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Capabilities and Disability: The Capabilities Framework and the Social Model of Disability
Abstract
This article seeks to illuminate the complementarity between the capabilities framework, developed by Amartya Sen and others, and the social model of disability. Common themes include the relationship between social barriers and individual limitations, the importance of autonomy and the value of freedom, and dissatisfaction with income as a measure of well‐being. Bringing the two approaches together has implications for analysis (for example in identifying poverty or disadvantage), and for policy, which are briefly illustrated. The article concludes that the capabilities framework provides a more general theoretical framework in which to locate the social model of disability, without compromising any of its central tenets; and the social model provides a thorough‐going application of the capabilities framework. Each can benefit from exposure to the other.
... The theoretical framework of this study, as Figure 1 shows, is based on Rieser's (2006) "social model" of disability. According to Burchardt (2004) and Berghs et al. (2019), the social model of disability originates from the fight of different movements, associations, and supporters of disabled people, especially from the Fundamental Principles of Disability document in the 1970s (Burchardt, 2004;Lawson & Beckett, 2021;Oliver, 2013). For this model, individuals and children with disability are an oppressed group in the society (Berghs et al., 2019;Finkelstein, 2001;Terzi, 2004). ...
... The theoretical framework of this study, as Figure 1 shows, is based on Rieser's (2006) "social model" of disability. According to Burchardt (2004) and Berghs et al. (2019), the social model of disability originates from the fight of different movements, associations, and supporters of disabled people, especially from the Fundamental Principles of Disability document in the 1970s (Burchardt, 2004;Lawson & Beckett, 2021;Oliver, 2013). For this model, individuals and children with disability are an oppressed group in the society (Berghs et al., 2019;Finkelstein, 2001;Terzi, 2004). ...
... The social model of disability holds the premise that children with disability are to be viewed according to what they can contribute and what they can do in the society (Finkelstein, 2001;Rieser, 2006). Put another way, it emphasizes the social acknowledgement of disabled children's potentials, value, and rights (Lawson & Beckett, 2020;Burchardt, 2004;Oliver, 2013;Rieser, 2006). This model advises not to view disabled children as individuals with differences and labels, but with capacities (Lawson & Beckett, 2020). ...
Societal ostracism and socio-cultural integration of children with disability, as well as parents’ and monitors’ challenges therefrom, constitute issues that deserve particular examination and consideration. Owing to that, through a qualitative ethnography, we investigated such issues employing in-depth interview and observation (n = 15). Some major findings are the following. Societal ostracism is a deeply-rooted social tendency of the mainstream in Mali that unobtrusively affects minority groups, especially children with disability. Due to that situation, if children with disability may end up wandering in streets and the consequences this entails, parents and monitors daily experience frustration, bewilderment, and disarray. Increased advocacy and sensitization by key actors would be an effective engine for driving socially paradigmatic change regarding the phenomena of societal ostracism and socio-cultural integration of children with disability. We also found out that preparing children with disability for socio-cultural life integration is as important as preparing society itself to welcome and receive these children. Parents and monitors need increased multifaceted support from government, social services, and relevant organizations to overcome difficulties and issues related to children’s disability and their socio-cultural integration.
... Indeed, Wynne Bannister and Venkatapuram (2020) argue that Article 19 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol (UNCRPD) (United Nations, 2006), the right to live a community as an equal member, is grounded in Nussbaum's capabilities approach. Burchardt (2004) points out that the capabilities framework is also complimentary to the social model of disability, which emphasises the need to change society (e.g. systems, language, processes) to fit the individual, rather than focusing on disability as a personal, individual misfortune. ...
... Over time, there has been a shift from a medical model of disability to the social model of disability (Burchardt, 2004). Our findings are consistent with Ebuenyi et al. (2020) who recently identified both cultural and structural barriers for VET students with disability. ...
Research has shown that employers and industry are key partners in work-based learning and can hinder or enhance access to vocational education training (VET). Our capabilities approach focus concerns increasing employer understanding of what is involved in engaging in the work-based component of school-based VET for students with disability. It seeks to identify enhancers and barriers to both employer and student participation in work-based learning in workplaces and strategies to address the barriers. Using a qualitative approach, this interpretive research aims to answer the following principal question: How can employers, students, teachers and other influencers of student education and career pathway choice work together to increase opportunities for successful participation of students with disability in the work-based component of school-based VET? Employers and staff at organisations that support/place school-based VET students with disabilities were interviewed and inductive content analysis was used to code interview transcripts. Findings indicate that while communication and relationships are key factors in ensuring successful work-based learning placements, lack of understanding related to the spectrum of disability can be a barrier. Interview participants also identified workplace and policy barriers. Addressing the implications of our research findings will assist in increasing the willingness of employers to engage in work-based learning for school VET students with disability. This shift in practise has the potential to develop the workforce of the region and create greater breadth of opportunities for work-based learning in the community for school VET students with disability, leading to improved employment outcomes for people with disability.
... The script further normalizes the use of sexual support services as an equity intervention to promote sex-positive notions of choice and empowerment. Ultimately, the script maintains that having the freedom to explore sexual capabilities is an important first step in challenging the sex ableist constraints society has imposed upon PLWD (Burchardt, 2004) and building a more inclusive society (Shakespeare, 2000). ...
... The mechanisms of "segregation, marginalisation, institutionalisation, sterilisation, exclusion from the labour market, as well as environmental barriers such as poor physical access: forms of oppression which constituted equally significant chapters in both men's and women's sexual stories" (Liddiard, 2014, p. 850), are all entwined with other facets of civil rights of PLWD. These include those that impact health indices like inequitable economic, educational, employment, housing, and healthcare access (Burchardt, 2004;Kwiotek & McDonnel, 2003), all of which are influenced further by social intersections including gender, race, class and age (Carew et al., 2017;Liddiard, 2018). ...
Sexuality scholars have historically understudied the link between disability, sexual exclusion, and social justice, including equal rights for people living with disabilities (PLWD) to enjoy a sexual and intimate life in adulthood. There have been some recent efforts to rectify this situation, with studies emerging concerning strategies for promoting their sexual rights. Our Target Article explores one contentious service option—the possibility of “sexual assistance” for PLWD, which ranges in meaning across countries from sex surrogacy to physical contact with paid sexual assistants. We conducted a knowledge synthesis using a scoping review methodology to identify the breadth of the academic scholarship available and assess its alignment with current ethical and moral debates and recent policies and practices surrounding the sexual scripts of PLWD as they relate to sexual assistance. We categorized the relevant articles in our scoping review into two broad classes: those that support sex-negative perspectives (i.e., framing sexuality as risky, adversarial, etc.) and those that support sex-positive perspectives (i.e., framing sexuality as normative, consensual, etc.). Our results show that sex-negative cultural scripts call for limitations of the sexual rights of PLWD due to their inherent vulnerability as having disabled sexualities and/or due to their heightened risk of exploiting sexual partners, especially cis women who sell sexual services. The sex-positive cultural scripts understand PLWD as having the same rights to sexual citizenship as non-disabled individuals and that to achieve this, equitable access to sexual health services in decriminalized and regulated service environments is needed. We conclude with limitations of our investigation and recommendations for further research on this understudied topic, including the possible integration of positive disabled sexuality and abuse prevention.
... Cen-Yagiz and Aytac (2021) concluded that positive parental attitudes towards learning disabilities, coupled with increased attention by the child's mother, contributed to healthier mother-child relationships Nevertheless, Bonifacci et al. (2020) found that parents of children with SLDs experienced higher levels of rumination, parental stress, and an increased sense of worry about their children's future compared to parents of typically developing children. The negative social attitude of disability described above may be contributing to this burden (Burchardt, 2004). Sarah also noted her husband's 'sleepless nights', which similarly reverberates research findings that indicate how fathers of children with SLDs also experience heightened levels of stress (Bonifacci et al., 2020;Craig et al., 2016). ...
... Under the social model of disability, the economic, physical, and social environment, rather than an individual's medical condition, results in the, "loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others," (Burchardt, 2004). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 along with the subsequent Accessibility Standards (2010) intended to address such environmental inequities, particularly those of the urban built environment. ...
