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The use of grain legumes as a protein source in pig nutrition: A review
Abstract
Grain legumes are valuable sources of protein and energy for monogastric animals. Grain legumes, such as faba beans, peas and lupins, can partially or even totally replace traditional protein sources of animal origin such as meat and bone meal or fish meal. Moreover, they represent an alternative protein-rich feed ingredient for soybean meal (SBM) and other oilseed meals. However, the presence of secondary plant metabolites, also referred to as antinutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors, saponins, pyrimidine glycosides, lectins, tannins, and alkaloids, has restricted the use of grain legumes in pig feeding. Furthermore, a high proportion of α-galactosides present in some grain legumes may lead to excessive fermentation and diarrhoea, while high levels of non-starch-polysaccharides (NSP) may have a negative impact on energy utilisation. Among different processing methods designed to further improve the nutritive value through reductions in content of secondary plant metabolites, recent progress in plant breeding has contributed to the commercial release of cultivars with improved feeding value in association with lower contents of secondary plant metabolites. This review focuses on the evaluation of the nutritional value of currently available cultivars of faba beans, peas and lupins, and their use in pig diets. Special interest is directed to nutritional composition, energy and amino acid (AA) digestibility of faba beans, peas and lupins, but also to their contents of secondary plant metabolites, including the threshold levels to be accounted for in diet formulation for pigs. Furthermore, feed processing technologies developed to improve the nutritive value of grain legumes are introduced.
... The most common ANF identified in white lupin seeds include non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), raffinose family oligosac-charides (RFO), and alkaloids (Kasprowicz-Potocka et al., 2016). However, according to some studies, incorporating white lupine seeds into piglet diets may adversely affect animal rearing parameters (Mieczkowska et al., 2004;Jezierny et al., 2010;Kasprowicz-Potocka et al., 2016). White lupine seeds contain approx. ...
... The results by Yin et al. (2001) demonstrated that the addition of enzymes such as β-glucanase, xylanase, and protease improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and the content of crude protein (CP), amino acids (AA), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and total NSP. A study performed on piglets showed that xylanase in the diet of weaned pigs increased the average daily gains (ADG) (Jezierny et al., 2010). However, Passos et al. (2015) reported positive effects of xylanase supplementation on AID, but not on feed efficiency. ...
... The efficiency of fat digestion directly impacts the energy animals derive from this dietary component. While white lupine seeds appear to be a promising fat source, studies frequently indicate poor digestion of ether extract from these seeds (Mieczkowska et al., 2004;Pisarikova et al., 2008;Jezierny et al., 2010;Kasprowicz-Potocka et al., 2017). The addition of an emulsifier may reduce the surface tension between immiscible aqueous and fat phases, thereby enhancing lipid digestion and absorption. ...
... Grain legume seeds, such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea, contain protein, soluble and insoluble fiber, slowly digested starch, micro-and macronutrients, vitamins, and numerous bioactive phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and other antioxidants [31]. The CP content of common grain legumes varies from 20 to 30%, with the highest content in yellow lupin (324-381 g/kg dry matter), but they are low in sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) and, in addition, in tryptophan when compared to SBM [31]. ...
... Grain legume seeds, such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea, contain protein, soluble and insoluble fiber, slowly digested starch, micro-and macronutrients, vitamins, and numerous bioactive phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and other antioxidants [31]. The CP content of common grain legumes varies from 20 to 30%, with the highest content in yellow lupin (324-381 g/kg dry matter), but they are low in sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) and, in addition, in tryptophan when compared to SBM [31]. Moreover, the use of legumes in animal diets has been limited due to the presence of secondary plant metabolites, so-called anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). ...
... Moreover, the use of legumes in animal diets has been limited due to the presence of secondary plant metabolites, so-called anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). ANFs include condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, non-hydrolysable), protease inhibitors (trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in most legume species), alkaloids (toxic amines mainly contained in lupins), lectins (phytohaemagglutinins, glycoprotein compounds mainly in common beans), pyrimidine glycosides (vicine and convicine in fava beans), and saponins (glycosides contained in many plants) [31]. These secondary plant compounds reduce palatability (tannins and alkaloids), nutrient digestibility (tannins, protease inhibitors, lectins), or may have toxic effects (alkaloids) [24,31]. ...
Simple Summary
Nutritional and anti-nutritional factors of Spirulina, insect larvae such as Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens, rapeseed meal, and grain legumes such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea are reviewed, in order to re-evaluate the use of these potential protein ingredients in pig diets. The effects on pig performance, digestion, immune system, and the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of pork are updated. The limits of their use to be accounted for in pig diet formulation are revisited, together with the possible treatments to improve their nutritional value.
Abstract
The search for alternative protein sources to soybean meal (SBM) in animal feeding is a strategic objective to reduce production costs and contribute to sustainable animal production. Spirulina, due to the high protein content, has emerged as a potential cost-effective, sustainable, viable, and high-nutritional-value food resource for many animal species. Insect larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) are also considered potential alternatives to SBM, given their high edible percentage of almost 100%, as well as a protein value higher than that of vegetable proteins. Rapeseed meal and grain legumes, such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea, can also be used as locally producible protein ingredients. This study reviews the nutritional value of these potential alternatives to SBM in pig diets, and their effects on animal performance, digestion, immune system, and the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of meat, including processed pork products. The limits on their use in pig feeding are also reviewed to indicate gaps to be filled in future research on the supplementation level of these potential alternative protein sources in pig diets.
... With a world trend of population growth and consequent increasing consumption of animal products, livestock farming must adopt sustainable strategies to improve food system resilience and preserve the environment (FAO, 2017). Sustainability can be achieved by resorting to locally available feeds, such as legumes and agro-industrial by-products, as an alternative to conventional resource-intensive, human-edible feed crops (Hlatini, Ncobela, Zindove, & Chimonyo, 2018;Jezierny, Mosenthin, & Bauer, 2010;Salami et al., 2019). In addition, the use of natural alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials can help address health and environmental hazards associated with the use of pharmaceuticals and the emergence of antibiotic resistance (Caprarulo, Giromini, & Rossi, 2021;Huang, Liu, Zhao, Hu, & Wang, 2018). ...
... Tannins, phenolic compounds ubiquitous in the vegetable kingdom, play an intriguing role in this scenario. On the one hand, they have long been considered anti-nutritional factors due to their protein-binding ability and astringent taste, which discouraged the use of local crops and by-products precisely because of their tannin content (Jezierny et al., 2010;Salami et al., 2019). Nonetheless, recent studies have reported no negative effect of dietary tannins on pigs growth performance. ...
... A first explanation for these contrasting results could be due to the variability in tannins structure and activity. Tara and chestnut contain HT, which are simpler molecules compared to the condensed tannins contained in fava bean, pea, and sorghum (Jezierny et al., 2010;Reis de Souza et al., 2019). Thus, our results support the hypothesis that HT have a lower impact on diet digestibility and pig performance. ...
This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary tara (Tara spinosa (Feuillée ex Molina) Britton & Rose) hydrolysable tannins on performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Twenty barrows (crossbred PIC × Piétrain; age: 125±5 d; bodyweight: 60.8±3.89 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups and fed ad libitum for 7 weeks a control diet (CON) or a diet supplemented with 10 g/kg of tara tannins (TAT), respectively. No differences (P>0.10) on growth performance and carcass traits were observed between the two groups. Meat fatty acid profile was not affected (P>0.10) by the diet, but the content of C22:5 n-3 tended to be lower (P=0.079) in TAT pork. Dietary tannins tended to reduce (P=0.095) meat cholesterol. The diet had no effect (P>0.10) on fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, catalase activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Superoxide dismutase activity tended to be lower (P=0.087) in TAT meat than in CON meat. Dietary tannins did not affect (P>0.10) backfat and meat color development during 6 days of refrigerated storage, but TAT meat tended to be darker (P=0.082). Meat from pigs fed tara tannins showed lower (P=0.028) hydroperoxides J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f Journal Pre-proof content and a tendency toward lower conjugated dienes (P=0.079) and malondialdehyde
... protein ANFs in dry beans. For example, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in red beans and the high human consumption of lectins from raw grains or derived flours are related to adverse health effects (Gilani, Cockell, and Sepehr 2005;Jezierny, Mosenthin, and Bauer 2010;Liu et al. 2013;Gupta, Gangoliya, and Singh 2015). ...
... In turn, tannins are polyphenols concentrated in bean hulls, which can precipitate proteins, affecting PD and diminishing the nutritional value of pulse proteins. Moreover, the sensory properties of beans are impaired by the astringent properties of the bitter condensed tannins and the anti-palatable effect of saponins (plant glycosides) and alkaloids (Gilani, Cockell, and Sepehr 2005;Jezierny, Mosenthin, and Bauer 2010). In addition, the glycosides belonging to the amino pyrimidine derivatives, such as vicin and convicin, are generally present in faba beans (Vicia faba L.) (Jezierny, Mosenthin, and Bauer 2010). ...
... Moreover, the sensory properties of beans are impaired by the astringent properties of the bitter condensed tannins and the anti-palatable effect of saponins (plant glycosides) and alkaloids (Gilani, Cockell, and Sepehr 2005;Jezierny, Mosenthin, and Bauer 2010). In addition, the glycosides belonging to the amino pyrimidine derivatives, such as vicin and convicin, are generally present in faba beans (Vicia faba L.) (Jezierny, Mosenthin, and Bauer 2010). These glycosides can lead to hemolytic anemia (favism), a lethal disease triggered by insufficiency of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme that causes damage to the red blood cells (Jamalian and Ghorbani 2005;Muzquiz et al. 2012;Siah et al. 2012;Rahate, Madhumita, and Prabhakar 2021). ...
The world’s growing population and evolving food habits have created a need for alternative plant protein sources, with pulses playing a crucial role as healthy staple foods. Dry beans are high-protein pulses rich in essential amino acids like lysine and bioactive peptides. They have gathered attention for their nutritional quality and potential health benefits concerning metabolic syndrome. This review highlights dry bean proteins’ nutritional quality, health benefits, and limitations, focusing on recent eco-friendly emerging technologies for their obtaining and functionalization. Antinutritional factors (ANFs) in bean proteins can affect their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and lectins have been identified as potential allergens. Recently, eco-friendly emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, subcritical fluids, high-hydrostatic pressure, enzyme technology, and dry fractionation methods have been explored for extracting and functionalizing dry bean proteins. These technologies have shown promise in reducing ANFs, improving IVPD, and modifying allergen epitopes. Additionally, they enhance the techno-functional properties of bean proteins, making them more soluble, emulsifying, foaming, and gel-forming, with enhanced water and oil-holding capacities. By utilizing emerging innovative technologies, protein recovery from dry beans and the development of protein isolates can meet the demand for alternative protein sources while being eco-friendly, safe, and efficient.
... In Northern Europe, protein sources such as fava beans (Vicia faba L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) are considered potential alternatives to imported soybean meal for monogastric animals. Fava beans are grown world-wide in cropping systems as a grain (pulse) and green manure legume (Jensen et al., 2010) and is used as protein source crop for both ruminants and monogastrics (Jezierny et al., 2010;White et al., 2015;Grabež et al., 2020;Hansen et al., 2021). Fava beans are high in protein and when compared with soybean meal, the protein in fava beans is richer in lysine making it interesting in monogastric feed formulations. ...
... Compared to soybean meal, rapeseed products such as rapeseed cake, the by-product of oil extraction in presses, are high in sulphur-containing amino acids, but conclusions from animal trials are varied and the monogastric feed quality is heavily dependent on cultivar and extraction method used (Kasprzak et al., 2016). Fava beans and rapeseed contain anti-nutritional factors; both species contain tannins and rapeseed contains glucosinolates which, combined with the thick indigestible hull, will limit the inclusion of these two protein sources in feed for monogastrics (Jezierny et al., 2010;Masey O'Neill et al., 2012;Lee et al., 2020). Rapeseed and fava beans have been grown in Europe for many years. ...
... Currently, Green protein is unavailable commercially in large quantities and is thus not price competitive. The economically competitive local mixture with 23 % fava beans and 14 % rapeseed cake (group 3) was included and did not differ from the diet with imported protein (group 1) on intake and growth and had a better FCR than both group 1 and 2. The presence of tannins in fava beans and glucosinolates and the high fat content in rapeseed cake generally limit the inclusion of these two protein sources in diets for pigs (Jezierny et al., 2010;Masey O'Neill et al., 2012;Lee et al., 2020). A meta-analysis showed that low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal can be added as an alternative feed Table 6 Carbon footprint (CF) for the different diets, kg CO 2 -eq. ...
The public demand for increased sustainability and reduced climate impact of the pork production incites using high yielding local protein sources as substitutes for the imported protein used presently. Substitution must be done without compromising the productivity, which could counteract the positive effect on climate impact.
The aim of the study was to document the effects of replacing imported protein with local protein sources on animal productivity, meat quality and climate impact of pork production. Soybean and sunflower meal represented imported protein (group 1), and biorefined Green protein in combination with fava beans (group 2) and a price-competitive feed with fava beans and rapeseed cake (group 3) presented the local protein. Groups of 120 pigs were fed one of the three diets from 30 kg and until slaughter.
Daily growth was not affected by diet, however daily feed intake was higher in group 2 (2.82 kg/pig/day) compared to group 1 and 3 (2.74 kg/pig/day and 2.70 kg/pig/day, respectively) (P=0.0039). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in group 3 (2.47 kg feed/kg gain) compared to group 1 and 2 (2.52 kg feed/kg growth for both) (P=0.033). Sensory evaluation reported that meat from group 3 was more tender (P=0.003) and with lower chewing time (P<0.0001). The diet did not affect taste or odour of the meat. The carbon footprint (CF) per kg live weight (LW) of pig at farm gate was 10% lower for group 3 compared to group 1, and when the contributions from soil carbon changes and direct land use change (dLUC) were included, CF for group 3 pigs on the price-competitive local protein was 25 % lower than CF for group 1 pigs on imported protein. In this scenario, the CF of diet 2 was assumed to equal that of diet 3, and thereby CF of Green protein was quantified to 290 g CO2/kg DM.
In conclusion, imported protein sources can be substituted with local protein without adverse effects on animal productivity. Biorefined Green protein can be included without compromising feed efficiency and meat sensory profile. The study demonstrated potential to reduce CF of pork by using feed with only locally produced protein sources like fava beans and rapeseed cake, and probably also Green protein, as the feeding trial indicated that local protein sources can successfully be sustainable alternatives to imported protein. However, further studies are needed to quantify the climate and environmental impact of Green protein.
