Nivicolous myxomycetes from alpine areas of south-eastern Australia

Abstract

Nivicolous myxomycetes were collected from alpine areas of south-eastern Australia during the period of middle to late October 2004. Most collections came from the high-elevation area around Mount Kosciuszko, the highest peak on the continent at 2228 m, in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, and additional collections were obtained from two areas, Mount Buller and Mount Hotham, in the Victorian Alps of northern Victoria. Approximately 300 collections were obtained during a period of 2 weeks, including species such as Diderma alpinum, Didymium dubium, Lamproderma ovoideum, Physarum albescens and P. alpinum, not previously known to occur in mainland Australia. Lamproderma maculatum and L. zonatum were collected for the first time in the southern hemisphere, and another species of Lamproderma was described as new to science in a previous paper. In contrast to most other areas of the world where nivicolous myxomycetes have been studied, species of Diderma have been represented poorly among the collections from Australia.

Full text

487McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
New records of Australian Myxomycota
R. McHUGH
Dublin Institute of Technology
Cathal Brugha St
Dublin 1, Ireland
S. L. STEPHENSON*
Department of Biology
Fairmont State College
Fairmont, West Virginia 26554, USA
Email: sstephenson@mail.fscwv.edu
D. W. MITCHELL
Walton Cottage
Upper Hartfield
Sussex, TN7 4AN, England
M. H. BRIMS
Western Australian Herbarium
George St
Kensington, WA 6157, Australia
Abstract Twenty-eight species of myxomycetes
and other related organisms not previously known
to occur in Australia are reported along with 78 new
state records. Records were obtained from
collections made in the field and from moist chamber
cultures prepared with samples of various types of
organic material known to support the growth of
myxomycetes. The majority of these samples con-
sisted of bark from living trees and shrubs but some
samples of litter, both ground and aerial, and dung
also were collected. Physarum crateriforme var.
columellatum comb. et stat. nov. is proposed as a
new name. The number of species recorded from the
continent now stands at 177, which represents ap-
proximately 20% of the total number of world species.
KeywordsAustralia; distribution; myxomycetes;
taxonomy
INTRODUCTION
There have been very few papers published on the
myxomycetes of Australia, and the majority of these
either appeared more than a half century ago (e.g.,
Cheesman & Lister 1915) or reported only a few
species (e.g., Hnatiuk 1978; Stephenson et al. 1992;
Ing & Spooner 1994). A recent significant paper is
that by Mitchell (1995), who compiled a checklist
of all species recorded from Australia. This checklist
was based on published records, specimens obtained
on loan from herbaria known to have Australian
material, and specimens obtained from moist
chamber cultures prepared with bark samples sent
to him by contacts in Australia. Mitchell (1995)
listed a total of 146 species of true myxomycetes
from Australia, where many of the records were
based solely upon published reports by one or more
of the early workers and were not all supported by
voucher specimens, which may yet exist in some
extant herbarium collection. The present paper
supplements the checklist with additional records of
myxomycetes obtained during 2001.
At present, 177 species have been reported from
mainland Australia and Tasmania, including the 16
new records from Western Australia reported by Ing
& Spooner (1994) (Table 1). This total represents c.
20% of described species: Lado (2001) listed 869
world species while Mitchell (2002) recognised 884
taxa at species level.
METHODS
RM worked in Queensland, where he carried out
field collecting and obtained bark samples for moist
chamber cultures, SLS collected specimens of
myxomycetes along with samples of bark and litter
in Queensland and central Australia, and DWM and
*Author for correspondence.
B02044; Online publication date 11 September 2003
Received 4 June 2002; accepted 1 April 2003
New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41: 487–500
0028–825X/03/4103–0487 $7.00 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2003