Past research on romantic jealousy has focused on measuring the aspects of jealousy in predominantly cis-gender, White, straight, college-aged participants using forced choice design and, often, hypothetical scenarios. These studies have yielded conflicting results in relation to sex-based differences in the experience of romantic jealousy. Research using more diverse participants and prioritizing lived experiences over hypothetical scenarios with forced choice design could reveal more about romantic jealousy in a real-world context, specifically in relation to precursors and reactions to jealousy as well as the outcomes. This qualitative study on romantic jealousy utilized semi-structured interviews from six participants with multiple minoritized identities. Three main themes resulted: 1) The conceptualization of jealousy, 2)
Antecedents - behaviors – consequences (ABCs), and 3) Gender, race and ethnicity, and the intersection of identities. The first and third themes revealed that participants’ intersecting identities appeared to have a significant impact on how they conceptualized jealousy and how they reacted to it. Under the second theme, participants identified similar antecedents, yet described a variety of different behaviors in response to them. Furthermore, even with this diversity in reported behavior, consequences tended to be relatively similar. A discussion of the results highlights the nuances of understanding previous, current, and future ABCs related to romantic jealousy, particularly for those with intersecting minoritized identities. Research implications and suggestions for practice are also discussed.
http://hdl.handle.net/11714/10801
... White, 2022 proposes that a person's disadvantage is the combination of personal traits and social setting. It expounds that "disability" is brought about through the influence of two factors; one is a person's physical or mental traits and second is the surrounding environment which is at least partly constructed by others (Burchardt, 2004;Thomas, 2004). ...
Differentiated Instructions and modifications in curriculum and assessments are considered a prerequisite for the successful inclusion of learners with disabilities in general education. This qualitative study assessed the current provisions and the aspired changes in the curriculum, assessments, and transition plans for learners with Neurodevelopmental Diversities such as Autism in Tanzania. A total of 21 participants partaken in this study. The participants were obtained through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews, documentary reviews and non-participant observation. Data were analyzed thematically, aided by the vivo 12. Participants were of the opinion that there is a limited provision with regard to only time (an additional twenty minutes in every hour for mathematics and ten minutes in each hour for other subjects) within the subsidiary legislation of the Examination regulations released by the National Examination Council of Tanzania (NECTA) in 2016. The provision, however, does not mention any neurodevelopmental disabilities in the categories of disabilities and the special provisions entitled to them. Lack of reasonable accommodations in the type and structure of questions, rigid modality of responses to the examination questions for learners with learning disabilities and limited flexibility in time and room arrangements have been mentioned as barriers to proper assessments for such learners. The study concludes that there is a need to embrace the evidence-based practices of responsive education, instead of the “one-size-fits-all” kind of education. This will help to improve the curriculum for all learners instead of the approach to “fix” the deficits of learners with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
... The social model states that society disables people, not one's physical, mental, or neurological impairments (Oliver, 2013). By addressing barriers to access and equality first, the social model aims to ameliorate the social, environmental, and attitudinal hurdles that restrict people from achieving self-determination and freedom (Burchardt, 2004). Additionally, the social model offers a framework that institutions and lawmakers can use to examine the complex ways ableism negatively impacts the lives of people with disabilities. ...
This article focuses on how the medical profession, organizations, and universities should incorporate the social model of disability into their regulations and policies to advance justice for individuals with disabilities. Traditionally, disability has been viewed through the medical model, which postulates that one’s individual body or mind is medically impaired and diminishes the person’s quality of life. The model overemphasizes individual difference or disability diagnosis as something that should be treated at an individual level through medical intervention, and ignores social factors that impact the development of physical and mental conditions. Moreover, this pervasive attitude towards disability permeates institutions and causes individuals with disabilities to have to adapt to existing environments. Furthermore, it leads to increased stigmatization by placing direct blame on the person for their own disability, and results in greater isolation of individuals from mainstream society. Conversely, the social model of disability illuminates the societal barriers that explain one’s disability. By utilizing this framework, the systems that negatively influence people with disabilities will be compelled to change, thus effectively accommodating and empowering them to achieve their potential. This paper discusses the benefits of the social model of disability, such as its role in fostering socially equitable outcomes and systemic changes that result in more understanding attitudes. In doing so, this work will illuminate how the social model can help redefine disability. More significantly, the social model of disability will propel people to move from a mindset of ostracization and derision to empathy and compassion. Along with discussing what existing entities have successfully included ideas from the social model, this work explores possible implications and offers a roadmap to advocate for individuals with disabilities.
... The capabilities perspective developed initially by Sen (1985) and enhanced by Nussbaum (2000), "provides a way of conceptualizing the disadvantage experienced by individuals in society, which emphasizes the social, economic and environmental barriers to equality" (Burchardt, 2004, p. 735). This perspective allows us to highlight that, while all people may have equal rights, PLWD may not be in equal positions to access/ experience those rights (Burchardt, 2004;Nussbaum, 2003). Therefore, ensuring that people have the relevant resources available to them, the capability perspective necessarily draws attention to structural determinants beyond their (dis) abilities that prevent their access to sexual health services. ...
... The social model of disability proposes that a person's disadvantage is the combination of personal traits and social setting. It expounds that disability is brought about through the influence of two factors; one is a person's physical or mental traits, and second is the surrounding environment which is at least partly constructed by others (Burchardt, 2004;Thomas, 2004). According to the social model of disability, both factors must be present before the disability condition can surface. ...
In the world today, co-operative societies are important to the extent that cooperators have opted to ensure their sustainability by establishing guiding principles, education and training. With this regard, the Tanzanian government has made efforts to ensure regular provision of Co-operative Education and Training (CET) in each co-operative society. However, CET provision in Tanzania remains unevaluated and mal-evaluated, resulting in unsustainable, dormant and extinct co-operative societies. Yet, the extant studies on CET are too general as they cover the overall performance of the co-operatives, leaving out CET evaluation unexplored. This study evaluates CET in Tanzania by determining the status of CET and examining the practice of CET evaluation in Ukerewe and Sengerema districts. Findings were drawn from 64 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and documentary review. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. The study used a context, input, process, and product (CIPP) model of education evaluation to examine the practice of CET evaluation. The findings revealed that regardless of the existence of CET evaluation both formative and summative, there were some shortfalls. In terms of practice, the findings revealed that CET was seasonal while the context, input, process and product evaluation were unsatisfactory; hence confirming the poor trend of cooperative societies’ development. The study concludes that CET is still a necessity to ensure both the status of CET and practice. The study recommends CET institutions to prepare a centralised curriculum for all co-operatives and review CET regularly to suit societal needs. The government should set aside funds for CET and needs assessment to avoid irrelevant knowledge to the co-operators.
... The social model of disability proposes that a person's disadvantage is the combination of personal traits and social setting. It expounds that disability is brought about through the influence of two factors; one is a person's physical or mental traits, and second is the surrounding environment which is at least partly constructed by others (Burchardt, 2004;Thomas, 2004). According to the social model of disability, both factors must be present before the disability condition can surface. ...
This study explores the status of inclusive education for learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the elementary schools of Tanzania. The study answers two research questions: (i) How do the International and National Policy documents address the issue of ASD inclusion in schools? (ii) What is the status of implementation of inclusive education for learners with autism spectrum disorders in elementary schools in Tanzania? The data were collected through documentary search. The findings revealed that Tanzania has signed and committed to comply with the international declarations on inclusive education for all learners as portrayed in the Salamanca statement and stated clearly in its constitution, education and training policy, disability act and national strategy for inclusive education that all learners will receive education in the inclusive setting. This is to ensure that no child is left behind in education. However, a significant gap has been observed in the implementation of inclusive education due to attitudinal, environmental and knowledge barriers. The study recommends clear and specific policies and acts on inclusive education as well as curriculum modifications and capacity building to schools and teachers to ensure effective implementation of inclusive education for learners with autism in elementary schools in Tanzania.
... Amartya Sen won a Nobel Prize for his contribution to welfare economics in 1998. His theory played a central role in the development of the social model of disability (Burchardt, 2004;Saleeby, 2007;World Health Organization, 2001), which underpins the design of Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme. It influenced the European Union to shift from a narrow income-poverty perspective to measures including education, health and employment (Carpenter, 2009). ...
