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Australasian Truffle-like Fungi. VIII. Gummiglobus and Andebbia gen. nov. (Basidiomycotina, Mesophelliaceae) and a Supplement to the Nomenclatural Bibliography of Basidiomycotina
Abstract
Two new genera, Gummiglobus with two species and the monotypic Andebbia, are described as segregates from the genus Mesophellia. Both genera have minutely ornamented spores. The species of Gummiglobus, moreover, have columellae with wedge-shaped to digitate or strand-like projections that extend to the endocutis of the peridium and are embedded in a remarkable gummy tissue.
... Remarks: Gummivena is intermediate in its combination of characters between Castoreum and Gummiglobus. All three genera have when immature hymenium-lined locules that disintegrate to leave a powdery spore mass at maturity and the curious, gelatinous-walled hyphae that stretch when pulled (Trappe unpublished data, Trappe et al. 1996). Castoreum has three peridial layers consisting of similar hyphae but differentiated in that the outermost is tightly interwoven, the middle is looser and incorporates rootlets and mycorrhizae, and the inner is again tightly interwoven (Beaton & Weste 1984). ...
... Castoreum has three peridial layers consisting of similar hyphae but differentiated in that the outermost is tightly interwoven, the middle is looser and incorporates rootlets and mycorrhizae, and the inner is again tightly interwoven (Beaton & Weste 1984). Gummiglobus lacks the outer, tightly interwoven layer but otherwise resembles Castoreum (Trappe et al. 1996). The three peridial layers of Gummivena, in contrast, are differentiated by hyphal morphology as well as compactness of tissue: the outer and inner layers are of tightly interwoven, orange-brown, thick-walled hyphae, whereas the middle, more loosely interwoven layer is of hyaline hyphae with gelatinous-thickened walls. ...
Cortinarius globuliformis is recombined as Dermocybe globuliformis. This widespread, southern Australian fungus produces button-like, bright yellow basidiomes embedded in conspicuous, mat-like masses of bright yellow mycelium underneath the leaf litter. It is the first hypogeous fungus to be assigned to any subgenus or segregate genus of Cortinarius. N.L. Bougher & J.M. Trappe (2002). Dermocybe globuliformis: first report of a hypogeous species for the genus. Australasian Mycologist 21 (1): 1–3.
... fruit abundantly after soils are moistened by rain. These findings seem perplexing, because the brittle outer skin and leathery inner skin of the fruit-bodies suggest considerable resistance to desiccation (Trappe et al. 1996a,b). However, Mesophellia spp. ...
... This may help explain why fruitbodies of hypogeous fungi are usually closely associated with the base of eucalypt trees (Beaton et al. 1985; Claridge et al. 1993b; Johnson 1994a). Eucalypt species, in particular, are known to host many hypogeous fungi, sharing symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with their fungal counterparts (Dell et al. 1990; Trappe et al. 1996a ,b). Intuitively, it is reasonable to suspect that with a greater diversity of these plant hosts, more niches are available for the fungi. ...
Fruit-bodies of hypogeous fungi were sampled over two seasons across 136 forested study sites representing a stratified sample of the climatic, geological and topographic features of far south-eastern mainland Australia. Two hundred and nine species, over three-quarters being undescribed, were recorded. Statistical models based on various environmental attributes measured for each site were developed for the occurrence of several common taxa. At a landscape scale, climatic factors such as mean minimum temperature of the coldest month and annual mean moisture index were important explanatory variables for most taxa examined, but the type of response varied. More locally, topographic position, soil fertility, time since last fire and micro-habitat structures such as the leaf litter layer and number of large fallen trees also influenced the distribution of taxa in different ways. A model was then developed for the number of fungal species occurring at each site. Important explanatory variables were type of substrate, topography and diversity of potential host eucalypt species. The utility of each model constructed needs evaluation by further sampling of hypogeous fungi. Possible implications of our findings for forest management are discussed. Further analyses of our existing data are also identified.
