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Chemical composition of the essential oil and supercritical CO 2 extracts of Zataria multiflora Boiss
Abstract
Essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss, cultivated in Iran, was isolated by steam distillation and compared with supercritical fluid CO2 extracts. The oils and extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Different parameters, such as temperature, pressure, extraction period (dynamic) and modifier (methanol) concentration were employed to maximize the SFE efficiency. The results showed that, under optimum conditions (P=30.4 MPa, T=55 °C, tdynamic=20 min and Vmodifier=0 μl) extraction of Z. multiflora Boiss was more efficient. Chemical analysis revealed that components extracted under different SFE conditions possessed widely different percentages of constituents [thymol (14.2–67.6%), λ-terpinene (0.1–19.5%) and ρ-cymene (3.6–12.0%)]. The amounts, of co-extracted cuticular waxes varied too. Oil obtained by steam distillation was also compared to the SFE extracts. The results showed that the major components of Z. multiflora Boiss were thymol (44.6%), λ-terpinene (21.5%) and ρ-cymene (13.7%), based on steam distillation.
... This variety of proven pharmacological applications, the identification of their mechanisms of action, and their pharmacokinetic study postulate thymol as a possible medicinal treatment of natural origin (Milovanovic et al., 2019;Nagoor Meeran et al., 2017). There are commercial pharmaceuticals whose main component is Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) essential oil, commonly used in medicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003). Another world-famous product that contains thymol is Listerine, which gets its name thanks to Joseph Lister, who discovered the properties of thymol to treat mouth problems such as mouth, throat and gingivitis infections caused by bacteria (Buckle, 2014). ...
... Another factor that indirectly affects the composition of the oils is the method of extraction. Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2003) compared the extraction of oil from the Zataria multiflora Boiss, grown in Iran, using two techniques, steam distillation and SFE with CO 2 . The oils and extracts were analyzed by GC/MS. ...
... Similarly, Khajeh et al. (2004) compared the SFE with CO 2 method, this time with the HD method, in the extraction of the essential oil of Carum copticum grown in Iran. The characterization of the oils and the optimization of the parameters of the SFE method were the same as those reported by Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2003). ...
Thymol is a natural volatile monoterpenoid phenol that is the main active ingredient of oil extracted from species Thymus vulgaris L., commonly known as thyme, and other plants such as Ocimum gratissimum L., Origanum L., Carum copticum L., different species of the genus Satureja L., Oliveria decumbens Vent, and many others. It is a versatile molecule with a wide variety of practical applications such as medical, dentistry, veterinary, food, and agrochemicals, among others. Its pharmacological applications have been the most investigated and reported, focusing on its prominent antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cicatrizing activities. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the research on its agricultural applications has increased, highlighting its uses as a natural agrochemical and preservative to safeguard foods from pathogenic microorganisms both in sowing and storage, which could have a beneficial effect on human health and the environment. Research has also been reported on its activity as an insecticide, acaricide, and animal repellent. This review summarizes important aspects of thymol such as its bioavailability, synthesis, and biological activities, with special interest in practical applications. Ó 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
... ANOVA ( ) showed that all the process parameters had a significant ( < 0.01) effect on extraction The effect of pressure and temperature on SC-CO extraction of bioactive compounds from mulberry leaf powder at three levels are presented in . For the complete recovery of the main components from the plants, higher pressures are necessary (Ebrahimzadeh ., 2003). It is evident from the figure that as pressure increased from 100 to 200 bar, the extraction yield also increased. ...
... However, both pressure and temperature had great influence on the recovery of antioxidant compounds. This might be due to the fact that most of these antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin C, polyphenols and anthocyanins, are unstable and highly susceptible to thermal degradation (Cavalcanti ., 2011).This can be justified that limited amounts of the bioactive compounds present in the plants are easily accessible to the supercritical fluid environment by varying pressure and temperature, thus increases the higher recovery of targeted compound (Ebrahimzadeh ., 2003). ...
... The effect of temperature and time in present investigation was in line with the results obtained by Liza . (2010);Ebrahimzadeh (2003) and Bimakr (2009). ...
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) by using CO as a solvent, a relatively new separation technique was used in the present study to obtain bioactive flavonoid compounds from dry leaves of . Since carbon dioxide is a non-polar solvent, ethanol was used as co-solvent to increase the polarity of the fluid. The studied parameters were pressure (100, 150 and 200 bar), temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) and dynamic extraction time (40, 60 and 80 min). The optimum extraction condition occurred at 200 bar, 50 °C and 80 min. Extracted yield at optimum condition was then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometer for quantifying bioactive flavonoid compounds. The results indicated that SC-CO extraction is a promising and alternative process for recovering the bioactive compounds from mulberry leaves.
... It is multi-component chemicals that will produce a product that is highly aromatic and more concentrated than the original plant [2]. Essential oils has a wide range of uses and promises various significant benefits to human and industry such as in aromatic and fragrances [5][6][7], medical activities [3,8,9], as insect repellents and pesticides [10][11][12], cosmetics [11,13], as a natural additive for food flavouring [4,14], and pharmaceutical industries [1-3, 5, 11]. ...
... Digital-to-analogue converter HFPID Hybrid fuzzy plus PID FLC Fuzzy logic controller COG Center of gravity ZN Ziegler Nichol RMSE Root mean square error Essential oil can be isolated through various means from conventional to advanced methods. There are several extraction techniques such as steam distillation [2,5,8,15], hydro distillation [2,8,16], supercritical fluid extraction [13], soxhlet extraction [17], supercritical carbon dioxide [2,8], solvent extraction [15,18] and microwave assisted distillation [2,3]. Among all, steam distillation is the most popular due to operational cost, cleanliness, system cost, productivity and maintenance cost [18]. ...
... Digital-to-analogue converter HFPID Hybrid fuzzy plus PID FLC Fuzzy logic controller COG Center of gravity ZN Ziegler Nichol RMSE Root mean square error Essential oil can be isolated through various means from conventional to advanced methods. There are several extraction techniques such as steam distillation [2,5,8,15], hydro distillation [2,8,16], supercritical fluid extraction [13], soxhlet extraction [17], supercritical carbon dioxide [2,8], solvent extraction [15,18] and microwave assisted distillation [2,3]. Among all, steam distillation is the most popular due to operational cost, cleanliness, system cost, productivity and maintenance cost [18]. ...
Steam temperature of extraction plays a major role in steam distillation essential oil extraction. The process variable gives large effect to the output yield and quality of the oils. This study proposed a robust hybrid fuzzy combined with PID (HFPID) controller to control the steam temperature in the extraction process. The controller was attached to a hydro-diffusion to overcome the current issue facing by conventional steam distillation. The hydro-diffusion steam distillation plant enhances oil recovery by minimizing oil waste in boiling water. HFPID controller is expected to improve system performance at transient and steady state in order to promises the best quality of essential oil. The temperature control was achieved by controlling the voltage fed to the heater ranging from 0V to 5V via digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). The HFPID controller using 49 rules was compared with the conventional PID controller in term of rise time, settling time, percentage overshoot (%OS) and RMSE. From the result, the real time performance of HFPID controller reveals that this controller is compatible for the system because able to minimize the output error at transient state and gave the faster response with small overshoot, settling time and RMSE.
... Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to reduce the use of petroleum solvents and decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. Fast EOs extractions with the goal of green extraction and separation are possible by using SFE (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Pourmortazavi et al. 2004a). The technology of developing SFE is based on using supercritical fluid (SF) as the solvent of the extraction. ...
... This parameter comes after selecting the proper critical pressure and temperature; then, it is optimized at fixed levels of both of them by adding different amounts and checking the recovery yield. Two modes are used for adding the proper amounts of a modifier, firstly, added directly on the plant matrix contained in the extraction vessel before pumping the SF-CO 2 (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003) or, secondly, indirect as it pumped either simultaneously or separately from its own pumps ( Fig. 5.3) . EtOH is the polar solvent of choice coeluted with CO 2 in the case of SF-CO 2 due to its effect in the swollen cellular structure of a plant, which potentiates the penetration of supercritical CO 2 inside the sample matrix, as well as enhancing the density of the supercritical phase effectively more than other modifiers (Güçlü-Üstündağ and Temelli 2005;Casas et al. 2007;Lee et al. 2010). ...
This volume focuses on the most recent trends for greening analytical activities beginning with an introduction to green analytical chemistry followed by a discussion of green analytical chemistry metrics and life-cycle assessment approach to analytical method development. The chapters discuss two main topics; first is the most recent techniques for greening sample pretreatment steps, and second is modern trends for tailoring analytical techniques and instrumentation to implement the green analytical chemistry concept. The role of different kinds of green solvents, such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents, bio-based solvents, and surfactants, as well as nanomaterials and green sorption materials in greening sample extraction steps is also a focus of this book. Furthermore, different approaches for greening chromatography as a key analytical technique are discussed. The applications of nanomaterials in analytical procedures are deeply reviewed, and miniaturization of spectrometers is also discussed as a recently evolved approach for efficient green on-site analysis. This book will appeal to a wide readership of academic and industrial researchers in different fields. It can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and postgraduate students focusing on the development of new analytical procedures for organic and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized by complex matrices composition. The book will also be useful for researchers that are interested in both chemical analysis and environment protection.
... Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to reduce the use of petroleum solvents and decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. Fast EOs extractions with the goal of green extraction and separation are possible by using SFE (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Pourmortazavi et al. 2004a). The technology of developing SFE is based on using supercritical fluid (SF) as the solvent of the extraction. ...
... This parameter comes after selecting the proper critical pressure and temperature; then, it is optimized at fixed levels of both of them by adding different amounts and checking the recovery yield. Two modes are used for adding the proper amounts of a modifier, firstly, added directly on the plant matrix contained in the extraction vessel before pumping the SF-CO 2 (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003) or, secondly, indirect as it pumped either simultaneously or separately from its own pumps ( Fig. 5.3) (Huang et al. 2011). EtOH is the polar solvent of choice coeluted with CO 2 in the case of SF-CO 2 due to its effect in the swollen cellular structure of a plant, which potentiates the penetration of supercritical CO 2 inside the sample matrix, as well as enhancing the density of the supercritical phase effectively more than other modifiers (Güçlü-Üstündağ and Temelli 2005;Casas et al. 2007;Lee et al. 2010). ...
... Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to reduce the use of petroleum solvents and decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. Fast EOs extractions with the goal of green extraction and separation are possible by using SFE (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Pourmortazavi et al. 2004a). The technology of developing SFE is based on using supercritical fluid (SF) as the solvent of the extraction. ...
... This parameter comes after selecting the proper critical pressure and temperature; then, it is optimized at fixed levels of both of them by adding different amounts and checking the recovery yield. Two modes are used for adding the proper amounts of a modifier, firstly, added directly on the plant matrix contained in the extraction vessel before pumping the SF-CO 2 (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003) or, secondly, indirect as it pumped either simultaneously or separately from its own pumps ( Fig. 5.3) . EtOH is the polar solvent of choice coeluted with CO 2 in the case of SF-CO 2 due to its effect in the swollen cellular structure of a plant, which potentiates the penetration of supercritical CO 2 inside the sample matrix, as well as enhancing the density of the supercritical phase effectively more than other modifiers (Güçlü-Üstündağ and Temelli 2005;Casas et al. 2007;Lee et al. 2010). ...
Ionic liquids are those ionic compounds which are liquid below 100 °C and are a combination of organic cations and inorganic/organic anions. They have wide potential to be used as solvents, extraction systems especially for biomedical applications. The past two decades have witnessed exponential rise in publications wherein ionic liquids have found applications in metal ion detection by coordination. This overview gives you a brief insight into the use of different ionic liquids for metal ion analysis.KeywordsIonic liquidOrganic ionsMetal chelationCoordinating ionsMetal extraction
... Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to reduce the use of petroleum solvents and decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. Fast EOs extractions with the goal of green extraction and separation are possible by using SFE (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Pourmortazavi et al. 2004a). The technology of developing SFE is based on using supercritical fluid (SF) as the solvent of the extraction. ...
... This parameter comes after selecting the proper critical pressure and temperature; then, it is optimized at fixed levels of both of them by adding different amounts and checking the recovery yield. Two modes are used for adding the proper amounts of a modifier, firstly, added directly on the plant matrix contained in the extraction vessel before pumping the SF-CO 2 (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003) or, secondly, indirect as it pumped either simultaneously or separately from its own pumps ( Fig. 5.3) . EtOH is the polar solvent of choice coeluted with CO 2 in the case of SF-CO 2 due to its effect in the swollen cellular structure of a plant, which potentiates the penetration of supercritical CO 2 inside the sample matrix, as well as enhancing the density of the supercritical phase effectively more than other modifiers (Güçlü-Üstündağ and Temelli 2005;Casas et al. 2007;Lee et al. 2010). ...
There has been an exponential rise in chemical research since past three decades, which has witnessed an equal growth in the use of toxic and detrimental solvents, reagents, and reactants, leading to long-term environmental damage. Thereafter, with invent and advancement in green chemistry perspective, there has been a slight shift toward utilization of green chemistry principles in research, devolvement, and implementation. But the past decade has witnessed an immense rise in the use of green analytical chemistry owing to recent development in materials and methods that support the green concept.KeywordsGreen analytical chemistryGreen approachesTwelve Principles of Green analytical chemistryEco-friendly techniquesGreen chemistrySample preparationGAPINEMI
... Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to reduce the use of petroleum solvents and decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. Fast EOs extractions with the goal of green extraction and separation are possible by using SFE (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Pourmortazavi et al. 2004a). The technology of developing SFE is based on using supercritical fluid (SF) as the solvent of the extraction. ...
... This parameter comes after selecting the proper critical pressure and temperature; then, it is optimized at fixed levels of both of them by adding different amounts and checking the recovery yield. Two modes are used for adding the proper amounts of a modifier, firstly, added directly on the plant matrix contained in the extraction vessel before pumping the SF-CO 2 (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003) or, secondly, indirect as it pumped either simultaneously or separately from its own pumps ( Fig. 5.3) (Huang et al. 2011). EtOH is the polar solvent of choice coeluted with CO 2 in the case of SF-CO 2 due to its effect in the swollen cellular structure of a plant, which potentiates the penetration of supercritical CO 2 inside the sample matrix, as well as enhancing the density of the supercritical phase effectively more than other modifiers (Güçlü-Üstündağ and Temelli 2005;Casas et al. 2007;Lee et al. 2010). ...
Green chemistry was called to protect the environment and human beings from the used or wasted chemicals and solvents that represent hazards in the research laboratories. This chapter summarizes the fundamentals and applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternate green and safe approach for the extraction of essential oils from different plants. At first, we explained essential oils and enumerated their sources and medicinal uses. Then, we discussed old technology for their extraction then presented the SFE approach as a green environmentally benign approach for essential oils extraction. The advantages of using SFE for essential oil extraction over traditional classical techniques were emphasized. SFE could reduce the use of petroleum solvents as well as decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. The supercritical fluids (SFs) were characterized with a solubility like liquid and diffusivity like gas, which could dissolve different types of essential oils. Next, the effect of extraction parameter optimization on the SFE of essential oil was discussed. Finally, the taxonomy of different plant sources for essential oils and their SFE method of extraction were summarized and emphasized with many examples from the literature.KeywordsEssential oilsTaxonomyExtractionGreen solventsSupercritical fluid extractionMedicinal uses
... Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was found to reduce the use of petroleum solvents and decrease the extraction time compared to traditional extraction methods. Fast EOs extractions with the goal of green extraction and separation are possible by using SFE (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Pourmortazavi et al. 2004a). The technology of developing SFE is based on using supercritical fluid (SF) as the solvent of the extraction. ...
... This parameter comes after selecting the proper critical pressure and temperature; then, it is optimized at fixed levels of both of them by adding different amounts and checking the recovery yield. Two modes are used for adding the proper amounts of a modifier, firstly, added directly on the plant matrix contained in the extraction vessel before pumping the SF-CO 2 (Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003) or, secondly, indirect as it pumped either simultaneously or separately from its own pumps ( Fig. 5.3) . EtOH is the polar solvent of choice coeluted with CO 2 in the case of SF-CO 2 due to its effect in the swollen cellular structure of a plant, which potentiates the penetration of supercritical CO 2 inside the sample matrix, as well as enhancing the density of the supercritical phase effectively more than other modifiers (Güçlü-Üstündağ and Temelli 2005;Casas et al. 2007;Lee et al. 2010). ...
Analytical chemistry plays a fundamental role in our society, being involved in drug manufacturing, medical diagnosis, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, food production, and soil analysis. However chemical analysis is usually associated with the usage of toxic substances or generation of waste, which can impact badly the environment. This has driven the need for green analytical chemistry, replacing the traditional chemical methods with other new technologies including in vivo analysis. Infrared spectroscopy is a one of the most clean and accurate methods that can be considered for green analytical chemistry. Infrared benchtop spectrometers have proven over that last decades to replace the chemical methods in many applications. However, their size and cost still cannot enable the ubiquitous chemical analysis using spectrometers. Recently, miniaturization of spectrometers has been evolved which led to many commercial products at a much less cost and with still a good performance. This opens the door for on-site spectral sensing solutions to enable ubiquitous green analytical chemistry.In this chapter, the basic concept of material spectroscopic analysis is introduced. For the application of this concept, different configurations for the spectral sensor solution as well as the sample handling are discussed. Based on this discussion, the building blocks as well as the performance of these sensors are explained indicating their main features and engineering characteristics. The simple analysis presented in this chapter allows quantitative evaluation of these sensors as ubiquitous solutions in the analytical chemistry different applications. The recent development of the miniaturized forms of these solutions present currently in the market/literature are then surveyed and critically compared at the end of this chapter.KeywordsSpectrometrySpectroscopyInfraredMiniature spectrometersAnalytical chemistry
... The essential oils of plants are usually obtained by water or steam distillation and solvent extraction. Disadvantages of these methods are long extraction time, low efficiency, toxicity of solvents, loss of volatile compounds and decomposition of unsaturated compounds due to heat (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003). Nowadays methods such as microwave, supercritical fluid, ultrasonic and pressure solvent extractions are used to increase extraction efficiency, shorten extraction time, improve the quality of extracted compounds and reduce process costs (Golmakani and Rezaei, 2008). ...
... The content of coriander seeds essential oil was (v/w), 0.325% and 0.31% for MAHD and HD, respectively (Table 1). Although there was no significant difference between extraction efficiency of HD and MAHD methods (P > 0.05), according to the shorter MAHD extraction process (60 min), higher and more efficient heat flow, indoor extraction process and no energy loss (Golmakani and Rezaei, 2008;Nitthiyah et al., 2017) compared with longer extraction time in classical HD (240 min) method, energy dissipation and diffusion to the surrounding environment and loss of some volatile compounds (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003), MAHD was a better method for separation essential oils. For MAHD and HD methods, the extraction was started at the boiling point of water (less than 100 C). ...
Coriander seeds essential oil is used in food preparation, perfume, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In this study, extraction of essential oil from coriander seeds was done by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods. Chemical composition, total phenol contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils were measured and the results were compared between HD and MAHD methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the essential oils had inhibitory effect on the bacterial membrane and cell wall. Results showed that total phenol contents and antioxidant activity increased under heat and microwave conditions. Coriander seeds essential oil had a very strong effect on Candida albicans. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the essential oil of coriander seeds than Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil extracted by MAHD showed better antimicrobial activity, higher phenols yield and antioxidant activity. According to the results of GC-MS, linalool was the most common constituent of both essential oils.
... The workers also identified 12 components corresponding to 91.9% of the total oil composition. In addition, according to Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2003), the steam-distilled EO obtained from cultivated Z. multiflora in a medicinal plant research station of Alborz (Tehran, Iran) in June 2001, consisted of thymol (44.6%), λ-terpinene (21.5%), p-cymene (13.7%), carvacrol (2.35%) and β-caryophyllene (2.20%). Furthermore, Motazedian et al. (2014) reported that the main constituents of Z. multiflora EOs were carvacrol (62.1%), thymol (7.4%), α-pinene (2.8%) and myrcene (2.0%). ...
... However, geographical variation, cultivar differences, time of plant growing and preparation process may have influenced oil compounds either quantitatively or qualitatively. Many plant species produce various chemical compounds that could be a repellent or deterrent, or even toxic for plant-feeding insects (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003;Misaghi and Akhondzadeh Basti, 2007). These chemical weapons are aimed against plantfeeding animals. ...