Practice frameworks for programs supporting people to transition between prison and community are a critical resource for service agencies, researchers and policy makers. Although reintegration programs are often commissioned with reference to Risk-Needs-Responsivity and the Good Lives Model, these frameworks lack specificity for practical program design. Following recent meta-theoretical guidelines, we articulate a practice framework for reintegration programs over three levels: (1) principles and values; (2) knowledge related assumptions; and (3) intervention guidelines. Level 1 is drawn from the capability approach, which frames the goal of increasing the substantive freedom of individuals. Level 2 is drawn from desistance theory, which grounds claims that sustained cessation of offending is enabled by changes in people's self-labels and narrative, relationships with friends and family, access to resources, and community participation. Level 3 is drawn from throughcare service design and structures practice into seven domains. This framework has potential to reduce rates of reincarceration.
... Diffable people are not treated as passive and incompetent users anymore (Boys, 2014). Inclusivity is not simply following guidelines, but simultaneously spatial, social, and physical (Boys, 2017). Multi-sensory experiences can address inclusive design through user's senses. ...
... These factors influence who is likely to use which green spaces, how the green spaces are used, and the outcomes of that use in terms of health and well-being. For example, disability studies have explored and described how the social, economic and physical environment cause the loss or a limitation of opportunities for certain groups to take part in life or to make use of "available" resources at an equal level with others (e.g., Burchardt 2004). Social relations also matter, as is the degree to which a potential user is included in the social networks and context around the green spaces. ...
New urban models increasingly seek to create more sustainable, livable, and healthier cities by reinvigorating green space. In this article, we highlight and briefly review several main but disconnected areas of study in which the factors that frame human–environment interactions and therefore also influence the potential well-being outcomes of those interactions are studied. We then use the intersection of affordance theory and socio-institutional programming to provide a conceptual framework that ties together these spheres of research, and we discuss some critical keys for enabling different positive green space experiences. Urban communities are not homogeneous, and accounting for the intersection between individual differences and landscape programming opens up more diverse pathways for affording positive human–environment interactions and different well-being outcomes.
... As Sen (Sen, 2004, p. 3 and1999, p. 88) has himself noted, the disabled are handicapped vis-à-vis the able-bodied in terms of earnings -what he calls the 'earnings handicap' -but also in terms of the ability to convert 'money into good living' which he refers to as the 'conversion handicap'. Some empirical studies (notably by Burchardt andZaidi, 2005 andKuklys, 2005) have focussed on the 'conversion handicap' and shown that a failure to allow for it seriously underestimates the extent of poverty amongst households with disabled members when poverty is measured in income terms. These studies are examples of -what Sen (1999, p. 83) terms -the 'indirect approach' to applying the capability approach, in as much as they focus on income rather than capability itself, but adjust income measures to reflect the different rates at which people convert income into functionings. ...
... Sheller (2018) considers the approach in building up her conceptualisation of "mobility justice". Applications to specific groups affected by mobility policy include older people (Nordbakke, 2013;Ryan, Wretstrand and Schmidt, 2015) and disabled people (Burchardt, 2004). We follow Randel et al. in their suggestion of approaching transport policy, and the provision of transport in the broadest sense, as a (social) conversion factor: it "acts as a social determinant of health and impacts on wellbeing through a range of capabilities" (2020, p10). ...
We use the Capabilities Approach to understand the ways in which e-scooters, as transportation resources, provide qualities that contribute to the ability of the transport system to enable people to participate in society. Government-led trials have been taking place in the UK since autumn 2020, focused on the provision of sharing schemes and with the intention of creating an evidence base on usership and contextual issues. This paper draws from a mixed-methods study in Greater Manchester, combining online surveys, reference groups and qualitative interviews. The findings suggest that e-scooters have a potential role in expanding the reach and boosting the reliability and flexibility of the transport system. Their relationship with safety is complex. Road safety concerns and issues relating to sharing space present barriers. Conversely, in relation to personal safety, e-scooters provide an alternative to walking through areas in which people may otherwise feel unsafe. For some, e-scooters offer a more affordable alternative to public transport and ride-hailing, but the unpredictability of cost, stemming from the per-minute costing model, can pose challenges for others. The low level of exertion can distinguish e-scooters from other micromobility options and, whilst some might therefore question their value in health terms when compared with other active modes of transport, people with conditions that mean they need to carefully manage their energy expenditure can therefore find e-scooters useful. These potential benefits should however be considered in the context of challenges relating to shared space for walking, cycling and e-scooting.
... The social model of disability proposes that a person's disadvantage is the combination of personal traits and social setting. It expounds that disability is brought about through the influence of two factors; one is a person's physical or mental traits, and second is the surrounding environment which is at least partly constructed by others (Burchardt, 2004;Thomas, 2004). According to the social model of disability, both factors must be present before the disability condition can surface. ...
... This change is broader than just one word-disorder to difference-it represents a shift from the medical model which sees autism as something to be cured or fixed, to the social model of disability, which understands disability in a social context in which the environments in which people live, learn, work and play is the primary factor that results in behavioural traits becoming disabilities. As an example, the capabilities framework enhances this understanding of the interplay between social contexts and capabilities to provide a new way of thinking about autism [24]. ...
... diversity in the personal characteristics of individuals (such as health, gender, education, mental, physical and sensory abilities), how these interact with their social and cultural contexts and the value systems they hold. The capability approach is primarily concerned with questions of human development and inequalities, and has been understood as a means to reconceptualize disability as an aspect of "pervasive" (Sen, 1992, p. 1) human diversity, like age and gender rather than part of an abled/disabled binary (Burchardt, 2004;Mitra, 2006). In employment terms, the capability approach highlights the meanings and functions of forms of work within the lives of the people concerned, rather than focusing on metrics of employment and earnings (Bartelheimer et al., 2012;Yeoman, 2014). ...
Disabled people experience low employment rates, low pay and poor quality employment. Disadvantages persist through anti-discrimination and employment support measures. Improving social inclusion is an international goal for disabled people, and high value is placed on employment as the means to attain it. The example of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the UK is used in this chapter which draws on the Capability approach and feminist perspectives to argue for participation in “work” – valued shared endeavors – rather than employment at any cost. Relational processes of sociocultural learning and mutual accommodation to extend capabilities and social inclusion are highlighted.
... Tanulmányunkban nem a fogyatékosságtudományban (disability studies) használt modellek áttekintésére, összehasonlítására, hanem kizárólag a képességszemléletre fókuszálunk. Az elmúlt két évtizedben gyorsan nőtt a fogyatékosság fogalmát a képességszemlélet alapján értelmező tanulmányok száma, több szerző foglalkozik ezzel a témával (Burchardt 2004;Mitra 2006;Mitra 2018;Nussbaum 2006;Saleeby 2007;Sen 2009). ...
Tanulmányunkban amellett érvelünk, hogy amikor a fogyatékossággal élő emberek helyzetét, jóllétét szeretnénk értékelni, akkor a társadalmi környezetet és az egészségügyi szempontokat egyszerre, együttesen kell megragadni. Ezt az állításunkat egy hallássérültekkel és környezetükkel végzett részvételi akciókutatás első, megalapozó szakaszának eredményeivel támasztjuk alá. Az érintett közösség helyzetének feltárásához kvalitatív módszereket használunk, az értékelés alapját pedig az Amartya Sen nevéhez fűződő képességszemlélet adja. Úgy gondoljuk, a képességszemlélet alternatívája lehet egy hagyományos szakpolitikai megközelítésnek, és segíthet mélyebben megérteni az érintettek helyzetét és ezáltal meghatározni a megfelelő segítés módjait. A tanulmány újdonságát két dologban látjuk. Egyrészt újdonságértékű a hallássérült (siket és nagyothalló) emberekkel és környezetükkel végzett kvalitatív kutatás gyakorlati tapasztalatainak beágyazása egy részvételi akciókutatásba, másrészt eddig nem jelent meg a hazai szakirodalomban a képességszemlélet és a fogyatékosságtudomány összekapcsolása. Tanulmányunkat egyaránt szánjuk a fogyatékossággal élő emberek, különösen a hallássérültek környezetében élő segítőknek, részvételi kutatásokban jártas társadalomkutatóknak, és a fogyatékossággal foglalkozó szakpolitika döntéshozóinak.
... Since the 2000s, researchers have dealt with disability-related aspects of the Capability Approach. Studies conceptualize disability with the concepts of capabilities and functionings [49][50][51], compare CA with other disability models [52][53][54], and use the approach to evaluate policies [55][56][57]. Though fewer studies have applied the approach in the context of assistive technology so far [58][59][60][61], we argue that the CA is helpful in evaluating if AT service delivery is person-centered. ...