... Nitrogen-fixating crops that can be cultivated in moderate climates are the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), faba bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), alfalfa (Medico sativa), and red and white clover (Trifolium pratense and Trefolium repens respectively). Grain legumes (also called pulses), such as faba and common beans, peas, and lupins, could entirely or partially replace traditional protein sources for monogastric animals (Jezierny et al., 2010). ...
... Therefore, supplementation of lysine in a lupine based diet is recommended. The sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine, and methionine are underrepresented, and supplementation is strongly advised to prevent growth problems in pigs (Jezierny et al., 2010). ...
... These ANF's need to be removed by, e.g., plant breeding or physical treatments such as dehulling and soaking since many of the ANF's are located in the hulls of the pulses. Germination is a biological treatment and has been proved to be adequate to remove secondary plant metabolites (Jezierny et al., 2010). ...
Changes in world climate caused by human activities, especially fossil fuel combustion, are gradually increasing, and its intensity is expanding day by day. Since the climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitations, carbon dioxide level, etc. have significant impacts on different organisms, climate change can lead to various challenges for organisms such as pests. More specifically, climate change is a multifaceted challenge that can affect Pest’s dynamics and behavior. Besides, climate change consequences can lead to changes in the abundance and geographic distribution of different pests. These changes are responsible for the emergence of emerging pests that are commonly thought to be related to the global trade in agricultural products. For various reasons, such as the lack of a natural enemy, it is impossible to control emerging pests by biological methods, while many pests are resistant to pesticides. Due to this fact, awareness of climate change’s effects on emerging pests’ emergence is now essential. This chapter reviews climate change and its impacts on pests’ behavior and the spread of emerging pests.
... After BSFL supplementation, the sensory features and flavor perceptions, oxidative status, or composition of cholesterol have not been affected and have been improved in meat's amino acid content to enhance nutritional value (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, serine, tyrosine, and threonine). However, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were less desirable [46]. In ...
... The chemical composition of broiler quails [46], cooked chicken [51], or barbary partridges www.internationalstudentsymposium.com/en/ ...
... Regarding the influence of insect feed on the fatty acid profile of poultry meat, the higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) level of HI diet indicated, increased and declined SFA (mostly lauric acid, C12:0) and important polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (both n-3 and n-6) respectively [46]. In a similar respect, Schiavone et al. [24] have shown that the broiler chickens had greater SFA and monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and lower PUFA levels, those fed with varying amounts of HI larvae meal. ...
In this paper, we consider the conservation laws for the extended KdV equation in the form
u_t+auu_x+bu_xxx+K(t) u_x=0
and for the extended KdV-B equation in the form
u_t+auu_x+bu_xxx+K(t) u_x+cu_xx=0
where a,b and c are arbitrary constants.
Conservation laws are of fundamental importance, especially in nonlinear sciences, and they indicate that a particular characteristic (such as mass, momentum, or charge) is measurable in an isolated physical system as the system evolves over time.
In the field of differential equations there are many applications of conservation laws. For example, using conservation laws Lax proved theorems of global existence. In order to solve evolutionary equations, the study of conservation laws of the KdV equation was a milestone in the exploration of some techniques including Miura transformation, Lax pair, inverse scattering transformation and bi-Hamiltonian structures.
By using a variational derivative approach, conservation laws for an extended KdV and extended KdV-B equations were constructed. The computations to derive multipliers and conservation law fluxes are conducted by using a Maple-based package which is called GeM.
... After BSFL supplementation, the sensory features and flavor perceptions, oxidative status, or composition of cholesterol have not been affected and have been improved in meat's amino acid content to enhance nutritional value (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, serine, tyrosine, and threonine). However, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were less desirable [46]. In ...
... The chemical composition of broiler quails [46], cooked chicken [51], or barbary partridges www.internationalstudentsymposium.com/en/ ...
... Regarding the influence of insect feed on the fatty acid profile of poultry meat, the higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) level of HI diet indicated, increased and declined SFA (mostly lauric acid, C12:0) and important polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (both n-3 and n-6) respectively [46]. In a similar respect, Schiavone et al. [24] have shown that the broiler chickens had greater SFA and monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and lower PUFA levels, those fed with varying amounts of HI larvae meal. ...
Feed prices is one of the most important constraint facing farming systems. Due to the fluctuation in price and constant raising feed prices, nutritionists have been searching alternative feed sources; especially agricultural based byproducts due to its huge nutritious
potential which can make it an efficient way to improve animal production. Replacement of traditional feed sources with alternative sources in animal diets can alleviate human-livestock competition for feeds sources (e.g., soybean, wheat and corn), support the valorization of alternative local feed sources for animal production and help lower the price of feedstuff.
However, the use of this alternative feeds comes with some limitations. The abundance of antinutritional factors is mainly reducing nutrient digestibility and there by restricting animal performance and feed utilization. To overcome this limitations, solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been reported as a great solution, actually it is utilized to boost nutrient bioavailability, limit gut pathogenic bacteria and decrease anti-nutritional factors in alternative sources. The use of
SSF can improve the nutritive composition of feed, therefor the inclusion of SSF fermented products has a positive effect on animal performance, gut morphology and microbiota, carcass
quality, animal hem-biochemical status and rumen fermentation of animals and poultry birds.
This review aims to describe solid state fermentation (SSF) as a promising new method indicating the nutritional value of the solid-state fermented products, SSF’s effects on feed digestibility along with gut health, health status and ultimate performance of ruminants and birds.
Keywords: Solid State Fermentation, Alternative Feed Sources, Agricultural Byproducts, Plant Feed Ingredients Anti-Nutritional Factors.
... The production (part or all) of the feed components on a farm, and/or use of locally produced food components, can greatly reduce the environmental impact due to transport abroad [1] and improve the economic efficiency. Soybean meal (SBM) is currently the most common protein source for pigs' diets in the European Union and in non-European countries, although it is mostly produced in South America [2]. Enhancing the local protein crop production may replace, or reduce reliance on, imported SBM [3]. ...
... The major anti-nutritional factor (ANF) in pea is trypsin, which may affect the voluntary feed intake by reducing amino acids digestibility, leading to reduced availability or imbalanced supply of amino acids to animals, and reducing voluntary feed intake [23]. According to Jezierny et al. [2], pea seeds contain rather low trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), ranging from <0.2 to 5.0 mg TI/g, compared to those obtained in raw SBM (5.8 mg TI/g), even if most TI is destroyed during the desolventising-toasting stage of oil extraction. In our case, the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of the peas was 3.9 mg TI/g, and could be classified as medium activity (3.7 to 5.3 mg/g) [24]. ...
... In our case, the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of the peas was 3.9 mg TI/g, and could be classified as medium activity (3.7 to 5.3 mg/g) [24]. However, TIA up to 3.2 mg TI/g of diet did not affect pancreatic secretion of nitrogen or protein, or pancreatic chymotrypsin activity, in young pigs [25], and dietary levels of at least 4.7 mg TI/g of diet in growing pigs were tested without significant negative effects on performance criteria such as growth rate, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio [2]. Nevertheless, replacement of SBM with raw field pea in our trial, starting from 110 kg (late finishing phases), reduced the ADG and FCR, but did not affect ADFI and final BW at slaughtering. ...
This study aimed to explore dietary replacement soybean meal (SBM) with local pea seeds (PS-L) and the effects of surgically castrated (CM) or immunocastration (IM) in heavy male pigs, on growth performance, feeding behaviour, and tail and ear lesions. Four treatments were arranged factorially (2 × 2), with two sexes and two dietary treatments (96 pigs in eight pens). The inclusion of PS-L was 25%, 30%, and 40% during three phases (40–80 kg, 80–110 kg, and 110–140 kg, respectively). No difference in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and body-weight (BW) between PS-L and SBM could be demonstrated (p > 0.05), but PS-L diet decreased the average daily gain (ADG) at 110–140 kg of BW (p < 0.001) and increased feed conversion rate (FCR) (p < 0.05). The ADG was higher (p < 0.01) in IM than CM in all fattening periods, and the FCR in IM was lower (p < 0.05) than in barrows. IM pigs had lower dressing percentage than CM (p < 0.01). Pigs fed a PS-L diet ate faster but increased their passive behaviour compared with those fed SBM. In conclusion, the PS-L diet did not reduce BW and improved passive behaviour, and IM grew more efficiently, regardless of diet.
... Consequently, diets fed in the present study were supplemented with crystalline amino acids and included soybean meal, fish meal, and soy protein concentrate to complement their profile. Amino acid composition generally varies among faba bean cultivars (Jezierny et al., 2010). ...
... Neutral detergent fiber was greater than 10.9%-12.6% DM reported by Ivarsson and Neil (2018), but similar to 12.6%-16.5% reported by Jezierny et al. (2010). On an average, color-flowered cultivars (Fabelle and Malik) contained slightly more total dietary fiber than white-flowered cultivars (23.3% vs. 19.1%), ...
... Greater inclusion rate of faba bean in phase 2 diets thus likely contributed to higher dietary resistant starch and nonfermentable nonstarch polysaccharides that collectively reduced total tract digestibility of energy more than in Phase 1 diets. Furthermore, faba bean as legume grain contains more soluble oligosaccharides (α-galactosides) than cereal grains (Jezierny et al., 2010). Excessive consumption of α-galactosides may increase rate of passage and loosen feces or even stimulate diarrhea and flatulence in pigs due to excessive fermentation (Fleming et al., 1988). ...
To prioritize what cultivars to grow to feed pigs, 5 faba bean cultivars including 3 zero-tannin, high vicine and covicine cultivars (Snowbird, Snowdrop, Tabasco) and 2 medium-tannin, lower vicine and covicine cultivars (Fabelle, and Malik) were fed to compare effects on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs. A total of 260 pigs (8 ± 1.2 kg), weaned at 20 ± 1 d of age housed 2 barrows and 2 gilts/pen were fed 1 of 5 dietary regimens starting 1-week post-weaning for 4 weeks in a randomized complete block design. Diets including each cultivar at 20% or 30% provided 10.2 and 10.1 MJ net energy (NE)/kg and 1.3 and 1.2 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys)/MJ NE in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Digestibility data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX and growth performance data were analyzed using PROC MIXED with pen as experimental unit. Fabelle contained the most condensed tannins (CT; 0.53%) but the least vicine (0.04%) and covicine (0.01%). Zero-tannin cultivars contained little CT (< 0.2%) but had the greatest vicine (0.5%) and covicine content (0.4%). For phase 1, diet apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry mater (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), and NE values did not differ among cultivars. For phase 2, diet ATTD of DM and GE were greatest (P < 0.05) for Snowdrop and Tabasco, intermediate for Fabelle, and lowest for Malik; Snowbird was not different from Fabelle or Malik. Diet ATTD of CP was greatest (P < 0.05) for Tabasco, intermediate for Snowbird, and lowest for Malik; Snowdrop was not different from Tabasco or Snowbird, and Fabelle was not different from Snowbird or Malik. Diet DE and NE values were greatest (P < 0.05) for Tabasco, intermediate for Fabelle and Snowdrop, and lowest for Snowbird; Malik was not different from Fabelle or Snowbird. For the entire trial (d 0 to 28), daily feed disappearance and weight gain for pigs fed Fabelle were 10% greater (P < 0.05) than those fed Malik; pigs fed zero-tannin cultivar diets were intermediate. Pigs fed Fabelle were 1.6 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than those fed Malik at the end of the trial; pigs fed zero-tannin cultivar diets were intermediate. In conclusion, growth performance of pigs fed faba bean cultivar diets was more related to feed disappearance than diet nutrient digestibility. Vicine and covicine instead of condensed tannin content of faba bean cultivars seemed more relevant to growth performance in weaned pigs.
... Totally supplanting oat grains in pet food with elective fixings like vegetables and tubers presents difficulties for creature nutritionists and handling administrators. Vegetables, like peas, chickpeas, and lentils, are esteemed for their seeds wealthy in energy and protein (Jezierny et al., 2010). [30] They are generally remembered for sans grain canine eating regimens, showing up in around 5%, 11.5%, and 7.8% of dry canine food recipes, separately (Plantz, 2017) [57] ). ...
... Vegetables, like peas, chickpeas, and lentils, are esteemed for their seeds wealthy in energy and protein (Jezierny et al., 2010). [30] They are generally remembered for sans grain canine eating regimens, showing up in around 5%, 11.5%, and 7.8% of dry canine food recipes, separately (Plantz, 2017) [57] ). Tubers, for example, potatoes and custard starch, act as critical energy sources however offer less dietary protein. ...
The pet food industry has witnessed significant growth globally, reflecting the evolving dynamics of pet ownership and consumer preferences. This paper examines the transformative trends in the pet food sector, particularly focusing on the shift towards natural and healthy options driven by the humanization of pets. Despite the increasing demand for these products, there exists a notable gap in scientific research regarding the effects of novel ingredients and manufacturing processes on pet health and nutrition. This paper identifies the need for comprehensive studies to address these gaps and optimize the formulation of pet food, considering the unique nutritional requirements and physiological differences among various pet species. Introduction The pet food industry, once primarily focused on providing basic sustenance for companion animals, has evolved into a dynamic and multifaceted sector driven by shifting societal attitudes towards pet ownership. Historically, pets were often viewed as working animals or kept for practical purposes, such as hunting, herding, or pest control (Kumar et al., 2023) [37]. However, over the past few decades, there has been a significant cultural transformation in how pets are perceived and treated within households. Pets are no longer merely functional additions to the family; they are now considered cherished members, often referred to as fur babies or fur children. This profound shift in perspective, commonly referred to as the "humanization" of pets, has reshaped consumer expectations and behaviors in the pet food market. Pet owners increasingly view their animals as sentient beings deserving of the same level of care and consideration afforded to human family members. As a result, there has been a growing demand for pet food products that not only meet the nutritional needs of animals but also align with human dietary preferences and values. This trend towards natural, wholesome, and minimally processed pet food options reflects a broader cultural shift towards health-conscious consumption and ethical sourcing practices. Moreover, the prevalence of health and wellness trends in the human food industry has spilled over into the pet food market, with pet owners seeking out products that address specific health concerns and dietary restrictions. Grain-free formulations, for example, have gained popularity among pet owners who perceive grains as potential allergens or unnecessary fillers in their pets' diets. While these consumer-driven trends present lucrative opportunities for pet food manufacturers, they also pose significant challenges. Ensuring the safety, efficacy, and nutritional adequacy of pet food offerings requires rigorous scientific inquiry and regulatory oversight. However, there remains a notable gap in research regarding the long-term effects of novel ingredients, alternative processing methods, and specialized diets on pet health and well-being. Furthermore, the complexity of pet nutrition, compounded by the diverse dietary needs and physiological differences among various pet species, underscores the importance of tailored research methodologies and collaborative efforts across academia, industry, and regulatory agencies. Considering these challenges, there is a pressing need for continued investment in scientific research to advance our understanding of pet nutrition and inform evidence-based decision-making in the pet food industry.
