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Abstract
This paper reviews the shield-backed katydids (Tettigoniinae, formerly the Decticinae, see Rentz (1979, 1985) for discussion) of southern Africa. Types of all taxa, except one, have been examined and extensive generic reassignments and species' synonymies are made. The tettigoniine faunas of southern Africa, Australia, and South America are analysed and discussed. It is concluded that the faunas of South America and Australia are closer to one another than to that of southern Africa, although the three are related. They are attributed to an ancient Gondwanaland fauna which is reflected in the known distribution of the southern African genera. These are shown to be related to the North American genus Neduba and its relative Aglaothorax. Discussion of analogus structures is presented and Aglaothorax is brought out of synonymy with Neduba on the basis of morphological and cytological evidence. Seventeen species are described, in seven genera; three genera are described as new. Arytropteris Herman is restricted to three species: A. basalis (Walker) is used for A. semiaeneus of authors. Thyreonotus semiaeneus Serville is transferred to a new genus, Alfredectes. A. excisa Peringuey is a new synonym of Arytropteris granulithorax Peringuey. A. pondo is described as a new species. Zuludectes is described to include one species, Z. modestus Peringuey, formerly in Arytropteris. Anarytropteris Uvarov includes two described species: A. fallax Uvarov and A. chirinda, sp. nov., both from Zimbabwe; four specimens are listed as potentially representing distinct species. Namaquadectes is described to include a single species, N. irroratus (Peringuey), known only from the female holotype. Ceresia includes a single species, C. pulchripes Peringuey, represented by the male holotype. Thoracistus Pictet is shown to have three distinct species-groups: the arboreus Group contains a single new species, T. arboreus; the viridifer Group contains T. viridifer (Walker) which includes Arytropteris intricata Peringuey, A. plebeia Peringuey as new synonyms; the peringueyi Group includes T. peringueyi Pictet and T. aureoportalis, T. semeniphagus, T. viridicrus, T. thyraeus, T. jambila which are all described as new. A species represented by females is noted but not described.Alfredectes, gen. nov., includes the earliest described species, Thyreonotus semiaeneus Serville, from the Cape of Good Hope; A. browni, sp. nov., is described and a single species represented by a female is listed but not described. Keys and tables are presented for all species and all taxonomically important structures are illustrated. Karyotypes are presented for Thoracistus aureoportalis, T. semeniphagus, T. viridicrus, T. viridifer.
... The bush cricket genus Thoracistus is composed of eight known species, all endemic to South Africa. Male calls are highly species-specific (Rentz 1988) as is the case for many bush crickets (Nityananda and Balakrishnan 2006). Restricted to the southern and eastern parts of South Africa, the various species occur in grasslands and along wooded edges, as well as occupying some disturbed habitats (Rentz 1988). ...
... Male calls are highly species-specific (Rentz 1988) as is the case for many bush crickets (Nityananda and Balakrishnan 2006). Restricted to the southern and eastern parts of South Africa, the various species occur in grasslands and along wooded edges, as well as occupying some disturbed habitats (Rentz 1988). Currently, the threat status of the eight species within this genus range from Least Concern (Bazelet and Naskrecki 2014c) to Critically Endangered Naskrecki 2014a, 2014b). ...
... Thoracistus thyraeus (Inflated Seedpod Shieldback) is one of the most acoustically distinctive members of the genus (Rentz 1988), with a song consisting of short rapid bursts carried over many metres. Until recently, T. thyraeus was known from only three locations in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and to date thought to be restricted to grasslands and pasturelands (Bazelet and Naskrecki 2014b), although the type specimen was collected from alongside a weedy road verge (Rentz 1988). ...