Based on notions from the Capability Approach, this study investigates the service delivery process for assistive technology in Hungary. The research aimed to explore whether the service delivery is person-centered, with a specific focus on the users’ possible choices. In addition to a comprehensive analysis of legislative and policy documents, qualitative data were collected in semi-structured interviews with users and professionals (n = 31) to gain a deeper understanding of personal experiences. Our findings indicate that the service delivery system is product-centered and dominated by financial considerations. The policy and legislation framework does not provide an institutional guarantee for users to be able to have their voices heard; the extent to which their opinions and preferences prevail depends on the attitude, knowledge, and goodwill of the professionals involved in the process. The realization of a person-centered approach will be hindered as long as the users’ needs are viewed from a medical point of view.
... Research shows that there is a strong relationship between poverty and disability [6][7][8][9][10]. Poverty and disability aggravate each other, and this link has intensified during the pandemic, for instance, when people have lost income due to it [11][12][13], which limits the ability of this group to have sufficient resources to guarantee their subsistence during the pandemic, as well as to guarantee the necessary assistance in their daily lives. ...
People with functional disability endure barriers to health and other services and to full participation in social life. In the context of COVID-19, this discrimination has been intensified worldwide. We examine how the experience of COVID-19 lockdown was depicted in comments to a video about functional disability and COVID published on VICE’s YouTube channel. We analysed the first 100 comments on the video, which was posted in spring 2020, during the first COVID-19 lockdown (roughly from March to June 2020, with some variations around the world). We identified four themes: lack of access to care and services, isolation and lifestyle changes, mental health consequences, and peer support. Legal regulations regarding COVID-19 and people with functional disability have not been sufficient in most countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed inadequate care systems, even in Western countries with advanced social protection policies.
... Az eszközök és a cél működésmódok közötti kapcsolatot teremtik meg, köztük a személyes, egyéni ( Sen több alkalommal a fogyatékosságon keresztül példázta, hogy a (nagy mennyiségű) javak birtoklása nem jelent feltétlenül nagyobb jóllétet: "Egy fogyatékos személynek lehet, hogy nagyobb a fogyasztói kosara, mint egy nem fogyatékos személynek, miközben kevesebb lehetősége adódik a normális életre és a céljai elérésére." (Sen, 1999, o. 74 Nussbaum több írásában foglalkozik a fogyatékossággal, különösen a súlyosanhalmozottan, illetve a pszichoszociális fogyatékosságban érintettek helyzetével (lásd például Nussbaum, 2002Nussbaum, , 2006Nussbaum, , 2009 & Trani, 2009;Mitra, 2006;Terzi, 2005b); másrészt, hogy milyen hasonlóságok és különbözőségek azonosíthatók a fogyatékosság nagy elméleti modelljei és a képességközpontú megközelítés között (lásd Bickenbach, 2014;Burchardt, 2004;Harnacke, 2013;Mitra, 2006Mitra, , 2014Riddle, 2014;Welch, 2007); harmadrészt pedig, hogy miként segíthet a képességhalmaz figyelembevétele a szakpolitikai döntések meghozatalában (lásd Goerne, 2010;Mitra, 2006Mitra, , 2018Palovičová, 2017 Ennek a diverzitásnak a megragadása a képességszemléletű megközelítés egyik olyan eleme, ...
A disszertáció célja annak körüljárása, hogy miként jellemezhető a társadalombiztosítási rendszeren keresztül támogatott gyógyászati segédeszközök hozzáférhetősége Magyarországon, a felhasználók választási szabadsága szempontjából. A feltáró elemzés elméleti kerete az Amartya Sen nevéhez kötődő képességszemlélet (Capability Approach), a jóllét és a fejlődés normatív elmélete, ami a fejlődést az emberek képességeinek és arra való tényleges lehetőségeinek – szabadságainak – bővülésében látja, hogy olyan életet éljenek, amilyet okkal tartanak értékesnek.
A segédeszköz elosztást amentén vizsgáltam, hogy az mennyiben személyre szabott, és mennyiben bővíti a felhasználók tényleges lehetőségeit a számukra értékesnek tartott, jó életre: a segédeszközhöz jutás folyamatában mennyiben jelennek meg az érintettek véleményei, értékei, hangja, a „semmit rólunk nélkülünk” elv, milyen garanciákat vállal a jogalkotó és a folyamatban résztvevő többi szereplő annak érdekében, hogy az érintettek tudatában legyenek a valódi választási lehetőségeiknek.
A kutatás során – szociálpolitikai alapelveken, nemzetközi tapasztalatokon, három európai tanulmányúton és a képességszemléleten alapulva – elemzési indikátorrendszer készült. A szakirodalom áttekintésén és a jogszabályelemzésen túl, a támogatórendszer gyakorlati működését szakértői és érintetti interjúk (n=52) segítettek feltárni.
Magyarországon nincs nemzeti stratégia vagy program, ami bizonyos mértékben biztosítéka volna a támogató technológia hozzáférhetőségének. Több mint ötven jogszabály érinti a gyógyászati segédeszközöket, ezek ugyanakkor kevésbé védik a felhasználókat. A jogalkotó elsődleges célja, hogy megelőzze a túlköltekezést. A gyógyászati segédeszközök mellől elmaradnak a kapcsolódó szolgáltatások, ami nem csak az egyén szintjén teremt problémát, és eredményezi sok esetben az eszközök kihasználatlanságát, hanem csökkenti a gazdaságilag racionális működés valószínűségét is. A támogatott gyógyászati segédeszközök rendszerének jelenlegi működésében az akadályozottság orvosi-medikális modelljének jegyei fedezhetők fel: a szakemberek dominanciája mellett az érintettek valódi részvétele, és valódi választási szabadsága esetleges.
Kulcsszavak: Támogató-segítő eszközök és technológia; asszisztív megoldások; képességszemlélet, a fogyatékosság, egészség és jóllét emberi fejlődés modellje
... The framework of Capability approach, elaborated by Amartya Sen and others, goes beyond such models, with the concept of disability being closely associated with deprivation of capabilities through the means of various personal characteristics, which included individual damage, available resources, and environmental conditions (27,28). On the basis of such work, we made efforts to improve and standardize the measurement of disability in population-based surveys taken from the Capability approach. ...
A robust multi-dimensional disability assessment standard was constructed to consider physical condition, care resources, and social interaction that might lead to disability, to provide a basis for accurate identification of care needs for older people aged 60 and above in a home-based community. Based on the “Capability approach” theory, the Alkire-Foster method was applied to assess the multidimensional disability. This was followed by the confirmatory analysis of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation. Adjusted Bourguignon and Chakravarty index was also calculated to analyze the sensitivity to further support our conclusions. We constructed a multi-dimensional disability indicator system by combining physical condition, care resources, and social interaction. Findings presented that the impairment of individuals' motor ability, ability to manage disease, cognitive psychology, and communication skills and social interaction contributed to multidimensional disability the most. And older people who are female, aged over 65, with lower BMI, living in rural areas, with a lower education level, getting more formal care, and with relatively higher creatinine, tend to face a higher risk of deprivation in overall multidimensional disability. Therefore, the targeted interventions to improve health literacy, nutrition, skill of disease management, social networks, and communication skills for older people and also timely detection of the abnormal changes in potential biomarker indicators of them is necessary to delay disability and prevent its occurrence.
... As a rule, a "handicap" is viewed as a circumstance of disadvantage wherein an individual is totally or incompletely kept by a debilitation or incapacity from playing out a social job that is typical for their age, sex and social and social foundation (Carolyn, 2019). The present circumstance emerges when social, physical or because of biases boundaries bar debilitated individuals from the different social exercises that are accessible to different citizenry so that individuals with inabilities experience disparity as reported by Eyben, (2018). ...