... Plant by-products especially oilseed meals are considered the most important protein sources in ruminant diets (McKevith, 2005), due to their high crude protein (CP) content (170-700 g kg -1 DM) and relatively high biological value (AFRC, 1993). However, increasing the use of oilseed meals especially soybean meal (SBM) in non-ruminant animal nutrition (pig and poultry) has led to an increase in their demand (Jezierny et al., 2010). USDA (2015) reported that the global oilseed cultivated area increased from 197.4 million ha in 2001 to 263.1 million ha in 2014, with an increase in their production from 326.8 to 532.8 million tonnes (t) in the same time period. ...
... Furthermore, Cutrignelli et al. (2001) stated that large parts of legume grains contain anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors, lecithin, saponin, phytase and tannin) which may have a negative impact on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and digestion in the lower tract. Jezierny et al. (2010) showed that grain legumes, especially peas and beans, contain plant secondary metabolism compound. For example coloured flowered peas and beans have up to 35.5 g kg -1 DM condensed tannin, 25.5-39.3 ...
Abstract
Tannin has the ability to reversibly complex with forage proteins. A series of
experiments were conducted to test the effect of supplementary chestnut
hydrolysable tannin (HT) on a variety of forages to reduce protein degradability.
Experiment 1 investigated the effect of additional HT to different forages on ensiling
characteristics and rumen degradability. Tannin was applied prior ensiling at either
40g kg-1FW high tannin (HiT), or 20g kg-1FW low tannin (LT). An inoculant treatment
(L. plantarum) 106 CFUg-1FW (Inoc) as a positive control and untreated (W) as a
negative control. Water addition was unified by adding 0.5 l kg-1FW and forages
ensiled for 100d. Addition of tannin reduced (P<0.01) silage NH3-N concentration (42,
49, 56 and 60g kg-1TN for HiT, LT, Inoc and W respectively). Tannin supplementation
was found to reduce (P<0.05) DM and CP effective rumen degradability
Experiment 2, evaluated the effect of additional HT (30g kg-1DN) to ryegrass either at
ensiling or feeding on lamb performance. Five experimental treatments were
prepared: fresh grass supplemented with HT (30g kg-1DM) at ensiling (GET),
untreated ryegrass silage (G), ryegrass silage treated with inoculate (G+I), G plus
additional tannin (30g kg-1DM) at feeding (G+T) and G+I plus additional tannin (30g
kg-1 DM) at feeding (G+I+T). Supplementation with tannin had no effect on lamb
performance, however it reduced rumen NH3-N concentration in diets receiving tannin
(0.14, 0.19, 0.17, 0.17 and 0.14g l-1 GET G, G+T, G+I and G+I+T, respectively).
In experiment 3, lucerne silage was treated with four levels of HT (0, 25, 50 and 75 g
kg-1DM) and offered ad libitum to single bearing ewes in late pregnancy and early
lactation. Additional 25 and 50 g kg-1DM HT were found to increase (P<0.05) milk
yield (2.5, 2.8, 2.6 and 2.4 L d
-1
for 0, 25, 50 and 75g kg-1DM respectively).
In conclusion HT reduced protein degradability inside the silage silo and animal
rumen, plus increased milk yield was observed
... Deficiencies in dietary trace elements may result in growth retardation, oxidative stress, and immunosuppression in farmed aquatic species (Prabhu et al., 2016). For example, legumes or other PP feedstuffs were commercially used as the main protein sources in shrimp diet, but these feedstuffs contain phytic acid and phytate, which strongly chelate minerals to insoluble salts and reduce their effective absorption (Shiau and Jiang, 2006;Jezierny et al., 2010). In addition, trace elements bioavailability in diet is mainly depends on chemical form and the presence of ANF (Jezierny et al., 2010). ...
... For example, legumes or other PP feedstuffs were commercially used as the main protein sources in shrimp diet, but these feedstuffs contain phytic acid and phytate, which strongly chelate minerals to insoluble salts and reduce their effective absorption (Shiau and Jiang, 2006;Jezierny et al., 2010). In addition, trace elements bioavailability in diet is mainly depends on chemical form and the presence of ANF (Jezierny et al., 2010). For instance, the concentrations of selenium (Se) in FM and PP sources ranges from 1.5-3.1 mg/kg to < 0.01-0.16 ...
An eight-week nutritional study was carried out to examine the effects of dietary selenium nanoparticles (Se-N) on performance in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) juveniles (1.55 ± 0.04 g, means ± standard deviation). A basal diet (~ 38 % crude protein, 18.5 kJ/g crude energy) was supplemented with Se-N at five levels, including 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mg/kg. Three hundred shrimps were distributed randomly into 15 circular fiberglass tanks containing 150-L seawater (20 shrimp/tank). Each dietary treatment was offered to shrimps in three tanks. Shrimps were handfed three times daily based on 7 % of their initial biomass. Water temperature and salinity were 30 ± 0.4 • C and 40 g/L, respectively. The hepatopancreas (HP), hemolymph, and gut were sampled after 56 d of the feeding trial. Shrimps fed Se-N supplemented diets had positive quadratic trends in growth performance (P = 0.011) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.006). Selenium level increased in the shrimp's whole body with increasing Se-N in diet and showed both linear and quadratic treands. The activities of plasma phe-noloxidase (PO) and, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the HP were increased by supplementing diet with Se-N and showed positive quadratic treands. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level significantly decreased in the HP of shrimps fed Se-N and had a quadratic treand (P = 0.012). Both linear and quadratic trands were noticed in the relative abundance of prophenoloxidase, lysozyme and penaeidin-3α genes mRNA transcript in the HP of shrimps fed Se-N supplemented diets. However, heat shock protein 70 gene transcript did not show any trend by supplementing Se-N in the experimental diets. In conclusion, based on the second-order polynomial regression analysis the optimum level of Se-N supplementa-tion in a diet for P. vannamei juveniles was estimated to be 0.38 mg/kg diet. Furthermore, extra levels of dietary Se-N decreased growth rate and PO activity that in coincided with the reduction of CAT and GPx activities and elevation of MDA level in HP, indicating that high levels of Se-N in diet can induce oxidative stress in P. vannamei.
... Such diets contribute to an undesirable increase in the rate of cecal fermentation and in excreta moisture content (Jankowski et al., 2009). Therefore, attempts have been made to replace SBM with alternative protein sources in poultry diets, including protein crops such as legumes (Laudadio and Tufarelli, 2010), in particular those grown locally in organic farming systems where SBM (mostly derived from genetically modified plants) is not used (Vicenti et al., 2009;Jezierny et al., 2010). ...
... In the present study, the tannin content of seeds of coloredflowered and white-flowered pea varieties was lower, at 4.66 and 0.67 g/kg, respectively. This is in line with the modern trend of reducing the content of these compounds in the process of genetic improvement of new pea varieties (Jezierny et al., 2010). A pink-flowered pea variety with a tannin content of 0.96 g/kg has recently been introduced into cultivation ( Konieczka et al., 2014). ...
This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of pea seeds (PS) on the gastrointestinal function of turkeys. Seeds of 2 pea varieties, a colored-flowered variety and a white-flowered variety (CFP and WFP, respectively) were fed to 56-d-old birds for 8 wk. A total of 539 female Hybrid turkeys were allocated to 7 groups, each group consisted of 7 pens with 11 birds per pen. The experiment had a 2-factorial design, with 3 dietary inclusion levels of PS (100, 200 and 300 g/kg) and 2 pea varieties (CFP and WFP). The control group (diets without PS) was compared with CFP and WFP treatments by simple contrast analysis. In comparison with CFP seeds, WFP seeds contained 7-fold less tannins (0.67 vs. 4.66 g/kg) and less non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, 117.8 vs. 132.7 g/kg), but more trypsin inhibitors (1.34 vs. 0.98 g/kg) and starch (489 vs. 455 g/kg). A rise in the PS content of diets from 100 to 200 and 300 g/kg increased the weight of the small intestine (P = 0.031) and the dry matter (DM) content of intestinal digesta (P = 0.001), but it had no effect on the pH of digesta. Only the highest PS content differentiated the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta (WFP > CFP, P = 0.008), whereas PS did not cause any changes in the morphological parameters of the small intestinal mucosa. The dietary inclusion of PS had no influence on the levels of acetate, butyrate, putrefactive SCFAs or total SCFAs in the cecal contents. Apart from increasing the activities of β-glucosidase (P = 0.017) and β-galactosidase (P = 0.025), pea varieties did not affect the activities of the analyzed cecal microbial enzymes. However, CFP seeds decreased the DM content (P = 0.041) and increased the pH of cecal digesta, compared with WFP seeds (P = 0.013). The results of this study, pointing to a few differences in the functional parameters of the small intestine and cecum, indicate that tannins are not a factor differentiating the suitability of CFP and WFP seeds in the nutrition of finisher turkeys. The inclusion of PS at 200 and 300 g/kg of the diet reduces the content of SBM and wheat in turkey diets, which has a positive effect on gastrointestinal function.
... Most likely, starter pigs might result more sensitive to ANF's negative effects than grower-finisher pigs (Batterham et al. 1993;Landero et al. 2012). Nevertheless, the content and activity of these plant secondary metabolites can be reduced via processing methods, improving the nutritive value and utilization efficiency of these feedstuff (Jezierny et al. 2010). ...
The current agro-industrial system must develop a more efficient and sustainable food production model to achieve greater food security for the expanding global population, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined in the European Agenda 2030. A green and sustainable solution for the feed-food production dilemma may be the use of agricultural by-products (AB) in livestock feeding. The ABs are what remains of fruits and vegetables after industrial processing, containing a plethora of bioactive compounds. Currently, their direct utilization in livestock nutrition is growing, but more research is needed to deeply discover their potential in terms of health-promoting compounds. Lentils (Lens culinaria L.), belonging to the Fabaceae family and commonly categorized as pulses, have historically served as a staple food for humans. Post-harvest processing of lentils yields various by-products (e.g. straw, hulls, screenings) that possess high nutritive value and are rich in phytochemicals, making them suitable for incorporation into balanced diets for numerous livestock species, including poultry and rabbits. This review focuses on the available knowledge on lentil by-products (LB), their nutritive value and phytochemicals including the main dietary effects on growth and productive parameters of poultry and rabbits.
... Field peas may be cultivated in climates that are too cold for cultivation of soybeans including areas of Europe, Canada, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States (Jezierny et al., 2010). The global production of dry peas is ~14 million metric tonnes per year and the majority of peas are grown for human consumption. ...
The objective was to test the hypothesis that particle size and origin of field peas influence the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. Three sources of field peas were procured. One source was from the United States and two sources were from Canada. The U.S. source and one of the sources from Canada (i.e., Canada 1) were each divided into two batches and ground to achieve a target particle size of 250 or 450 µm, whereas the other source from Canada (i.e., Canada 2) was only ground to a target particle size of 250 µm. Each batch of field peas was included in one diet as the only source of AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Six barrows (initial weight: 50.5 kg; SD = 3.7) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets and six 7-d periods. Ileal digesta from pigs were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. Data were analyzed using a statistical model that included batch of field peas as the fixed effect and animal and period as the random effects. Contrast statements were used to analyze the effects of particle size, origin, and the interaction between particle size and origin. Results indicated that the AID of starch was increased by reducing the particle size in the U.S. source of field peas, but that was not the case for the Canada 1 source (interaction; P < 0.001). Particle size did not influence the AID of CP or AA, but the Canada 2 source of field peas had greater (P < 0.05) AID of Trp, Ala, Cys, Gly, and Tyr than the field peas from the United States. The SID of CP and AA was also not affected by the particle size of field peas. The SID of CP and Trp was greater (P < 0.05), and the SID of His, Ile, and Thr tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in the Canada 2 source compared with the U.S. source, but no differences between the two Canada sources were observed. In conclusion, a few differences in SID of AA between field peas produced in the United States and peas produced in Canada were observed, but there was no effect on SID of AA of reducing the particle size of field peas from 450 to 250 µm, whereas the AID of starch increased by reducing the particle size only in the field peas from the United States.
... Extrusion might increase CP digestibility by reducing TIA in lentil. Trypsin inhibitor compounds can increase endogenous losses of AA and inhibit access of endogenous enzymes to proteins, thereby reducing CATTD of CP (Jezierny et al., 2010). In contrast, extrusion of field pea did not affect diet ATTD of CP in weaned pigs (Hugman et al., 2021b). ...
Non-food grade and excess lentil grain production may be included in swine feeds to provide starch and protein and reduce feed cost. Extrusion processing may increase energy and nutrient digestibility of lentil-based diets containing either supplemental plant or animal protein sources. Therefore, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), and digestible energy (DE) value of lentil-based diets were assessed in growing pigs. Two diets were formulated to provide 2.4 Mcal net energy (NE)/kg and 4.35 g standardized ileal digestible lysine/Mcal NE: 1) soybean meal (SBM) diet, containing 50% lentil, 31% wheat, and 12.8% SBM; and 2) fish meal (FM) diet, containing 40% lentil, 45% wheat, and 10% FM. Following mixing, each diet batch was divided into 2 parts: one part remained as mash whereas the other part was extruded using a single-screw extruder (400 rpm, 250 kg/h). Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (32.3 ± 1.5 kg) were fed the 4 diets at 2.8 times maintenance DE requirement (110 kcal per kg of body weight0.75) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square to achieve 8 observations per diet. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement including protein source, post-mixing processing, and their interaction as fixed effects. The lentil sample contained 32.3% starch, 24.4% CP, 9.3% total dietary fiber, and 1.7 mg/g of trypsin inhibitor activity on as is-basis. Interactions between dietary protein source and post-mixing processing were not observed. Feeding FM diets resulted in greater (P < 0.05) AID of dry matter (DM), GE, and most AA, and ATTD of CP, but lower apparent hindgut fermentation of DM and GE than SBM diets. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of GE and DE value of diets. The AID of CP and AA was 3.2 and 4.7%-units greater (P < 0.05), respectively, for the extruded than mash diets. In conclusion, feeding FM diets resulted in greater ileal digestibility of DM, GE, and AA than SBM diets. Extrusion increased the AID of CP and most AA, and DE value of lentil-based diets containing either supplemental plant protein or animal-protein, indicating that extrusion can increase the energy and protein value of plant-based diets fed to pigs.
