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Final-stage phylosoma larvae of Scyllarus species (Crustacea : Decapoda : Scyllaridae) from shelf waters of the Great Barrier Reef
Abstract
Samples of macrozooplankton collected from the shelf area of the Great Barrier Reef (between 18°35′S. and 19°10′S., and 146°30′E. and 147°00′E.) contained phyllosoma larvae of 12 different species of scyllarid lobster. All species were represented at the final stage, three as complete larval series and the remainder as incomplete series. Five species have been identified: Thenus orientalis, Scyllarus martensii, S. demani, S. rugosus and S. sordidus. In this paper the final-stage larvae of S. demani, S. rugosus, S. sordidus and six unidentified Scyllarus species, referred as Scyllarus species A–F, are described and compared with previous references in the literature, and a key developed for their separation.
... Acantharctus delfini -- Johnson (1971b) Biarctus sordidus -- ; Barnett (1989) Biarctus vitiensis -- Prasad et al. (1975) Petrarctus brevicornis -This study - ...
... Ito & Lucas (1990) - Ritz (1977); Barnett (1989) Petrarctus rugosus Kumar et al. (2009) -Berry (1974; Prasad et al. (1975); ; Barnett (1989) Scammarctus batei -- Prasad et al. (1975) ...
... Ito & Lucas (1990) - Ritz (1977); Barnett (1989) Petrarctus rugosus Kumar et al. (2009) -Berry (1974; Prasad et al. (1975); ; Barnett (1989) Scammarctus batei -- Prasad et al. (1975) ...
An unidentified final-stage scyllarine phyllosoma larva possessing a unique red-spotted pattern of chromatophores was found in sublittoral waters off Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. The phyllosoma was reared in the laboratory, metamorphosed into a nisto, and then first juvenile stage. DNA barcoding analysis using 16S rRNA gene identified these stages as the scyllarid (slipper) lobster Petrarctus brevicornis (Holthuis, 1946). As these stages were previously unknown, the morphology of the final-stage phyllosoma, nisto, and first stage juvenile are described and illustrated.
... Unassigned Biarctus phyllosoma were described as Scyllarus sp. C from Australian Pacific waters by Barnett (1989) and as Scyllarus sp. F and H from the eastern Indian Ocean by McWilliam et al. (1995). ...
Of phyllosoma larvae of the subfamily Scyllarinae collected in the western North Pacific, 19 individuals (BL = 10.1-38.5 mm) having an onion-shaped cephalic shield were selected. Phylogenetic analysis using partial mitochondrial 16S rDNA and COI sequences revealed that these larvae were of Galearctus lipkei. Gilled (final) stage phyllosoma larvae (BL = 34.2-38.5 mm) of G. lipkei were the largest in this subfamily reported to date.
Twelve late-stage phyllosoma larvae of Chelarctus cultrifer (Ortmann, 1897) were collected in the offshore area northeast of Yonaguni Island on 23 November 1998, transported to the laboratory, and reared individually in circular acrylic chambers on a diet of fresh clam meat. Two final-stage phyllosomas metamorphosed into the nisto stage after 14 and 30 days, and these nistos then molted to the juvenile stage after 10 and 11 days, respectively. The morphology of the late-stage phyllosomas collected off Yonaguni Island, other phyllosomas from the Northwestern Pacific, and the nisto and juvenile stage exuvia of the reared larvae are described and illustrated in detail.
Densities of phyllosomata of
Panulirus, Scyllarides,
Parribacus and Scyllarus were
measured by plankton sampling in November–December 1996 and 1997 in the
lagoon, in a passage through the barrier reef and above the outer slope to the
south-west of New Caledonia. A total of 1017 phyllosomata were caught: 584
Panulirus, 66 Scyllarides, 6
Parribacus and 361 Scyllarus. More
phyllosomata of Scyllarus spp. were caught in the lagoon
than at the other two sites. The larval development of certain
Scyllarus species can occur entirely in the lagoon, but
morphology of the early stages of the four Scyllarus
species caught here was too similar to permit conclusions about specific
strategies. Phyllosomata of the Panulirus spp.,
Scyllarides spp. and Parribacus
spp. develop only in the ocean. High densities of Stage I of
Panulirus ornatus larvae caught in the passage and
nearby ocean suggested that the reproductive adults of this species migrate
from coastal areas towards more oceanic areas to hatch their phyllosomata.