Background The main focus of this study was to identify challenges experienced in sports participation by children with disabilities Objectives This study was conducted with two main objectives: 1) to examine and determine the main issues and challenges in the way of special populations towards their participation in sports and 2) to identify facilities available for special population towards their participation in sports Methodology This study employed a cross-sectional and analytical research design. Convenient sampling technique was used for the selection of sample for this study. In addition to taking the demographic information of the respondents; the necessary information on other variables such as the nature of the disability, the duration of treatment and the availability of the required facilities were obtained through the questionnaire. After the development of the questionnaire, a pilot study of the questionnaire was carried out to confirm the reliability and validity. The descriptive analysis involved the computation of frequency distributions of the responses. Non-Parametric analysis was done for hypothesis testing as the data was categorical. Results The results indicated that physical challenges were being experienced by CWDs. There were 3% students who reported "having no opportunity, 8% reported not having special aids and equipment, and 19% reported lack of sports fields, and 5% reported poor fitness" are the main challenges in sports participation. They also reported that psychological challenges also hindered their participation in sports. There were 6.1% who reported "fear of being rejected, 15.2% reported not being able to do sports, and 78.8% reported their own health" as a challenge to take part in sports. They also reported that social factors including "financial problems (93.9%) and non-availability of trained coaches (6.1%)" as another type of challenge to taking part in sports.
... The internal conversion factors refer to physical conditions. The external conversion factors included environmental characteristics [18,19]. An environment could provide a range of resources or barriers that are essential factors in enabling older adults to adapt or compensate for their losses of intrinsic abilities [20]. ...
Abstract Background There is no general agreement on a standard form of functional classification in older adults and is mainly assessed by Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and/or Instrument Activity of Daily Living. A refined classification based on evaluation the limitations of intrinsic capacity, environment and social interaction, could provide a basis to predict the future disability and identify individuals with increased risk of adverse outcomes. Methods A new functional classification among older adults aged 60 and over was conducted by latent class analysis and compared with the traditional classifications, based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. To further investigate the scientific validity of this new classification, associations with 7-year mortality and ADLs impairments among categories were tested by using Survival curves and Cox proportional hazard models. This was followed by the confirmatory analysis related to the prospective data. Competing risk analysis was also performed to analysis the sensitivity to further support our conclusions. Results Five categories were identified among 5,992 older adults which gave the best fitting, yielding a significant Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test (p
This chapter delves into the intricate interplay between human rights, corporate social responsibility, and global sustainability, focusing on the nexus of disability rights and inclusive business practices. While examining international agreements and Indian domestic laws, the research uncovers challenges in implementing regulations that mandate fair treatment and prejudice eradication for individuals with disabilities. In parallel, it scrutinizes the complexities of inclusive business practices, a cornerstone of CSR, emphasizing the need for substantial overhauls in corporate culture and policies. It also explores gaps in political theory, analyzes capabilities theories and social mobilization, and advocates for a strategic approach aligning CSR with inclusive practices for authentic inclusivity and equitable employment opportunities. This chapter further analyzes the international and domestic legal frameworks pertaining to disability rights and argues for a more comprehensive legal framework in alignment with CSR policies.
For the past two decades anti-abortionists in the Global North have been aggressively instrumentalising disability in order to undermine women’s social autonomy, asserting, falsely, there is an insuperable conflict between disability rights and reproductive rights. The utilisation of disability in struggles over abortion access is not new, it has a history dating back to the interwar era. Indeed, decades before anti-abortionists’ campaign, feminists invoked disability to expand access to safe abortion. This paper examines the feminist eugenics in the first organisation dedicated to liberalising restrictive abortion laws, the Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA), established in England in 1936. ALRA played a vital role in the passage of the Abortion Act 1967 (or the Act) that greatly expanded the grounds for legal abortion, a hugely important gain for women in Britain and beyond seeking legal, safe abortions. In addition, the Act permitted eugenic abortion, which also had transnational effects: within a decade, jurisdictions in numerous Commonwealth countries passed abortion laws that incorporated the Act’s eugenics clause, sometimes verbatim. This essay analyses ALRA’s role in codifying eugenics in the Abortion Act 1967 and argues that from the outset, ALRA was simultaneously a feminist and eugenist association. Initially, ALRA prioritized their feminist commitment to ‘voluntary motherhood’ in their campaign whereas starting in the 1940s, they subordinated feminism to negative eugenics, a shift that was simultaneously strategic and a reflection of genuine concern to prevent the birth of children with disabilities.
Introduction: The preparation of healthy foods and maintaining a standard body weight and shape may be challenging for people with low vision and blindness (i.e., visual impairments) without the assistance of a sighted person. The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrition-related characteristics of individuals with and without visual impairments. Methods: This study employed four public datasets provided by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted between 2013 and 2016 at 1-year intervals. The selected datasets included a set of questions to assess the health and nutritional status, and 115 items from a food frequency questionnaire for dietary assessment. A total of 260 respondents visual impairments and their counterparts (n = 260) were included in this study. Results: The mean age of individuals with visual impairments was 32.58 years (SD = 9.56) and 67.8% were women. They consumed excessive sodium and insufficient vitamin A, beta-carotene, and calcium, based on the recommendations for Korean adults’ nutrition intake. In k-means clustering, two dietary patterns were identified among the respondents with visual impairments: Cluster 1 (n = 33) showed higher consumption of kimchi (t = 2.05, p = .046), beverages (t = 8.78, p < .001), sweets (t = 10.02, p < .001), and oil and nuts (t = 10.20, p < .001) than Cluster 2 (n = 227). Discussion: Robust quantitative research is required to establish the baseline nutrition profile of this marginalized population. The findings of this study support the need for interventions to address the unmet food and nutrition needs of individuals with visual disabilities. Implications for Practitioners: The information and education about healthy eating and balanced nutrient intake should be provided in an accessible format for people with visual impairments in a timely manner.
This study examines the dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion of persons with disabilities while also interrogating the changing meanings of normality, subjectivity, and equality with a focus on the concepts of capability and accessibility. The study, sheds light on the expectations of and challenges faced by disabled people trying to achieve a content life while examining the conditions for a more egalitarian society that embraces disabled people. It is estimated that more than one billion people worldwide experience a disability. In this sense, many people with disability face multiple barriers, exclusion and stigmatization while accessing social, physical and economic fields over the course of their lives. Disability is a human rights issue because people with disabilities encounter violations while exercising their fundamental rights. The study, in line with the contemporary paradigm of disability, reveals that disability is a relational issue that should be approached with a holistic perspective as disability is not only a physical issue but also a sociocultural phenomenon that people experience due to their interactions as well as social and institutional perceptions of disability.
The built environment has long been recognised as a significant determinant of social inclusion and participation of people who experience disability. Despite existence of anti-discrimination legislation and development of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with a Disability, many individuals continue to experience inequitable access to their communities. Using a qualitative approach, this study aimed to explore the lived experiences of people who use Changing Places facilities within Victoria, Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four participants regarding their experiences of using Changing Places facilities. Findings from this study further consolidate existing research that highlight social inequities experienced by people with severe and profound physical disabilities. Findings in this preliminary study can also support the development and expansion of Changing Places facilities, not only as a means of meeting legal obligations within our community, but also as an approach towards improving social inclusion and participation of people with severe and profound physical disabilities.
The double vulnerability of women with disabilities places them at the center of this research paper. Intersectionality is key in research on gender-based violence. This study analyzes the perspective of the victims and non-victims themselves on this issue, through a comparative analysis between women with and without disabilities, at two levels of analysis: quantitative, through the adaptation of various scales (Assessment Screen-Disability/AAS-D, and the Woman Abuse Screening Tool/WAST), and qualitative, with semi-structured interviews (open scripts and different themes), and focus groups with experts from the associative network. The results obtained indicate that the most frequent type of violence is physical, followed by psychological and sexual, mainly perpetrated by partners. The higher their level of education, the more they defend themselves; receiving public aid can be a risk factor for domestic and sexual violence, and belonging to the associative movement and having paid work outside the home act as preventive measures. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish strategic protection measures and effective detection and intervention systems to make victims visible and care for them.
The Autism Act 10 Years On found few autistic adults thought health and social care professionals had a good understanding of autism. Autism training has been made law in the United Kingdom for health and social care staff to tackle health inequality. The county wide Autism Champion Network evaluated here is an equal partnership of interested staff across sectors (Autism Champions) and autistic experts by virtue of lived experience (Autism Advisory Panel). With knowledge flowing both ways, the Autism Champions take learning back to teams to support continuous development of services to meet autistic need. Seven health and social sector professionals from the Network participated in semi-structured interviews on sharing knowledge of autism gained with their teams. All participants provide care and support for autistic people, some working in specialist positions. Results showed that developing new relationships with people outside their own team to signpost to, answer questions and share resources, and informal learning from autistic people, was more valued and used in practice than information gained from presentations. These results have implications in developing learning for those who need above a basic knowledge of autism and may be useful for others considering setting up an Autism Champion Network.