... Four feed ingredients were found as the environmental hotspots: soybean (oil and meal), maize grain, wheat (silage and grain) and barley (grain) (González-García et al., 2015). In this regard, several studies have focused on replacing high environmental impact feed ingredients with lower environmental burdens alternatives, including, for instance, insects (Makkar et al., 2014), legumes (Jezierny et al., 2010), and algae (Holman and Malau-Aduli, 2013). Furthermore, the feeding of food waste to animals has become another relevant alternative in livestock production (Zentek et al., 2013) when it comes to reduce cost related to traditional feed ingredients (Joven et al., 2014). ...
The livestock sector plays an essential role in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, where fodder crop production has been largely identified as the main contributor to their environmental impact. This research evaluates the attributional environmental impacts of introducing food industry subproducts such as apple and olive pomaces to reduce the proportion of maize grain in the formulation of diets for fattening pigs, according to four alternatives, including the current diet with 69% maize. For this, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has been used to determine the hotspots associated to these changes, considering a cradle-to-gate approach and two functional units: 1 kg of feed diet (FU1) and 1 kg of weight gain (FU2). Furthermore, the potential environmental consequences of using these subproducts for pig diet have also been considered with a consequential LCA methodology. The results show that the best diet was the one containing about 33% maize and 43% subproducts for all categories analysed. In addition, the allocation method used to assign subproduct loads, including mass, economic zero-burdens allocation, is crucial to validate the assumptions and recommendations for this strategy. The consequential LCA results suggest that this strategy could involve both positive and negative impacts (considered as environmental credits), depending on the substitutes for the avoided maize stover and the potential displaced bioproducts that could be obtained from these subproducts, mainly for bioenergy production.
... Tannic acid (TA) is a type of natural polyphenolic plant, component that is mainly found in legumes, gallnuts, and other plants [10,11]. Studies have shown that dietary supplementation of low level of TA can improve the growth performance and health status of livestock and poultry [12][13][14] and has a hypoglycemic effect by regulating the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes [15]. ...
We investigated the effects of dietary tannic acid (TA) supplementation of a high-carbohydrate diet on growth, feed utilization, whole-body proximate composition, serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and liver and intestinal health of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (initial mean weight: 8.08 ± 0.08 g). Five diets were prepared, including a positive control (dietary carbohydrate level, 16%, LC0), a negative control (dietary carbohydrate level, 21%, HC0), and three TA-supplementation diets based on the negative control diet with TA addition at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, respectively. After 8 weeks of feeding, the results showed that compared with the LC0 diet, 400–800 mg/kg dietary TA significantly improved the survival rate of largemouth bass ( P < 0.05 ) while significantly reducing its weight-gain rate and specific growth rate ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the HC0 diet, 400 mg/kg dietary TA significantly increased serum catalase activity ( P < 0.05 ), and significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde, liver glycogen, lightness (L ∗ ), and yellowness (b ∗ ) ( P < 0.05 ). Moreover, compared with the HC0 diet, 200–400 mg/kg dietary TA effectively improved the vacuolation of hepatocytes caused by the high-carbohydrate diet and reduced the occurrence of intestinal epithelial cell vacuolation and necrosis. In turn, 800 mg/kg dietary TA significantly inhibited protease activity in the pyloric caecum and intestine ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with TA inhibited protease activity, which resulted in decreased growth performance in largemouth bass. However, it was also found that 200–400 mg/kg TA enhanced the antioxidant capacity of largemouth bass in the case of the high-carbohydrate diet, reduced liver glycogen levels, and improved liver and intestinal health. Finally, it should be noted that, when the dietary TA level exceeded 800 mg/kg, TA appeared to play a pro-oxidation role in the liver, which may cause oxidative stress in the liver.
... The authors concluded that the replacement of soybean meal with extruded chickpeas, up to inclusion levels of 300 kg/t in isoenergetic and isoprotein diets for growing-finishing pigs, does not affect meat quality. Jezierny et al. (2010) 31 in their review on grain legumes as a protein source in pig nutrition reported that faba beans may be used in growing and finishing pig diets up to 150 and 250 g/kg respectively, preferring white-flowered cultivars for their low tannin content. An inclusion level of up to 400 g/kg of peas in diets it is recommended for growing and finishing pigs, preferring, even for peas, the white-flowered cultivars due to the low tannin content compared to the flowered ones. ...
The search for alternative protein sources to soy-bean meal (SBM) in animal feeding is a strategic objective to reduce production costs and contribute to a sustainable animal produc-tion. Spirulina, due to the high protein content, has emerged as a potential cost-effective, sus-tainable, viable and high nutritional value food resource for many animal species. Insect larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) are also considered potential alternatives to SBM, given their high edible percentage of almost 100%, as well as a protein value higher than that of vegetable proteins. Rapeseed meal and grain legumes, such as faba beans, peas, lupins and chickpea can also be used as locally producible protein ingredients. This study reviews the nutritional value of these potential alternatives to SBM in pig diets, effects on animal perfor-mance, digestion, immune system, physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of meat, in-cluding processed meat products of pork. Limits on their use in pig feeding are also reviewed to indicate gaps to be filled in future research on the supplementation level of these potential al-ternative protein sources into pig diets.
... Alkaloids, which play a role in plant defense systems, are naturally existing amines that can produce a non-delicious taste. Poisonous effects can cause disorders of the nervous system, digestion, reproduction and immunity [60]. ...
... Notably, several legumes which can establish symbiosis with nitrogen-fixating rhizobacteria, while also serving as protein-rich animal feed, are popular among farmers. In Europe, the broad bean Vicia faba is one of the most widely used cover crop as well as an important livestock feed (Jezierny et al. 2010;Smith et al. 2013). In addition, V. faba possess herbicidal properties thanks to the production of an allelopathic molecules, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) which is secreted through the roots into the rhizosphere. ...
Background
Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anemia worldwide, particularly in countries with predominant plant-based diets. Plants constitute the main source of dietary iron. Increasing their iron concentration could reduce the occurrence of anemia. The water spinach Ipomoea aquatica is consumed as a vegetable throughout Asia and tolerates high iron concentrations making it an attractive candidate for iron biofortification. L-DOPA is an allelopathic molecule secreted by some legumes. L-DOPA can trigger the expression of Fe deficiency-inducible genes, and could potentially be used as a biostimulant to increase Fe concentration.
Results
L-DOPA significantly affected root growth of water spinach, and triggered a massive accumulation of Fe in roots. Both effects were exacerbated when L-DOPA was dissolved in KOH, which is surprising given that L-DOPA is less stable at high pH. To check whether a higher pH could indeed increase the bioactivity of L-DOPA, we used Arabidopsis thaliana , which grows at lower pH than water spinach, and subjected the plants to L-DOPA treatments at pH 5.5 and pH 6.0, which are both within the optimal range for Arabidopsis nutrition. At pH 6.0, the root growth of Arabidopsis was more strongly inhibited than at pH 5.5. We found that at higher pH, L-DOPA oxidizes to form a melanin precipitate.
Conclusions
We concluded that the oxidation of L-DOPA that we observed upon solubilization in KOH, or in nutrient solutions at slightly higher pH produces melanin-related molecules that are more potent than L-DOPA itself to trigger the primary root growth inhibition, Fe uptake and root Fe accumulation in water spinach and Arabidopsis.
... The majority of plant by-products created from the food manufacturers, especially the oil industry, which has a high CP contain such as soybean meal (35-55 % CP) and might be the most common source of protein in livestock diets in Iraq and worldwide. However, increasing the use of oilseed meals, especially SBM, in non-ruminant animal nutrition led to an increase in their demand and, hence, increased prices (Jezierny et al., 2010). FAOSTAT 7 in one year (from 407 US$/ton in 2020 to 550 US$/ton in 2021). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean
meal with sesame meal as a protein source in a concentrate diet treater with
or without thyme on lamb performance, carcass characteristics and meat
quality. Twenty-four Awassi lambs at approximately four months old with
an average live body weight of 24.6 ± 2.5 kg were used in this study. After
ten days of an adaptation period, lambs were kept in individual pens,
blocked according to their live body weighted and then randomly divided
into four experimental groups (6 lambs/group). The four experimental diet
groups were: soybean meal as a protein source with no additive (BC),
soybean meal supplemented with 30 g/kg DM thyme powder (BT), sesame
meal as a protein source (SC), and sesame meal as a protein source
supplemented with 30 g/kg DM thyme (ST). Lambs were randomly
allocated to receive ad libitum one of the four experimental feeding groups
with free access to clean water and wheat straw. Each lamb was
slaughtered when reached 40 kg live weight to study the effects of
experimental treatments on performance, carcass characteristics and meat
quality. Data were analyzed as Factorial 2 x 2 using GenStat 15 software.
The result showed that replacing soybean meal with sesame meal in the
diet had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reducing daily dry matter intake
(1.16, 1.16, 1.13, 1.12 kg/lamb/day) and concentrate intake (0.78, 0.71,
0.65, 0.64 kg/ lamb/day) while, an increase of feed conversion ratio (5.7,
6.0, 6.6 and 7.2 kg/kg for BS, BT, SC and ST respectively) was recorded.
Moreover, using sesame meals in the diet reduces glucose concentration in
blood plasma with no significant effect on carcass characteristics.
Supplemented 3% of thyme did not have any significant effect on most
performance parameters. The results show that sesame meals can be used
as a soybean replacement in lamb nutrition with some possible benefits on
the performance parameters.
... One of the most widely used dietary additives to enhance digestibility are carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, such as xylanases (Zhang et al., 2014). These enzymes are targeting plant cell wall components, more specifically soluble nondigestible nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), considered to be antinutritional factors (Jezierny et al., 2010;Amerah, 2015). NSP have b-glycosidic bonds that cannot be digested by monogastric animals, and data clearly show negative correlations between digestibility and dietary NSP concentrations (Jaworski et al., 2015). ...
Galactomannans are abundant nonstarch polysaccharides in broiler feed ingredients. In broilers, diets with high levels of galactomannans have been associated with innate immune response stimulation, poor zootechnical performance, nutrient and lipid absorption, and excessive digesta viscosity. However, data about its effects on the gut microbiome are scarce. β-Mannanases are enzymes that can hydrolyze β-mannans, resulting in better nutrient utilization. In the current study, we have evaluated the effect of guar gum, a source of galactomannans, supplemented to broiler diets, either with or without β-mannanase supplementation, on the microbiota composition, in an attempt to describe the potential role of the intestinal microbiota in β-mannanase-induced gut health and performance improvements. One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 756) were randomly divided into 3 treatments: control diet, guar gum-supplemented diet (1.7%), or guar gum-supplemented diet + β-mannanase (Hemicell 330 g/ton). The zootechnical performance, gut morphometry, ileal and cecal microbiome, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were evaluated at different time points. The guar gum supplementation decreased the zootechnical performance, and the β-mannanase supplementation restored performance to control levels. The mannan-rich diet-induced dysbiosis, with marked effects on the cecal microbiota composition. The guar gum-supplemented diet increased the cecal abundance of the genera Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Escherichia-Shigella, and decreased Intestinimonas, Alistipes, Butyricicoccus, and Faecalibacterium. In general, dietary β-mannanase supplementation restored the main microbial shifts induced by guar gum to levels of the control group. In addition, the β-mannanase supplementation reduced cecal isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric acid, and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations as compared to the guar gum-supplemented diet group, suggesting improved protein digestion and reduced cecal protein fermentation. In conclusion, a galactomannan-rich diet impairs zootechnical performance in broilers and results in a diet-induced dysbiosis. β-Mannanase supplementation restored the gut microbiota composition and zootechnical performance to control levels.
... g·16 g−1 N [35] Peas 6.67 g·16 g−1 N [33] Chickpeas 6.60 g·16 g−1 N Lentil 6.92 g·16 g−1 N Lupine (blue, white, yellow, andean) 5.57-6.81 g·16 g−1 N Chickpea (flour) 6.00 g/100 g proteins [34] Leucine Common beans 1.68 g/100 g [22] Chickpea (flour) 7.59 g/100 g proteins [34] Faba beans 21 Chickpea (flour) 5.57 g/100 g proteins [34] Faba beans 12.6 g/kg [36] (Continued) Chickpeas 252-451.5 mg/100 g [29,48] Cowpeas 424 mg/100 g [12] (Continued) electron acceptor (e.g. ricinine). ...
Pulses are edible seeds belonging to the Leguminosae family for human consumption and consist of various species such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), peas (Pisum sativum), lentils (Lens culinaris), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.), and faba beans (Vicia faba). Pulses are sustainable sources of nutritional compounds, especially containing almost twice the protein content compared to cereal grains. In addition to becoming an excellent source of macronutrients and micronutrients, they are abundant in phyto-chemicals, containing bioactive compounds with potential health benefits resulting from various phenolic compounds, as well as antinutritional compounds (e.g. phytic acid, enzyme inhibitors, lectins, saponins), which have received widespread concern by researchers. More essentially, various processing approaches for consumption purposes will result not only in enhanced nutritional and sensory characteristics in pulses but also in affected phytochemicals contents and their bioavailability. In this review, the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of pulses will be first introduced , followed by different common-applied processing methods (thermal and non-thermal), along with their impacts and pulse storage effects on the content of corresponding phytochemicals. Furthermore, through food processing and digestion, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of pulse phy-tochemicals will be improved, thus releasing more health benefits, and expressing pharmacological functions in the human body.
... Lupinus is a very diverse, widespread genus of the Fabaceae family with numerous species. It is distributed in a wide range of climatic conditions, from subarctic regions to semi-deserts and subtropical Inga I. Seregina et al. 60 climates, as well as from sea level to alpine ecosystems (Jezierny et al., 2010;Annicchiarico et al., 2014;Vishnyakova et al., 2021). ...
Lupinus is a very diverse genus with many species. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different methods of application of sodium selenite on the nutritional value of white lupine variety Degas. The highest effect on the content of crude protein was obtained by spraying vegetating plants before the beginning of the flowering phase. In this variant, a class 1 grain was obtained while meeting other requirements of the feed lupin quality standard. This study reveals that the use of selenium contributed to increasing the collection of crude protein at the harvest of white lupin. It is assumed that selenium stimulated the processes of nitrogen entering plants and its redistribution from vegetative to generative organs, as well as activated the synthesis of proteins and their accumulation in the grain of white lupin. It was found that the content of alkaloids in the resulting crop of white lupin did not exceed acceptable levels, which allows it to be used for feed purposes and the preparation of various types of feed. The use of selenium contributed to the increase in the collection of crude protein content at the harvest of above-ground plant mass as it stimulates nitrogen processes in plants and its redistribution from vegetative organs to generative organs, as well as the synthesis of protein compounds in the lupin grain.