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a destructive pest of tomato,
potato and other solanaceous crops of economic importance. One of the primary tools in its
management is the use of conventional synthetic insecticides; however, this overreliance
on synthetic insecticides quickly leads to the problem of insecticide resistance. In recent
years, essential oils (EOs) of medicinal plants have received much attention as pest control
chemical agents. If found, active compounds that are less persistent will be beneficial
for both the environment and agricultural product consumers. In the current study, we
studied the fumigant toxicity of EO of the Shirazi thyme, Zataria multiflora Boiss on the
eggs, the second larval instars and adults. We analysed the composition of the EO by gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry. The major component in the oil was thymol (33.52%).
The EO showed strong adulticidal, larvicidal and ovicidal activity. Results show that by
increasing the oil concentration, mortality will increase. By Probit analysis, the LC50 values
for eggs, second larvae (inside leaf, outside leaf) and adults were 60.26, 4.44, 1.26 and
1.38 μl/L air, respectively. The EO of Z. multiflora may be suitable as a fumigant, because of
its high volatility and safety.
... Although ZM is containing thymol, carvacrol, zatrinal, oleanolic acid, betulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and monoterpenoids such as sesquiterpenoids, p-cymene, and y-terpinene, the biological effects of ZM are mainly associated to its phenolic compounds, especially thymol and carvacrol [10]. Several studies have shown that ZM essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract contain a large amount of thymol and carvacrol [11][12][13]. In previous studies, the preventive effect of ZM on the genotoxic effects induced by ionizing radiation was examined on normal human lymphocytes in vitro. ...
... This is a critical first step in the development of OM [34]. The chemical composition of ZM reveals several phenolic compounds such as thymol, hydroxybenzoic acid, and cymene [13]. Thymol provides a protective effect against radiation-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. ...
Objectives:
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common debilitating complication of chemoradiotherapy treatment of head and neck cancers. This randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Zataria multiflora (ZM) extract mouthwash in the prevention and reduction of OM related to local radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer patients.
Methods:
Sixty-three patients with head and neck cancers, who underwent a conventional fractionated radiotherapy regimen, were entered into the study. Patients gargled the ZM mouthwash or a placebo before the beginning of the treatment three times daily and before each radiotherapy session. The assessment of OM was conducted according to WHO and Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale.
Results:
The OM intensity trends in the ZM group during these weeks of treatment were detected 3.152 times less frequently than in the placebo group. A twofold decrease in the incidence of grades 3-4 OM was observed in the ZM group compared to the placebo. The use of the ZM mouthwash affected the incidence of grades 3-4 OM to a relative risk ratio of 0.432. The pain score was significantly decreased in the ZM group compared to the placebo group.
Conclusion:
The present study revealed that ZM mouthwash effectively decreases the severity of OM and mouth pain in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy.
Clinical relevance:
The use of ZM mouthwash effectively decreases the severity of oral complications induced by ionizing radiation in patients during radiotherapy and resulted in high oral quality care. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
... Similar effect of pressure and temperature on extraction of bioactive compounds from Ampelopsis grossedentata stems was reported by Wang et al. (2011). This can be justified that limited amounts of the bioactive compounds present in the plants are easily accessible to the supercritical fluid environment by varying pressure and temperature, thus increases the higher recovery of targeted compound (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003). Effect of temperature and time on SC-CO 2 extraction efficiency and yield: The effect of various temperature and time on SC-CO 2 extraction efficiency and yield are presented in Fig. 5. ...
... It is also observed from the figure that by increasing the dynamic extraction time, the 1-DNJ yield was enhanced. The effect of temperature and time in present investigation was in line with the results obtained by Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2003) for chemical composition of the essential oil and supercritical CO 2 extracts of Zataria multiflora Boiss., Bimakr et al. (2009) for extraction of bioactive flavonoid compounds from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves and Liza et al. (2010) for extraction of bioactive flavonoids from Strobilanthes crispus. Effect of pressure and time on SC-CO 2 extraction efficiency and yield: The effect of various pressure and time on SC-CO 2 extraction efficiency and yield are presented in Fig. 6. ...
In the present study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology was applied to extract deoxynojirimy-cin (1-DNJ) from mulberry leaf powder using carbon dioxide (CO 2) as major extraction solvent with ethanol as co-solvent, and extraction parameters such as pressure (100, 150 and 200 bar), temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) and dynamic extraction time (40, 60 and 80 min) were systematically investigated by full factorial design to obtain the optimum extraction efficiency and extraction yield. Under optimized conditions (pressure of 200 bar, temperature of 50 °C and dynamic extraction time of 80 min), DNJ enriched extract was obtained with high extraction efficiency (96.46 %) and extraction yield (13.41 %), enabling this product to use for nutraceutical purpose. The results indicated that SC-CO 2 extraction is a promising and alternative process for recovering the bioactive compounds from mulberry leaves.
... multiflora) is a spice plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family which geographically grows only in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan (Ali et al. 2000). It contains phenolic compounds including carvacrol and thymol as the main components in its EO composition (Shaffiee and Javidnia 1997;Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Basti et al. 2007). The plant known as Avishan-e-Shirazi (in Iran) is used as a flavor agent in a variety of foods and has antiseptic, anesthetic, antispasmodic, antinociceptive, antioxidant and antibacterial effects (Hossinzadeh et al. 2000;Fazeli et al. 2007;Misaghi and Akhondzadeh Basti 2007;Sharififar et al. 2007). ...
... Z. multiflora is a spice plant belonging to the Laminaceae family which is geographically native in Iran (Ali et al. 2000). It contains phenolic compounds with carvacrol and thymol as the main components (Shaffiee and Javidnia 1997;Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2003;Basti et al. 2007). This plant is known as Avishan-e-Shirazi (in Iran). ...
Background: Molds are important spoiler of food material and have potential of mycotoxin production. The adverse side effects of chemical preservatives have caused that research focused on use of naturally occurring compound, especially essential oils (EOs), for inhibition of mold growth. Essential oils are natural compounds containing terpenic mixtures that have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Zataria multifloro Boiss., a domestic aromatic plant of Iran, has different effect such as antispasmodic and antibacterial. Objective: In this study effect of Z. multiflora Boiss. Essential oil on growth and spore production by Aspergillus flavus and its morphological alteration action were investigated. Method: After extraction of essential oil with steam distillation method, it was analyzed by GC-MS. Evaluation of essential oil effect on growth and spore production carried out by agar dilution method. For SEM evaluation, mold cultured on PDA was fixed with osmium tetroxide and blocks of agar were coated with gold and observed by scanning electron microscope. Results: Effect of EO on growth and spore production by A. flavus was significant in all concentrations studied. MIC and MFC values were 400 and 1000 ppm, respectively. SEM analysis showed excessive sporulation of mold culture in absence of EO while sporulation of culture containing EO was very sparse. Morphological changes such as irregular surface with many folds and distortion of hyphae were seen in cultures treated with EO. Conclusion: Inhibitory effect of Z. multiflora Boiss. Essential oil demonstrated in this study candidate this EO as a substitution of chemical preservatives.
... Steam distillation is one of most preferable extraction methods to obtain essential oils. It is still reliable alongside with the modern technique to produce 93% of extracting oil while the remaining 7% is extracted by other techniques [13,14]. The extraction process takes long duration at least 3 hours to complete the process and sometimes need longer than that to complete for a single process [15][16][17]. ...
... The extraction process takes long duration at least 3 hours to complete the process and sometimes need longer than that to complete for a single process [15][16][17]. This circumstance may result in the loss of the volatile compound of extracting material, some water soluble constituents, excessive heat will cause the thermal degradation which significantly affects the aromatic profiles, colors of essential oil and giving undesirable off-flavor compound [4,13,18]. This study proposed that the steam temperature of extraction process should regulate to maintain the quality and yield of extracting oils as had been published in [14,19,20]. ...
The essential oil is mostly depends on the temperature. The temperature will influence the final product of the extraction process. The existing steam distillation processes are giving less intention on this issue. This work implemented the robust self-tuning fuzzy PID (STFPID) controller to monitor the steam temperature in the hydro-diffusion essential oil extraction system. The hydro-diffusion system is built to overcome some weakness of existing systems. The effectiveness of the STFPID using 25 rules and PID controller is measured by using performance indices of settling time, rise time, percentage overshoot (%OS) and root mean square error. The step responses analysis and robustness test show that STFPID and PID controller are able to drive the steam temperature to the desired set point However, the analysis shows that STFPID produces better performances based on set point tracking and adoption of load disturbance.
... It is a bushy, woody-based evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves and clusters of purple or pink flowers that bloom in early summer (Brickell, 2008). The main active constituents of T. vulgaris include terpenes; phenols; thymol; carvacrol; terpenoids; glycosides of phenolic monoterpenoids; eugenol and aliphatic alcohols; flavonoids such as thymonin, cirsilineol as well as 8-methoxycirsilineol; biphenyl compounds of monoterpenoid origin; caffeic and rosmarinic acids; and saponins (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003). T. vulgaris has been shown to have different therapeutic effects such as antiseptic, carminative, antimicrobial, antioxidant (Baranauskiene et al., 2003), antifungal (Llewellyn et al., 1981), antibacterial (Janssen et al., 1987;Juven et al., 1994) and antibiotic effects (Wichtl, 1989). ...
... The main active constituents of this plant are terpenes, phenols, thymol, carvacrol, terpenoids, aliphatic alcohols and flavonoids. Z. multiflora also contains apigenin, luteolin and 6-hydroxyluteolin glycosides, as well as di-, tri-and tetramethoxylated alkaloids (Mossa et al., 1987;Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003). The therapeutic effect of Z. multiflora extract on coughs, bronchitis, pertussis, laryngitis, tonsillitis and disorders of the oral cavity is well established in traditional Iranian medicine (Avicenna, 1990;Zargari, 1990;Mozaffarian, 1996). ...
... Similarly, several researchers have evaluated the composition and yield of EOs obtained using SD and SFE-CO 2 . Ebrahimzadeh et al. [52] compared the EOs of Zataria multiflora Boiss isolated with SD and SFE-CO 2 , concluding that the SFE method offered many important advantages over SD: supercritical CO 2 required shorter extraction times, and allowed for the possibility to control the oil composition by changing the extraction parameters, which resulted in higher selectivity compared to the SD method. These results are consistent with those of other studies in which SFE was found to give better yields compared to other conventional techniques [53,54]. ...