To the authors’ knowledge, not much has been said or done in African philosophical circles with regard to providing a theoretical framework from which the discrimination against African women with disabilities can be addressed. In this article, the authors show how such a framework can be grounded in Innocent Asouzu’s complementarism. Their contention, one grounded in this framework, is that this discrimination has its roots in an isolationist, elitist, and exclusivist mindset/metaphysics. The authors further argue that one way to overcome this problematic mindset is to replace it with one that views each individual human being as a missing link of reality, that is, a complementary philosophy. The hope is that with this replacement the gaze that subconsciously views women living with disability as a group that is distinguishable from other human beings will be summarily abandoned.
Purpose
This research seeks to fill a gap in the service and retailing marketplace experience literature as well as retailing practice by extending Attribution and Expectancy Disconfirmation Theories to the large and growing market of consumers with vision disabilities. It reveals how accessibility-related service failures with a retailer's website can lead to anti-firm reactions from blind and low vision consumers, including social media sharing, negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) and avoidance of the retailer's other sales channels even if they are accessible.
Design/methodology/approach
Blind respondents were recruited from national blindness organizations to participate in this study using a within-subjects design to test reactions to accessibility-related propositions in two different scenarios involving varying degrees of effort.
Findings
In both high- and low-effort conditions, an accessibility-related service failure leads to the anti-firm consequences of NWOM, social media sharing and avoidance of the retailer's sales channels. Additionally, blind and low vision consumers who also feel inaccessible websites are discriminatory develop stronger anti-firm attitudes toward the offending retailers. Further, we aver that the retailer's entire website including all its features, not just the homepage, should be made accessible to the growing market of vision-impaired consumers and thereby obtain substantial competitive advantages.
Originality/value
This research pertains to the service failure and recovery nomological network. It extends the existing paradigm to include accessibility-related service failures experienced by consumers with disabilities into the specialized category of discrimination-based service failures in instances where service recovery is not easily achieved. Empirical investigations of these experiences have been rare, despite the frequency with which they occur.
TPositioning disabled people as deficient, dysfunctional, and locating the 'problem' of disability within the individual, the over-medicalized, individualistic, and not equity-oriented perspectives of disability have led to oppression, discrimination, and exclusion of disabled people from important parts of public life. The global politics of disability rights and disability movements have brought thorny questions regarding the nature of dominant explanations. Equity-oriented perspectives and collaborative approaches regarding organization and distribution of access started to gain visibility. HCI research has a vital potential to contribute to this by providing related tools and technologies for integrating equal access in the collaborative organization of access. Considering the existing literature, the question of how access is collaboratively organized, negotiated, distributed and scaled through socio-technical mechanisms especially at an institutional level, as well as how mixed-ability groups reorganize access by interacting with institutional socio-technical structures remains open. In this research, I aim to extend the body of literature in collaborative access by presenting the importance of socio-technical perspectives for designing collaborative technologies to support equal distribution of access. My research is about the signifcance of equity perspectives in access and interaction. Specifcally, this research focuses on understanding the role of socio-technical infrastructures for the organization and distribution of access by mixed-ability collaborators and developing design insights for socio-technical mechanisms to support equal distribution of access for people with disabilities.
Recent advances in assistive technologies have blurred the lines between compensating for impairments—for disabled users—and augmenting capabilities—such as with cobotic systems. This article examines how assistive technologies generally seek to compensate for a single deficiency, as opposed to being more generalist tools meant to improve the lives and autonomy of (not necessarily) disabled users. It starts with a brief presentation of the different frameworks used to model disability in the social sciences, and how some of these frameworks could be used to boost creativity in the design of assistive devices. It then showcases a series of examples where innovative design ideas allowed for devices that go beyond trying to fix disability and instead liberate their users. The article concludes with a reflection on the ethical interactions between transhumanism and disability, as well as the possibilities created by new distributed design/construction networks affiliated with open-source/open-design models. This reflection can serve as a basis for a discussion about the necessary evolution of industrial practices in the design of assistive technologies, no matter whether they are designed to compensate impairments or augment capabilities.
Engelli ve engelli yakınlarının yaşadığı sorunların çözümünde özellikle gelişmiş
ülkelerde kapsayıcılık yaklaşımı ön plana çıkmaktadır. Sosyal hizmet birimlerince
organize edilen Engelli Gündüzlü Bakım Merkezleri uygulanışı itibariyle oldukça
verimli sonuçları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Engelli bireylerin gündüzlü olarak
yararlandığı merkezlerin engelli yakınları için de dolaylı ve doğrudan katkılar
sağladığı açıktır. Uygulanmakta olan hizmetle, engelli bireyin bakımının bir kurum
tarafından belli bir süreliğine üstlenilmesi, engelli yakınına topluma katılacak veya
dinlenecek bir imkân tanınması açısından oldukça değerlidir. Yine aynı şekilde
engelli bireyin psikososyal gelişiminin desteklenmesi ve engelli yakınlarına
psikolojik destek sunulması bu kurumların ortaya koyduğu katkılardan bazılarıdır.
Engelli yakınlarının yaşadığı sorunların maruz kaldıkları “sosyal dışlanma
bağlamında” incelendiği bu çalışma, 13 engelli yakını katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Uygulama, yarı yapılandırılmış soru formu ve mülakat yöntemi ile 2022 yılı ilk
yarısında Erzurum, Balıkesir, İstanbul, Manisa, Ankara illerinde yaşayan engelli
yakınları ile görüşülerek tamamlanmıştır.
When children are born with disabilities or become disabled in childhood, parents often experience bewilderment: they find themselves unexpectedly in another world, without a roadmap, without community, and without narratives to make sense of their experiences. The Disabled Child: Memoirs of a Normal Future tracks the narratives that have emerged from the community of parent-memoirists who, since the 1980s, have written in resistance of their children’s exclusion from culture. Though the disabilities represented in the genre are diverse, the memoirs share a number of remarkable similarities; they are generally written by white, heterosexual, middle or upper-middle class, ablebodied parents, and they depict narratives in which the disabled child overcomes barriers to a normal childhood and adulthood. Apgar demonstrates that in the process of telling these stories, which recuperate their children as productive members of society, parental memoirists write their children into dominant cultural narratives about gender, race, and class. By reinforcing and buying into these norms, Apgar argues, “special needs” parental memoirs reinforce ableism at the same time that they’re writing against it.
This chapter outlines concepts related to social exclusion that are relevant to people with mental health conditions. These concepts highlight the political and civil nature of exclusion (citizenship, equality and human rights, choice); the importance of material (poverty and deprivation), social (social capital, stigma, and discrimination) and individual factors (participation, choice, and agency); and a means of identifying and describing causal factors for social exclusion (agency and process, dynamic dimensions, multifactorial causes, life course, and longitudinal perspectives). It also covers personal recovery, which provides a bridge between the literature on social exclusion and that on mental health conditions.
Background: The main focus of this study was to identify challenges experienced in sports participation by children with disabilities. Objective: To examine the main problems and prospectus for special population towards their participation in sports. Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional and analytical research design. Convenient sampling technique was used for the selection of sample. Requisite information on the different variables such as the nature of the disability, the duration in the institution and sports related data were obtained through the questionnaire. The descriptive analysis involved the computation of frequency distributions of the responses. Non-Parametric analysis was done for hypothesis testing as the data was categorical. Results: The results indicated that physical challenges were being experienced by children with disabilities (CWDs). There were 3% students who reported "having no opportunity, 8% reported not having special aids and equipment, and 19% reported lack of sports fields, and 5% reported poor fitness" are the main challenges in sports participation. They also reported that psychological challenges also hindered their participation in sports. There were 6.1% who reported "fear of being rejected, 15.2% reported not being able to do sports, and 78.8% reported their own health" as challenges to take part in sports. They also reported that social factors including "financial problems (93.9%) and non-availability of trained coaches (6.1%)" as another type of challenge to take part in sports.