... Tannins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in high concentrations in pasture, shrub, grain, herbal, and fruit species (9,10). Depending on the chemical structure, tannins can be divided into hydrolyzable tannins (HT) and concentrated tannins (CT) (11). ...
Herein, Galla Chinensis tannin (GCT) was examined for its influence on preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver damage in broiler chickens. Approximately 486 one-day-old healthy broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups (control, LPS, and LPS + GCT). The control and LPS groups were fed a basal diet and the LPS+GCT group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg GCT. LPS was intraperitoneally injected (1 mg/kg body weight BW) in broilers in the LPS and LPS+GCT groups at 17, 19, and 21 days of age. The results manifested that dietary GCT addition attenuated LPS-induced deleterious effects on serum parameters and significantly increased serum immunoglobulin and complement C3 concentrations relative to the control and LPS groups. Dietary supplementation of GCT inhibited LPS-induced increase in broiler hepatic inflammatory cytokines, caspases activities, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related gene mRNA expression. Therefore, 300 mg/kg GCT addition to the diet improved the immune function of broilers and inhibit liver inflammation by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Our findings provide support for the application of GCT in poultry production.
... La arveja proteica o forrajera es una selección de la arveja común (Pisum sativum hortense) que puede ser utilizada tanto para alimentación humana como animal (Bariffi, 2002;Jezierny et al., 2010), con un valor nutritivo intermedio entre los cereales y la harina de soja (Castell et al., 1996;Hickling, 2003). En Canadá y en Europa (particularmente en Francia) se utiliza en raciones para cerdos como alternativa a la harina de soja (Bourdon y Perez, 1982;Castell et al., 1996;Crevieu-Gabriel, 1999;Hickling, 2003). ...
Se realizaron dos experimentos con el objetivo de evaluar la arveja forrajera como alimento para cerdos, estudiando tres dietas isoproteicas e isoenergéticas: D0: testigo; D20: con 20% de arveja; D40: con 40% de arveja. El experimento I fue una prueba de digestibilidad y metabolismo en vivo utilizando 12 cerdos machos de 40 kg, determinando coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente (CDa) de MS, MO, PC y EB, valor biológico y valor proteico de las dietas. El experimento II fue una prueba de desempeño individual con 24 cerdos entre 50-110 kg de peso. Se evaluaron: velocidad de crecimiento (VC); consumo de alimento (CA) e índice de conversión (IC). Los cerdos fueron faenados con 110 ± 2 kg determinando rendimiento, largo, espesor de grasa dorsal y porcentaje de cortes carniceros. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas al azar constituyendo cada animal la unidad experimental. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante ANAVA al 1 y 5%. No se observaron diferencias en el CDa de los nutrientes entre tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias para los parámetros de desempeño. Los resultados de carcasa y rendimiento en cortes no presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos. Se concluye que la arveja es un alimento adecuado para incluir en las dietas de cerdos.
... Other compounds are alkaloids, organic molecules synthesized from amino acids by plants, which can be composed of several carbon rings with side chains with nitrogen replacing one or more carbon atoms, which might lead to an anti-palatable effect (Jadhav et al., 1981). These compounds also act on the nervous and digestive systems, increasing or disrupting electrochemical transmissions, with the potential to cause neurological disorder, gastrointestinal disfunction, and, in high concentrations, can lead to death (Jezierny et al., 2010;Thakur et al., 2019). In contrast, low concentrations of alkaloids have important pharmacological applications, such as analgesic, tumour cell killer, blood pressure reducer, respiration, and circulation stimulant (Muzquiz et al., 2012;Siah et al., 2012). ...
Agri-food waste is a by-product or waste generated from various agriculture processes, post-harvest, and production and processing of different food products in the food industry, restaurants, and households. These by-products or wastes are mostly plant or animal based. Improper disposal of these can lead to harmful effects on the environment. However, they are rich in valuable compounds that exhibit various health-promoting properties. Thus, the utilization of these by-products or wastes to recover nutraceuticals is of great interest for multiple industries. Enzymes are highly valued in various industries due to their high yield, specificity, minimal by-product formation, ease of process, etc. Many microbial enzymes from bacteria and yeast sources have been explored for their importance in recovering nutraceuticals from various sources in a cost-effective and nature-friendly manner. Research in this area has contributed significantly to developing advanced bioprocess methods, particularly to valorize agro-food industry waste to obtain novel functional compounds exhibiting health-promoting properties.
... Other compounds are alkaloids, organic molecules synthesized from amino acids by plants, which can be composed of several carbon rings with side chains with nitrogen replacing one or more carbon atoms, which might lead to an anti-palatable effect (Jadhav et al., 1981). These compounds also act on the nervous and digestive systems, increasing or disrupting electrochemical transmissions, with the potential to cause neurological disorder, gastrointestinal disfunction, and, in high concentrations, can lead to death (Jezierny et al., 2010;Thakur et al., 2019). In contrast, low concentrations of alkaloids have important pharmacological applications, such as analgesic, tumour cell killer, blood pressure reducer, respiration, and circulation stimulant (Muzquiz et al., 2012;Siah et al., 2012). ...
... Faba bean may provide a sustainable and low-cost alternative source of protein to replace soybean in livestock feed. However, Faba bean has a lower content of essential amino acids methionine and tryptophan compared to soybean (Jezierny et al., 2010). It also contains antinutrients such as tannins, polyphenolic compounds, vicine and convincine, which can affect the feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility. ...
Faba-bean is one of the oldest domesticated versatile legumes in the world. It is nutrient-dense and possesses industrial and functionality potentials, which are however yet far from being well exploited due to certain challenges, prominent among which is a high level of antinutrients. This chapter compiles the trend in the global exploration of faba-bean. In the past, its utilization was majorly confined to human food in form of soups, vegetables, and snacks in unindustrialized climes while developed countries applied it in feed formulation for animals such as pigs. Currently, research efforts have further harnessed the food and industrial potentials of the crop in the making of fermented curd, pudding, meat analogue, and as a gelling agent, among others. It is also used in food product development and food enrichment due to its rich protein quality. In addition, the vital role faba beans could play as a multi-beneficial resource in the current paradigm shift toward more sustainable and healthier diets as the world population grows was briefly explored. In the future, the crop finds prospects in the development of nutraceuticals due to its bioactive components including L-dopamine and polyphenol, and a wider range of sustainable plant-based milk alternatives and meat analogues. Again, its high nitrogen-fixing capacity is a promising potential for a more sustainable agroecosystem. Finally, challenges currently limiting the utilization of faba-bean were discussed while appropriate remedies were also recommended.KeywordsFaba beanPulsesFunctional foodAnimal product analoguesEnvironmental sustainability
... Legumes occupy an important role in human nutrition because they are significant nutritional foundation of healthy protein, and are great sources of fiber, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals [1][2][3]. Pulses are low in fat and glycaemic index [4] and is relatively free from anti-nutritional factors [5]. New research on legumes consumption has been shown to protect against certain cancers, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and obesity [6]. ...
Abstract
In the present paper, an evaluation has been made for preparing the flakes of legumes (chickpea and faba bean) at deferent processes of cooking, where the analysis indicate that the physical properties and chemical compositions (Moisture, Ash, Fat, Protein and total carbohydrates) of the flakes of soaked chickpea (Cps) and soaked faba bean (Fbs) are proximate to flakes of chickpea flour (Cpf) and flakes of faba bean (Fbf) at significant differences (P<0.05); were observed between the two type of cooking flakes. Major minerals contents (K, Ca, Na and Mg) and minor elements (Fe) were detected in flakes chickpea flour and flakes faba bean flour at elevated levels than that observed in flakes of soaked legumes.
The investigation of the organoleptic evaluation of sensory characteristics for samples of the flakes from the soaked chickpea Cps and soaked faba bean Fbs, the flakes from the flours of chickpea Cpf and flours of faba bean Fbf represent no considerable difference between control, replacement levels regarding appearance, color,
taste.
Keywords: Chickpea; Faba bean; Processes of food preparation; Flakes; Physicochemical compositions
... Hence, the global oilseed cultivated area increased from approximately 195 million ha in 2001 to 260 million ha in 2020, with an increase in production volume from 326 to more than 610 million metric tonnes (t) in the same period (Statista 2021). However, although the cultivation area and production volume have increased, increasing the use of oilseed meals especially soybean meal (SBM) in non-ruminant animal nutrition (pig and poultry) has led to an increase in price (Jezierny et al. 2010). In the UK and other European countries, most SBM is imported due to unsuitable weather conditions for cultivating soya beans (Wilkins and Jones 2000). ...
This study was designed to investigate the effect of supplemented chestnut hydrolysable tannin (HT) both at ensiling and at feeding on lamb growth, carcass characteristic, and meat quality. Twenty tons of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were used to produce silage. The ryegrass was treated at ensiling with one of three additives: 30 g kg-1 DM chestnut HT (GET), an inoculant as a positive control (GI), or water as a negative control (G). Another two treatments were made from ensiled grass by adding the 30 g kg-1 DM of chestnut HT to either positive (GI+T) or negative (GT) control. Forty Suffolk cross Mule lambs were used in this experiment and allocated to receive one of five experimental forage treatments with eight lambs per treatment. The diet consisted of two parts: concentrate and silage. Lambs were fed 215 g DM day-1 lamb of concentrate diet and ad libitum grass silage for seven weeks and then slaughtered. Back fat thickness tended to be lower (p= 0.07) for lambs fed the GT and GI+T treatments compared to lambs in the other experimental groups’ (10.0, 10.1, 9.8, 10.0, and 9.8 mm for GET, G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively). Feeding lambs GET tended to reduce (p= 0.06) meat lightness (L*) compared to the other treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid was reduced significantly (p< 0.05) when lambs consumed diets treated with tannin both at ensiling and at feeding (0.14, 0.19, 0.17, 0.17 and 0.14g l-1 GET G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively). The experimental treatments had no effect (p> 0.05) on voluntary feed intake (914, 916, 899, 928, or 914 g day-1 for GET, G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively) or lamb performance.
... In Côte d'Ivoire, as in many countries in the subregion, the preparation of local pulses (soy, common bean, white bean, voandzou) follows a certain number of practices, including soaking, roasting and fermentation [12,13]. The adoption of pulses in African household diet is challenged by the long cooking time required before palatability is achieved, coupled with high fuel energy requirements [14], which constitute serious constraints to their use. ...
Aims: Impact of Lactobacillus plantarum. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agriculture and Valorization of Biological Resources, between February 2021 and November 2021. Methodology: Two pulses (Vigna unguiculata and Vigna subterranea) purchased at the Adjamé market (Abidjan) were subjected, after the unitary operations of sorting, washing drying and grinding of the grains, in fermentation in a sterile flour/water mixture at 37°C for 48 h by Lactobacillus plantarum. The final microbial load was enumerated according to official methods, the fermented flour was dried at 50°C for 48 h and then the antioxidant and anti-nutritional properties were evaluated. Results: The sterile conditions of fermentation of the water/flour mixture with the inoculum load of 9.107 CFU/g resulted in final microbial loads of 7.8 109 CFU/g and 6.7 109 CFU/g, in decreased in pH to 3.13 ± 0.06 and 3.27 ± 0.06. This decrease was correlated with an increase in total titratable acidity (4.89 ± 0.02 and 4.26 ± 0.0%) after 48 h of fermentation for cowpea and voandzou flours, respectively. The fermentative activity of Lactobacillus plantarum increased the initial phenolic compound content to 74.28 ± 0.99 mg/100 g (cowpea) and 71.26 ± 0.4 mg/100 g (voandzou) for total polyphenols and 36.52 ± 0.336 mg/100 g (cowpea flour) and 35.33 ± 0.231 mg/100 g (voandzou flour) for total flavonoids after 30 h of fermentation. At the same time, their antioxidant activity doubled from 15 to 30% while initial phytate and tannin levels were both reduced by 47% and 50%, respectively in cowpea and voandzou flours in 30 hours of fermentation. Conclusion: In view of all these results, cowpea and voandzou flours fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum could be used as functional foods.
... Moreover, a substantially greater Cys and Leu content in protein of YL seeds in this study is similar not only to what was observed by the above-mentioned authors, but also to the results of an extensive study on chemical composition of lupin cultivars placed on the market and cultivated in Poland before the year 1990 (Wasilewko and Buraczewska, 1999). Jezierny et al. (2010) maintain that the total alkaloid (TA) content of cultivars of 'sweet' (low-alkaloid) lupins is below 0.26 g/kg DM and below 0.28 g/kg DM for L. luteus and L. angustifolius, respectively. Yet, from a study involving nine modern German cultivars of sweet NLL conventionally cultivated at one location for three consecutive years (2010-2012), Jansen et al. (2015) reported the average TA level to be 0.66 g/kg air-dry seeds (from 0.21 to 0.94 g/kg across growing seasons). ...
The extent to which lupin seeds can replace soybean meal in diets for broiler chickens is limited, and one of the reasons for this may be a lack of careful consideration given to the age-related amino acid availability differences in the feed formulation process. This study aimed to determine and compare standardised ileal digestibility (SID) coefficients of amino acids (AA) in raw seeds of the Lupinus luteus (YL) and the Lupinus angustifolius (NLL) cultivars as sole sources of AA in the diet of broiler chickens aged 14 or 28 days. An additional purpose was to check the influence of exogenous mono-component protease added to lupin-based assay diets on AA SID in birds at both ages. Each assay diet was offered to six replicatecages. On both sampling days, the contents from the lower half of the ileum were collected for determination of the apparent digestibility values. The SID coefficients were calculated using the age-appropriate basal ileal endogenous AA losses determined from birds fed a N-free diet. Results indicated a substantial advantage of YL over the NLL in SID of Met, Cys, His, Leu, Gly, Asp, Glu, Pro, Tyr and the average of total AA for 14-d-old chickens. With the exception of Cys and Tyr, there was no significant difference between these Lupinus species in the SID of AA in 28-d-old birds. The significant age-related differences within species were found only for the seeds of NLL, where the higher SID for Met, His, Ala, Pro, and the averages of total and indispensable AA were noted in birds aged 28 d. The protease increased SID of most AA from L. luteus in older broilers, whereas for L. angustifolius its efficacy was more pronounced in younger birds, giving the SID values similar to those determined at 28 d on an enzyme-unsupplemented diet. In conclusion, the SID coefficients of indispensable AA determined at 14 or 28 days of age for yellow lupin should not be applied to the precise formulation of starter-type feeds containing seeds of NLL.
