as a valuable tool for professionals and a promising avenue for future research on the motivations of volunteers.
The objective of this current research is to examine the influence of cyber forensic accounting on the quality of integrated reporting. The current investigation employed a mixed-methods approach. As a result, the objective of examining the qualitative viewpoints expressed in the expert interviews was to ascertain the practical implementation of the constructs and gain a more comprehensive understanding of several concerns associated with the proposed model. The proposed model, which was verified using AMOS 28.0 software and structural equation modeling, was empirically supported by the examination of statistical data collected from surveys administered to accountants employed in small and medium-sized businesses. The outcome analyses that were performed identified positive and statistically significant relationships between the hypothesized constructs in terms of effect magnitude. More concretely, among the components of cyber forensic accounting that impacted the quality of integrated reporting, zero trust governance and management control systems exhibited the highest path coefficient, followed by cyber anti-fraud policies. Conversely, digitally designed forensic procedures demonstrated the lowest path coefficient. Furthermore, aside from providing a solid foundation for future investigations, the refined insights presented in this work can also assist policy-makers and practitioners in recognizing and capitalizing on prospects to improve and expand quality of integrated reporting. This can be achieved through the implementation of efficient and effective rules and policies related to cyber forensic accounting management.
Small and medium enterprise (SME) development is essential for India’s economic expansion. SME is an important participant in the development of accessories that supports major industries. The current study is focused on the variables impacting performance measurement in SMEs, despite the fact that many small and medium businesses are experiencing significant losses and closures as a result of poor performance. The next goal is to determine the connection between small and medium business performance management and financial management practices. This study uses SME performance measurement as a dependent variable. Risk management, working capital management and credit management are three independent factors that can be used to assess SME financial management practices. The questionnaire that was used for each item was based on the earlier research. A five-point Likert scale was used to score each item scale used in this investigation. Working people in a few districts in South Tamil Nadu, India and used online structured questionnaires to gather data. The present sample size of the study is 157. The statistical data analysis has been carried out employing jamovi 1.8. For factor loading, reliability, sample size, model fit, regression analysis for hypothesis testing and structural education modelling were used. Policymakers and SME entrepreneurs who are familiar with performance measurement of many elements can benefit from the study’s findings. The study found a relationship between SMEs’ performance measurement and financial management practices.
Araştırmanın amacı, otel işletmelerinde çevik liderlik, mesleki öz yeterlilik, yaratıcılık ve işe gömülmüşlük arasındaki ilişki ve bu ilişkide örgütsel özdeşleşmenin aracı rolünün olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Antalya’da Kemer ilçesinde faaliyet gösteren 5 yıldızlı otel işletmelerindeki işgörenlerdir. Verilerin toplanmasında anket yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Anket uygulaması 1 Nisan-31 Ağustos tarihleri arasında kolayda örnekleme tekniği ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplamda 220 anket elde edilmiştir. Veriler SPSS Statistics 26.0 ve Amos Graphics 22.0 istatistik programlarından yararlanılarak test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre çevik liderliğin mesleki öz yeterliliği, yaratıcılığı işe gömülmüşlüğü ve örgütsel özdeşleşmeyi pozitif yönde etkilediği, ayrıca çevik liderliğin mesleki öz yeterlilik, yaratıcılık ve işe gömülmüşlük arasındaki ilişkisinde örgütsel özdeşleşmenin aracılık rolünün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ortaya konulan araştırma çevik liderlik konusunun otelcilik sektöründe çok az ele alınması ve ele alınan konu ile ilgili yeni bir model ortaya koyması açısından önem arz etmektedir.
In the present age in urban and industrial societies, the environment's negative effects on the psyche of individuals and the prevalence of mental disorders make a need to pay attention to public health. Based on this fact, healing spaces are required for a daily stressful life. Residential areas have the largest share among where human beings deal during the day and have the most significant impact on the individual. So, these spaces should be designed to provide mental and physical health for residents. This study aims to provide effective components for promoting the general health of residents in residential complexes. This research has been done by a combined method (quantitative-qualitative). In the first stage, after introducing the basic concepts, healing architecture characteristics have been extracted from the research background, which will be the basis for the researcher-made questionnaire. Data collection was conducted by presenting a researcher-made questionnaire, a standard general health questionnaire (GHQ), and Keyes's Social Well-being questionnaire (KSWBQ) to the residents of Zanbagh and Golestan residential complexes in Shiraz. Finally, the data obtained by Spss-23 software were analyzed using factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and the Friedman test. According to the results, the effective design components of residential complexes include various spaces and activities, environmental safety and security, privacy, environmental well-being, environmental pleasure and attractiveness, and social interactions based on promoting the general health of residents. Among these factors, the highest mean rank belongs to the component of social interactions, and the lowest one belongs to the component of various spaces and activities.