488 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41
MHB worked with a series of samples of bark, litter,
and dung collected mainly from Western Australia.
Making a field collection involved removing all
or most of the material represented by a particular
fruiting along with a portion of the substrate upon
which fruiting occurred. In addition, notes were
made of any unusual fruiting position or substrate.
All or part of each fruiting myxomycete was brought
back to the laboratory, air-dried, and then glued into
small boxes for permanent storage. Myxomycetes
also are known to be associated with the
microhabitats represented by various types of
organic material (Stephenson 1989). Among these
are the bark surface of living trees and shrubs,
ground litter, aerial litter (dead but still attached plant
parts), and the dung of herbivorous animals. In the
present study, as noted above, samples of each of
these different types of organic material were
collected and examined with the use of the moist
chamber culture technique as it applies to the study
of myxomycetes (Mitchell 1978; Stephenson &
Stempen 1994). Cultures prepared with these
samples were maintained for as long as they gave
promise of yielding specimens of myxomycetes. In
many instances, this extended over a period of
several months. All collections were deposited in the
herbarium of Fairmont State College (FWVA) or in
the private herbaria of RM or DWM.
COLLECTING LOCALITIES
Abbreviations used for states
NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory;
QLD, Queensland; SA, South Australia; TAS,
Tasmania; VIC, Victoria; WA, Western Australia.
Locality abbreviations and descriptions
Localities from which specimens of myxomycetes
were collected in the field and/or from which
samples of bark or litter for preparation of moist
chamber cultures were obtained are listed and are
represented below by a two-letter abbreviation. The
type of substrate material collected is indicated in
each instance.
New South Wales
Bark samples were collected from two localities:
FH Federal Highway (34°51¢S, 149°32¢E) A small
remnant of Eucalyptus and Acacia woodland at the
John Edmondson VC Rest area, approximately
16 km S of Goulbourne. Rainfall 570 mm. Elevation
892 m.
JB Mt Jerrabomberra (35°22¢S, 149°12¢E) 5 km E
of Queanbeyan. Sparse Eucalyptus, Callitris, Acacia
woodland on gravel and clay. Rainfall 560 mm.
Elevation 780 m.
Northern Territory
Alice Springs
SG Simpson’s Gap cycle path (23°41¢S, 133°48¢E)
Mixed Acacia shrubland/tussock grass community,
located off Larapinta Drive, west of Alice Springs.
A large series of bark samples was collected.
SH Stuart Highway (23°33¢S, 133°52¢E) Acacia
woodland along the main roadway approximately
20 km north of Alice Springs. Bark samples and
samples of litter were collected.
Queensland
Cairns region
CA Cairns Botanic Gardens (16°53¢30¢¢S, 145°45¢E)
Myxomycetes were found here on a dead log.
FI Fitzroy Island (16°57¢S, 146°00¢E) Situated
29 km SE of Cairns. Fitzroy Island became separated
from the mainland 6000 years ago and most of its
339 ha is a National Park. On the SE side, the resort
area contains the only appreciable quantity of
buildings. In this area bark from Terminalia sp.,
Syncarpia glomulifera, and Lysiphyllum gilvum was
collected. The central and eastern parts of the island
are much covered with rainforest, which has
proliferated since the cessation of periodic burning
50 years ago. A path into this rainforest from the
resort leads to the Secret Garden; field collections
were made close to this path. Another path from the
resort leads to the lighthouse at the W end of the
island, with a branch to the Summit. This is scrubby
terrain with eucalypts and Allocasuarina torulosa,
from which bark was collected.
EB Ellis Beach (16°44¢30¢¢S, 145°39¢30¢¢E) Bark
collected from trees close to the beach.
Atherton Tableland
BC Butcher’s Creek (17°24¢S, 145°44¢E) This study
site, which belongs to the Australian Tropical
Mycology Research Centre, consists of 30 ha of
tropical seasonal wet forest and is located
approximately 30 km SE of Atherton. Field
collections were made here, and samples of ground
litter and aerial litter were collected.
HP Halloran Hall Environmental Park (17°17¢S,
145°29¢30¢¢E) Small patch of easily accessible
rainforest S of 12th Street, Atherton. Field
collections were made from sticks on the ground.

489McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
LE Lake Eacham (17°18¢S, 145°37¢30¢¢E) and
LB Lake Barrine (17°05¢S, 145°38¢E) These
constitute the Crater Lakes National Park, elevations
750 and 730 m, respectively. These lakes, in the
craters of extinct volcanoes, are encircled by
complex notophyll vine forest with pathways near
the water’s edge. Field collections were made beside
these paths.
MM Millaa Millaa Waterfall (17°30¢S, 145°37¢E)
Rainforest running alongside a creek issuing from
the base of the waterfall. A collection was made on
a stick.
WF Wongabel State Forest (17°20¢S, 145°30¢E)
Complex notophyll vine forest 8 km S of Atherton,
including a 2.6 km Botanical Walk with named trees.
Bark was collected here and also myxomycetes
fruiting on fallen logs beside the path.
Gulf Savannah
IS Innot Hot Springs (17°40¢S, 145°14¢30¢¢E) and
UL Undara Lava Tubes (18°12¢S, 144°42¢E) Dry
outback vegetation with Eucalyptus sideroxylon
prominent. Bark samples were collected.
Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation
National Park
CT Cape Tribulation (16°05¢S, 145°28¢E) Rocky
headland accessed by wooded path, where bark was
taken.
CB Cow Bay (16°14¢S, 145°25¢E) Beach bounded
by trees including Calophyllum inophyllum from
which bark was obtained.
CI Cow Bay Intersection (16°14¢S, 145°25¢E) The
road to Cow Bay branches from the coast road at
which point a lay-by facilitated penetration of the
forest where field collections of myxomycetes were
made.
DE Daintree Rainforest Environmental Centre
(16°14¢S, 145°25¢E) Boardwalk through a complex
lowland rainforest. Samples of aerial litter were
collected.
MJ Marrdja Botanical Walk (16°07¢S, 145°27¢E)
Track and boardwalk through inundated lowland
forest with mangroves. Bark samples and field
collections of myxomycetes were taken.
MG Mossman Gorge (16°28¢S, 145°20¢E) Complex
mesophyll vine forest W of the town of Mossman.
Myxomycete collections were made on fallen timber
surrounding the car park.
EM Emmagen Creek (16°02¢S, 145°27¢E) and
RC Ryker’s Creek (16°03¢S, 145°27¢30¢¢E) Both
these creeks intersect with the coast road, at which
point the forest could be penetrated and
myxomycetes collected from fallen timber.
RF Australian Canopy Crane Research Facility
(16°17¢S, 145°29¢E) Lowland tropical wet forest
located near Cape Tribulation. Samples of aerial
litter were collected at this site.
WW Waterfall Walkway, Daintree Ecolodge
(16°15¢S, 145°20¢E) Track through lowland forest.
Litter samples (both ground and aerial) were
collected.
Cooktown Region
CO Cooktown Botanic Gardens (15°28¢S, 145°15¢E)
Originally a privately owned estate, with scattered
trees, on a low hill above the town. Bark samples
were collected.
Western Australia
AC Applecross (32°01¢S, 115°49¢E) Habitat details
as given for Jandakot.
DM Donnelly Mill (34°07¢S, 115°59¢E) NW of
Manjimup.
DR Donnelly River (34°23¢S, 115°45¢E) In jarrah
(Eucalyptus marginata) forest on lateritic soil, with
understorey of Acacia, Davesia, and Acacia spp.
Rainfall 1200 mm.
DS Darling Scarp (32°33¢S, 116°00¢E) Remnant
Jarrah forest.
GH Greenstone Hills and Mount Gibson Station
(29°32¢S, 117°28¢E) Composed of basaltic rock, and
are part of transitional woodlands with Acacia,
Santalum, and Melaleuca over low shrubs and herbs.
Rainfall 180–300 mm. Elevation 200 m.
Table 1 Numbers of named species of myxomycetes
(Famintzinia and Pocheina not included) by region.
Previously published papers refer to those by Hnatiuk &
Kenneally (1981), Ing & Spooner (1994), and Mitchell
(1995). Additional species are those presented in this
paper.
Previously Additional Total
Region published species species
NSW 102 2 104
NT 6 7 13
QLD 50 44 94
SA 57 0 57
TAS 41 0 41
VIC 43 0 43
WA 49 24 73
Australia 150 27 177