... Although legume or pulse crops are mostly cultivated to enhance protein content for human consumption and animal feed, it may be possible to improve lipid concentration through cross-breeding and genetic engineering to increase their value as enhanced bioproducts. Legume protein content ranges from 25-32% [1,2] and lipid content ranges between 0.9-46% [3,4]. ...
Pisum sativum is a leguminous crop suitable for cultivation worldwide. It is used as a forage or dried seed supplement in animal feed and, more recently, as a potential non-traditional oilseed. This study aimed to develop a low-cost, rapid, and non-destructive method for analyzing pea lipids with no chemical modifications that would prove superior to existing destructive solvent extraction methods. Different pea accession seed samples, prepared as either small portions (0.5 mm2) of endosperm or ground pea seed powder for comparison, were subjected to HR-MAS NMR analyses and whole seed samples underwent NIR analyses. The total lipid content ranged between 0.57–3.45% and 1.3–2.6% with NMR and NIR, respectively. Compared to traditional extraction with butanol, hexane-isopropanol, and petroleum ether, correlation coefficients were 0.77 (R2 = 0.60), 0.56 (R2 = 0.47), and 0.78 (R2 = 0.62), respectively. Correlation coefficients for NMR compared to traditional extraction increased to 0.97 (R2 = 0.99) with appropriate correction factors. PLS regression analyses confirmed the application of this technology for rapid lipid content determination, with trends fitting models often close to an R2 of 0.95. A better robust NIR quantification model can be developed by increasing the number of samples with more diversity.
Considering an ever-growing global population, which hit 8 billion people in the fall of 2022, it is essential to find solutions to avoid the competition between human food and animal feed for croplands. Agricultural co-products have become important components of the circular economy with their use in animal feed. Their implementation was made possible by the addition of exogenous enzymes in the diet, especially carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this review, we describe the diversity and versatility of microbial CAZymes targeting non-starch polysaccharides to improve the nutritional potential of diets containing cereals and protein meals. We focused our attention on cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases which were often found to be crucial in vivo. We also highlight the performance and health benefits brought by the exogenous addition of enzymatic cocktails containing CAZymes in the diets of monogastric animals. Taking the example of the well-studied commercial cocktail Rovabio™, we discuss the evolution, constraints and future challenges faced by feed enzymes suppliers. We hope that this review will promote the use and development of enzyme solutions for industries to sustainably feed humans in the future.
The antinutritional factors (ANFs) present in swine feedstuffs of plant origin and the negative effects of the antinutritional factors on dietary nutrient utilization and mechanisms by which the antinutritional factors reduce dietary nutrient utilization are critical to optimize their utilization in diets for pigs and develop interventions. This chapter focuses on negative effects of the antinutritional factors on dietary nutrient utilization in pigs and the underlying mechanisms. Phytic acid reduces the apparent mineral digestibility in pigs. Dietary trypsin inhibitors reduces amino acid digestibility by binding to pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine to form inactive complexes that cannot digest the partially digested protein coming from the stomach. Mycotoxins are ANF that can be present in almost all plant feedstuffs that are used to formulate practical swine diets depending on growing and storage conditions. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and deoxynivalenol reduce the dietary nutrient utilization mainly by interfering with liver function.
Pulse grains are important starch and protein sources for humans, especially in developing countries. Cool season and tropical legume seeds are valuable sources of protein and energy in swine diets. The mix of pulses with rapeseed cake rich in sulfur amino acids can fully replace soybean meal (SBM) in growing pig and sow diets and partially replace SBM in piglet diets. Pulse grains contain two to three times more protein than cereals, but are low in fat and high in starch, except for lupin with little starch but more fat and protein. Young pigs fed diets containing field pea, faba bean, lupin, and chickpea can display systemic antibody responses to specific dietary proteins. Pulse grains contain varying quantities of antinutritional factors (ANF). Pulse protein concentrates are attractive nutritionally for substituting specialty protein sources in young pigs. The use of nonstarch polysaccharide degrading enzymes may increase nutrient digestibility of fiber‐rich ingredients.
Feeding food losses and food waste (FLW) to livestock can reduce the environmental impact of livestock production, but practical implications for feed quality and feed production systems are currently unclear. The aim of this paper is to address the potential implications for pigs and poultry feeding systems when FLW would (fully or partly) replace conventional ingredients of animal feed within the European Union. FLW streams, such as (prohibited) animal-based foods or household waste, constitute a substantial and valuable part of available FLW. Feeding FLW, however, also includes challenges regarding the (anti-) nutritional value, physical and sensory characteristics, and contamination risks of animal feed. Mixing various FLW streams can be a solution for the large variability in nutritional value and physical characteristics, but more knowledge is needed about the various properties of FLW streams, best handling and processing methods, validated analysis techniques and inclusion levels in animal feeds. We discuss the scale and location of processing FLW, as well as the required infrastructure for dealing with supply and demand. Different approaches may be taken to increase the use of FLW into livestock diets and transition into a sustainable and circular food system. How this could be best implemented will likely be a trade-off between costs and benefits. It should be discussed both among direct users and within the wider society which costs and risks are acceptable.
The protein supply is most critical, both for human consumption and animal feed. Integration of a variety of new or alternative protein sources from both terrestrial and aquatic origin into new and existing processes or products needs to be explored to develop and ensure more sustainable, resilient supply chains, featuring high consumer acceptability by a clean labeling approach and attractive market opportunities. The present chapter is dealing with new alternative protein and traditional protein sources from the terrestrial origin for food and feed such as insects, plant-based (legumes and grasses), and by-products of crops.
The positive role of dextran (DX) produced by lactic acid bacteria in improving the rheological properties of fava bean protein has been confirmed, while the detailed mechanism behind this improvement has not been revealed yet. Based on this, the aim of this study was to reveal this mechanism by investigating the interactions between fava bean protein and DXs with different molecular weight (Mw). Firstly, the effects of DXs at different Mw on rheological properties of fava bean protein isolate (FPI) were evaluated. Then, the interacting force between FPI and DX were determined. Finally, the change of physicochemical properties of FPI (e.g., water-binding capacity, microstructure, particle size, secondary structure, surface hydrophobicity etc.) caused by the presence of DX were studied. DX at a higher Mw showed a more obvious impact on improving the rheological properties and water-binding capacity of FPI. Hydrophobic force was the main interacting force between FPI and DX. A network structure formed, and the particle size and surface hydrophobicity of FPI increased due to the presence of DX. The possible mechanism behind the rheological property improvement of FPI by the presence of DX was the enhanced water-binding ability of a newly formed network structure. The mechanism revealed in this study may provide some theoretical guidance for the application of DX in protein-based food.
أجريت التجربة الحقلية في الحديقة النباتية لقسم علوم الحياة، كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة (ابن الهيثم) وخلال الموسم الزراعي الشتوي 2019-2020 لدراسة تأثير الرش بالكلوتاثيون وبالتراكيز 0، 50، 100 ملغم.لتر-1 واوكسيد الزنك النانوي وبالتراكيز 0، 500، 1000 ملغم.لتر-1 وتداخلهما في بعض الصفات الخضرية لنبات الباقلاء المعرض لتراكيز مختلفة من الملوحة وهي 0، 5، 10، 15 ديسيمينز.م-1. أظهرت النتائج وجود زيادة معنوية في مستوى صفة ارتفاع النبات وعدد الأوراق وقطر الساق وعدد العقد عند المعاملة بالكلوتاثيون ولاسيما التركيز 100 ملغم.لتر-1، كما حصلت زيادة معنوية في متوسط صفة ارتفاع النبات وقطر الساق وعدد العقد عند المعاملة باوكسيد الزنك النانوي ولاسيما التركيز 1000 ملغم.لتر-1، كما أن تعرض النبات لتراكيز مختلفة من NaCl أدت إلى حصول انخفاض معنوي في متوسط صفة ارتفاع النبات وعدد الأوراق والعقد وقطر الساق ولاسيماعند التركيز الملحي 15 ديسيمنز.م-1 في حين لم تكن للمعاملة بالكلوتاثيون واوكسيد الزنك النانوي وتراكيز مختلفة من NaCl أي تأثير معنوي في متوسط صفة عدد الأفرع النباتية
Insect meal has been proposed as an ingredient compared to conventional ones commonly used in animal feed. Insects can convert organic waste into nutrients of high biological value and sustainable production. In this sense, the present study aimed (i) to evaluate the economic impact of using Tenebrio molitor meal in broiler diets from 1 to 35 days; (ii) to develop a dynamic and interactive spreadsheet to determine the economic viability of the insect meal and (iii) to evaluate the use of insect meal in different economic scenarios. The growth performance results used in the current studied were obtained from a previous experiment in which four different inclusion levels of tenebrio meal, 0, 4, 8 and 12%, were tested in diets of broiler chickens. Economic viability included the cost of the feed, gross revenue, gross margin, and cost-benefit calculations for each insect meal inclusion level. The inclusion of 4% of tenebrio meal resulted in better growth performance and chickens were 154g weightier compared to 0%, control. The cost of the feed increased with the inclusion of the tenebrio meal linear-manner and decreased the gross margin from 83 to 95% when the price of R$135,00/kg were considered. To make the inclusion of 4% of tenebrio meal in diets feasible, the insect meal was calculated to be priced at R$ 4,53/kg. The implication found in the study indicates that the mass production of insect meal at a compatible cost can make its application in animal feed economically viable, presenting great potential to contribute to sustainable development in animal production and to the circular economy. In view of this scenario and still using the parameters that lead to its economic viability, the potential of the Brazilian market for its use in the nutrition of broiler birds was estimated at 4% inclusion in 760 thousand tons of insect meal, with an economy of approximately 268 thousand tons of soybean meal for the Brazilian market as a whole
English abstract.
A faecal digestibility trial was carried out in order to determine the effects of tannins, vicine and convicine on the nutritional value of faba beans. Ten faba bean batches including near isogenic batches were studied. To the same basal meal diet (46 %) and mineral plus vitamin premix (4 %) were added the batches of beans at an inclusion rate of 50 %. Digestibility values of faba bean batches were calculated using the “difference method“.
Apparent protein digestibility of faba beans without tannins was higher than with tannins (88.4 vs. 80.0 %). Energy digestibility and digestible energy were also higher (90.0 vs. 78.7 % and 16.7 vs. 14.7 MJ/kg DM). These results can be explained mainly by the effect of tannins and to a lesser extend by the effect of fibre, because tannin-free faba beans have lower fibre levels than faba beans which contain tannins. Lastly, vicine and convicine levels had little effect on protein and energy digestibility.
Résumé français.
Un essai de digestibilité fécale a été conduit pour mesurer les effets de la teneur en tanins, en vicine et en convicine sur la valeur alimentaire de féveroles. Dix lots de féveroles dont certains étaient presque isogéniques ont été étudiés. Ces lots étaient incorporés à 50 % dans des aliments présentés en farine et contenant 46 % d’un régime de base et 4% d’aliment minéral vitaminé. Les valeurs de digestibilité des féveroles ont été calculées avec la méthode “par différence”.
La digestibilité apparente des protéines des féveroles sans tanins est supérieure à celle mesurée dans les féveroles avec tanins (88,4 contre 80,0 %). La digestibilité de l’énergie et la teneur en énergie digestible sont également supérieures (90,0 contre 78,7 % et 3990 contre 3520 kcal/kg MS). Ces résultats peuvent s’expliquer principalement par l’effet des tanins et dans une moindre mesure par l’effet des fibres. En effet, les féveroles sans tanins ont des teneurs en fibres plus faibles que les celles contenant des tanins. La digestibilité des protéines et celle de l’énergie sont peu affectées par la teneur en vicine et en convicine.
The apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids of field beans (cv. Nadwislanski, Kodam, Martin and Optimal) and of peas (cv. Piast, Rola, Idol and Wiato) was determined by the indicator method using Cr2O3. The experiment was conducted in a double Latin square design (5 x 5 and 4 x 4) on nine barrows with an initial body weight of about 25 kg equipped with simple T-cannuale inserted into the terminal ileum. The only source of protein in the experimental diets was either field beans or peas, whereas in the control diet soyabean oilmeal. The digestibility of protein and of most amino acids was significantly lower in field beans and peas (P<0.05) than in soyabean oilmeal. No significant differences were found (P>0.05) in the digestibility of protein or amino acids among the tested varieties of field beans. Significant differences did, however, appear in the digestibility of protein and amino acids between white- and coloured-flowered pea varieties (P<0.05). Standardized protein and amino acid digestibility of the studied varieties of field bean and peas was calculated. The coefficients of standardized digestibility were somewhat higher than those of apparent ileal digestibility.
Weed population density and biomass production may be markedly reduced using crop rotation (temporal diversification) and intercropping (spatial diversification) strategies. Crop rotation resulted in emerged weed densities in test crops that were lower in 21 cases, higher in one case, and equivalent in five cases in comparison to monoculture systems. In 12 cases where weed seed density was reported, seed density in crop rotation was lower in nine cases and equivalent in three cases when compared to monocultures of the component crops. In intercropping systems where a main crop was intersown with a "smother' crop species, weed biomass in the intercrop was lower in 47 cases and higher in four cases than in the main crop grown alone. When intercrops were composed of two or more main crops, weed biomass in the intercrop was lower than in all of the component sole crops in 12 cases, intermediate between component sole crops in 10 cases, and higher than all sole crops in two cases. The success of rotation systems for weed suppression appears to be based on the use of crop sequences that create varying patterns of resource competition, allelopathic interference, soil disturbance, and mechanical damage to provide an unstable and frequently inhospitable environment that prevents the proliferation of a particular weed species. -from Authors
Lupins are high in crude protein, cell wall materials, and gross energy but
uncertainty about the bioavailability of nutrients and adverse effects on feed
intake limit their use in the pig industry. Three experiments were conducted
to determine the effect of lupins on retention time in the digestive tract by
determining the average time it took for ingested polyethylene beads to pass
through the digestive tract of pigs fed wheat-based diets containing various
lupin species and fractions. In Expt 1, pigs were restrictively fed (1.8
kg/day) diets containing either predominantly wheat or predominantly wheat
plus 400 g/kg peas or L. angustifolius seeds or
kernels. The retention times of diets containing 400 g/kg of
L. angustifolius seeds or kernels were significantly
greater than those containing wheat alone (66.4 and 64.3
v. 48.8 h, P < 0.05, s.e.d.