This study aims to validate a model on the green entrepreneurial intention (GEI), attitude, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and green entrepreneurial behavior (GEB) among students pursuing higher education in Delhi &NCR. This study also captures the mediating role of GEI between attitude, SN, PBC and GEB. About 327 samples were used for data analysis purposes using Smart-PLS. The result of the study suggests that attitude, SN and PBC have a significant positive relationship with GEB. Whereas, GEI as a mediator has no effect between attitude and GEB, while GEI as a mediator has a significant effect between SN, PBC and GEB. GEB among young professionals has been found a changing paradigm in the area of entrepreneurial practices in India. It has a significant impact on the sustainability aspects of society as well as the organization. Millennials get ignited toward such orientation which improved global environmental dynamics. The result of the study provides a significant source to the policymakers to promote GEBs among professionals.
The thesis is about
1. How patient safety culture can be measured by surveying perceptions of healthcare staff.
2. How staff perceptions vary according to hierarchical position.
3. How the patients safety culture measurements vary between organizational units, and significantly so at the lowest organizational level.
The thesis concludes that measurements of patient safety culture are essential opportunities for healthcare managers who want to improve patient safety, and that variation at the lowest organizational level, should not be ignored.
The main goal of the research is to determine the effects of the selected factors (organization culture, organization learning, market orientation and innovation culture) on the innovation performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in agribusiness. The Structural Equation Modeling method was used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that the selected factors are significant determinants of innovative performance. In addition, the relationship between organizational culture and innovation performance, as well as organizational learning and innovation performance, was found to be fully mediated, and the relationship between market orientation and innovation performance was found to be partially mediated by innovation culture. Small and medium-sized businesses should be empowered in the globalized and fiercely competitive market of today by fostering product innovation, investing in the development of human resources and technology, and broadening their market reach. These initiatives are essential to enhancing their marketing plans and successfully taking on competitors.
L’adoption des pratiques socialement responsables intéresse de plus en plus les banques à réseaux, mais aussi les banques en ligne. Ces dernières, profitant du contexte sanitaire favorisant la transformation digitale, ont connu un développement remarquable de leurs activités ces dernières années. Différentes des études précédentes, notre étude s’intéresse aux banques en ligne et vise à examiner comment l’intégration de préoccupations économiques, philanthropiques, éthiques, et environnementales à leurs activités affecte leur développement commercial. Les résultats mettent en exergue l’importance des activités socialement responsables dans la fidélisation des clients à travers la réputation de la banque et la confiance de ses clients.
The research paper investigates doctoral students' information literacy (IL), a demographic often overlooked in IL studies. Focusing on the unique context of Polish doctoral schools, the paper explores the competences of young researchers. The methodological and descriptive objectives of the study include creating and validating the ILDoc tool and evaluating the self-efficacy in terms of information competences of doctoral students. The research employs the Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) technique, targeting doctoral students from five Polish universities (Jagiellonian University, University of Gdańsk, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, and University of Warsaw). Through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study refines the ILDoc model, identifying four latent factors: Information Access, Information Retrieval, Reference Management, and Information Analysis. The findings highlight the critical importance of IL in academic librarianship, particularly underscoring gaps in advanced searching and reference management skills. While gender and age appear to have no significant impact, the year of study and successful midterm evaluations do influence IL self-efficacy. Additionally, the field of study affects students' abilities in information access and analysis. The study advocates for customized IL training and support for doctoral students. It also calls for ongoing IL training that aligns with the evolving research processes of doctoral students, emphasizing the collaborative role of librarians and faculty. The application of the ILDoc tool in this study yields significant benefits, offering academic institutions, libraries, and educators valuable insights for improving support strategies, thereby enriching the information literacy journey of doctoral students.