Transition services are central in preparing youth with disabilities for opportunities in postsecondary education, employment and independent living. The life skills education acquired in school may be the only resources they receive to help them with this transition. With COVID‐19, educational systems were interrupted, including the access of students with disabilities to service provision and transition services. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID‐19 on teachers' transition practices for students with disabilities in the State of Illinois, United States and to identify factors associated with the differences in teachers' practices across eight domains of transition. Results indicated statistical significant differences in transition practices before and during COVID‐19 in all eight domains. Gender, Race, School Closings & Type of School did not show significant associations with any of the eight domains. Emotional Disability was found to have a significant association with all eight domains, whereas Intellectual Disability did not show significant association with any of the eight domains. Grade level and teachers' educational level showed significant associations with certain domains. Future investigations into how COVID‐19 changed teachers' transition practices for students with disabilities and the long‐term impact that these changes will have on students' post‐secondary outcomes are needed.
Early childhood teachers know that the quality of child-teacher interactions has an impact on children's social and educational outcomes. Talking with children is central to early learning, but the significant details of high quality conversations in early childhood settings are not always obvious. This Handbook brings together experts from across the globe to share evidence of teachers talking with children in early learning environments. It applies the methodology of conversation analysis to questions about early childhood education, and shows why this method of studying discourse can be a valuable resource for professional development in early childhood. Each chapter of this Handbook includes an up-to-date literature review; shows how interactional pedagogy can be achieved in everyday interactions; and demonstrates how to apply this learning in practice. It offers unique insights into real-life early childhood education practices, based on robust research findings, and provides practical advice for teaching and talking with children.
ABSTRACT
Education is a fundamental right for children all over the world. In Ghana, education for children with mobility impairments (MI) is one area that needs attention because little research has explored the experiences of these children and youth in basic educational settings. The research question that guided this research was: What are the educational experiences of children and youth with MI in education in Ghana? Understanding educational experiences of children and youth with MI will allow policymakers, the
Ministry of Education, and educational researchers to develop educational support systems for children with MI. This is very important especially in the low-and-middle-income countries like Ghana where resources are limited. This study drew on three theoretical frameworks: Disability studies in education; Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory and post-colonial theory. These theoretical frameworks guided
the exploration of the educational experiences of children and youth with MI in four basic school settings (mainstream, inclusive, rehabilitation and special schools) with consideration to the implementation of inclusive education in Ghana. The child development and learning processes were researched in terms of complex systemic interactions between children with MI and their environment, and the advancement of
liberation and the colonial legacy of the study in context. Data were drawn from 20 children with MI, from four head teachers and from 20 parents of children with MI through in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. This study revealed inequities in the basic school curriculum within the four school settings. These inequities that existed in the school curriculum contributed to parents not achieving the expected results they had hoped for by sending their children to the rehabilitation centre and the special schools. This study also showed the inadequacy of the educational support systems (for example, student support teams, parents support teams, teacher support teams and education support teams) in the four educational settings. The study concludes that the absence of educational support systems contributed to the struggle that children with MI and their parents experienced during their children’s educational trajectories. From the findings of this study, it is imperative to have further research to consider a general basic school curriculum to promote inclusivity in all four school settings. The study critically showed how the experiences of children and youth with MI were characterised by the inequity of basic school curriculum, negative attitude towards disability and the unavailability of an educational support system. This study also contributes towards the development of
inclusive schooling practices in Ghana by providing a framework which promotes inclusion of children and youth with MI. The new knowledge not only adds to the limited literature on the educational experiences of children with MI, but also assists policymakers, stakeholders of education and researchers to promote practices that encourage inclusive education.
Background
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) recommend all disabled people receive support to develop their autonomy. Subsequently, evolving models for supported decision‐making and informed consent present guidance to enable autonomy support, which have relevance to people with intellectual disabilities. To date, reviews have explored how adults with intellectual disabilities exercise their autonomy or factors impacting the development of their self‐determination. This review aimed to establish the effectiveness of ‘autonomy support interventions’ engaged by adults with intellectual disability and the meaning of these interventions to this cohort.
Methods
A systematic search of Cinahl Complete, PsychINFO and Scopus databases was undertaken. The search was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2020. Identified citations were uploaded to EndNote X9, duplicates removed, search outputs imported into Covidence and titles and abstracts screened. Data were extracted using an amended JBI data extraction Tool. The search strategy is reported in the adapted PRISMA flow diagram.
Findings
Twelve studies were included in the mixed methods review. Critical appraisal was undertaken using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. These findings identified varied and creative autonomy support interventions utilised across ordinary activities with adults with intellectual disabilities.
Conclusion
This review identifies the essential components of how autonomy support interventions can enhance ordinary experiences for adults with intellectual disabilities while enabling them to develop skill sets to be more self‐directed in the choices they make.
The paper assesses Sen's more abstract version of capabilities theory, Nussbaum's more substantive Aristotelian version and attempts to apply such conceptions to women's lives. Sen's capability approach is a helpful intervention in the discourses of mainstream Western welfare economics and moral philosophy. To influence these, it retains some of their assumptions, and appears limited by its conceptions of the person and of agency. In both areas Nussbaum goes deeper, but her emphatically Aristotelian style is controversial and can short-circuit the debate she sought to advance. Priority areas for further work are: more adequate pictures of ‘culture’ and ‘the individual’ than she or Sen have used, to combine insights from communitarian critics with the strengths of the capabilities approach. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equivalisation of incomes for household size and composition is accepted practice when measuring poverty and inequality; adjustments to take account of other variations in needs are rarely made. This paper explores the financial implications of one possible source of additional needs: disability. Using two UK household surveys, we seek to establish whether there are extra costs of living associated with disability, and to quantify them using the 'standard of living' approach. The underlying theory is that a household's standard of living is a function of income and needs. The extra costs of disability can be derived by comparing the standard of living of households with and without disabled members at a given income, having controlled for other sources of variation. Results show that the extra costs of disability are substantial, especially for disabled people living alone, and that these costs rise with severity of disability. To bring out the policy implications of these results, we compare and contrast three different income distributions which differ in their adjustment for the extra costs of disability, for the population as a whole and for various subgroups. We find that unadjusted incomes significantly understate the problem of low income amongst disabled people, and thereby in the population as a whole.
Prologue From Personal Experiences to Theory and Policy PART ONE: DISABILITY AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON The Transformation of Disability into a Commodity The Production and Distribution of Disability in Society The Social Meaning of Impairment and Interpretation of Disability PART TWO: SOCIAL RESPONSES TO DISABILITY The Law and Politics of Rehabilitation The Rehabilitation Industry Rehabilitation Professionals The Marketing of Rehabilitation Goods and Services The Rehabilitation Process PART THREE: FROM SOCIAL THEORY TO SOCIAL POLICY The Consumer Social Policies for the Disabled
In this major book Martha Nussbaum, one of the most innovative and influential philosophical voices of our time, proposes a kind of feminism that is genuinely international, argues for an ethical underpinning to all thought about development planning and public policy, and dramatically moves beyond the abstractions of economists and philosophers to embed thought about justice in the concrete reality of the struggles of poor women. Nussbaum argues that international political and economic thought must be sensitive to gender difference as a problem of justice, and that feminist thought must begin to focus on the problems of women in the third world. Taking as her point of departure the predicament of poor women in India, she shows how philosophy should undergird basic constitutional principles that should be respected and implemented by all governments, and used as a comparative measure of quality of life across nations.
Introduction - Disability Definitions: The Politics of Meaning - The Cultural Production of Impairment and Disability - Disability and the Rise of Capitalism - The Ideological Construction of Disability - The Structuring of Disabled Identities - The Social Construction of the Disability Problem - The Politics of Disablement: Existing Possibilities - The Politics of Disablement: New Social Movements - Postscript: The Wind is Blowing - Bibliography - Index
From a rights perspective disability has come increasingly to be seen as less a matter of personal misfortune than of societal neglect and obstruction, and as much warranting claims on the state to ensure inclusion and equality as to prosecute a duty of care. This shift resonates with other transitions within international discourse, most notably the increasing prominence of the notion of human development, which emphasises the importance of equity, freedom, and full realisation of human rights and capabilities as central to societal developmental objectives. After briefly examining apparent parallels in discourses relating to disability and to human development, the capabilities approach, upon which the concept of human development is grounded, is examined more closely and its implications for disability considered. It is argued that a capabilities approach may serve alternatively to keep disability partially hidden from view or become a powerful means for identifying the responsibilities of governments and external agencies in genuinely equalising opportunities.