Plants have proven to be important sources for discovering new compounds that are useful in the treatment of various diseases due to their phytoconstituents. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), an aromatic plant widely cultivated around the world, has been traditionally used for food preservation and medicinal purposes. In particular, clove essential oil (CEO) has attracted attention for containing various bioactive compounds, such as phenolics (eugenol and eugenol acetate), terpenes (β-caryophyllene and α-humulene), and hydrocarbons. These constituents have found applications in cosmetics, food, and medicine industries due to their bioactivity. Pharmacologically, CEO has been tested against a variety of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, demonstrating antibacterial and antifungal properties. Additionally, many studies have also demonstrated the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory effects of this essential oil. However, CEO could degrade for different reasons, impacting its quality and bioactivity. To address this challenge, encapsulation is viewed as a promising strategy that could prolong the shelf life of CEO, improving its physicochemical stability and application in various areas. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of CEO and its constituents, as well as extraction methods to obtain it. Moreover, encapsulation strategies for CEO and numerous applications in different food fields are also highlighted.
... Commercial pharmaceuticals are available with Shirazi thyme (Zatariamultiflora) EO as the main ingredient widely used in treating respiratory diseases [97]. Listerine is another well-known thymol-containing medication named after Joseph Lister, who identified the medicinal value of thymolin treating oral and throat infections,including gingivitis [95]. ...
Appropriate oral hygiene significantly reduces the possibility of oral infections. However, dental caries and periodontal diseases are major oral health issues causing chronic diseases due to poor oral health. Recently, herbal compounds have gained interest in maintaining oral health. Extracts of burdock root (Arctium), noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia), and neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) are now used as intracanal medicaments in endodontics and periodontics. Plectranthus amboinicus species and other plants produces essential oil like β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, and γ-terpinenecan exhibiting antibacterial activity, highlighting phytoconstituents plays a vital role in oral health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of hygiene and sanitization, to curb SARS-CoV-2. Oral cavity is among the gateways for virus entry into saliva. Saliva is a potential reservoir of SARS-CoV-2, and there is an increased risk of infection if there is any fissure in the mouth. This enables entry of virus into the vascular system through gingival or periodontal pocket, possibly reaching lung periphery then to lung vessels by interacting with endothelial surface receptors triggering pulmonary vasoconstriction and lung damage due to endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to draw attention to the possible route of SARS-CoV-2 infection via the oral cavity and the importance of oral hygiene against COVID-19.
... ici, l'extraction par CO2 supercritique a été explorée comme une méthode alternative pour évaluer son apport significative par rapport aux techniques classiques, notamment l'hydro distillation et l'extraction par solvant. On trouve des exemples de cette approche dans les publications concernant les espèces : (Anemopsis californica) [195], Catharanthus roseus [196] ,Zataria multiflora Boiss [197], Thymus vulgaris L. [93]. ...
Cette étude porte sur l’analyse fondamentale et expérimentale du processus d’extraction des huiles végétales par CO2 supercritique. Dans une première partie on s’est focalisé sur l'extraction de l'huile de noyaux de dattes où une étude paramétrique des trois facteurs pression (150-250 bar), température (40-60°C), et diamètre des particules (0.3-0.9mm) a été réalisée dans le but d'optimiser le procédé à l'aide de la méthodologie de surfaces de réponse. Un rendement optimal de 14.26% a été obtenu à 250 bar, 60°C et un diamètre de 0.3 mm. La technique de la Détente Instantanée Contrôlé DIC a été appliquée sur la poudre des noyaux de dattes avant d’en extraire les huiles végétales. Ce traitement a permis d’accéder à une expansion et de parvenir à une intensification de processus de l’extraction de point de vue rendement (15% d'augmentation relative), et durée d'extraction (amélioration d’environ 30%). La deuxième partie de cette étude est consacré à l'extraction de l'huile de sésame dans laquelle une exploration de l'effet des conditions opératoires (température, pression et masse initiale) sur le rendement en huile de graines de sésame a été réalisée un rendement optimal de 51.03% a été obtenu pour une pression de 250 bar, une température de 40°C et une masse initiale de 50g. En outre, un couplage de la technique du pressage à froid avec l'extraction par CO2 supercritique a été réalisé, et les résultats obtenus ont été comparés avec ceux obtenus par couplage avec l'extraction par hexane (technique de Randall). Le model phénoménologique de
Shrinking Core a été adopté pour la modélisation et la simulation du procédé d’extraction supercritique des deux substances étudiées, et les résultats montrent la fiabilité et la validité de ce modèle
... Particularly, the addition of ethanol to the supercritical solvent seems to provide an enhanced extraction of pigment and polar compounds. This behavior has been previously reported [48]. ...
In this research, the extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and the subsequent impregnation of the extracted bioactive compounds from Zataria multiflora Boiss (Z. multiflora) into polylactic acid (PLA) films was investigated. The effects of temperature (318 and 338 K), pressure (15 and 25 MPa) and cosolvent presence (0 and 3 mol%) on the extraction yield were studied. The SC-CO2 assisted impregnation runs were carried out in a discontinuous mode at different pressure (15 and 25 MPa), temperature (318 and 328 K), and time (2 and 8 h) values, using 0.5 MPa min−1 as a constant value of depressurization rate. ANOVA results confirmed that pressure, temperature, and time influenced the extraction yield. Moreover, antioxidant activities of extracts of Z. multiflora were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the extracts were screened against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results of this investigation indicated that extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Z. multiflora possessed antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The impregnated samples presented strong antibacterial activity against the selected microorganisms.
... Zataria multiflora Boiss is a genus of mint and a species that belongs to the genus Zataria and is native to Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (2). Important compounds in Zataria multiflora Boiss are Thymol and Carvacrol (3,4). Extensive studies have been performed regarding the anticancer properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss (5,6). ...
Background and Objective: In recent years, with increasing interest in the use of natural substances such as essential oils, extensive studies have been conducted to use them more efficiently in the form of nanoliposomes. The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of nanoliposomes containing Rosemary and Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oils on HepG2 cell line under in vitro conditions. Methods: In this basic-applied research, nanoliposomes containing Rosemary and Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oils were used. The mortality rate of HepG2 cell line was calculated using MTT method and IC50 was obtained. The study groups calculated according to IC50 were: control group, the group receiving 79.72 μg/ml Zataria multiflora Boiss nanoliposome for 48 hours and the group receiving 53.50 μg/ml Rosemary nanoliposome for 72 hours. The rate of apoptosis and necrosis of cancer cells and the type of cancer cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry. Findings: The results showed that nanoliposomes containing Rosemary essential oil after 72 hours (53.50 μg/ml) and Zataria multiflora Boiss after 48 hours (79.72 μg/ml) showed the highest capability to inhibit the growth of HepG2 cell line (p<0.05). The type of cell mortality was significantly apoptotic compared to the control group, as nanoliposomes containing Zataria multiflora Boiss caused apoptosis in 37.3% and Rosemary nanoliposomes in 32.1% of cells (p<0.05). Inhibition of cancer cells was in the G2 phase, which indicates that nanoliposomes inhibit cancer cells in the cell division phase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that nanoliposomes containing essential oils have anti-cancer properties, cause cell apoptosis and stop cell growth in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
... Hydro-distillation (HD), among the other conventional methods such as steam distillation, hydro-diffusion, and cold expression, is the most commonly used method for obtaining essential oils from medicinal plants (Stahl-Biskup and Saez 2002). Hydro-distillation has some shortcomings such as low yield, long extraction time, high consumption of energy and solvents and degradation of some essential oil compounds, and losses of the volatile compounds due to the high temperature exposure (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003;Bayramoglu et al., 2008;Costa et al., 2014;Pavlić et al., 2015). The essential oil yield from S. raeseri obtained by hydro-distillation varied between 0.02 and 0.15% (Kostadinova et al., 2007;Pljevljakušić et al., 2011). ...
Sideritis raeseri is widely used as a tea in the traditional medicine of many Mediterranean, Balkan, and Middle East countries. In this study, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) at different power levels (180 W, 360 W, and 600 W) of Sideritis raeseri essential oil was compared in terms of extraction time, yield, qualitative analysis, and operational cost with the conventional method of hydro-distillation (HD). Obtained essential oil, as well as hydrolats and residual water extracts, were chemically characterized. An extraction time of 16–32 min with MAHD at different powers provided yields of 0.61–0.67%, while HD gave 0.01% after 141 min. The main constituents in all essential oils were oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and their content was higher in MAHD (32.93–51.42%) than in oil from HD (17.62%). HD oil was characterized by higher concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes (14.95%) in relation to MAHD oil (8.87–14.16%). The essential oil obtained by MAHD at 600 W has a higher content of diterpenes (13.26%) than HD oil (8.59%). All hydrolats displayed the highest content of oxygenated monoterpenes. The highest contents of 8-hydroxyflavone 7-allosylglucosides compounds in residual water extracts were obtained by applying higher (600 W) microwave power. MAHD could be selected as a more appropriate extraction technique for S. reaseri essential oil than HD with respect to the extraction time, quality, and energy savings above 99%.
... These essential oils have been obtained from aromatic plants in various ways, such as water steam distillation, clevenger hydrodistillation, cold press extraction, and solvent extraction [26]. However, these traditional methods have several disadvantages, like low yields, toxicity of residue solvents, long extraction time, and denaturation or loss of volatile compounds due to heat treatment [27]. Nowadays, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has begun to be widely used for essential oils extraction and isolation from plants. ...
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., which is known as omija in South Korea, is mainly cultivated in East Asia. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil from the omija (OMEO) fruit obtained by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 and to confirm the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of OMEO using HaCaT human keratinocyte and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. As a result of the chemical composition analysis of OMEO using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, a total of 41 compounds were identified. The detailed analysis results are sesquiterpenoids (16), monoterpenoids (14), ketones (4), alcohols (3), aldehydes (2), acids (1), and aromatic hydrocarbons (1). OMEO significantly reduced the increased ROS levels in HaCaT keratinocytes induced by UV-B irradiation (p < 0.05). It was confirmed that 5 compounds (α-pinene, camphene, β-myrcene, 2-nonanone, and nerolidol) present in OMEO exhibited inhibitory activity on ROS production. Furthermore, OMEO showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide. OMEO effectively inhibited NO production (p < 0.05) by suppressing the expression of the iNOS protein. Finally, OMEO was investigated for exhibition of anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway. Taken together, OMEO could be used as a functional food ingredient with excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
... 10 The components of Shirazi thyme have been determined in different studies. 4,[11][12][13] The main components were monoterpenes, carvacrol, thymol, zatariol, zataroside A, zataroside B, multiflotriol, multiflorol, linalool, caryophyllene, g-terpinene, and borneol. This plant also contains various alkanes, fatty acids, phytosterols, triterpenes, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, and saponins. ...