Abstract: Misophonia, a disorder characterised by an extreme sensitivity to certain sounds, is increasingly being studied in cross-cultural settings. The S-Five scale is a multidimensional psychometric tool initially developed to measure the severity of misophonia in English-speaking populations. The scale has been validated in several languages, and the present study aimed to validate the European Portuguese S-Five scale in a Portuguese-speaking sample. The scale was translated into Portuguese using a forward-backwards translation method. The psychometric properties of the S-Five scale were evaluated in a sample of 491 Portuguese-speaking adults. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a five-factor structure consistent with previous versions of the S-Five scale. The five factors were as follows: (1) internalising appraisals, (2) externalising appraisals, (3) perceived threat and avoidance behaviour, (4) outbursts, and (5) impact on functioning. The satisfactory psychometric properties of the S-Five scale further indicated its cross-cultural stability. As a psychometrically robust tool, the S-Five can measure misophonia in Portuguese-speaking populations, allowing future studies to explore and compare misophonia in this population.
Background: We previously reported the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the Hyperacusis Impact Questionnaire (HIQ), the Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire (SSSD) and the Screening for Anxiety and Depression in Tinnitus (SAD-T). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is necessary to confirm the latent constructs determined using EFA. CFA should use different samples but with similar characteristics to those used for EFA. Purpose: The aim was to use CFA to confirm latent constructs derived using EFA of the HIQ, SSSQ and SAD-T. We further evaluated the psychometric properties of parent versions of these questionnaires (indicated by -P), which are intended for use with children. Research Design: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Study Sample: Data for 323 consecutive adults and 49 children who attended a Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Therapy Clinic in the UK within a six-month period were included. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected retrospectively from the records of patients held at the audiology department. CFA with the weighted least-squares mean and variance-adjusted estimator was applied to assess the previously proposed factor structures of the HIQ, SSSQ and SAD-T. The internal consistency of the scales was assessed via Cronbach’s alpha (α). The items of the HIQ, SSSQ and SAD-T were tested for measurement invariance regarding age and gender using the multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model. Results: All questionnaires showed good to excellent internal consistency, with α = 0.93 for the HIQ, 0.87 for the SSSQ, and 0.91 for the SAD-T. The parent versions showed acceptable to good internal consistency, with α = 0.88 for the HIQ-P, 0.71 for the SSSQ-P, and 0.86 for the SAD-T-P. CFA showed that the HIQ, SSSQ, and SAD-T were all one-factor questionnaires and the factors generally were similar to those obtained for the EFA. The MIMIC model showed that all three questionnaires can be considered as measurement invariant, with scores similar across genders and ages. Conclusions: The HIQ, SSSQ and SAD-T are internally consistent one-factor questionnaires that can be used in clinical and research settings to assess the impact of hyperacusis, the severity of sound sensitivity symptoms, and to screen for anxiety and depression symptoms. Future studies should further explore the psychometric properties of the parent versions of the HIQ and SSSQ and SAD-T.
Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Children's Home Inventory for Listening Difficulties - (C.H.I.L.D) questionnaire.
Methods:
The study included 121 children with cochlear implants and their families aged 3-12 years and 171 children with normal hearing and their families. Confirmatory factor analysis (C.F.A.) was used to assess construct validity, Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze internal consistency and test-retest reliability was also investigated.
Results:
The reliability coefficients of the entire C.H.I.L.D family member (C.H.I.L.D-FM) and children version (C.H.I.L.D-C) were 0.983, 0.978, and Cronbach's coefficients were 0.992, 0.992, and the corrected item-total correlations increased from 0.989 to 0.994 and from 0.988 to 0.994, respectively. The scale's construct validity was excellent, according to the CFA analyses. The goodness-of-fit indexes (for the parent's version 0.892 and for the child's version 0.867) demonstrated a good fit for the single-factor construct, with only the normed fit index revealing an acceptable fit.
Conclusion:
The Turkish version of the C.H.I.L.D is a reliable and valid evaluation test for children and their family members.
The current study reveals that Indian voters' political brand experiences positively influence their engagement and trust in a political party. Voters' addiction to political parties mediates the relationship between their party engagement and voting intentions. Thus, political marketers should increase voters' party brand addiction for proper conversion of party engagement in the ballot box. Although voters' political brand trust directly influences their voting intentions, interestingly, their political brand addictions indirectly influence the relationship between brand trust and voting intentions. The findings advocate that political marketers should ensure positive political party experiences to ensure voters' engagement with the party. Positive party experiences increase voters' trust in the party further. Another critical input for political marketers is the role of political brand addiction, which the study findings corroborate. Political brand addiction develops a set of loyal voters for a party and guarantees those voters' support for the party.