Soundscape comprises of a mix of species-specific calls, where individuals compete for acoustic space, yet a different vegetation structure allows for differential call filtration. We focus on an assemblage of bush cricket species in a human-transformed landscape, with a special focus on the seemingly endangered Thoracistus thyraeus. Landscape transformation produces both novel ecological and acoustic spaces in which species must maintain effective communication. Using acoustic activity and species' total call times to characterise their response to the different biotopes in the landscape , we determine how species are distributed across the landscape to optimise ecological and acoustic space. We further investigate the distribution of occupied frequency bands to determine whether species are exposed to potential acoustic interference from other sympatric species. We identified 11 bush cricket species and hypothesised that where acoustic interference between species is likely; the different species will be found in different biotopes. We found that acoustic interference between species is low as species co-exist by having distinct ecological resource requirements and inhabit different biotopes, thus preventing acoustic interference from other species. Acoustic and environmental factors play interactive roles in enabling sympatric species to co-exist across complex landscapes, illustrating that these insects can co-exist without acoustic interference.
... In the present article, I record for the first time shield-backed katydids of tribe Arytropteridini Caudell, 1908 from Madagascar. Until now, all Arytropteridini were only known from Southern Africa (Rentz 1988, Naskrecki 1992. We propose the new genus Toliaridectes n. gen. to include Toliaridectes meridionalis n. gen. ...
... Scapus and pedicel with black patterns. Pronotum folds (see Rentz 1988) with black pattern in line with retroocular black lines, often edged dorsally with light stripes; ventral and posterior rims of lateral lobes black. Abdomen with black patterns laterally, often edged dorsally with light stripes. ...
... Taxonomic position of Arytropteridini. Taxonomic history of shield-backed katydids has been detailed by Rentz (1988) even before Storozhenko (1994) formally exhumed Arytropteridini from Caudell's "Arytropterees" (1908). Arytropteridini are currently under Tettigoniinae (Cigliano et al. 2019). ...
Shield-backed katydids of tribe Arytropteridini Caudell, 1908 are recorded for the first time in Madagascar. The new genus Toliaridectes n. gen. is proposed to include three new species from the south west of the island: Toliaridectes meridionalis n. gen. n. sp., Toliaridectes wendenbaumi n. gen. n. sp. and Toliaridectes antsycurvis n. gen. n. sp.. Elements of biology of Toliaridectes n. gen. are given and the call of Toliaridectes antsycurvis n. gen. n. sp. is described. The taxonomic position of Arytropteridini is discussed.
... The nominate subfamily Tettigoniinae was monophyletic save for the African tribe, Arytropteridini. Tettigoniinae from the southern hemisphere and the North American Neduba, are thought to be a monophyletic clade within Tettigoniinae (Rentz, 1988) but our results show at least some of this clade (Arytropteris) should be removed from the subfamily. ...
... Arytropteridini should be removed from Tettigoniinae. Rentz (1988) posited that the southern hemisphere shield-backs and the North American Neduba form a monophyletic clade sister to the remaining Tettigoniinae. The current taxon sampling included only a single representative of these southern shield-backs making further sampling necessary to determine if additional revisions will be necessary for this subfamily. ...
... Geographical ranges of species and species endemism were calculated using the collection localities of the records. Published taxonomic descriptions as well as expert knowledge were used to assess various life history traits of the individual species (Rentz 1988, Naskrecki and Bazelet 2009, 2012 [see Bazelet et al. (2016) for methods description]. ...
Global biodiversity faces many challenges, with the conservation of invertebrates among these. South Africa is megadiverse and has three global biodiversity hotspots. The country also employs two invertebrate-based rapid assessment techniques to evaluate habitat quality of freshwater ecosystems. While grasshoppers (Acrididae) are known indicators of terrestrial habitats, katydids (Tettigoniidae) could be as well. Here, we adapt a South African freshwater invertebrate-based rapid assessment method, the Dragonfly Biotic Index (DBI), for the terrestrial katydid assemblage, and propose a new assessment approach using katydids: the Katydid Biotic Index (KBI). KBI assigns each katydid species a score based on a combination of: 1) IUCN Red List status, 2) geographic distribution, and 3) life history traits (which consist of mobility and trophic level). This means that the rarer, more localized, specialized and threatened katydid species receive the highest score, and the common, geographically widespread and Least Concern species the lowest. As a case study, we calculated KBI across one of South Africa’s global biodiversity hotspots, the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). We then correlated KBI/Site scores of individual ecosystems with their ecosystem threat scores. The CFR’s katydid assemblage did not differ significantly from that of the overall South African katydid assemblage in terms of its species traits, threat statuses, or distribution among tettigoniid subfamilies. Likewise, KBI/Site scores did not differ significantly among ecosystem threat statuses. This may be explained by the coarse spatial scale of this study or by the lack of specialization of the CFR katydid assemblage. Nevertheless, the KBI holds promise as it is a relatively simple and non-invasive technique for taking invertebrate species composition into account in an assessment of habitat quality. In regions where katydid assemblages are well-known, acoustic surveys and KBI may provide an efficient means for assessing habitats.