We describe research done in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets under the supervision of the local Coalition of Disabled People. It involved three different client groups-people with learning difficulties, mental health service users and those with physical disabilities. Few of these service users, their carers and staff had any experience or knowledge of people with disabilities receiving cash to purchase their own support. The study focused on several issues: how to provide effective information; what sorts of support could direct payments purchase; how could it be accessed; how could users handle the money; how could it all be evaluated? Most carers, staff and users considered this radical idea favourably, but were suspicious of their own local authority and would want independent systems of supervision and monitoring, accountable to other users, rather than professionals.
There are significant differences between the concept of social exclusion adopted by the mainstream policy agenda and what social exclusion means to young disabled people, particularly those with high levels of support needs. Currently, the experiences and concerns of this group are not being heard in the arenas where policies are developed. The silence about their experiences masks an assumption that, to have high levels of support needs, means dependency and exclusion are inevitable. It is unlikely, therefore, that current initiatives to tackle social exclusion will address the experiences of these young disabled people as they grow into adulthood. In contrast, a human rights agenda offers greater opportunities to challenge the way young disabled people with high levels of support needs are ‘shut out’ from society.
Since 1997, Local Authorities have had the discretionary power to pay cash directly to disabled adults up to the age of 65 and assessed as needing social service support. More recently, the scope of Direct Payments has been widened to include people aged over 65 years and will, under the Health and Social Care Act 2001, be extended to further groups including disabled people from 16 to 18 years of age and parent carers of young children with impairments. Direct Payments have the potential not only to impact radically upon an individual's quality of life but also to influence the 'community care' market economy and the way personal support services are purchased and delivered in the future. Recent figures from a survey undertaken by the Association of Directors of Social Services suggest that 80% of local authorities have already introduced a Direct Payments scheme and that over 3500 people are already in receipt of direct payments (Jones, 2000). This paper is based upon evidence from a user-controlled Best Value Review of Direct Payments (BVDP) in Wiltshire. It explores, from disabled people's perspective, the advantages and disadvantages of Direct Payments, and demonstrates the challenges still facing both service users and service providers.
Summary Sen's capability approach considers development as the expansion of the individual freedoms that people have reason to choose and value. In that sense, the capability approach does not intend to be a full theory of justice but only specifies a space in which development processes are to be assessed. Nussbaum's capability approach, in contrast, brings the capability approach to a fuller theory of justice, by first specifying the individual freedoms that development processes ought to bring about, and by linking these freedoms to an implementation instrument, namely individual rights. However, if as a theory of justice, the capability approach aims at becoming a social theory that liberates the lives of the poor from the unfreedoms that oppress them, we argue that it need not remain only a liberal project focused on individual freedom, but could perhaps take into account in a more decisive way the socio-political processes that are part of a collective history and whose historical dimension is constitutive of human freedom. On the basis of the philosophy of history developed by the Spanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri, and on the basis of its application to the reality of development by the liberation theologian and philosopher, Ignacio Ellacuría, we suggest that the capability approach will be a greater liberating theory for the poor if it articulates its main concerns about individual freedom and agency with concerns about historical "possibilities". To our opinion, this historical dimension introduces a larger realism in promoting individual capabilities through the exercise of individual freedom. The central thesis of Zubiri and Ellacuría's philosophy of history is that human freedom always situates itself within a collective history, which is seen as a process of collective appropriation of possibilities. Through this process, new forms of both freedoms and unfreedoms are being created. As the capability approach has not yet paid enough attention to this dark side of human agency, we argue that the liberation from unfreedoms has hence to be thought within the possibilities of options and choices that a particular collective history has left over as legacy, for the best or for the worse. Two case studies, the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica, will illustrate to what extent individual freedom is always made possible, or "possibilitated", differently according to a society's past decisions or non-decisions, and to what extent, the capability approach, as a liberating theory, cannot remain an idealistic freedom-oriented liberal project but a project immersed in the historical, collective and conflictual human reality. I. The capability approach as liberal political project Sen's capability approach Any development theorist, development economist, social philosopher and hopefully any economist is now familiar with Sen's pioneer notion of capability. Sen's works in social choice theory have constructively and successfully offered an alternative space, the capability space, to the long dominating utility space for assessing the successes and failures of institutional arrangements in promoting human well-being. In his well-known definition, a capability is "a person's ability to do valuable acts or reach valuable states of being, (it) represents the alternative combinations of things a person is able to do or be."3 In the capability perspective, development is seen "in terms of the expansion of the real freedoms that the citizens enjoy to pursue the objectives they have reason to value, and in this sense the expansion of human capability can be, broadly, seen as the central feature of the process of
In the 1980s and 1990s our understanding of disability has matured and evolved. This . . . collection of essays by Michael Oliver discusses recent and perennial issues—such as the fundamental principles of disability, citizenship and community care, social policy and welfare, education, rehabilitation, the politics of new social movements and the international context. Interwoven as these issues are with the personal biography of the author, they reflect some of the major concerns which confront disabled people. The book thus represents both a personal journey of exploration and an attempt to take further our theoretical understanding of disability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Quality of life depends on various physical and social conditions, such as the epidemiological environment in which a person lives. The availability of health care and the nature of medical insurance—public as well as private—are among the important influences on life and death. So are other social services, including basic educa tion and the orderliness of urban living, and the access to modern medical knowledge in rural communities. The statistics on mortality draw our attention to all these policy issues. Mortality information can throw light also on the nature of social inequalities, including gender bias and racial disparities
Commodities and Capabilities presents a set of inter-related theses concerning the foundations of welfare economics, and in particular about the assessment of personal well-being and advantage. The argument presented focuses on the capability to function, i.e. what a person can do or can be, questioning in the process the more standard emphasis on opulence or on utility. In fact, a person's motivation behind choice is treated here as a parametric variable which may or may not coincide with the pursuit of self-interest. Given the large number of practical problems arising from the roles and limitations of different concepts of interest and the judgement of advantage and well-being, this scholarly investigation is both of theoretical interest and practical import.
Any defense of universal norms involves drawing distinctions among the many things people actually desire. If it is to have any content at all, it will say that some objects of desire are more central than others for political purposes, more indispensable to a human being s quality of life. Any wise such approach will go even further, holding that some existing preferences are actually bad bases for social policy. The list of Central Human Capabilities that forms the core of my political project contains many functions that many people over the ages have preferred not to grant to women, either not at all, or not on a basis of equality. To insist on their centrality is thus to go against preferences that have considerable depth and breadth in traditions of male power. Moreover, the list contains many items that women over the ages have not wanted for themselves, and some that even today many women do not pursue so in putting the list at the center of a normative political project aimed at providing the philosophical underpinning for basic political principles, we are going against not just other people s preferences about women, but, more controversially, against many preferences (or so it seems) of women about themselves and their lives. To some extent, my approach, like Sen s, avoids these problems of paternalism by insisting that the political goal is capability, not actual functioning, and by dwelling on the central importance of choice as a good. But the notion of choice and practical reason used in the list is a normative notion, emphasizing the critical activity of reason in a way that does not reflect the actual use of reason in many lives.
Poverty in the United Kingdom (Harmondsworth, Penguin)
- P Townsend
Townsend, P. (1979) Poverty in the United Kingdom (Harmondsworth, Penguin).
Everyone should have the opportunity for paid employment'. This is not the same as asserting that everyone should work
- For
For example, 'Everyone should have the opportunity for paid employment'. This is not the same as asserting that everyone should work.
Pride against prejudice (London, The Women's Press)
- J Morris
Morris, J. (1991) Pride against prejudice (London, The Women's Press).
The prevalence of disability among adults
- J Martin
- H Meltzer
- D Elliot
Martin, J., Meltzer, H. & Elliot, D. (1988) The prevalence of disability among adults (London, HMSO).
Pathways to employment presented at Institute for Public Policy Research seminar
- S Winyard
Winyard, S. (2002) Pathways to employment, presented at Institute for Public Policy Research seminar, 10 December.
Constraint and opportunity: women's employment in Britain paper presented at conference on Von Hügel Institute
- T Burchardt
CASEpaper 64 (London, ESRC Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion
- A Zaidi
- T Burchardt