The effects of Shirazi thyme as a medicinal plant on oxidant status (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase activity) and absorptive surface area were measured in three segments of the small intestine in cold-induced pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Birds were reared at four groups (thyme 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 % of diet) for 42 days. To induce pulmonary hypertension, the temperature was gradually decreased. The body weight was increased in thyme-0.25% birds compared to control ones, while it was decreased in thyme-1% of birds. The feed consumption was only increased in thyme-1.00% birds. The feed conversion ratio was lower in thyme-0.25% birds and higher in thyme-1.00% birds than control ones. The duodenal and jejunal villus surface area was lower in thyme-1.00% birds than control ones, while it was greater in the thyme-0.50% birds. The ileal villus surface area and duodenal lamina propria thickness were also greater in thyme-0.50% birds. Lipid peroxidation was only decreased in the duodenum and ileum of thyme-0.50% birds compared to control ones, whereas it was increased in the duodenum and jejunum of thyme-1.00% birds. Catalase activity was only elevated in the duodenum and jejunum of thyme-1.00% fed chickens. Total antioxidant capacity was increased in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of thyme-0.50% birds. It is concluded that the Shirazi thyme has beneficial effects on growth performance, intestinal absorptive surface area / secretory system, and pulmonary hypertension response at low doses (0.25 and 0.50% of diet), whereas high dose (1.00% of diet) of this plant may be toxic.
... According to GC/MS analysis, the major components in hydrodistilled ZEO are oxygenated monoterpenes, monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpene and a non-phenolic portion 41 . Although the essential oil's main components remain the same between plants from different geographical regions, but their relative quantities differ in various regions. ...
In the search of new alternative anticancer agents, essential oils (Eos) play a critical role, exerting selective anti-cancer properties and limiting the toxicity of conventional therapies. However, these compounds still face some challenges. Nanoemulsification (NE) protects labile and sensitive EO ingredients until they are released in the system. Herein, Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil (ZEO) loaded into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles was prepared in aqueous solution by mild emulsification into nanometric particles. FTIR spectroscopy exhibited no covalent interaction between active groups of ZEO and functional groups of CS. The outcomes revealed that CS/ZEONE increasingly improves the proliferation inhibition rate of Breast cancer cells as confirmed by MTT, morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and FACS analyses. Our findings suggested that CS/ZEONE exposure induces apoptosis, generates ROS, and triggers mitochondrial membrane permeabilization as well as DNA damage without harming normal cells. To find out the mechanism more precisely, the interaction of CS/ZEONE with gDNA was elucidated and Intercalative binding with strong stabilization of the DNA helix has been proposed. In conclusion, our data suggested that CS/ZEONE can be further explored as a promising antiproliferative and therapeutic candidate against breast cancer.
... Carvacrol was found to be the major constituent of S. khuzistanica EO which is also reported in previous investigations (Farsam et al., 2004;Yousefzadi et al., 2014;Farzaneh et al., 2015). Also, consistent with previous literatures (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2003;Sharififar et al., 2007;Saei-Dehkordi et al., 2010), we determined thymol, ρ-cymene and carvacrol as the main active ingredients of Z. multiflora oil with varying degrees of abundance. It is well known that EOs with different quality and quantity show variable antibacterial activity depending on test pathogen and applied concentration (Delaquis et al., 2002). ...
This research was conducted to exploit an innovative approach for potato soft rot disease management by application of natural compounds as coatings. The activity of three novel essential oils (EOs) extracted from indigenous plants including Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja khuzistanica and Zataria multiflora was investigated against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The effect of sub-MIC concentrations of the oils was analyzed on different pathogenicity determinants of Pcc including mo-tility, biofilm forming activity and enzyme secretion. The potential of the EOs to reduce soft rot was also evaluated in tuber maceration trial and under semi-practical storage conditions. The effect of the EOs application on decay progression and prevalence in potato tubers was determined by in vivo preventing and curing assays. The highest suppressive effects were displayed by S. khuzistanica and Z. multiflora EOs with MIC at 0.19 and 0.38 g L −1. Studied compounds were considerably able to inhibit virulence determinants of Pcc with higher efficiency than streptomycin. Biofilm-forming ability was sharply repressed in tested strains within the range of 24.8-47.6%. A significant induced motility was observed in oil-treated cells which is adversary with surface adhesion and biofilm development. Secretion of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) was decreased in the range of 37.6-100% and among them, pectate lyase (Pel) and polygalacturonase (Peh) were considerably inhibited (53.4-100% and 65.4-100%). Sub-MIC values of S. khuzistanica and Z. multiflora EOs led to reduce maceration ability of Pcc strains in the range of 1.4 to 2.9 times compared with control. The results of in vivo trial indicated that tuber rot development was more efficiently controlled in preventive than curative conditions. Disease incidence was reduced by 38.4-70.6% as compared with non-coated samples in preventing assessment. In conclusion, the EOs were capable to control soft rot disease under in vitro and in vivo conditions. GC-MS analysis revealed that cis-pinocamphone, carvacrol and thymol were the main active constituents in H. officinalis, S. khuzistanica and Z. multiflora volatile oils, respectively. Studied test phytochemicals could be promising an-tibacterial agents for preserving potato tubers against soft rot and preventing storage loss. This is the first report on the activity of herbal antimicrobial compounds against a postharvest bacterial disease of potato as a practical solution which can be suggested as preserver coatings for the tubers and incorporated with other disease management strategies.
... The antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of this plant were approved. [15][16][17] The EO is obtained from its leaves and flowers. Its most important component is thymol. ...
In this study, the toxicity of thymol, the essential oil (EO) of thyme plant, cumin seeds, and caraway seeds on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated and compared through a static method. The acute and short-term exposure study were conducted at a pH of 7.4 and a temperature of 15°C. In Acute toxicity test, concentrations of agents that killed 50% of rainbow trout (LC50) within 96-h for EOs of thyme, thymol, cumin, and caraway were 6.6, 2.6, 35, and 14 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Changes in fish behavior were restless, aimless swimming, and imbalances that were the same for all agents in acute toxicity test. In short-term study, histopathological changes consisted of hyperemia and edema in most organs. But most of the changes were observed in gill and brain of fish that included cellular hyperplasia and fusion of lamellae in the gills and necrosis and inflammation in the brain in addition to hyperemia and edema. The results showed that EOs used in this study were likely to exert their effects through competition with oxygen insolubility in the water and, for this reason, most of the changes were seen in the gills and brain that are more sensitive to the amounts of oxygen. This study concluded that the acute toxicity of these EOs is significant and the use of these substances in the aquatic industry should be cautious.
... Tracheal responsiveness in treated guinea pig model of COPD with three concentrations of carvacrol (50, 020 and 240 µg/ml), and emphysema in treated group with its highest concentration were significantly improved compared to untreated COPD group [29]. Carvacrol (40,80 and 050 µg/ml) also showed anti-inflammatory activities including, reduced serum levels of TP, PLA2 and histamine in sensitized guinea pigs [54]. ...
Zataria multiflora Boiss (Z. multiflora) belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is used traditionally for culinary and medicinal purposes. Different pharmacological effects have been described for the plant including; bronchodilation, vasodilation and effect on lung inflammation. The plant is also used as a remedy against cough in the traditional medicine. In this article, "pharmacological effects of Z. multiflora and its constituents focusing on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties were reviewed" by searching various databases until "June" 2016. The anti-inflammatory effects of the plant such as decreased total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils and eosinophils counts were demonstrated. The protective effects of Z. multiflora on serum levels of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and total protein were showed. In addition, constituents of the plant, such as flavonoids and carvacrol also showed anti-inflammatory effects. Z. multiflora also reduced oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and can be used in the therapy of oxidative damage. Decreased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protective effects of Z. multiflora on serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) were also shown. Improvement of the serum levels of IgE, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, TGF-β and IL-17), and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and FOXP3), were shown for Z. multiflora and its constituents, carvacrol and thymol. These results indicated that carvacrol and thymol could be used for treatment of inflammatory diseases as new anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, Z. multiflora showed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory effects which could be used for treatment of inflammatory and immune-dysregulation diseases or disorders associated with increased oxidative stress. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... According to GC/MS analysis, the major components in hydrodistilled ZEO are oxygenated monoterpenes, monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpene and a non-phenolic portion 41 . Although the essential oil's main components remain the same between plants from different geographical regions, but their relative quantities differ in various regions. ...
Recognizing new anticancer compounds to improve Breast cancer treatment seems crucial. Essential oil of Zataria Multiflora (ZEO) is a secondary metabolite with some biological properties, yet underlying cellular and molecular anticancer properties of ZEO is unclear. GC/MS analysis revealed that carvacrol is the major ingredient of the essential oil. ZEO increasingly suppressed viability in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and T47D Breast cancer cells while nontoxic to L929 normal cells in monolayer cell cultures (2D), whereas MDA-MB-231 multicellular spheroids (3D) were more resistant to inhibition. ZEO significantly induced cell apoptosis confirmed by fluorescent staining, flow cytometry analysis and DNA fragmentation in MDA-MB-231 2D and 3D cell cultures. ZEO increased ROS generation and subsequent loss of ΔΨm, caspase 3 activation and DNA damage which consequently caused G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose- and time-dependent manner in 2D. S phase arrest occurred in cell spheroids therefore ZEO possible DNA interaction with gDNA was investigated and revealed ZEO binds DNA via intercalation. Altogether, these data corroborate anticancer properties of ZEO and suggest that cell culture format (2D monolayer vs. 3D spheroid) plays a critical role in drug response and provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying ZEO cytotoxicity effect on Breast cancer cells.
... Flavonoids( such as thymol , λ-terpinene , ρ-cymene, carvacrol , Rosmarinic acid (RA) and linalol ) as the main constituent of Z. multiflora extract are a class of plant phenolics with significant antioxidant properties [15]. Their positive effects come from their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, chelate redox-active metals and attenuating other procedure involving reactive oxygen species [16]. ...