... In most species of tettigonids, the pronotum is flat and either leaves the stridulum on the forewings free or only partly covers them, so the produced sound signals are radiated unhindered or slightly baffled [although see Rentz (1988) for notable exceptions in the Arytropteridini of the Tettigoniinae]. In contrast to this, males of the Neotropical bush-cricket Acanthacara acuta (Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Cestrophorini) possess an unusually inflated pronotum that stretches posteriorly to cover the entirety of the short, brachypterous wings and the first abdominal segment (Fig. 1). ...
Animals use sound for communication, with high-amplitude signals being selected for attracting mates or deterring rivals. High amplitudes are attained by employing primary resonators in sound producing structures to amplify the signal (e.g., avian syrinx). Some species actively exploit acoustic properties of natural structures to enhance signal transmission by using these as secondary resonators (e.g., tree-hole frogs). Male bush-crickets produce sound by tegminal stridulation and often use specialised wing areas as primary resonators. Interestingly, Acanthacara acuta, a Neotropical bush-cricket, exhibits an unusual pronotal inflation, forming a chamber covering the wings. It has been suggested that such pronotal chambers enhance amplitude and tuning of the signal by constituting a (secondary) Helmholtz resonator. If true, the intact system - when stimulated sympathetically with broadband sound - should show clear resonance around the song carrier frequency which should be largely independent of pronotum material, and change when the system is destroyed. Using laser Doppler vibrometry on living and preserved specimens, micro computed tomography, 3D printed models, and finite element modelling, we show that the pronotal chamber not only functions as a Helmholtz resonator due to its intact morphology but also resonates at frequencies of the calling song on itself, making song production a three-resonator system.
... Ancestral North American Nedubini apparently dispersed to western North America from South America. A unique morphological feature of North American Nedubini is a laterally expanded and flattened shield-like pronotum, especially the metazona that is distinctly more enlarged than any other Nedubini from South America or Australia or any other Tettigoniinae world-wide (Rentz andGurney 1985, Rentz andColless 1990). Phymonotus is further distinct from other Nedubini in that the enlarged pronotum is not flat and shield-like, rather the metazona is rounded and elevated like a dome, unlike any species of Agalothorax or Neduba, or any other genus of Tettigoniinae. ...
We describe the monotypic shield-backed katydid genus Phymonotus and species jacintotopos from theSan Jacinto Mountains of southern California, USA. Phymonotus is unique in having an unusually enlarged dome-like pronotum, a distinctive song, and seven additional distinctive morphological features. We believe that Phymonotus is a Pleistocene relic taxon, now endemic to geographically isolated high elevation conifer forests of the San Jacinto Mountains. Nearest relatives Agalothorax and Neduba taxa occur in lower elevation environments throughout the surrounding region.Phymonotus is a member of the katydid tribe Nedubini which has a Gondwanan distribution with additional taxa in Australia andSouth America (Chile and Argentina). Western North American Nedubini apparently result from a South American dispersal event. We also describe characters newly used for the description and diagnosis of Phymonotus, the dorsaland ventral lobes of the titillators, and the dorsal sclerites of the titillators. We report evidence that Phymonotus males may produce thoracic glandular secretions that are offered to mating females.