... A series of generic monographs has been initiated as a result of these collaborative efforts Castellano et al. 1992, 1992bCastellano and Beever 1994;Lebel 1998). Nomenclatural bibliographies of Australasian sequestrate fungi have also been prepared (Castellano andTrappe 1990, 1992a;Trappe et al. 1996a;May and Wood 1997). ...
... Cortinarius globuliformis Bougher and Hysterangium inflatum (Bougher and Malajczuk 1986;Burgess et al. 1993). The mycorrhizas and fruit bodies of some Australian and New Zealand sequestrate fungi are embedded within a dense mass of mycelium, which may be hydrophobic, elastic or gummy, analogous to the perennial mycelial mat communities of some ectomycorrhizal fungi in Northern Hemisphere forests Griffiths et al. 1991;Trappe et al. 1996a). ...
Sequestrate fungi are a polyphyletic, diverse group of macrofungi with
truffle-like, underground (hypogeous) or emergent fruit bodies, which are well
represented in Australia and New Zealand. The first species in the region were
described in 1844, but sequestrate fungi have been poorly documented until
recent times. Regional diversity of sequestrate fungi is high in comparison to
other parts of the world: for ascomycetes and basidiomycetes 83 genera and 294
species are currently known in Australia and 32 genera and 58 species in New
Zealand. Only an estimated 12–23% of species are known for
Australia and 25–30% for New Zealand. On that basis, between
1278–2450 species may occur in Australia and 193–232 in New
Zealand. Centres of diversity for some groups of sequestrate fungi occur in
the region, e.g. Russulaceae (five known genera, 68 species) and
Cortinariaceae (eight genera, 33 species). Some other groups are less diverse
than in the northern hemisphere, e.g. sequestrate Boletaceae (seven genera, 25
species). More than 35% of Australian sequestrate genera and 95%
of species are endemic; for New Zealand about 45% of sequestrate genera
and 80% of species are endemic. Australia and New Zealand share
similarities in sequestrate fungi at generic level (11% of total) but
do not share many of the same species (4% of total). Knowledge of
biogeographical distributions is limited by incomplete taxonomic knowledge and
insufficient collections. Some Gondwanan, Australasian and
widespread/cosmopolitan patterns are evident. Some exotic sequestrate
fungi have been recently introduced and some fungi indigenous to the region
occur world-wide as exotics with eucalypt plantings. Within Australia and New
Zealand, there is evidence that characteristic suites of fungi co-occur in
different climatic and vegetation types. Mycorrhizas of Australian and New
Zealand taxa have a range of morphological and physiological attributes
relating to their effect on plants and broader roles in ecosystem nutrient
cycling and health. Spores of sequestrate fungi are dispersed by a range of
fauna. There are tripartite inter-dependent interactions between mycorrhizal
plants, sequestrate fungi and native mammals and birds that use the fungi as
food. Major environmental influences affecting the distribution, diversity and
abundance of sequestrate fungi include climate, topography, soil, vegetation
and animals. Imposed upon such influences are a range of natural and
human-induced disturbance factors which alter habitat heterogeneity, e.g.
fire, fragmentation and replacement of native vegetation and exotic organisms.
Rare and endangered sequestrate fungi are likely to occur in Australia and New
Zealand, but for most taxa there is insufficient data to determine rarity or
commonality. In the face of poor knowledge, assemblage-based and habitat-based
approaches are the most appropriate for conservation and management of
sequestrate fungi. Habitat heterogeneity may be important for the fungi at
scales ranging from different climatic and vegetation types to local
topographic-related variations.
... The c. 2000 collections of sequestrate fungi from this earlier collaboration include two new families, an estimated 30 new genera and 260 new species thus far; nearly 95% of the described and undescribed sequestrate fungi are endemic to Australia and New Zealand (Castellano and Bougher 1994;Lebel and Castellano 1996). A series of generic monographs has been initiated as a result of this collaborative effort Trappe et al. 1992aTrappe et al. , 1992bTrappe et al. , 1996aTrappe et al. , 1996b. A complete nomenclatural bibliography of Australasian sequestrate fungi has also been prepared Trappe 1990, 1992;Trappe et al. 1996a). ...