... Supercritical fluids (SCFs) are increasingly replacing the organic solvents that are used in industrial products purification and recrystallization operations because of regulatory and environmental issues on hydrocarbon and ozone-depleting emissions. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the most widely used SCF as solvent has been demonstrated to offer advantages in the extraction of minor components from biological materials [24][25][26][27][28]. Our laboratory has demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity in SCE (200ET) derived from SBT leaves employing 200 bar pressure [29,30]. ...
... But extraction was reduced by increasing the amount of ethanol to 720 µl (coded=2). This behavior has been reported by other researchers[36,[38][39][40][41]. ...
This research focuses on extraction of medicinal plant Launaea acanthodes (L. acanthodes) by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and hydro-distillation (HD) methods. The influence of pressure, temperature, flow rate and volume of co-solvent on the extraction yield of L.acanthodes was investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The error values of RSM (R2 = 0.9871, MSE = 0.000016 and AARD = 2.395) and ANN (R2 = 0.9968, MSE = 0.0000057 and AARD = 1.301) were calculated. The results exhibited that both models have the ability to predict the experimental data, but ANN was more reliable than the RSM. The maximum extraction yield was estimated by RSM to be 1.0250% under the operational conditions of pressure 240 bar, temperature 328 K, flow rate 4.06 g/min and co-solvent 663 μl; whereas the optimum extraction yield estimated by hybrid ANN-GA method was 1.0238% applying the operational conditions of pressure 240 bar, temperature 328 K, flow rate 3.98 g/min and co-solvent 650 μl. The maximum yield (1.0238%) obtained at the optimal conditions was more than that achieved by hydro-distillation method (0.7530%). The extracted components obtained from both methods were analyzed by GC/MS and GC-FID. The main compounds found in the extracts were γ-Phenylbutyric acid (9.29, 9.19%), Geranyl acetone (7.67, 7.87%), n-Hexadecane (7.34, 6.26%), (Z)-3-Hexen-1-yl-benzoate (7.10, 6.91%), n-Dodecanal (5.87, 6.56%), (2Z,6E)-Farnesol (5.65, 4.34%) and Benzoic acid n-hexyl ester (5.13, 4.51%) and β-Ionone (4.55, 4.58%) for SC-CO2 and HD methods, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the extraction of essential oil from L.acanthodes.
... One of these options is to use essential oils as natural antimicrobial additives [4]. Essential oils are aromatic oily liquids that are obtained from different parts of plants (flowers, twigs, bloom, leaves, buds, bark, roots, fruits, etc.) [4,5]. ...
Molds are one of the most important causes of food spoilage that produce toxic substances called mycotoxins, which endanger the consumer health. The adverse effects of synthetic food preservatives consumption made researches to focus on application of natural preservatives in order to increase shelf life of food as well as prevention of harmful effects of chemical preservatives. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Echinophora platyloba essential oil on spore growth of Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium graminearum. The essential oil composition of E. platyloba was analyzed by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antifungal effect was evaluated by disk diffusion and micro dilution methods. Results revealed that the MIC values of essential oil for A. flavus, P. expansum and F. graminearum were 0.625 mg.mL-1 , 0.625 mg.mL-1 and 0.3125 mg.mL-1 and the MFC values were 0.625 mg.mL-1 , 1.250 mg.mL-1 and 0.625 mg.mL-1. The essential oil had the highest and the lowest anti-fungal effect on F. graminearum and A. flavus respectively. In conclusion, due to notable antifungal effects of E. platyloba essential oil, it can be practically applied as a natural alternative to chemical preservatives in food industry.
... Essential oils and extracts obtained from various botanical plants have recently gained a great popularity and science interest. Essential oils have a wide range of uses and promises various significant benefits to human and industrial such as in aromas and fragrances [5][6][7], medical activities [3,8,9], as insect repellents and pesticides [10][11][12], cosmetics [11,13], as a natural additive for food flavoring [4,14], pharmaceutical industries [1-3, 5, 11] according to the composition of the oil. The quality of essential oil can be identified based on main compound found in the substance via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis [10]. ...
Extraction temperature is one of an important parameter that can give large effect on output yield and quality of essential oils. For that reason, temperature is chosen as a process variable in this study. Fruit of kaffir limes was collected from orchards around Dengkil area around January 2013. Fresh peels of kaffir lime undergo weighing process. A 0.35 kg grounded kaffir lime peels for each steam temperature setting which are 80 °C, 90 °C, 95 °C and uncontrolled temperature (100 °C). The steam temperature setting was achieved by using a HFPID controller scheme by controlling the voltage fed to the heater. The proposed research applied the concept of hydro diffusion where steam and extract (water and essential oil) move naturally downwards by earth gravity downwards to the condenser. The hydro diffusion steam distillation plant enhances oil recovery by minimizing oil waste in boiling water and its opposite from the conventional steam extraction where steam goes upward. From the results, it can be concluded that different temperature will give different effects on the quality and quantity of essential oil. For each steam temperature setting, it produces a different composition of the constituents.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of viruses that cause infection in respiratory and intestinal systems. Different types of CoVs, those responsible for the SARS‐CoV and the new global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 in people, have been found. Some plants were used as food additives: spices and dietary and/or medicinal purposes in folk medicine. We aimed to provide evidence about possible effects of two Lamiaceae family plants on control or treatment of CoVs‐induced inflammation. The keywords including coronaviruses, Thymus vulgaris , Zataria multiflora , thymol, carvacrol, antivirus, and anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects were searched in various databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences (ISI), and Google Scholar until September 2022. The medicinal herbs and their main ingredients, thymol and carvacrol, showed antiviral properties and reduced inflammatory mediators, including IL‐1β; IL‐6, and TNF‐α, at both gene and protein levels but increased the levels of IFN‐γ in the serum as anti‐inflammatory cytokine. These medicinal herbs and their constituents also reduce oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant capacity. The results of molecular docking analyses also indicated that polyphenol components such as thymol, carvone, and carvacrol could inhibit the entry of the viruses into the host cells in molecular docking analyses. The antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of these plants may be due to actions of their phenolic compounds that modulate immune response and may be useful in the control and treatment of CoV‐induced lung disorder.
This article presents comprehensive information on applications and developments of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique in plant oils and herbal volatile components analysis. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO 2 ) is widely used for extraction and isolation of volatile and essential oils of plants. SFE possesses valuable advantages in the extraction of various analytes, especially nonpolar compounds, from plant matrices. Meanwhile, some modifications such as the usage of modifiers make this technique applicable for the extraction of polar targets as well. SFE in herbal field is used for the extraction of a wide range of analytes including food, agricultural agents, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and pesticides. This article aims to review, from plant oil analysis standpoint, the recent advances in the use of SC‐CO 2 for the extraction and separation of herbal analytes. The use of experimental designs, including screening and optimizing, in the SFE process for the extraction of plant oils is described. In addition, it presents a critical appraisal about the advantages and disadvantages of SFE technique in comparison with traditional extraction methods, that is Soxhlet, hydrodistillation (HD), and head space extraction. The abilities, advantages, shortcomings, and prospects of SFE for isolation and extraction of volatile components and essential oil of plant materials are also discussed.
Essential oils are concentrated liquids of intricate combinations of volatile substances, extracted from various plant parts. Several bioactive substances with antibacterial and antioxidant activities are abundant in essential oils. Some essential oils have also been employed in medicine. Due to the risk associated with employing synthetic preservatives, the use of essential oils as natural additives for extending the shelf life of food products has also drawn considerable attention. They are used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries for their functional properties. There are various methods for extraction, but both the quality and the percentage yield of essential oil never remain the same. So, innovative and non-conventional techniques of essential oils extraction from medicinal plants were evoled to get quantitative and qualitative yield. In the present article, we searched and reviewed innovative techniques used for the extraction of essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants through electronic searches of PubMed, Medline, Wiley, Scopus, and Google Scholar. For the extraction of essential oils, several innovative/non-conventional techniques have been reported in literature. Extraction of essential oil by using innovative techniques retards the risk of losing the essential components of plants, maintains the quality, reduces chemical risk, extraction time, acts eco-friendly, and increases the percentage yield of the essential oils. This paper presents the success story of innovative extraction methods of essential oils in accordance with sustainable development and environmental protection.
Pengembangan UMKM (Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah) merupakan salah satu prioritas Pemerintah Indonesia. UMKM memberikan kotribusi sebesar 61,07 % dari total PDB Indonesia. Di tengah Pandemi COVID-19 banyak UMKM terkena dampaknya, salah satunya UMKM Jessika Food dengan persentase penurunan penjualan di atas 70%. UMKM Jessika Food beranggotakan 5 orang dan terletak di Kecamatan Sungai Kakap, Kalimantan Barat. UMKM ini menjual produk minuman sirup jeruk khas Kalimantan Barat. Dalam setiap produksi sirup jeruk, 1/2 bagiannya adalah limbah kulit jeruk. Selama ini, limbah kulit langsung dibuang, tanpa diolah. Padahal kulit jeruk memiliki kandungan minyak atsiri yang dapat diolah menjadi aromaterapi yang sedang menjadi primadona masyarakat. Dengan pengolahan kulit jeruk menjadi aromateraapi maka akan menjadi sumber pemasukan baru bagi UMKM Jessika Food. Program kemitraan masyarakat ini bertujuan mentransfer teknologi pengolahan limbah kulit jeruk menjadi minyak atsiri dengan metode distilasi uap. Hasil pengabdian yang diperoleh adalah dihasilkannya aromaterapi yang berasal dari limbah kulit jeruk dengan merk Jessika scent. Hasil survei pada mitra menunjukkan bahwa 100% peserta merasa puas terhadap program yang dilakukan.
Background: Carvacrol effects on inflammatory mediators, lung pathology and tracheal responsiveness were indicated in animal models of pulmonary diseases.
Purpose: To evaluate carvacrol effects on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), oxidative stress markers and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients.
Study Design: This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind, clinical trial.
Methods: Thirty-three moderate asthmatic patients were divided to the two groups of: placebo group (n= 16) and carvacrol group (1.2 mg/kg/day, n= 17). Prepared capsules were taken for two months along, 3 times/day along with routine medications. Respiratory symptoms, PFT, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated before the treatment (step 0), and one (step I) and two months (step II) after the beginning of the treatment. However, cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and their gene expression were evaluated in step 0 and II.