This study investigated the systematics of the Nearctic shield-back katydids (“Tettigoniinae”), a paraphyletic group thought to include genera from a distinctive Gondwanan tribe, the Nedubini, among an otherwise Holarctic fauna. From exemplars of five genera of Nedubini and the majority of other genera of Nearctic “Tettigoniinae,” five gene regions were sequenced, aligned with publicly available sequence data that represent diverse subfamilies of Tettigoniidae, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis under Bayesian and likelihood criteria. Our results render the worldwide Nedubini polyphyletic, strongly support the Nearctic Nedubini as a basal clade that is sister to the remaining Tettigoniidae, and group the remaining Nearctic shield-back katydid genera into a Holarctic clade. Having shared a common ancestor with the remaining katydids 175 ± 24 million years ago, the Nearctic Nedubini joins a considerable assemblage of relict groups that are found in California and the Pacific Northwest of North America. The symmetrical development and ambidextrous overlap of the tegmina of male Nearctic nedubines is re-evaluated as a plesiomorphic character.
This paper reviews all known, and describes several new taxa of the Meconematinae of southern Africa. One genus, Africariola gen. n., four species of the genus Acilacris Bolivar and three species of the genus Aroegas Péringuey are described as new. Problems with the diagnosis of the Meconematinae are discussed, and a preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the southern African genera is presented. Palaearcticgenera Cyrtaspis Fischer and Canariola Uvarov, and southern African genera Africariola gen. n., Paracilacris Chopard, Aroegas Péringuey, and Acilacris Bolívar possibly form a monophyletic group characterized by shield-like pronotum, brachyptery in males, and ovipositor with toothed apex.
The state of knowledge on sylvan katydids (Tettigoniidae, Pseudophyllinae) of Guinean Forests of West Africa hotspot is discussed. Based on published data on their distribution, and the extent of the current forest coverage of the region it is possible that some of the West African species of the Pseudophyllinae may be threatened or even extinct. Five new species are described (Adapantus affluens sp. nov., A. angulatus sp. nov., A. pragerorurm sp. nov., Tomias gerriesmithae sp. nov., and Mormotus alonsae sp. nov.), and 4 species of West African Pseudophyllinae are redescribed.
An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Alphonse Pictet (alone, and with Henri de Saussure) with an account of the primary type material present in the Museum d'histoire naturelle in Geneva. - Pictet described 193 species or subspecies, most of them in collaboration with Saussure. The names are listed alphabetically, and the location of the type material (if known) and the current nomenclatural combination are given. When there is primary type material in the Geneva Natural History Museum (MHNG) the sex, label data and condition of the specimens is given, along with their location within the collection.
The tettigoniid genus Phlesirtes Bolivar and its allies are reviewed. Morphological, ecological and molecular data prompt the erection of the new genus Chortoscirtesgen.n. with type species Xiphidion meruense Sjöstedt. The genera Phlesirtes, Chortoscirtes, Karniella and Naskreckiella are characterized by morphological characters supported by molecular, acoustic, ecological and chromosomal data. Four species, Chortoscirtes pseudomeruensissp.n., C. masaicussp.n., C. puguensissp.n. and C. serengetisp.n., are described from localities in northern and coastal Tanzania and one Karniella, K. crassicercasp.n., is described from Uganda. The following comb n. are proposed: Phlesirtes kibonotensis (Sjöstedt) and Phlesirtes kilimandjaricus (Sjöstedt). Subtribal status is proposed for the four investigated African genera. A key to the Chortoscirtes species is provided.
Understanding the relationship between mating trait evolution and speciation requires data from a variety of taxa. I analysed the calling songs of the shield-back katydid genus Aglaothorax, which represents a little-known lineage of acoustic insects. Field-collected males of all described species and most subspecies were recorded under controlled laboratory conditions. Discriminant analysis was 90.5% successful in separating song types, but the song types thus delineated did not correspond to currently recognized taxa as defined by morphology. The discrepancy is caused by two species, Aglaothorax morsei and Aglaothorax longipennis, the songs of which vary in a cline across the Transverse Ranges and the Los Angeles Basin of southern California. From west to east, pulse rate and duty cycle decrease and interpulse interval increases. Selection for species recognition at a contact zone, sexual selection and interactions between signals and the environment are considered as causes of the cline. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 910–921.
Changes in predominant vegetation physiognomy, prominent species and physiography along the route following an I 800 km transect across southern Africa near the Tropic of Capricorn, are described. Eleven main discontinuities in the structure and Holistic composition of the vegetation along the transect are related to a climatic gradient across the Continent. Floristic variation within the main structural types is largely related to rainfall, severity of frost, soil conditions, exposure, slope and aspect. The main vegetation classes distinguished coincide largely with major differences in carrying capacity of the vegetation.