... A series of generic monographs has been initiated as a result of this collaborative effort Trappe et al. 1992aTrappe et al. , 1992bTrappe et al. , 1996aTrappe et al. , 1996b. A complete nomenclatural bibliography of Australasian sequestrate fungi has also been prepared Trappe 1990, 1992;Trappe et al. 1996a). Due to the unexpectedly high diversity found initially, Trappe, Castellano and Bougher expanded the range of collections to include sites of Beaton in Victoria, Cleland in South Australia and Cunningham in New Zealand, and a diversity of habitats in regions not previously visited (Fig. 2). ...
Australian sequestrate macrofungi have not been studied extensively until
recently, even though their presence in Australia was recognised over 120
years ago by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller in connection with mycophagy by
marsupials. The early mycological history in Australia is linked to the first
expeditions and collections of plant material by naturalists from 1790 to
1830. These collections were sent to, and described by, foreign mycologists
such as the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner and E. M. Fries. M.
C. Cooke's (1892) Handbook of Australian Fungi was
the first attempt at compiling an Australian mycoflora. D. McAlpine and L.
Rodway were the first resident collectors to expand on the information
collated by Cooke. Later, G. H. Cunningham (1944) wrote
The Gasteromycetes of New Zealand and Australia,
bringing together the taxonomy of all known sequestrate macrofungi in the
region. By 1895 approximately 2000 species of fungi had been recorded from
Australia, 32 of them sequestrate. Recent intensive efforts in limited
habitats have expanded our knowledge considerably, with more than 600 new
species of sequestrate fungi recorded over the past 7 years. Many more remain
to be discovered in Australia and New Zealand and knowledge of their biology
and ecology needs to be developed.
... Two species, M. ingratissima and M, novae-zelandica, were earlier transferred to the new genus Malajczukia, which differs from Mesophellia in having a gleba of radiate locules and a central core containing many greatly inflated cells (Trappe et al. 1992). Two other species, M, agglutinospora and M. pachythrix, have been transferred to the new genera Gummiglobus and Andebbia, respectively, which differ from both Mesophellia and Malajczukia in having spores ornamented with warts and ridges (Trappe et al. 1996). ...
... et comb. nov. in Trappe et al. (1996). With its warty spores and true columella as opposed to a glebal core, this species differs strikingly from all members of Mesophellia. ...
The genus Mesophellia, type of the family Mesophelliaceae, has been restudied in light of extensive recent collections. Most past species identifications in the genus have been erroneous, because past workers did not comprehensively study holotypes or fresh material. In this paper, the genus is divided into two subgenera: Mesophellia and Loculatae. Subgenus Mesophellia comprises 12 species, of which 8 are newly described here: M. angustispora, M. brevispora, M. clelandii, M. oleifera, M. pallidospora, M. pawa, M. rava and M. trabalis. Subgenus Loculatae comprises two species, both of which are newly described here: M. labyrinthina and M. westresii.
The term ‘desert truffle’ can be applied to multiple edible hypogeous fungi growing in arid areas throughout the world. Defining what a hypogeous fungus is, and what arid lands are, is hence critical to delimit this ecological group. We choose to define ‘hypogeous’ fungi as those species with closed or ‘sequestrate’ globose fruiting bodies growing totally under soil surface or partially covered by it. The terms ‘truffle’ and ‘tuberoid’ are applied to Ascomycetes species presenting asci, while ‘false truffle’ and ‘gastroid’ are preferred for Basidiomycetes, to highlight their evolution from ‘agaricoid’ habit, regarded in some cases as an adaptation to dry environments. The most prominent genera of desert truffles are mentioned, and keys are proposed for their identification within the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and the former Glomeromycetes. The most critical morphological traits used for these keys are briefly discussed, and some images to illustrate the criteria are provided.