The paper is concerned with the consequences for maximum likelihood factor analysis which may follow if the observed variables are ordinal with only a few scale steps, which are assigned integer values. It is hypothesized that the observed variables are obtained through a classification of some true variables, which are multivariate normal and for which a factor model holds. Using simple formulas for the relations between true correlations and correlations based on the classified variables, we demonstrate numerically the relationships between true factor models and results obtained from classified data. This is done for several choices of thresholds, true factor loadings and numbers of variables, assuming a one-factor model. The results indicate that classification may lead to a substantial lack of fit of the model, i.e. an erroneous indication that more factors are needed. This is especially true if the variables are skewed in opposite direction and have high true loadings, but does not depend much on the number of scale steps. The classification also attenuates the loading estimates, and this effect is increased with a decreasing number of scale steps and increasing variation in skewness among the variables.
Factor analysis, path analysis, structural equation modeling, and related multivariate statistical methods are based on maximum likelihood or generalized least squares estimation developed for covariance structure models (CSMs). Large-sample theory provides a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for comparing a model (M) against a general alternative M based on correlated variables. It is suggested that this comparison is insufficient for M evaluation. A general null M based on modified independence among variables is proposed as an additional reference point for the statistical and scientific evaluation of CSMs. Use of the null M in the context of a procedure that sequentially evaluates the statistical necessity of various sets of parameters places statistical methods in covariance structure analysis into a more complete framework. The concepts of ideal Ms and pseudo chi-square tests are introduced, and their roles in hypothesis testing are developed. The importance of supplementing statistical evaluation with incremental fit indices associated with the comparison of hierarchical Ms is also emphasized. Normed and nonnormed fit indices are developed and illustrated. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A general approach to the analysis of covariance structures is considered, in which the variances and covariances or correlations of the observed variables are directly expressed in terms of the parameters of interest. The statistical problems of identification, estimation and testing of such covariance or correlation structures are discussed.
Several different types of covariance structures are considered as special cases of the general model. These include models for sets of congeneric tests, models for confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, models for estimation of variance and covariance components, regression models with measurement errors, path analysis models, simplex and circumplex models. Many of the different types of covariance structures are illustrated by means of real data.
Various models for sets of congeneric tests are considered, including models appropriate for the analysis of multitrait-multimethod data. All models are illustrated with real data. The special cases when two or more tests within a set are tau-equivalent or parallel are also considered. All data analyses are done within the framework of a general model by Jöreskog [1970].
We describe a general procedure by which any number of parameters of the factor analytic model can be held fixed at any values and the remaining free parameters estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The generality of the approach makes it possible to deal with all kinds of solutions: orthogonal, oblique and various mixtures of these. By choosing the fixed parameters appropriately, factors can be defined to have desired properties and make subsequent rotation unnecessary. The goodness of fit of the maximum likelihood solution under the hypothesis represented by the fixed parameters is tested by a large samplex
2 test based on the likelihood ratio technique. A by-product of the procedure is an estimate of the variance-covariance matrix of the estimated parameters. From this, approximate confidence intervals for the parameters can be obtained. Several examples illustrating the usefulness of the procedure are given.
To illustrate the models and methods of the present article, we shall reanalyze those data in the famous study of The American Soldier by Stouffer et al. (1949), subsequently analyzed by Coleman (1964), Zeisel (1968), and Theil (1970). The methods we present reveal how the odds pertaining to a given dichotomized variable (e.g., the odds that a soldier would prefer a Northern to a Southern Camp assignment) are related to other dichotomized variables (e.g., (a) the soldier's race, (b) his region of origin, (c) his present camp location). The usual regression analysis methods do not suit the case considered here, where the dependent variable is the odds pertaining to a given dichotomous variable. Nor do the usual methods suit the case where the dependent variable is a proportion pertaining to the dichotomous variable. This article presents some relatively elementary models and methods suitable for analyzing the odds (or a proportion) pertaining to the given dichotomous dependent variable. Applying these models and methods to the data referred to above, new insights are obtained.