= 7.7 h), while that for the diet containing 400 g/kg peas was
intermediate (55.8 h). In Expt 2 and 3, pigs were fed 1 of 6 wheat-based diets
balanced for digestible energy (DE) and amino acid composition and containing
either animal protein or 350 g/kg of peas, and
L. angustifolius seeds or kernels, or
L. albus seeds and kernels. Pigs were restrictively fed
(1.5 kg/day) for Expt 2 or fed ad libitum for Expt
3. The mean retention time of the L. albus diets was
greater than the other diets in both experiments. Feed intake and daily gain
were reduced in pigs fed diets containing L. albus.
Despite having lower feed intakes, pigs fed diets containing
L. albus had more digesta in the stomach and small
intestine at slaughter than the pigs consuming the diets not containing
lupins. Appropriate physical treatment or enzymatic supplementation of
L. albus diets may alleviate some of the feed intake
problems.
Lupins are a valuable source of protein that can partially replace traditional proteins of animal origin such as meat and bone meal and fish meal. Lupins also have been used as alternatives for soybean meal (SBM) and other oilseed meals in some countries such as Australia and northeastern Europe where use of locally-grown lupins in pig diets is cost-effective. However, the presence of high levels of anti-nutritional factors (ANF), such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), oligosaccharides, protease inhibitors, tannins, saponins and alkaloids, have hampered progressive use of lupins in pig diets. Advances in lupin breeding programmes have contributed to the release of varieties with improved digestibility and lower ANF contents. The scope of this review is to evaluate the nutritional value of current varieties of lupins and to summarize recent nutritional concepts covering the strengths and weaknesses of lupins as ingredients in pig diets. The topics discussed will include: (1) chemical characteristics of currently available lupin species; (2) energy and amino acid availability; (3) performance and carcass composition response to lupin-based diets; (4) ANF in lupins; and (5) processing of lupins to improve nutrient digestibility.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the nutritive value of yellow lupins for weaner pigs. Using a completely randomised block design, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the optimum inclusion level for yellow lupins (cv. Wodjil) in the diet of weaner pigs (6.14 kg ± 0.278). Experiment 2 was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine whether supplementation of an enzyme preparation (VegPro) either in a soybean meal-based diet (0 g/kg yellow lupins) or in a yellow lupin-based diet (150 g/kg) improved performance of piglets (6.17 kg ± 0.317). In Experiment 1, the feed conversion ratio significantly increased at week 1 (linear effect, P = 0.040) and at week 3 (quadratic effect, P = 0.010) as the concentration of yellow lupins increased in the diet. In Experiment 2, supplementation with the enzyme preparation improved the feed conversion ratio in the pigs fed the lupin-based diet only but not in the pigs fed the soybean meal-based diet in week 2 (interaction P = 0.001). The results indicate that the optimum inclusion levels of yellow lupins for piglets immediately after weaning was 150 g/kg, and supplementation of a multi-enzyme preparation to a yellow lupin-based diet for the weaner pigs improved performance relative to the soybean meal-based diet.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of diets for market pigs with 20% inclusion of lupine seeds, cv. Amiga, on the performance, health status, carcass characteristics, fatty acids (FA) profile of meat lipids and nutritional and sensory parameters of meat. Another purpose was to increase the nutritional value of a cereal-lupine diet (E1) by supplementation with lysine, methionine, threonine (E2) or fat (E3) and to perform a comparison with control diets containing animal protein (C1) or soy (C2). The experiments were performed on 50 pigs (50% males, 50% females) with initial body weights of 35.6 ± 2.2 kg, fed isonitrogenic and isoenergetic diets partly ad libitum for 90 days. Feed intake was not adversely affected by lupine inclusion. The daily body weight gain (BWG) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group E3 in comparison with the cereal-lupine diet group (E1) and the other groups by 12.6 to 15.9% during the initial 30 days of experiment. The highest BWG (0.88 ± 0.07 kg/kg) during the entire experimental period was obtained with the fat containing diet (E3); that was non-significantly higher by 2.3 to 10.0% in comparison with the other diets. The feed conversion rate was reduced in groups E3 and E2 (2.55 and 2.58 kg/kg BWG) by 3.1 to 7.6% in comparison with groups C1, C2 and E1. No adverse effect of the lupine containing diet was observed on the carcass characteristics or the nutritional quality of the meat. Optimum content of linolenic acid in lupine seeds had a favourable effect on n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio in meat lipids of group E3 in comparison with groups C1 and E1 ( P < 0.05). By sensory meat analysis, significantly better characteristics were found for texture, juiciness (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) and taste in E3 in comparison with groups C1, C2 and E1. The obtained results indicate that animal and soy protein may be replaced with lupine, tested in the present study, in case a diet is supplemented with amino acids and fat.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the nutritive value of yellow lupins for weaner pigs. Using a completely randomised block design, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the optimum inclusion level for yellow lupins (cv. Wodjil) in the diet of weaner pigs (6.14 kg ± 0.278). Experiment 2 was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine whether supplementation of an enzyme preparation (VegPro) either in a soybean meal-based diet (0 g/kg yellow lupins) or in a yellow lupin-based diet (150 g/kg) improved performance of piglets (6.17 kg ± 0.317). In Experiment 1, the feed conversion ratio significantly increased at week 1 (linear effect, P ≤ 0.040) and at week 3 (quadratic effect, P ≤ 0.010) as the concentration of yellow lupins increased in the diet. In Experiment 2, supplementation with the enzyme preparation improved the feed conversion ratio in the pigs fed the lupin-based diet only but not in the pigs fed the soybean meal-based diet in week 2 (interaction P ≤ 0.001). The results indicate that the optimum inclusion levels of yellow lupins for piglets immediately after weaning was 150 g/kg, and supplementation of a multi-enzyme preparation to a yellow lupin-based diet for the weaner pigs improved performance relative to the soybean meal-based diet.
Dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) shifted the proportion of propionate (↑) and acetate (↓) compared to transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS) in weaner pigs' ileal digesta, both in vivo and in vitro (Houdijk et al. , 1997). This could be related to different fermentation rates between these so-called non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). These rates were studied via the cumulative gas production technique comparing FOS, TOS, and glucose.
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of adding α-galactosidase to the diet on the performance and digestive parameters of growing-finishing pigs. Fifty-four gilts, average body weight (BW) of 43 (s.e. 0.4) kg, were allocated to 18 pens and used in a production experiment divided in two consecutive periods of 28 days each (growing and finishing). In each period gilts were given a diet based on cereals, soya-bean meal and peas, supplemented (Enzyme) or unsupplemented (Control) with 200 units per kg of α-galactosidase. All diets included 2 g Cr2O3 per kg as a digestibility marker. Food intake and body weight were recorded every 2 weeks and faecal samples by pen were collected at the end of each period. Average daily gain (ADG), food : gain ratio and faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) were calculated. At the end of the production experiment nine gilts from each treatment were selected and given the finishing diet for a further 10 days before being slaughtered. Samples of digesta from the ileum and caecum were collected and Heal digestibility of monosaccharides determined. Short chain volatile fatty acids (SCVFA) and purine bases (PB) in caecal digesia were analysed. The use of α-galactosidase improved the ADG (P < 0.01) and the food : gain ratio (P < 0.01) simultaneous to increases in the faecal digestibility of DM (P < 0.05), CP (P < 0.05; and NDF (P = 0.07) in the finishing period. Alpha-galactosidase supplementation also improved the ileal digestibility of some monosaccharides (galactose, rhamnose, mannose and fucose) of the dietary fibre fraction (P < 0.05); and reduced total caecal concentration of SCVFA (P = 0.15), proportion of branched-chain VFA (P < 0.001), and concentration of total PB (P < 0.001). It is concluded that adding α-galactosidase to a cereal-soya-bean meal-pea diet improves ADG, food : gain ratio and digestibility in fattening pigs, and reduces the amount of fermentable substrate flowing to the large intestine.
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin are the principal components of dietary fibre. Legume seeds such as faba beans, peas, and lupins contain considerable amounts of non-starch polysaccharides. The average NSP content is 177 g in faba beans, 185 g in peas, and from 320 to 400 g/kg DM in different lupin species. Seeds of Lupinus angustifolius contain more NSP than seeds of Lupinus luteus and Lupinus albus. Differences among lupin species in the NSP level result from differences in the content of NSP sugar residues, particularly rhamnose, xylose, galactose, and uronic acids. Glucose and galactose constitute the main part of NSP sugar residues in lupin seeds. NSP of pea seeds and faba beans are mainly composed of glucose, arabinose and uronic acids. Dietary fibre of legume seeds may also include other components such as α-galactosides, resistant starch, polyphenols, and protein bound to cell walls. Different proportions of carbohydrates either hydrolysed by endogenous enzymes or fermented by gut microflora and of fat result in a differnt energy value of the legume seeds for animals. Since bacterial fermentation of NSP is more intense in the hind-gut of pigs, legume seeds have a higher energy value for these animals than for poultry. A high NSP content in animal diets negatively affects digestibility and nutrient absorption, while it may have beneficial dietary effects on humans. Different treatments, i.e. dehulling, microbial enzyme supplementation, are used to improve the nutritional value of legume seeds for monogastric animals.
Organic animal production has increased rapidly in recent years to keep up with the increasing consumer demand for organic meats. There are many guidelines and restrictions on what go into the feedstuffs of organically farmed animals, from which difficulties arise when trying to ensure a well balanced nutritious diet without the use of any supplements. The first comprehensive text on feeding organic pigs, this book presents advice on formulating appropriate diets and integrating them into organic pig production systems. It outlines the international standards of organic feeding, the breeds of pig that are most suitable for organic farming, up to date information on the nutritional requirements of pigs, and examples of diets formulated to organic standards.
Some carbohydrates in young pig diets escape enzymatic digestion and form substrates for the gastrointestinal microflora. These include the non-digestible oligosaccharides ( NDO ), which are found in e.g. cereals and legumes. Certain NDO may selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of favourable bacterial species, and as such beneficially affect (gut) health of the host. They are referred to as prebiotics. A series of studies was carried out to elucidate the role of dietary NDO as feedstuff components and their potential as prebiotic feed additives in young pig diets.The two types of NDO studied, fructooligosaccharides ( FOS ) and transgalactooligosaccharides ( TOS ), were included in NDO-free diets up to 40 g/kg. The NDO were also used as substrates for in vitro fermentation, using young pigs' digesta and faeces as inoculum. Dietary NDO hardly affected pig performance and apparent ileal and faecal nutrient digestion. More than 90% of the FOS was degraded pre-caecally; this was 30% for TOS (estimated by others). Pre-caecal saccharolytic activity enhanced for both types of dietary NDO, resulting in prebiotic effects at the ileal level (reduced pH, reduced concentration of aerobes). However, the FOS- and TOS diets differed in terms of ileal volatile fatty acid composition and concentration of anaerobes (including lactobacilli). These may have been related to differences in rate of fermentation (FOS>TOS) and types of volatile fatty acids produced, as observed during in vitro fermentation. The observed prebiotic effects at the ileal level were not maintained throughout the total large intestine, due to the fast rate of fermentation of FOS and TOS. As a result, some of the stimulated microflora probably started to use proteins as a source of energy, resulting in the increased proteolytic activity observed at the faecal level (increased pH and concentration of volatile fatty acids of protein origin).It was discussed that cereal- and legume-based diets may exert a certain level of prebiotic activity. Therefore, the use of FOS and TOS as prebiotic feed additives in such diets may be limited. However, prebiotic carbohydrates which can be fermented throughout the gastrointestinal tract, rather than only in the small intestine and/or the proximal colon, may result in prolonged prebiotic effects and prove useful as feed additive in young pig diets.
The seed, or grain, of modern cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius, commonly known as Australian sweet lupins (ASL), is an established feed resource for the intensive animal indusnies of Australia, Japan, Korea and several other countries in Asia and Europe. Since the introduction of ASL to the world marketplace about 25 years ago, researchers in many countries have found them to be a valuable component of the diet of beef and dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, finfish and crustaceans. The seed of ASL contains -32% crude protein (CP) (-35% DM basis) and 5% oil. The main storage carbohydrates in the seed are the β-galactans that comprise most of the cell-wall material of the kernel and the cellulose and hemicellulose of the thick seed coats. ASL seeds contain about 40% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and a negligible amount of starch. This makes them an excellent ingredient for ruminant diets, as the risk of acidosis is very low. The seed of modern cultivars of domesticated Lupinus species contain negligible amounts of lectins and trypsin inhibitors so they do not require preheating before being used as an ingredient in feeds for monogastric species. They have a high digestibility coefficient for protein, >90% for most species, but a low energy digestibility, -60%, which is mostly due to the high content of NSP. The low content of methionine (0.22%) and of lysine (1.46%) is typical of the legumes. The lysine availability for pigs is >70%. Lupin kernels contain -39% CP (-42% DM basis), 6% oil and 30% NSP. They have a higher digestible energy for pigs and finfish and a higher metabolisable energy for poultry than whole seed. Commercial operations rarely achieve complete separation of kernel from hull and it is more likely that the kernel fraction, called splits or meats, will contain -36% CP. The replacement of soybean meal or peas with ASL in cereal-based diets for most intensively reared animals, birds and fish is possible provided lysine, methionine and digestible energy levels are kept constant. This makes ASL economically competitive in many, but not all, circumstances.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of heat processing on nutrient digestibility and of both processing and exogenous feed enzymes on growth performance of 16-d-old weaned piglets fed pea-based diets. In exp. 1, 12 Cotswold pigs [4.5 ± 0.5 kg initial body weight (BW)] fitted with simple-T cannulae were used to determine apparent and standardized ileal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in raw, extruded, and micronized peas supplemented with amylase and xylanase. In exp. 2, 70 16-d-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to a soybean-meal- (SBM)-based control and six pea-based diets during two consecutive periods (Phase 1, 4.5-10.0, Phase 2, 10.0-20.0 kg BW). The pea- (raw, extruded and micronized) based diets were fed with or without enzyme supplementation. Pigs were weighed weekly and feed intake was monitored daily. Blood samples were obtained from 10 pigs per treatment on days 0, 7 and 14 for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) analysis. Heat processing improved (P < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of most AAs, including lysine, methionine, threonine, and valine in extruded and micronized peas, but not raw peas. The AID was higher (P < 0.05) in enzyme-supplemented extruded and micronized peas than in raw peas. Micronization improved (P < 0.05) AID of lysine from 82 to 91%. The standardized ileal digestibilities (SID) of arginine, lysine, methionine and threonine were higher (P < 0.05) in extruded and micronized pea-based diets than in raw pea-based diets. Mean AID of indispensable AA was numerically improved (P < 0.08) from 79 to 88.0% following micronization. Feed efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) from 1.4 to 1.20 by supplementing raw pea-based diet with amylase and xylanase in phase 1. Supplementing raw pea-based diet with enzyme resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) PUN levels from 9.01 to 5.73 mg dL-1. The results demonstrate that compared to raw peas, extrusion and micronization improved AA digestibilities of amylase and xylanase supplemented pea-based diets and efficiency of feed utilization from 4.5 to 10.0 kg BW. However, feed intake and growth performance were not affected.