Results: In carvacrol-treated group, respiratory symptoms significantly decreased after one- and two-month treatment with carvacrol compared to pre-treatment values (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Compared to step 0, PFT values were significantly increased in step I and II, in treated group with carvacrol (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Most oxidative stress markers were improved following carvacrol treatment (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatment with carvacrol for two‐month also significantly improved cytokine levels in serum and supernatant of PBMC, compared to step 0 (p<0.05 to p<0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in the above-noted parameters in the placebo group.
Conclusion: Due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect, carvacrol could be suggested as a therapeutic agent for asthma.
Objective
This is the first study to evaluate the effect of carvacrol on pulmonary function tests (PFT), and total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts in healthy volunteers.
Materials and Methods
Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were treated with two doses of carvacrol (1 and 2 mg/kg/day) for 1 month. Total and differential WBC counts and PFT were examined before and after the treatment period.
Results
There were no statistically significant differences in terms of total and differential WBC counts between pre and post-treatment with the two doses of carvacrol. Also, results of PFT tests indicated that administration of 1 mg/kg/day carvacrol had no effect on PFT parameters when comparing post-treatment values with pre-treatment values. Treatment with 2 mg/kg/day carvacrol for 1 month increased forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (p<0.05). However, the changes in total and differential WBC counts as well as PFT values after 1-month treatment were not significantly different between two groups.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that treatment of healthy individuals with 1 and 2 mg/kg carvacrol for 1 month has no negative effects on total and differential WBC counts nor PFT values.
The fungitoxicity of Foeniculum vulgare herb essential oil was evaluated by mycelial growth inhibition assessment in medium culture. The radial growth of the Alternaria alternata was completely inhibited at the oil levels of 500 and 300 ppm in poisoned food and volatile activity assessments, respectively. Microscopic observations using Light Microscope showed morphogenic changes in the test fungus with 300 ppm of the oil. These changes included a significant loss of conidiation, decrease hyphal diameter and induce cytoplasm condensation. The treatment with the oil also resulted in a highly lobate and bulbous anomalous structure on the hyphal tips. Essential oil of F. vulgare at 500 ppm effectively reduced the percentage of rotted tomatoes in in vivo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the Fennel oil revealed that it was considered of 25 monoterpenoid compounds of which trans-anethole, estragole, and fenchone as the major components. Findings of the current study suggest that essential oils have natural phytochemical and could be used as a substitute bioactive compounds for chemicals in control of plant pathogenic fungi on fruits or vegetables.
Conventional steam distillation is lack of control in order to satisfy the process requirement. In steam distillation process is regarded as the most significant parameter that contributes to the amount of output yield and quality of oil. An appropriate controller needs to integrate to the plant in order to regulate the steam temperature at desired or appropriate condition. This study demonstrated several controllers which are self-tuning fuzzy PID (STFPID) and hybrid fuzzy PD with PID (HFPPID) controller in order to improve the output controller performance compared to the conventional PID controller. Initially, this controller is proposed to reduce the overshoot of output, improve the rise and settling time and reduce a steady-state error of the step response. The performance from demonstrated controller shows that STFPID has the ability to improve process rise time, settling time and reduce of steady-state error and process overshoot compared to others.
The principles of analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are discussed. Specific sections include supercritical fluids, SFE, and supercritical fluid fractionation, instrumentation for SFE for a basic extraction system, comparison between SFE and conventional techniques, and applications of analytical SFE. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the present scenario and prospects for SFE as an analytical technique.
Background: A Burn injury is a major health problem in the developing countries. Various treatments were applied for treatment of burn wounds by Iranian traditional medicine for thousands of years ago. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the natural products based on treatment of burn wounds by herbalists or herbal medicine vendors in the Mazandaran province. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study; and all herbalists or herbal medicine vendors were enrolled in this study. Snow ball sampling method was used with a questionnaire. Demographic data, methods of treatment for wounds, itching and pain were collected. The results were analysised. Results: In this study, 29 herbal and 4 animal based products were recommended by herbal medicine vendors for treatment of burn wounds. The results showed that 77 percent of respondents to treatment of burn wounds by natural products were recommended. Aloe Vera gel was the first choice for treatment of burn that was recommended by the herbalists. Conclusion: These results are interesting to find new drugs for treatment of burn wound healing with regards to Iranian traditional medicine. Since there are limited animal and clinical studies for approval of these natural products, future studies are needed for assessment of these traditional medicines for treatment of burn injuries.
The steam temperature during the extraction process has a great influence on the essential oil quality.This study was conducted to analyze the compound of kaffir-lime oil during extracting at different steam temperature using GC-MS analysis. The extraction was carried out by using steam distillation based on induction heating system at different extraction temperature such as 900C, 950C and 1000C, the power of the induction heating system is fixed at 1.6kW. Increment of the steam temperature will increase the oil yield. In terms of oil composition, extraction at lower temperature resulted high concentration for four marker compounds of kaffir-lime oil which are α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, β-pinene.
Introduction: Aflatoxins are a large group of mycotoxins, which are produced by certain species of Aspergillus, including Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A.numius. This group of fungal toxins is considered as a leader of all mycotoxins. Therefore, many efforts have been performed for elimination or neutralization of these compositions in foods and feeds. The aims of this study were to survey the effects of anti-aflatoxin and anti-fungal essential oils of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioiedes and Nigella sativa growth in Khorasan-e- Razavi province (Northeastern of Iran). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, herbal substances which included Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioiedes and Nigella sativa were selected and collected on the basis of traditional medicine and their growing region. Then, their essential oils (essences) were extracted by hydrodistillation procedure. The concentration of each Aspergillus parasiticus aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2, and Total) was mesured three times by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique in ng/ml (ppb). Also, the final concentration of each aflatoxin was measured following the impact of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioiedes and Nigella sativa essences in concentrations of 0.25, 0.25, and 1.5 mg/ml, respectively. Results: The inhibitory effect of above mentioned essential oils on producing of different aflatoxins was the essences of Cuminum cyminum,Nigella sativa and Ziziphora clinopodioiedes, respectively. Also, there was a significant and positive correlation between fungus dry weight and amount of total aflatoxin (P = 0.0005, r = 0.896). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that Cminum cyminum, Nigella sativa and Ziziphora clinopodioiedes has an inhibitory effect on aflatoxin producing by Aspergillus parasiticus. In addtion, this study confirmed the traditional use of these herbs against microbial infections.
Due to the fact that the Zataria multiflora essential oil has antimicrobial effects on some food pathogenic microbes, the aim of the study is to seek to determine the effects of different Zataria multiflora essential oil concentrations of (0, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.03%) on E. coli 0157:H7 growth and survival in MDM (mechanical deboned meat) on different days (10 days) storage in refrigerator. The plants essential oil was prepared using the distilled water and the Essential oil analysis was performed by gas Chromatograph connected to mass spectrograph (GC/MS). The antimicrobial effects of different Zataria multiflora essential oil concentrations were evaluated for the bacterium growth in a sample culturing condition in a laboratory. The results showed that by increasing the essential oil concentration, the bacterium growth rate in the storage period would take a downward trend and decrease; and the concentration level of %0/03 had the highest antibacterial effects which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). It was also stated that the E. coli 0157:H7 bacterium population in MDM (mechanical deboned meat) with different Zataria multiflora essential oil concentrations kept at 4 °C showed a higher degree of reduction compared with the 10 °C which is considered to be unfavorable temperature condition and shows the storage key role for maintaining a better condition.
Dynamic supercritical fluid extraction of the limonoid cedrelone from the ground wood of Cedrela toona (Meliaceae) with pure and modified CO2 is studied. Extracts are collected at regular intervals to investigate the extraction kinetics of this compound. A theoretically
derived model that involves extrapolating data obtained from shorter extractions to estimate the amount of cedrelone in ground
wood is employed. The estimated quantitative results are found to be similar to exhaustive extractions obtained with liquid
hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide modified with methanol. Furthermore, data from the supercritical fluid extractions
are fitted to the model to produce a characteristic kinetic curve.
Specimens of Ocimum basilicum L., O. grattisimum and O. sauve L. were collected at Coyah, Kindia and Faranah in the Republic of Guinea (voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Environmental Studies and Research Center (ERSC), University of Conakry-Guinea). Steam distillation of the specimens was done at ESRC. The essential oil obtained was analysed by GC and GC-MS, and had the following major constituents: linalool (69%), eugenol (10%), t-α-bergamotene (3%) and thymol (2%) for O. basilicum; thymol (46%), p-cymeme (12%) and γ-terpene + t-sabiene hydrate (17%) for O. gratissimum; and p-cymeme (59%), α-thujene (10%), myrcene (7%) and thymol (7%) for O. sauve. A list of compounds is given for each plant species.
Extraction of Michellamine A (MAA) and B (MAB) was achieved with 25% MeOH-modified CO2. Selective clean up of the sample with 10% MeOH-modified CO2 prior to extraction of the target analytes using higher percentages of modifier was demonstrated. Increasing the dynamic extraction time from 30 min to 60 min, using 25% MeOH-modified CO2, increased extraction efficiency of MAB by 30% compared to conventional liquid-solid extraction (LSE). Also, addition of Myrtanol (0.1%) as an additive to the methanol increased extraction efficiency of MAB by more than 35% compared to LSE. Higher percentages of Myrtanol additive in the primary modifier did not affect the extraction efficiency of MAA or MAB from the leaves.
Myrcianthes cisplatensis leaf oil, obtained by steam distillation, was analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Twenty-six components were identified in the oil (90% of the total composition); the enantiomeric distribution of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol was studied by multidimensional HRGC–HRGC. The major component was 1,8-cineole (54%). The enantiomeric purity for the (+) enantiomers for the monoterpenes studied was 96% for α-pinene, 49% for β-pinene, 100% for limonene, 94% for linalool, 50% for terpinen-4-ol and 64% for α-terpineol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specimens of Ocimum basilicum L., O. grattisimum and O. sauve L. were collected at Coyah, Kindia and Faranah in the Republic of Guinea (voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Environmental Studies and Research Center (ERSC), University of Conakry-Guinea). Steam distillation of the specimens was done at ESRC. The essential oil obtained was analysed by GC and GC – MS, and had the following major constituents: linalool (69%), eugenol (10%), t-α-bergamotene (3%) and thymol (2%) for O. basilicum; thymol (46%), p-cymeme (12%) and γ-terpene+t-sabiene hydrate (17%) for O. gratissimum; and p-cymeme (59%), α-thujene (10%), myrcene (7%) and thymol (7%) for O. sauve. A list of compounds is given for each plant species. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bioactive sesquiterpene lactones parthenolide and costunolide, as well as the tricyclic sesquiterpene cyclocolorenone, were extracted from the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide and by near-critical extraction with propane. Parthenolide, costunolide, and cyclocolorenone in the extracts were identified by H-1 NMR and quantified by HPLC. Results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide selectively removed parthenolide, costunolide, and cyclocolorenone when compared to standard liquid dichloromethane or near-critical propane extraction. HPLC traces show that the carbon dioxide extract is virtually clean of any chlorophyll or fatty material peaks which hinder isolation of these chemicals.