Data from 34,118 American high school students were used to determine patterns of responses (factor structures, reliabilities, means, and standard deviations) to an indicator of level of occupational aspiration (LOA). Comparable analyses were performed on the total group and sixteen mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsamples cross-classified by sex, lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES), and grade in high school (9-12). LOA appears to be a single-factor concept in the total sample and in each subsample. Contrary to previous thinking, no evidence was found of nontrivial response pattern variations in realism or idealism by grade. The only nontrivial sex differences in response patterns concerned the reliabilities, which were slightly lower for females than for males. SES differences were found only for means. Idealistic LOAs (so-called "aspirations") are as meaningful and as variable as realistic LOAs (so-called "expectations"). Both contribute to the same underlying psychological dimension, LOA. LOA response patterns are essentially the same for boys as for girls and for youth in all high school grades. By analogy, the analysis also elucidates certain parallel concepts: level of educational aspiration and significant others' levels of occupational and educational expectation.
This paper explores various analytic criteria for assessing comparability of measurement in cross-national survey research. The analysis focuses on the construct validity of items thought to capture authoritarian-conservatism in the United States and Poland. Although we may assume that set of attitudes designed to measure the construct can be under varying circumstances, what can be identified as an authoritarian world view may, in fact, depend upon the particular sociocultural setting of the observation. We examine the validity of the indicators within each country, identifying which indicators are common to both countries and which are nation-specific. Then, using confirmatory factor analysis, we test whether there is sufficient structural similarity in the pattern of responses to establish conceptual equivalence.
The use of the likelihood ratio statistic in testing the goodness of fit of the exploratory factor model has no formal justification when, as is often the case in practice, the usual regularity conditions are not met. In a Monte Carlo experiment it is found that the asymptotic theory seems to be appropriate when the regularity conditions obtain and sample size is at least 30. When the regularity conditions are not satisfied, the asymptotic theory seems to be misleading in all sample sizes considered.
A new computational method for the maximum likelihood solution in factor analysis is presented. This method takes into account the fact that the likelihood function may not have a maximum in a point of the parameter space where all unique variances are positive. Instead, the maximum may be attained on the boundary of the parameter space where one or more of the unique variances are zero. It is demonstrated that suchimproper (Heywood) solutions occur more often than is usually expected. A general procedure to deal with such improper solutions is proposed. The proposed methods are illustrated using two small sets of empirical data, and results obtained from the analyses of many other sets of data are reported. These analyses verify that the new computational method converges rapidly and that the maximum likelihood solution can be determined very accurately. A by-product obtained by the method is a large sample estimate of the variance-covariance matrix of the estimated unique variances. This can be used to set up approximate confidence intervals for communalities and unique variances.
Maximum likelihood factor analysis provides an effective method for estimation of factor matrices and a useful test statistic
in the likelihood ratio for rejection of overly simple factor models. A reliability coefficient is proposed to indicate quality
of representation of interrelations among attributes in a battery by a maximum likelihood factor analysis. Usually, for a
large sample of individuals or objects, the likelihood ratio statistic could indicate that an otherwise acceptable factor
model does not exactly represent the interrelations among the attributes for a population. The reliability coefficient could
indicate a very close representation in this case and be a better indication as to whether to accept or reject the factor
solution.
This paper is concerned with the study of similarities and differences in factor structures between different groups. A common situation occurs when a battery of tests has been administered to samples of examinees from several populations.
A very general model is presented, in which any parameter in the factor analysis models (factor loadings, factor variances, factor covariances, and unique variances) for the different groups may be assigned an arbitrary value or constrained to be equal to some other parameter. Given such a specification, the model is estimated by the maximum likelihood method yielding a large samplex
2 of goodness of fit. By computing several solutions under different specifications one can test various hypotheses.
The method is capable of dealing with any degree of invariance, from the one extreme, where nothing is invariant, to the other extreme, where everything is invariant. Neither the number of tests nor the number of common factors need to be the same for all groups, but to be at all interesting, it is assumed that there is a common core of tests in each battery that is the same or at least content-wise comparable.
In order to determine the robustness of the maximum-likelihood estimation procedure, random variates from six distributions were generated independently on a high speed computer and then used to represent the common and specific factors in a factor analysis model in which the coefficients of these factors had been specified. Using Lawley's approximatex
2 statistic in evaluating the estimates obtained, the estimation procedure is found to be insensitive to changes in the distributions considered.