Stage I phyllosomata of Panulirus and
Scyllarides were near the surface and would be carried
quickly from the lagoon by the current, whereas this behaviour was not shown
for Stage I phyllosomata of Scyllarus sp., and this
would probably limit their passive wind drifting.
Phyllosomata and nistos of Scyllarus sp. Z taken from plankton around and offshore northern New Zealand and in the Tasman Sea are presumed to be those of S. aoteanus Powell, 1949, the most common Scyllarus species in this area. The full larval and postlarval development of this species are described. Three features are characteristic of Scyllarus sp. Z phyllosomata; a dorsal crest on the cephalic shield, dorsal thoracic spines, and a forked telson in middle stages persisting as two prominent spines outreaching the telson posterior margin in the final stage. Scyllarus sp. Z's closest affinities are with a group of Scyllarus species whose phyllosomata have forked telsons in middle stages and medium to strong posterolateral telson spines in the final stage. The nisto is low in profile but distinctive in its armature. Too few Scyllarus sp. nistos have been described to suggest any group to which that of Scyllarus sp. Z can be assigned. The spatial and temporal distribution of the larvae and postlarvae of Scyllarus sp. Z are also described. Although early larval stages and postlarvae are found close to New Zealand, mid‐ and late‐stage larvae are widely distributed, some well beyond the known latitudinal range of the adults. There is probably an extended egg‐bearing and hatching period as early stage larvae are caught in most months. Variable rates of development of the larvae and/or delayed metamorphosis, are also possible.
Phyllosoma larvae were identified and their distribution was examined, based on the larvae in ichthyoplankton samples collected in the Japanese Eel Expedition to the spawning area of A. japonica in the western North Pacific from August 30 to September 13, 1986 (Leg. 1), and from September 22 to 25, 1986 (Leg. 2), on board the R/V Hakuho-maru. Phyllosoma larvae belonged to 3 families (Scyllaridae, Palinuridae and Synaxidae) representing 6 genera and 14 species. A total of 336 palinurid and synaxid phyllosoma larvae were collected, of which 233 larvae (about 70%) were identical with P. longipes s. l, while a total of 362 scyllarid phyllosoma larvae were collected, of which 274 larvae (about 76%) were identical with S. cultrifer. Phyllosoma larvae of P. longipes s. l and S. cultrifer showed a similar distribution to each other. The larvae were abundant in the water close to Mariana Islands, although late stage examples were abundant in waters of Luzon and eastern Taiwan. Distributions of these larvae may be related intimately with the North Equatorial Current existing along 15N. The North Equatorial Current approaches the eastern coast of the Philippines and then separates into two branches of northward and southward flows. The northward flow contributes to generating the Kuroshio Current while the southward flow goes to generate the Mindanao Current. Judging from distributions of phyllosoma larvae in the present study, it is assumed that the larvae of the above two species may have been released in Mariana Islands and transported westward from there through the North Equatorial Current. These larvae may then be transported to eastern Taiwanese waters.
Samples of macrozooplankton collected from the shelf area of the Great Banier Reef (between 18º35'S. and 19º10'S. and 146º30'E. and 147º00'E.) contained phyliosomes of several different species of scyllarid lobster, including those of T. orientalis. Four larval stages of T. orientalis are described from the plankton and are related to laboratory-reared specimens of the first stage and of the postlarval nisto. An attempt is made to clarify discrepancies in the existing literature relating to descriptions of larval T. orientalis.