Chromosome systems of 12 genera and 36 species of the North American Decticinae have been studied. The chromosome number of these species ranges from 2n=22 to 2n=31 in the male (see Table 2). Robertsonian changes has played an important role in chromosome evolution in these decticines. Neduba sp. has a neo-XY sex determining mechanism and Neduba diminutiva an X1X2Y one.The probable pathways of chromosome evolution and the origin of the neo-XY and -X1X2Y sex determining mechanisms are discussed, as well as the phylogeny and present taxonomic status of the North American Decticinae based on chromosome systems.
An account is given of the structure of the egg-shell of Homorocoryphus nitididus vicinus based on conventional and scanning electron microscopy. The respiratory rates of the egg in air and under various degrees of flooding have been measured. The problems of oxygen diffusion through egg-shells of this type have been subject to mathematical analysis. The hypothetical and observed results for oxygen diffusion compare favourably, confirming that the respiratory system functions as suggested. The eggs of Homorocoryphus cannot be said to have a plastron, and it is suggested that water retention may be more important than a high respiratory efficiency under water. A distinction is drawn between respiratory efficiency of an egg under water and plastron efficiency.
The present status of the classification of the family Tettigoniidae is discussed and a reclassification and an illustrated key to subfamilies are presented. Two new subfamilies are described: Apteropedetinae from the Andes of South America containing one genus (Apteropedetes, gen. nov.) and one species; Microtettigoniinae from southern Australia, containing one genus (Microtettigonia, gen. nov.) and two species (M. kangaroo, sp. nov., and M. tachys, sp. nov.).
The tcttigoniine katydids of South America are reviewed. All species occur in Chile and adjacent Argentina. Four tettigoniine genera are recognized from South America. Calodectes gen.n. with 1 species from Chile, crybeloplatus sp. n., is unrelated to any other. Xyrdectes gen. n. contains 2 species from Chile, type-species chileno sp. n. and fuscescens (Blanchard), comb. n. Falcidectes gen. n. is from Chile with 2 species, type-species divisus sp. n. and xyelus sp. n.; however, nymphs indicate more may exist. Platydecticus Chopard with 15 species, type-species angustifrons Chopard from Argentina and Chile, gubernaculus sp. n., hubbelli sp. n., mammantus sp. n., manacus sp. n., onax sp.n., philopenus sp. n., primnocaudus sp.n., sagariferus sp.n., pheroxiphus sp. n., robertsi sp. n., rupicolus sp. n., simplex sp. n., tumidiplatus sp. n., and darwini sp. n. all from Chile. The relationships of the genera are found to be with Australia and western North America (genus Neduba Walker). None of the genera shows links with Africa. A similar-looking genus and species from Chile, Coniungoptera gen. n. (type-species nothofagi sp.n.) associated with Nothofagus, is nearest related to Metholce Walker and Veria Walker of Australia, and a new tribe, Coniungopterini is proposed for these three genera of Conocephalinae.
Scientific knowledge of the southern African flora and fauna began soon after the initiation of colonial rule in the area. Particularly showy Cape plants early attracted the interest of Europeans and the first Cape plants were already described and depicted before the establishment of a revictualling post there. The first description and illustration of a plant from southern Africa appears to be that of Protea neriifolia in a work by Clusius published in 1605. Some of the larger animal species occurring over much of the African continent, like lion, giraffe, black rhinoceros and elephant, were well-known in Europe before the beginning of the Christian era. Others were brought back to Europe with the early expeditions to the coastal regions of southern Africa. After the establishment of the outpost at the Cape, however, knowledge of southern African organisms quickly increased. Numerous specimens collected on expeditions penetrating ever further into the hinterland were sent to scientific centres in Europe (cf. Palmer & Pitman 1972). From these collections it became gradually understood towards the middle of the nineteenth century that the various species each had a specific distribution pattern that mostly correlated with roughly known patterns of climate or major landform features of southern Africa.
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