490 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41
HH Herne Hill (31°48¢S, 116°00¢E) Locality details
as given for Jandakot. Rainfall 868 mm.
JT Jandakot (32°06¢S, 115°51¢E) On very old, deep,
highly leached white sand of the Bassendean Dune
System on the Swan Coastal Plain which forms a
once extensive Eucalyptus-Banksia woodland.
Rainfall 570 mm, mostly in winter.
KN Kensington Locality details as given for
Jandakot.
KS Keystone State Forest (34°56¢S, 116°41¢E)
west of Denmark. Jarrah forest.
SV Stoneville (32°03¢S, 115°43¢E) district of Perth.
TC The Cascade (34°29¢S, 116°02¢E) 4 km S of
Pemberton. In karri forest (Eucalyptus diversicolor)
on acid sandy loam over gneissic or granitic rocks,
with a dense shrub layer of Trymalium spathulatum,
Chorilaena quercifolia, and several Acacia spp.
Rainfall 1200 mm per year.
WG Wangara (31°47¢S, 115°39¢E) Locality details
are as given for Jandakot.
WH Wireless Hill Park, (32°01¢S, 115°49¢E)
Ardross, 10 km SW of Perth. Eucalyptus-Banksia
heathland.
WT Willeton (32°03¢S, 115°53¢E) suburb 10 km S
of Perth.
ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES
The annotated list that follows includes all species
of Myxomycota recorded in the present study; these
are listed alphabetically within each order.
Nomenclature complies with that given by Lado
(2001), whereas taxonomy is revised to comply with
Greuter et al. (2000). Authorities for taxonomic
names are abbreviated following Brummitt & Powell
(1992).
Specimens whose determinations are considered
as doubtful by the authors are indicated with “cf.”
to indicate scanty or aberrant material. Information
relating to the type of sample (for myxomycetes
obtained by moist chamber culture) or substrate (for
field collections) from which each species was
recorded, the origin of the collection (appearing in
moist chamber (mc) cultures or fruiting under natural
conditions in the field (fc)), and the locality
represented by each record is provided for each
entry. Localities within the same state are separated
by a semicolon. Each collector’s initials are followed
by a collection number.
PROTOSTELIALES (Ceratiomyxales)
Famintzinia fruticulosa (O.F.Müll.) Lado
Syn. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa (O.F.Müll.) T.Macbr.
Members of this order differ from the true
myxomycetes by their spores being borne singly at
the tips of fine stalks covering the surface of the
fruiting body and in that spore germination results
in the formation of eight haploid swarm spores (see
Lister 1925, p. xxvi).
QLD: BC, SLS14406 fc on decayed wood &
SLS14408 on dead bark; FI, RM727 fc on
Eucalyptus? stick; LE, RM780 mc Sundacarpus
amarus. This the first occasion of which we are
aware that this species has been cultured on the bark
of a living tree. The bark consisted of hard flat slabs
with adherent crustose lichens, and 30 days separated
the setting up of the cultures and the appearance of
the fructification.
WA: JT, MHB453 fc on Banksia litter.
Recorded as a common species in New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
ACRASIALES
Pocheina rosea (Cienk.) A.R.Loebl. & Tappan
This common corticolous organism is distinguished
from the myxomycetes by its stalk being composed
of a chain of cells topped by a sorus of pink spores.
WA: SV, in mc of Eucalyptus sp. and Dryandra
sessilis. New to Australia.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
Myxomycetes
ECHINOSTELIALES
Clastoderma debaryanum A.Blytt var. debaryanum
QLD: BC, SLS14658 on litter of the palm,
Oraniopsis appendiculata; CO, RM843 mc Nauclea
orientalis; WF, RM820 mc Dysoxylum
pettigrewianum.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
C. debaryanum Blytt var. imperatorium Emoto
QLD: LE, RM862 mc Polyscias elegans; WF,
RM810 mc Argyrodendron peralatum. The variety
is new to Australia.
Echinostelium colliculosum K.D.Whitney &
H.W.Keller
QLD: UL, RM859 mc Eucalyptus sideroxylon. New
to QLD.
E. corynophorum K.D.Whitney
NSW: FH, mc Eucalyptus sp. New to NSW.
WA: JT, mc Eucalyptus crucis. New to WA.

491McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
E. fragile Nann.-Bremek.
NT: SG, mc Acacia aneura. New to NT.
QLD: LE, RM832 mc Blepharocarya involucrigera.
New to QLD.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
E. minutum de Bary
QLD: FI, RM797 mc Syncarpia glomulifera; WF,
RM823 mc Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, RM825
mc Castanospermum australe & RM854 mc Melia
azedarach; WW, SLS14506, mc of ground litter.
WA: JT, mc Angophora sp.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
E. vanderpoelii Nann.-Bremek., D.W.Mitch.,
T.N.Lakh. & R.K.Chopra
According to Pando (1997) this species is
synonymous with E. apitectum K.D.Whitney.
Echinostelium vanderpoelii is provisionally retained
here as a distinct taxon due to the pronounced saucer-
shaped base to its globose columella and lack of a
minute internal true columella that is usually present
in E. apitectum.
NSW: JB, mc Callitris sp. New to NSW.
WA: GH, mc Exocarpus sp. New to WA.
Echinostelium sp. (Fig. 1)
A species that does not fit any described taxon was
harvested from bark in moist chamber culture:
Sporocarps scattered, c. 60 µm in total height. Stalk
c. 100–125 µm long, pale yellow, containing
included granular matter near the base. Columella
subglobose with a thickened saucer-like base, 15–
16 µm diam., grey-brown, verrucose with darker
warts. Spores, globose, 15.5 µm diam., the colour
and ornamentation identical to that of the columella.
The taxon seems to come closest to E. vanderpoelii.
The collection consists of about 100 sporocarps,
preserved both as slides and exsiccata, and is here
regarded as a candidate taxon (sensu Schnittler &
Mitchell 2000) until additional material is obtained.
WA: SV, DWM6749 in mc of Dryandra sessilis.
LICEALES
Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann.-Bremek. var.
cancellata
QLD: FI, RM783 fc on decorticated log.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
Cribraria cancellata (Batsch) Nann.-Bremek. var.
fusca (Lister) Nann.-Bremek.
WA: JT, MHB482 mc on dead wood of Banksia
menziesii. New to WA.
C. confusa Nann.-Bremek. & Y.Yamam.
QLD: FI, RM804 mc Allocasuarina torulosa,
RM770 mc Syncarpia glomulifera. New to QLD.
C. microcarpa (Schrad.) Pers. emend. Nann.-
Bremek.
QLD: BC, SLS14619, SLS14645, SLS14649 &
SLS14650 on litter of the palm, Oraniopsis
appendiculata; LE, RM835 mc Blepharocarya
involucrigera. New to Australia.
This species appears to be more common in the
tropics than elsewhere. Known also from South
Island, New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
C. minutissima Schwein.
WA: JT, MHB519 on old burnt Eucalyptus
marginata log.
C. violacea Rex
QLD: FI, RM795 mc Terminalia sp.; WF, RM815
mc Flindersia brayleyana. New to QLD.
Licea biforis Morgan
NT: SG, mc Acacia aneura; SG, mc Acacia
kempeana; SH, mc Atalaya hemiglauca. New to NT.
QLD: WF, RM828 mc Euodia haplophylla. New to
QLD.
WA: AC, MHB503 mc Feijoa sellowiana. New to
WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
L. bulbosa Nann.-Bremek. & Y.Yamam. (Fig. 2)
Syn. nov. D.W.Mitchell: L. tropica ChaoH.Chung
& C.H.Liu (see Chung & Liu 1996).
Fig. 1 Echinostelium sp., DWM6749. Slide-mounted
sporocarp. Note the pale stalk, dark spore-like columella
with a saucer-like base, and the dark verrucose spore.

492 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41
QLD: DE, SLS14507 mc of ground litter. New to
Australia.
Previously reported only from Japan (on bark of
living tree) and Taiwan (on plant litter).
L. denudescens H.W.Keller & T.E.Brooks
WA: GH, mc Melaleuca lithostachya. New to
Australia.
L. kleistobolus Martin
NT: SG, mc Acacia aneura; SG, mc Acacia
kempeana; SH, mc Acacia victoriae; SG, mc
Corymbia opaca. New to NT.
WA: GH, fc Melaleuca lithostachya; GH, mc
Callitris glaucescens; WG, mc Allocasuarina sp.;
WH, MHB499, mc Corymbia calophylla.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
L. operculata (Wingate) G.W.Martin
QLD: LE, RM844 mc Sundacarpus amarus; WF
RM826 mc Castanospermum australe, RM758 mc
Dysoxylum pettigrewianum, RM829 mc Euodia
haplophylla, RM812 mc Flindersia brayleyana &
RM807 mc Tetrasynandra laxiflora. New to QLD.
WA: GH, mc Exocarpus sp. New to WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
L. pedicellata (H.C.Gilbert) H.C.Gilbert
NT: SG, mc Acacia aneura; SH DWM6541 mc
Acacia aneura. New to NT.
QLD: CO, RM839 mc Artocarpus heterophyllus; FI
RM799 mc Lysiphyllum gilvum (spore diam. 8–
9 µm). New to QLD.
L. pusilla (Zukal) G.W.Martin
WA: DS, Whittaker’s Mill MHB464 fc on bark of
dead Eucalyptus log. New to WA.
L. rufocuprea Nann.-Bremek. & Y.Yamam.
WA: JT, MHB411 fc on fallen bark of Banksia
menziesii. New to Australia.
The distinguishing features of this species are its
conical or sub-hemispherical sporocarp, its
circumscissile dehiscence occurring near the base to
leave a shallow plate with a vertical edge, the upper
peridium separating as a single unit with the two
parts of the peridium edged with minute tubercles,
and its verruculose spores with a thinner germination
area. The taxon was described from Japan and has
since been recorded from Tennessee and Hawaii.
L. scyphoides T.E.Brooks & H.W.Keller
QLD: CT, RM849 mc Acacia aulacocarpa (spore
diam. 7–8 µm); MJ, RM837 mc Intsia bijuga; WF,
RM764 mc Euodia haplophylla. New to Australia.
L. tuberculata G.W.Martin
QLD: CO, RM771 mc Diospyros hebecarpa.
A very rare species previously known only from
Panama, India, and Japan. New to Australia.
Lycogala confusum Nann.-Bremek. ex Ing
QLD: FI, RM728 on bark of small log 1 m above
ground level. New to QLD.
TRICHIALES
Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers.
QLD: BC, SLS14640 & 14643 mc on bark of
unidentified tree; DE, SLS14405 fc on dead wood
& SLS14629 mc of aerial litter; FI, RM782 fc on
Fig. 2 Licea bulbosa, SLS14507. Mounted sporocarp
showing the broken row of tubercles that mark the line of
dehiscence.

493McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
dead stick, RM802 mc Allocasuarina torulosa; HP,
RM742 fc on decorticated stick; LE, RM834 mc
Blepharocarya involucriger & RM845 mc
Sundacarpus amarus; WF, RM811 mc
Argyrodendron peralatum, RM853 mc Melia
azedarach & RM808 mc Tetrasynandra laxiflora.
WA: JT, mc Angophora sp.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
A. denudata (L.) Wettst.
QLD: RF, SLS15086 fc on dead bark; HP, RM731
fc on small logs, MM, RM748 fc on dead stick, RC,
RM755 fc on rotted log.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
A. incarnata (Pers.) Pers.
QLD: HP, RM743 fc on stick.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
A. major (G.Lister) Ing
QLD: WF, RM730 fc on massive hard log. New to
Australia.
A. minuta Buchet
QLD: WF, RM819 mc Dysoxylum pettigrewianum
& RM760 mc Flindersia brayleyana. New to QLD.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
A. nutans (Bull.) Grev.
Syn. A. obvelata (Oeder) Onsberg (H.W.Keller
(Keller & Braun 1999) questioned this synonymy).
WA: JT, MHB479 fc on fallen bark of Banksia
menziesii.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
A. pomiformis (Leers) Rostaf.
QLD: WF, RM763 mc Castanospermum australe.
New to QLD.
WA: JT, MHB485 mc of fallen Banksia bark.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
Arcyria sp.
NT: SG, mc Corymbia opaca.
The collection, DWM6506 (Fig. 3), consists of a
group of 16 short-stalked sporocarps with ovate
brownish ochre sporothecae. The capillitium is
firmly attached to the calyculus, dull yellow, and
decorated throughout with closely set rings; the
tubules are 7.7 µm in overall diameter and bear
rounded terminal, axillary and intercalary swellings.
The inner surface of the calyculus is coarsely
papillate, as in some forms of A. pomiformis, but the
capillitial decoration is very different from that
species.
Calomyxa metallica (Berk.) Nieuwl.
NT: SG, mc Acacia aneura; SH, mc Acacia aneura.
QLD: CO, RM840 mc Artocarpus heterophyllus; FI
RM798 mc Lysiphyllum gilvum. New to QLD.
WA: GH, mc Melaleuca lithostachya. New to WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
Hyporhamma calyculata (Speg.) Lado
Syn. Hemitrichia calyculata (Speg.) M.L.Farr.
QLD: CA, RM793 fc on massive log; DE SLS14406
fc on decayed wood; FI, RM781 fc on decorticated
log; LB, RM747 fc on very soft rotted log; MG,
RM787 fc on log; MJ, RM786 fc on log; RC, RM752
fc on stick debris. New to Australia.
Fig. 3 Arcyria sp., DWM6506. Part of a mounted
specimen showing the verrucose calyculus (Y) with a
capillitial attachments (X), the capillitium with bulbous
swellings and decoration of rings.

494 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41
H. clavata (Pers.) Lado
Syn. Hemitrichia clavata (Pers.) Rostaf.
QLD: FI, RM794 mc Myristica insipida (spore diam.
10–11 µm).
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
H. leiocarpa (Cooke) Lado
Syn. Hemitrichia leiocarpa (Cooke) Lister.
QLD: WF, RM732 fc on massive hard log, RM856
mc Dysoxylum cerebriforme. New to Australia.
H. minor (G.Lister) Lado
Syn. Hemitrichia minor G.Lister.
QLD: WF, RM806 mc Tetrasynandra laxiflora.
New to QLD.
H. serpula (Scop.) Lado
Syn. Hemitrichia serpula (Scop.) Rostaf.
QLD: BC, SLS14411 fc on dead bark; FI, RM733
fc on Eucalyptus? sticks; MJ, RM753 under dead
stick; RC, RM791 on stick under palm fronds.
Generally confined to the tropics and sub-tropics
where it is quite common. Known also from New
Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
H. velutina (Nann.-Bremek. & Y.Yamam.) Lado
Syn. Hemitrichia velutina Nann.-Bremek. &
Y.Yamam.
QLD: FI, RM778 mc Allocasuarina torulosa
Previously known only from Japan. New to
Australia.
Perichaena chrysosperma (Currey) A.Lister
QLD: CO, RM768 mc Artocarpus heterophyllus; FI,
RM796 mc Terminalia sp.; WF, RM824 mc Argyro-
dendron trifoliolatum, RM855 mc Dysoxylum
cerebriforme, RM852 mc Melia azedarach, RM816
mc Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa & RM818 mc
Viticipremna queenslandica. New to QLD.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
P. depressa Lib.
QLD: RF, SLS14996 mc aerial litter.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. pedata (A. & G.Lister) G.Lister
QLD: WF, RM765 mc Dysoxylum pettigrewianum.
New to Australia.
P. vermicularis (Schwein.) Rostaf.
WA: Wanneroo P. Hnatiuk 780414 fc on leaf litter.
New to WA.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
Trichia erecta Rex
QLD: CB, RM774 mc Calophyllum inophyllum
(spore diam. 8–10 µm); CO, RM775 mc Terminalia
sericocarpa (spore diam. 8–10 µm). New to
Australia.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
T. munda (A.Lister) Meyl.
QLD: LE, RM809 mc Blepharocarya involucrigera;
WF RM822 mc Argyrodendron trifoliolatum,
RM817 mc Dysoxylum pettigrewianum, RM831 mc
Euodia haplophylla, RM813 mc Flindersia
brayleyana & RM805 mc Tetrasynandra laxiflora.
New to Australia.
T. persimilis P.Karst.
QLD: HP, RM784 fc on dead stick; LB, RM746 fc
on very soft rotted log; MG, RM754 fc on logs; RC,
RM792 fc on stick under palm fronds.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
T. varia (Pers.) Pers.
QLD: WF, RM766 mc Argyrodendron peralatum.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
T. verrucosa Berk.
WA: DM, R.W. Hilton 3441 fc on rotting wood,
August 1986. New to WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
PHYSARALES
Badhamia affinis Rostaf. var. affinis
NT: SH, DWM6533 mc Acacia aneura. New to NT.
B. panicea (Fr.) Rostaf.
QLD: FI, RM801 mc Lysiphyllum gilvum. New to
QLD.
Badhamiopsis ainoae (Y.Yamam.) T.E.Brooks &
H.W.Keller
NT: SG, mc Acacia kempeana; SG, mc Acacia
aneura.
QLD: FI, RM776 mc Allocasuarina torulosa (spore
diam. 7–8 µm).
New to Australia.
Diderma chondrioderma (deBary & Rostaf.)
G.Lister
QLD: CO, RM838 mc Terminalia sericocarpa; IS,
RM847 mc Eucalyptus tessellaris. New to QLD.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).

495McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
D. effusum (Schwein.) Morgan
QLD: BC, SLS15046 mc on litter of the palm,
Oraniopsis appendiculata and SLS15047 mc of
forest floor litter; FI, RM767 mc Allocasuarina
torulosa & RM800 mc Lysiphyllum gilvum; LE,
RM836 mc Blepharocarya involucrigera. New to
QLD.
WA: AC, MHB508 fc on leaf litter of Feijoa
sellowiana.
Known also from South Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
D. hemisphaericum (Bull.) Hornem.
QLD: BC, SLS14626a mc of living leaf with
epiphyllic hepatics present; WW, SLS14627 mc of
living leaf with epiphyllic hepatics.
WA: AC, MHB493 fc on twigs and leaf litter of
Ulmus parvifolia.
Known also from South Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992). New to Australia.
D. saundersii (Massee) Lado
This specimen represents the form known as D.
platycarpum var. berkeleyanum Nann.-Bremek.
(nom. illeg.). which is distinguished from the type
by its more strongly warted and smaller (6–7 µm
diam.) spores. See Nannenga-Bremekamp (1966).
WA: KN, MHB462 fc on Eucalyptus leaf litter. New
to Australia.
D. umbilicatum Pers. var. umbilicatum
QLD: FI, RM769 mc Eucalyptus sp. New to QLD.
Didymium bahiense Gottsb.
WA: HH, PERTH 05850304 fc on wood-chips,
Eucalyptus sp. leaf litter and living grass and herbs.
Coll. S. Patrick.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand, and
Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands (Mitchell 1992).
D. iridis (Ditmar) Fr.
QLD: BC, SLS14969 mc of living leaf with
epiphyllic hepatics present. New to Australia.
D. nigripes (Link) Fr.
QLD: RF, SLS14986 mc of aerial litter; FI, RM739
fc on dead leaves in bed of creek, MG, RM750 fc
on dead leaf on river bank.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
D. squamulosum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.
QLD: BC, SLS14502 & SLS14626b mc of living
leaf with epiphyllic hepatics present, SLS14508 and
SLS14975 mc of aerial litter; DE, SLS14514 mc of
aerial litter; FI, RM740 fc on dead leaves in bed of
creek, HP, RM741 fc on dead stick; RF, SLS14964,
SLS14968 & SLS 14989a mc of aerial litter.
Didymium sp.
WA: WT, fc on mulch of sheep dung, coll. K.
Knight, December 1999.
The specimen has a black stalk but is not well
developed and probably represents either D. nigripes
or D. minus.
Known also from New Zealand and Raoul Island,
Kermadec Islands (Mitchell 1992).
Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) Rostaf.
WA: KS, B.G. Hammersley 2814 fc on leaf litter.
New to WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
L. fragilis var. bisporus D.W. Mitch.
Syn. Leocarpus bisporus Nann.-Brem. &
D.W.Mitch. in Nannenga-Bremekamp, Proc.
Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Series
C, 92(4): 505–515, 1989.
VIC: The typus of L. bisporus, based on one of three
collections from Victoria in which many of the
spores were attached loosely in pairs, was listed in
Mitchell (1995). Lister (1925) noted that the spores
of L. fragilis were “occasionally slightly clustered”
and, as this character is present in varying degrees
in collections, L. bisporus was reduced to varietal
status (in Lado 2001).
Physarum album (Bull.) Chevall.
Syn. P. nutans Pers.
QLD: FI, RM737 fc on massive rotted log and piled
sticks.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. compressum Alb. & Schwein.
QLD: RF, SLS14973, SLS14984, SLS14989b and
SLS 15002 mc of aerial litter; WW, SLS14617,
SLS14624 & SLS 14639 mc on inflorescence of an
unidentified herbaceous plant. New to QLD.
Known also from New Zealand and Raoul Island,
Kermadec Islands (Mitchell 1992).
Physarum crateriforme var. columellatum
D.W.Mitch. comb. et stat. nov.
BASIONYM: Physarum columellatum Nann.-Bremek.
& Y. Yamam. Proc. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. van
Wetenschappen, Series C, 90(3), 311–349, 1987.
The darkened columella of P. columellatum was
the sole character used to distinguish the species
which regularly occurs in moist chamber cultures of