Abstract An examination of movement paths, foraging patterns and habitat use of an endangered mycophagous marsupial, the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica), was undertaken in fire-prone forest in north-eastern Australia before and after experimentally induced fires. Fungal biomass remaining at bettong foraging points was similar across the study area prior to burning, but increased significantly on burnt ground during the period after fire. After burning, significantly more bettongs chose to forage in burnt habitat and those that did experienced higher probabilities of truffle recovery. Using data from spool-and-line tracking, observed movement patterns of bettongs were compared with those expected from a simple null model of animal movement (a correlated random walk). Analysis of mean-squared displacement revealed that 22% of observations fell beyond the model’s 95% prediction interval. Further analysis revealed the reasons for the model’s inadequacy: bettongs exhibited area-restricted search behaviour by taking significantly more frequent and more acute turns immediately prior to and following recovery of hypogeous fungi (truffles), and by taking significantly more frequent and more acute turns following any other foraging activity. In general ecological terms, the results indicate a flexible response by the northern bettong to habitat alteration and increased food availability brought about by low intensity fires.
Hypogeous fungi are a large yet unknown component of biodiversity in forests of south-eastern mainland Australia. To better define their diversity and habitat relationships, we identified and counted fruit-bodies at 136 study sites sampling the climatic, geological and topographic features of the region. In one year 7451 fruit-bodies representing 209 species were collected in an autumn and spring sampling period. Only 57 of these species were previously described. Within genera, the number of species ranged from 1 to 21. Sites sampled in autumn averaged higher diversity of species and greater number of fruit-bodies than the same sites sampled in spring. Most major taxa occurred at more sites in autumn than in spring, whereas a few occurred more frequently in spring than in autumn. These patterns are consistent with those identified in previous smaller studies and likely reflect seasonal changes in soil moisture and temperature levels. Subsequent papers will explore factors influencing the occurrence, relative abundance and numbers of species of hypogeous fungi at the study sites and their community structure and possible host–plant relationships.
Descriptions of new species Gymnomyces cristatus, G. fuscus, G. leucocarpus, G. parvisaxoides, Macowanites rubroluteus, and M. tapawera from New Zealand are presented. Descriptions, illustrations, and a key to all known species of sequestrate relatives of Russula from New Zealand are provided.
The genus Mesophellia, type of the family Mesophelliaceae, has been restudied in light of extensive recent collections. Most past species identifications in the genus have been erroneous, because past workers did not comprehensively study holotypes or fresh material. In this paper, the genus is divided into two subgenera: Mesophellia and Loculatae. Subgenus Mesophellia comprises 12 species, of which 8 are newly described here: M. angustispora, M. brevispora, M. clelandii, M. oleifera, M. pallidospora, M. pawa, M. rava and M. trabalis. Subgenus Loculatae comprises two species, both of which are newly described here: M. labyrinthina and M. westresii.
This bibliography includes all gastroid (truffle-like) Basidiomycetes originally reported with Australasian mycorrhizal host plants regardless of hemisphere. This work is a bibliographic not a taxonomic treatment, so we present 322 references to type descriptions (basionyms) and an additional 154 references to recombinations and purposely avoid validation of species placement.
Malajczukia, a new genus of truffle-like fungi, is described along with six new species (M. amicorum, M. fusispora, M. karrialis, M. spumoidea, M. tropica and M. viridigleba) and two new combinations (M. ingratissima and M. novae-zelandiae). Malajczukia has the central glebal core separated from the peridial endocutis by radiate rows of narrow locules instead of by the capillitium and powdery spore mass that characterise the closely related genus Mesophellia. All have veins or nests of large, inflated cells in the central core, a feature absent in Mesophellia.* Part III, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1992, 5, 613–16.
Mesophellia is represented in Victoria, Australia by four species, one of which is newly described. Illustrated descriptions and a key are provided to the four species. Stages in gasterocarp development and basidiospore formation are described and compared. The penetration of the mature gasterocarp by fine roots was observed for each species.
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