The volatile components isolated from the root of two wild angelica strains (Angelica archangelica L. var. Archangelica) grown in the northern Finland were compared with the garden angelica (var. Sativa) grown in the north and in the south of Finland. More than 80 compounds were determined in the Soxhlet extracts by gas chromatography, and 67 were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Large variability in the relative amounts of the compounds was found. beta-Phellandrene was the main component in var. Archangelica and sabinene in var. Sativa. The relative proportion of both hydrocarbon monoterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenes was larger in var. Sativa cultivated in the north than in the south of Finland. Angelica strains were sensorially characterized as green, terpenic, fresh, celeriac, and sweet. Deviation-from-reference descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the intensity of these characteristics. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (12 MPa/50 degrees C) was used to isolate the aroma of the angelica root into three fractions with distinctly different compositions. Sensory analysis of the carbon dioxide fractions revealed a terpenic, fresh, and pomerance-like character in the first fraction, and the same features but less pronounced were detected in the second fraction. The last fraction collected after exhaustive extraction was perceived as sweet and stale.
The extraction rate of oil from freeze-dried ginger root with supercritical carbon dioxide was measured as a function of CO2 flow rate, particle size, temperature, and pressure. The extraction curves were independent of flow rate in a plot of oil yield versus extraction time. This indicated that the extraction process is controlled by intraparticle diffusion within a particle of ginger root. The extraction rate increased as the particle size decreased due to a decrease in the diffusion path. In the case of temperature and pressure effect, a crossover effect was observed where the higher temperature favored the extraction at 24.5 MPa, while the lower temperature favored the extraction at 10.8 MPa. The shrinking core model was applied to analyze the experimental results, with the effective diffusivity and solubility as fitting parameters. The model successfully fitted the experimental data for larger particle size.
Fractional extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was studied for the preparation of terpeneless citrus oil using a 9 mm i.d. and 1.0 m long packed column with an axial temperature gradient of 0-20 K. The separation of citrus oil model mixture, which consists of limonene, linalool, and citral, was investigated at various column temperature distributions of 313-333 K, pressures of 8.8-11.8 MPa, and CO2 flow rates of 0.091-0.512 g/s. The selective separation was performed due to the internal reflux in the column induced by an axial temperature gradient. A little increase in pressure or CO2 flow rate accelerated the extraction rate without decreasing the selectivity. Raw orange oil was processed successfully at a temperature gradient of 20 K, from 313 K at the bottom to 333 K at the top of the column, and a pressure of 8.8 MPa.
This work presents the results of a study involving modern methodologies, such as the ultrasonic extraction, pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) also termed accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and the extraction with supercritical fluids (SFE) for the isolation of organic compounds from a complex environmental matrix coal. The validation of the results obtained through these techniques was carried out by means of comparison with the results obtained by classical standard extraction method based on Soxhlet. The obtained results demonstrated that SFE present superior performance in the extraction of organic compounds from coal samples than all other investigated techniques (PFE or ASE, Ultrasonic, and Soxhlet). On the other hand, SFE presents the worst selectivity for the extraction of some selected classes such as aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 292–301, 2000
Ripe fruits of Coriander sativum L. were extracted by steam distillation and by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using CO2 in a two-stage separation system. An inexpensive thermal expansion procedure for supercritical fluid delivery has been developed. The identification of components was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The percentage composition of the 40 identified compounds was compared with the composition of a commercial coriander oil extracted by hydrodistillation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of lavandin flowers and thyme herb using carbon dioxide was carried out under different extraction conditions. A stepwise increase of the extraction pressure resulted in the fractionation of the extracts into liquid and pasty products. Investigations on other ways of fractionation of the extracts were conducted, such as a single extraction and release of carbon dioxide at two stages by using two separators in series to effect the separation of the dissolved components. The SFE products were compared with essential oils obtained by conventional steam distillation. In the case of lavandin flowers, SFE products were found to be markedly different from the corresponding steam distilled oil. A remarkable amount of α-terpineol was present, and the ratio of linalol to linalyl acetate was extremely high in the steam-distilled essential oil in comparison with the supercritical fluid extract, which resulted from the hydrolysis of components during steam distillation. SFE of thyme gave a product which contained 10–15% thymol and 30–35% carvacrol, while steam distillation produced an oil containing 48–50% thymol and only 8–10% carvacrol. When the SFE products were collected as separate samples successively in time, marked changes were observed in the composition of the samples as the extraction progressed.
A method to deterpenate sweet orange and lemon oils by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide combined with use of silica gel as adsorbent is described. The composition of the oxygenated fractions obtained by SFE was compared to that of deterpenated oils obtained by vacuum distillation, and to that of cold-pressed oils. The deterpenated products obtained by SFE show qualitative composition and quantitative ratios between oxygenated compounds near to those of original oils.
An optimal condition of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis was developed. In this study, various temperatures, pressures and modifiers were studied. The conventional extraction methods were conducted in parallel for comparison. The crude extracts were qualitatively compared by TLC and GC–MS, and the contents of flavonoids were determined by HPLC. The amounts of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in the Scutellariae Radix obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and a conventional sonic shaking method were 137.6 mg/g, 8.6 mg/g and 2.2 mg/g, 113.5 mg/g, 5.7 mg/g and 2.3 mg/g, respectively. Application of SFE for extraction of the flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix was preferable. The optimal conditions of SFE was as follows: supercritical carbon dioxide–MeOH–water (20:2.1:0.9), 50°C and 200 bar.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils is one of the most widely discussed applications in the supercritical fluid literature. Nevertheless, a comprehensive overview of the analytical, processing and modeling aspects has never been attempted. This is partly due to the difficulties involved in isolating essential oils from the other products which supercritical CO2 can dissolve. Moreover, only a limited number of studies provide quantitative data on the parameters governing this process.In this review, solubility data on pure compounds belonging to essential oils are analyzed. Processes proposed to isolate and fractionate essential oils by supercritical CO2 and the corresponding modelling aspects are discussed critically.
Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity of the aqueous infusion and ethanolic maceration extracts of the aerial parts of Zataria multiflora Boiss were studied in mice and rats. Antinociceptive activity was done using hot-plate and writhing tests. The effect of the extracts against acute inflammation was studied by vascular permeability increased by acetic acid and xylene induced ear edema in mice. The activity of the extracts against chronic inflammation was assessed by the cotton pellet test in rats. LD50 of the infusion and maceration extract was 3.85 and 3.47 g/kg, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of both extracts in mice showed significant and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, pretreatment inhibited the antinociceptive activity of the extracts. The extracts exhibited antinociceptive activity against acetic acid induced writhing which was partially blocked by naloxone. Both extracts did not show remarkable activity against acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the xylene ear edema, Z. multiflora Boiss extracts showed significant activity in mice. In the chronic inflammation the efficacy of the extracts was more than in acute inflammation. It is concluded that aqueous infusion and maceration of the aerial parts of Z. multiflora Boiss have antinociceptive effect and this may be mediated by opioid receptors. The extracts showed also anti-inflammatory effect against acute and chronic inflammation.
An overview of the evolution of Soxhlet extraction of solid materials and its comparison with the performance of other conventional and new extraction techniques is presented. First, a discussion on both conventional Soxhlet as compared with other conventional extraction techniques and some minor improvements of the former for specific applications is done. Secondly, a critical comparison of conventional Soxhlet with the new extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted processes and microwave-assisted solvent extraction shows the reasons why major, recent improvements of this technique (namely Soxtec® System HT, Soxwave-100 and focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction) have been proposed, aimed at overcoming most of the shortcomings of conventional Soxhlet and converting it into an updated tool for leaching which competes advantageously with the most recent alternatives in the extraction field.
The efficiencies of three extraction techniques for removal of nonpesticidal organophosphates from soil were determined. Traditional Soxhlet extraction was compared to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and a low solvent volume flow through technique referred to here as high-pressure solvent extraction (HPSE). SFE, optimized by varying parameters of temperature, pressure, and methanol polarity modifier, showed at least 90% efficiency in the extraction of OPs from both spiked and native soils. HPSE experiments showed efficient and consistent recoveries over a range of temperatures up to 200 °C and pressures up to 170 atm. Recovery of TCP from spiked soils with HPSE depends on the system variables of temperature and pressure, which dictate density and flow rate. HPSE provided extraction efficiencies comparable to those obtained with Soxhlet extraction and SFE but with substantial savings of time and cost.
This article summarizes research findings involving the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of pesticides in food and other tissue matrices. Emphasis is placed on multiresidue analysis of pesticides in nonfatty foods, including some previously unpublished aspects of SFE in this application. Brief overviews of pesticides and traditional multiresidue methods are given, followed by discussion of results for SFE applications in the pesticide residue analysis of foods. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
The composition of the essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss. was studied by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), column chromatography (CC), NMR, and GLC/MS. The main constituents of the dry plant were thymol, carvacrol, while the main constituents of the fresh plant were thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, linalool and gamma-terpinene. The structures of the major components were confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR.
Essential oils: citrus and mint. Encyclopaedia of food science and technology German patent 2357590
- J S Spencer
- O Vitzthum
- P Hubert
Spencer, J. S. (1992). Essential oils: citrus and mint. Encyclopaedia of food science and technology. New York: John Wiley. Vitzthum, O., & Hubert, P. (1975). German patent 2357590. H. Ebrahimzadeh et al. / Food Chemistry 83 (2003) 357–361
Uruguayan essential oils, composition of leaf oil of myricianthes cisplatensis (camb.) berg. (‘guayabo Colorado’) (myrtaceae)
- Lorenzo