496 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41
bark where the surface holds dark deposits. These
deposits appear to be absorbed and transported by
the plasmodium and are carried into the stalk and
columella during sporocarp development. It
therefore seems appropriate to regard P.
columellatum as a variety of the highly variable
species, P. crateriforme.
WA: GH, DWM6481 mc Melaleuca lithostachya.
New to Australia.
P. didermoides (Pers.) Rostaf.
QLD: WF, RM736 fc on massive very hard log.
P. famintzinii Rostaf.
WA: JT, MHB419 mc of dead twigs of
Allocasuarina.
A worldwide rarity, distinguished by its elastically
expanding capillitium and chestnut-brown peridium
that contains yellow lime-granules. New to
Australia.
P. lateritium (Berk. & Ravenel) Morgan
QLD: DE, SLS15012 mc of inflorescence of
unidentified plant. New to Australia.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. leucophaeum Fr.
QLD: CO, RM842 mc Nauclea orientalis; HP,
RM744 fc on dead stick; LE, RM860 mc Polyscias
elegans; MG, RM749 fc on logs; WF, RM830 mc
Euodia haplophylla.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. aff. leucopus Link
WA: Ferndale R. Hnatiuk 780412 on Hibiscus sp.
in woodpile. New to WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. melleum (Berk. & Broome) Massee
QLD: WW, SLS14787 mc of living leaf with
epiphyllous hepatics present. New to QLD.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand and
Raoul Island (Mitchell 1992).
P. pusillum (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) G.Lister
QLD: RF, SLS14995 mc of aerial litter; WW,
SLS14630 mc of inflorescence of an unidentified
herbaceous plant. New to QLD.
WA: R. Hnatiuk 780414 fc on leaf litter. New to
WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. vernum Sommerf.
WA: HH, fc on leaf litter, coll. S. Patrick, May 2001.
New to WA.
Known also from South Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
P. viride (Bull.) Pers.
QLD: BC, SLS14407 and SLS14410 both as fc on
decayed wood; CI, RM788 fc on Cerbera inflata log;
CO, RM863 mc Terminalia sericocarpa; FI, RM738
fc on decorticated Dillenia? logs; MJ, RM789 fc on
log.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
STEMONITALES
Collaria arcyrionema Rostaf. (Rostaf.) Nann.-
Bremek. ex Lado
QLD: CI, RM751 fc on decorticated stick; WW,
SLS14530, SLS14621 & SLS14645 mc of
inflorescence of an unidentified herbaceous plant.
New to QLD.
Fig. 4 Macbrideola scintillans var. verrucosa, RM773.
Mounted specimen showing the persistent verrucose
peridium (Z).

497McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
Fig. 5 Paradiachea caespitosa, DWM6621. Mounted
sporocarp with typically branched columella and long,
outward-pointing free ends to the capillitium.
Colloderma oculatum (C.Lippert) G.Lister
QLD: LE, RM833 mc Blepharocarya involucrigera;
IS, RM848 mc Eucalyptus tessellaris. New to
Australia.
Comatricha elegans (Racib.) G.Lister
Syn. Collaria elegans (Racib.) Dhillon & Nann.-
Bremek.
NT: SH, DWM6531 mc Eucalyptus cf.
camaldulensis. New to NT.
WA: GH, MHB478 fc on bark of Eucalyptus
loxophleba. New to WA.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
C. laxa Rostaf.
NT: SG, mc Corymbia opaca, DWM6525 mc Hakea
lorea, DWM6507 mc Acacia aneura; SH, mc Acacia
aneura. New to NT.
QLD: WF, RM851 mc Viticipremna queenslandica.
WA: JT, mc Angophora sp.; JT, MHB486 mc of
fallen bark of Banksia; GH, DWM6482 mc
Melaleuca lithostachya & mc Exocarpus sp.; SV,
DWM6748 mc Eucalyptus sp. New to WA.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
C. pulchella (C.Bab.) Rostaf. var. pulchella
QLD: Atherton Tableland at Topaz, SLS15061 mc
of leaf of Eleaeocarpus angustifolius.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
Enerthenema papillatum (Pers.) Rostaf.
WA: JT, mc Nuytsia floribunda; SV, mc Dryandra
sp. New to WA.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
Lamproderma cf. columbinum (Pers.) Rostaf.
WA: TC, On moist rotten log, coll. by H. Streiman
54284, 13 Sep 1994. New to WA.
Macbrideola cornea (G.Lister & Cran) Alexop.
QLD: CO, RM841 mc Alstonia scholaris; IS,
RM846 mc Eucalyptus tessellaris; WF, RM850 mc
Dendrocnide photinophylla. New to QLD.
M. martinii (Alexop. & Beneke) Alexop.
QLD: LE, RM861 mc Polyscias elegans; WF
RM759 mc Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa. New to
Australia.
M. scintillans H.C.Gilbert var. verrucosa (Nann.-
Bremek. & Y.Yamam.) Y.Yamam. (Fig. 4)
QLD: CO, RM777 mc Nauclea orientalis; LE,
RM773 mc Polyscias elegans; WF, RM762 mc
Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa & RM779 mc
Viticipremna queenslandica.
A tropical Macbrideola, previously recorded from
Japan and Tennessee. An algal mat was observed on
the bark surfaces in all cultures, and in all collections
both the capillitium and peridia were conspicuously
warted. New to Australia.
Paradiachea caespitosa (Sturgis) Hertel ex Neubert
(Fig. 5)
WA: DR, PERTH 05929865 coll. K. Knight on dead
bark on the ground. New to Australia.
Paradiacheopsis fimbriata (G.Lister & Cran) Hertel
ex Nann.-Bremek.
WA: GH, mc Exocarpus sp.; WH, MHB501 fc on
bark of Corymbia calophylla. New to WA.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
P. solitaria (Nann.-Bremek.) Nann.-Bremek.
QLD: EB, RM857 mc Cocos nucifera; WF RM827
mc Euodia haplophylla & RM821 Geijera
salicifolia. New to Australia.
Known also from North Island, New Zealand
(Mitchell 1992).
Paradiacheopsis sp.
QLD: UL, RM772 mc Eucalyptus sideroxylon &
RM858 mc Grevillea glauca.
Sporocarps solitary or in small groups, 0.3–
1.0 mm tall. Sporotheca spherical, 0.2–0.3 mm diam.

498 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2003, Vol. 41
Hypothallus inconspicuous. Stalk 50–70% of height,
black, base brown with innate fibrils, c. 0.1 mm
diam. at base, tapered to 0.02 mm at the columella
which divides into several branches in centre of
sporotheca. Peridium fugaceous. Capillitium
radiating from upper part of columella and branching
sparsely and dichotomously, especially near the
periphery, dark brown, threads 1–4 µm thick,
narrowing near the tips but these often expanded to
c. 2 µm and ending in 1 or 2 short curved spines.
Spores grey, minutely roughened, 10–12 µm diam.
Plasmodium not seen. (Fig. 6)
Stemonitis axifera (Bull.) T. Macbr.
QLD: FI, RM734 fc on decorticated log, MJ RM790
fc on log.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
S. flavogenita E.Jahn
QLD: EM, RM757 fc on small log. New to QLD.
S. fusca Roth var. nigrescens Torrend
Syn. S. nigrescens Rex.
QLD: DE, SLS14825 mc of aerial litter; RF,
SLS14976, SLS14992 & SLS15042 mc of aerial
litter.
New to Australia.
S. smithii T.Macbr.
QLD: FI, RM735 fc on logs, both bark and interior.
New to Australia.
S. splendens Rostaf.
QLD: HP, RM785 fc on stick.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
Stemonitopsis aequalis (Peck) Y.Yamam.
QLD: FI, RM761 mc Terminalia sp. New to
Australia.
S. typhina (F.H.Wigg.) Nann.-Bremek.
QLD: HP, RM745 on stick.
Known also from New Zealand (Mitchell 1992).
DISCUSSION
The records reported in this paper are from a very
large geographical area that encompasses several
quite different types of ecosystems. As such, data for
the various states are listed separately (Table 1).
Results obtained from moist chamber cultures give
some indication of the differences that can exist (1)
from place to place for certain types of substrates and
(2) for different substrate types within a given region.
For example, based on pooled data from all samples,
litter (79% positive moist chambers) was more
productive than either bark (43%) or dung (18%).
However, 93% of cultures prepared with bark
samples collected in arid areas of central Australia
yielded some evidence (either plasmodia or fruiting
bodies) of myxomycetes, whereas the corresponding
value for relatively more mesic tropical northern
Queensland was only 30%. The same pattern has
been reported in other surveys (e.g., Schnittler &
Stephenson 2000) that have included samples from
areas of contrasting (i.e., high and low) annual
Fig. 6 Paradiacheopsis sp., RM772. Mounted sporocarp
with long capillitial threads that radiate from a short
columella. The capillitium shows a tendency to branch
dichotomously and the tips are slightly swollen, in these
ways showing some resemblance to P. fimbriata.

499McHugh et al.—New records of Australian myxomycota
precipitation. The bark surface of trees occurring in
areas that are continuously moist appears to support
very few myxomycetes, but these organisms can be
relatively common in areas where the bark surface
of trees is relatively dry at least part of the time.
In the present study, the very poorest results (6%)
were obtained from bark cultures prepared from
regions of exceedingly high precipitation, such as
those from the Cape Tribulation National Park,
which has an annual precipitation of c. 3000 mm.
Licea scyphoides was the only species obtained here.
The pattern of declining precipitation with
increasing distance inland was clearly reflected in
increased productivity of bark cultures, and 44%
positive cultures were recorded for the Atherton
Tableland (1413 mm at Atherton). Fitzroy Island
(2668 mm) and Cooktown Botanic Gardens
(1800 mm), with intermediate precipitation,
produced 15% and 39% positive cultures,
respectively. Fifty-seven percent of bark samples
from Western Australia yielded myxomycetes.
Samples of litter collected in Western Australia were
relatively less productive (47%) than those collected
in northern Queensland (88%). Interestingly,
samples of aerial litter were more productive (91%)
than samples of ground litter (76%). This same
pattern was noted for Neotropical forests by
Stephenson & Spooner (1997).
In a number of instances, the nature of the
substrate upon which particular myxomycetes
appeared in moist chamber culture was distinctive
enough to suggest something about the ecology of
the species involved. This was particularly true for
some of the less common examples. Badhamiopsis
ainoae and Hyporhamma velutina each appeared on
separate cultures of Allocasuarina torulosa from the
Lighthouse track on Fitzroy Island, the former
growing in an exposed situation at high level, the
latter sheltered at low level. In both cases the bark
was soft, crumbly, and absorbant with clumps of
moss on which the myxomycetes fruited, and no
other species appeared on these cultures. Licea
tuberculata was also the only myxomycete
appearing on its culture, persimmon bark from
Cooktown, which was shiny, hard, and hydrophobic
on the surface, this peeling away to expose fibrous
underlying material. Macbrideola scintillans var.
verrucosa was found on four different occasions,
where it was associated with the following additional
species: (1) Physarum leucophaeum, Clastoderma
debaryanum var. debaryanum; (2)Physarum
leucophaeum, Clastoderma debaryanum var.
imperatorium, Macbrideola martinii; (3)
Macbrideola martinii; (4) Perichaena
chrysosperma, Comatricha laxa. It seems likely that
these species constitute an ecological group, the
members of which appear to be have overlapping
substrate requirements. Finally, the Paradiacheopsis
species from Undara was on hard rugose bark
without evident epiphytes (“ironbark”), with the only
other myxomycete present being the rather plentiful
Echinostelium colliculosum.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was funded in part by a grant
(INT-0139547) from the National Science Foundation of
the United States.
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