The effects of four-week raffinose intake (15 g/day) on the fecal microflora and fecal properties were studied in healthy human volunteers. The significantly increasing numbers of Bifidobacterium spp. were observed during the raffinose intake, whereas the numbers of lecithinase-negative Clostridium spp. and bacteroidaceae during the intake were significantly lower than those before and after the intake. The percentage of Bifidobacterium spp. was increased from 11.6-15.5% of the total to 58.2-80.1% of the total during the intake. The fecal pH values during the feeding were lower than those before and after the intake.
Condensed tannins (CT) are polyphenolic secondary plant products that are widespread in the plant kingdom. By definition, CT bind to protein and are regarded as 'antinutritional' compounds which reduce protein digestibility. Variations in CT chemistry alter protein binding capacities among polymers from different plant species and developmental stages. Condensed tannins interact with proteins in feed, saliva and microbial cells, with microbial exoenzymes, and with endogenous proteins or other feed components, which alters digestive processes as compared with diets free of CT. Tannin levels exceeding 40 to 50 g kg-1 DM in forages may reduce protein and DM digestibility of the forages by ruminants. At low to moderate levels, CT increase the quantity of dietary protein, especially essential amino acids, flowing to the small intestine. Unlike alfalfa, legumes that contain CT do not cause bloat. Dietary CT may provide a means to beneficially manipulate protein digestion and/or prevent pasture bloat in ruminants. Research efforts are also currently being directed to genetically modify alfalfa to de-repress its CT biosynthetic pathway, or to move genes encoding steps of this pathway into alfalfa from other legumes. The effects of CT in forage legumes on digestion in ruminants and the potential use of tannin-rich forages for preventing bloat in grazing systems are discussed.
The nutritional value of pig diets containing about 30% field beans characterized by various levels of condensed tannins was studied. In a 54-day experiment on 24 Polish Large White x Duroc barrows (25-63 kg BW) four diets were fed: HT containing high-tannin field beans (cv. Nadwislanski), LT with low-tannin field beans (cv. Caspar), DHT with hulled high-tannin field beans, and DHTF with hulled high-tannin field beans and added white flowering pea hull fibre. The proanthocyanidin content of the HT, LT, DHT and DHTF diets was 591, 8, 70 and 70 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient and energy digestibility, nitrogen balance, daily weight gain, and feed utilization were determined. The digestibility of N-free extractives and energy was significantly higher (P < 0.01), while that of crude protein was non significantly higher (P = 0.07) in the LT and DHT diets than in the HT diet. Daily nitrogen retention and utilization did not differ significantly among groups. Daily body weight gains (684-693 g) and feed conversion (3.02-3.07 kg/kg) also did not differ significantly among groups. Despite a slightly lower nutritional value as expressed by metabolizable energy and digestible protein, the HT diet that contained 0.1% phenols and 0.06% proanthocyanidins did not lower the growth rate of 25-63 kg pigs ( which gained slightly under 700 g daily) in comparison with animals fed the LT and DHT diets.
The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacies of commercial starch analyses and of starch analysis extraction and gelatinisation procedures. In Study 1, accuracy and specificity of commercially available starch analyses were evaluated with six co-operating laboratories (five commercial, one university). Results from 11 test samples showed three laboratories with recoveries of purified starch of 92 g kg−1 or less. Three and four laboratories had inflated values when samples contained glucose or sucrose, respectively. Analyses appeared to have good specificity for glucose. Incompleteness of starch detection and interference by non-starch carbohydrates can affect commercially available analyses. In Study 2, extraction with 80:20 ethanol/water (v/v; 80EtOH) or 90:10 ethanol/water (v/v; 90EtOH) to remove low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, and gelatinisation with heat, alkali (KOH), 6 M urea or 8 M urea were evaluated. Extraction with 80EtOH or 90EtOH reduced interference from non-starch carbohydrates. Gelatinisation with heat was adequate for good recoveries of starch glucose for both control (non-extracted) and 80EtOH-extracted samples; gelatinisation with alkali was required for 90EtOH-extracted samples. Recoveries of pure starch samples were greatest with no extraction and heat gelatinisation. 80EtOH extraction with heat gelatinisation appears to be an adequate preparation method when removal of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates is desired.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The removal of nitrogen (N) in grain cereal and canola crops in Australia
exceeds 0.3 million t N/year and is increasing with improvements in
average crop yields. Although N fertiliser applications to cereals are also
rising, N2-fixing legumes still play a pivotal role
through inputs of biologically fixed N in crop and pasture systems. This
review collates Australian data on the effects of grain legume
N2 fixation, the net N balance of legume cropping,
summarises trends in the soil N balance in grain legume–cereal
rotations, and evaluates the direct contribution of grain legume stubble and
root N to wheat production in southern Australia.
The net effect of grain legume N2 fixation on the soil N
balance, i.e. the difference between fixed N and N harvested in legume grain
(Nadd) ranges widely, viz. lupin
–29–247 kg N/ha (mean 80), pea –46–181 kg N/ha
(mean 40), chickpea –67–102 kg N/ha (mean 6), and faba bean
8–271 kg N/ha (mean 113). Nadd is found to be
related to the amount (Nfix) and proportion
(Pfix) of crop N derived from N2
fixation, but not to legume grain yield (GY). When Nfix
exceeded 30 (lupin), 39 (pea) and 49 (chickpea) kg N/ha the N balance was
frequently positive, averaging 0.60 kg N/kg of N fixed. Since
Nfix increased with shoot dry matter (SDM) (21 kg N
fixed/t SDM; pea and lupin) and Pfix (pea, lupin and
chickpea), increases in SDM and Pfix usually increased
the legume’s effect on soil N balance.
Additive effects of SDM, Pfix and GY explained most
(R2 = 0.87) of the
variation in Nadd. Using crop-specific models based on
these parameters the average effects of grain legumes on soil N balance across
Australia were estimated to be 88 (lupin), 44 (pea) and 18 (chickpea) kg
N/ha. Values of Nadd for the combined legumes were
47 kg N/ha in south-eastern Australia and 90 kg N/ha in south-western
Australia. The average net N input from lupin crops was estimated to increase
from 61 to 79 kg N/ha as annual rainfall rose from 445 to 627 mm across 3
shires in the south-east. The comparative average input from pea was 37 to 47
kg N/ha with least input in the higher rainfall shires. When the effects
of legumes on soil N balance in south-eastern Australia were compared with
average amounts of N removed in wheat grain, pea–wheat (1:1) sequences
were considered less sustainable for N than lupin–wheat (1:1) sequences,
while in south-western Australia the latter were considered sustainable.
Nitrogen mineralised from lupin residues was estimated to contribute
40% of the N in the average grain yield of a following wheat crop, and
that from pea residues, 15–30%; respectively, about 25 and 15 kg
N/ha. Therefore, it was concluded that the majority of wheat N must be
obtained from pre-existing soil sources. As the amounts above represented only
25–35% of the total N added to soil by grain legumes, the
residual amount of N in legume residues is likely to be important in
sustaining those pre-existing soil sources of N.
The effect of drought stress at three growth stages on seed alkaloid content in two sweet (W26 and Polonez) and one bitter variety (Zubr) of spring sown Lupinus angustifolius L. was investigated in a lysimeter experiment on sandy soil in Denmark. Full irrigation resulted in medium alkaloid content. Drought stress during the vegetative phase increased alkaloid content to 0.094, 0.192 and 2.55% of seed dry matter, respectively. At the flowering stage alkaloid content decreased to 0.070, 0.152 and 1.99%, while drought stress during pod-filling increased alkaloid content for the determinate variety W26 to 0.097%, but decreased it to 0.161 and 1.98% for the two indeterminate varieties Polonez and Zubr, respectively. Drought during either flowering or pod-filling resulted in an increased mean seed weight and a reduced number of seed per square metre. Alkaloid content was negatively correlated to seed weight. The alkaloid composition differed for the three genotypes, and was affected by drought treatment. Compared to the bitter variety the sweet varieties were characterized by reduced concentrations of lupanin, 13-hydroxylupanin and angustifolin, whereas spartein, isolupanin and isoangustifolin were little affected.
The effect of condensed tannins (CT) on the nutritive value of temperate forages and on the health of grazing ruminant animals is reviewed. The CT bind with proteins and other entities mainly by hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding in a pH-reversible manner, which is influenced by the structure and molecular weights of both the CT and the proteins. These reactions can be used to reduce the degradation of forage proteins in the rumen, without reducing the amount of microbial protein synthesized. CT in Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) can be used to increase the absorption of essential amino acids (EAA) from the small intestine, but CT in Big trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus) and sainfoin (Onobrychis coronarium) produce no net increase; differences in CT structure and reactivity probably explain these differences.
In this review protein inhibitors of hydrolases occurring in plant tissues used as foods are treated, that is, proteins inhibiting digestive enzymes such as proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are discussed in more detail, elastase, pepsin, carboxypeptidases), amylases, lipases, and some other hydrolases. Topics covered are the chemistry of these inhibitors including their isolation, structure, and properties; their physiological function; their occurrence in plants and foodstuffs, with special emphasis on their inactivation during processing; their toxicology; and the uptake by human beings. In addition, analytical aspects are discussed in greater detail, and procedures for inhibitor activity determination are included.
The study was conducted to determine chemical composition and standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in currently available grain legume cultivars for growing pigs. Three consecutive experiments were conducted with six barrows each, fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas. In total, 18 assay diets including six different cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum sativum), respectively, five different cultivars of lupins (Lupinus luteus, Lupinus angustifolius) and one assay diet with a commercial soybean meal (SBM, 490g kg−1 CP as-fed) were fed according to a row-column-design. The assay feed ingredients were added to a corn starch casein-based basal diet at the expense of corn starch. Each diet was formulated to supply approximately 50% of CP and AA from the assay feed ingredient and casein, respectively. Furthermore, the basal ileal endogenous losses and SID of CP and AA in casein were estimated by regression analysis from apparent ileal digestible and total dietary contents of CP and AA. The SID of CP and AA in the grain legumes were determined in difference to SID of CP and AA originating from casein, after correcting the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and AA in the assay diets for basal ileal endogenous CP and AA losses. The average SID of CP in faba bean cultivars (76%) and pea cultivars (79%) were lower compared to lupin cultivars (87%) and SBM (87%) (P
Two subspecies were recognized byMuratova inV. faba: faba andpaucijuga. Paucijuga is hardly represented in present collections, but some of its accessions present a very primitive aspect, resembling otherVicia species, both because of their growing habit (very small height, many branches, no principal stem, etc.) and their genetic architecture. But some other characteristics (indehiscent pods, extreme self-fertility) suggest some degree of domestication.
Principal Component Analysis using forms belonging to the twoMuratova's subspecies showed that some key characteristics in the taxonomy ofV. faba have only a secondary discriminatory value. The best clustering was obtained using seed size, a fact suggesting that the evolution of the known cultivated forms has occurred under domestication and that main seeds were the main objective in selection. Genetic studies indicate that these taxonomic characters (number of leaflets per leaf, thickness/length of the seed) are under polygenic control.
These primitive forms cross readily with all the other botanical types offaba beans. In particular, crosses with the most extreme forms of modern cultivals (belonging to the major group) are perfectly possible.
As a conclusion, only one subspecies has to be recognized for the cultivated forms (the only known one up to date) offaba bean:Vicia faba faba. Thepaucijuga forms described here probably are those most similar to the wild types.
Cultivars of various legumes including fababean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), lupin (Lupinus sp. L.), Vigna sinensis Endl. ex Haask vs. Vigna catjang Walp and soybean (Glycine max Meer) were tested for trypsin-inhibiting activity levels (TIA) and hemagglutinating (on trypsinised rabbit red blood cells) activity levels in hulls and cotyledons. TIA in these seeds as a percent of that in defatted soybean are: 35 for V. sinensis, 13 for pea, 7 for fababean, and 0 for lupin. Winter cultivars of pea are about twice as active as summer cultivars; smooth peas contain more TIA than wrinkled ones, and pea hulls about 13 times less than cotyledons. Interfering substances in hulls do not allow a precise study of TIA distribution in fababean. Hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes is about 10% of that of soybean in pea, 2% in fababean and practically nil in V. sinensis and lupin seeds. All the hemagglutinating activity is in the cotyledons.
Rates of N fertilization required to attain maximum yields of corn (Zea mays L.) usually are less for corn grown after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] than for corn grown after corn, but the reason for the difference in N fertilizer requirement has not been clearly established. We studied immobilization and mineralization induced by various management histories and residue treatments to learn about the causes of differences in N fertilizer requirements. Soil samples were collected at five sites in the fall of 1990 from plots that had been planted to soybean and plots that had been planted to corn receiving various N rates. The soil samples were incubated for 42 wk after treatment with 15 N-labeled NO 3 - and with crop residues. All treatments showed a period of net immobilization followed by a period of net mineralization. Net amounts of N immobilization induced by soybean residue were approximately equal to those induced by corn residue from plots with the higher rates of fertilization. However, the soybean-induced immobilization was much more rapid. Rates of mineralization of nonlabeled N were not greater from soils having soybean residue than from soils having corn residue. Because soybean produces less residue under field conditions, the results suggest that differences in N fertilizer requirement are better explained by differences in amounts of N immobilized during residue decomposition than by mineralization of biologically fixed N associated with the soybean.
Agronomically significant N yield responses of cereals following grain legumes compared with cereal monoculture are frequently measured. The positive N response of the cereal has been attributed to the transfer of biologically fixed N, to N-sparing under the antecedent legume, and to less immobilisation of nitrate during the decomposition of legume residues. Methods for estimating the transfer of biologically fixed N in rotations, and for separating the N benefit into fixed N and non-fixed N components, are reviewed. Available data indicate that both sources of N contribute to the N benefit. The role of the grain legume in the gain or drain of soil N is evaluated by considering the balance between symbiotic dependence and N harvest index, as well as long-term changes in total soil N. Several N-15-based techniques for direct estimation of inputs of biologically fixed N to the soil N pool are reviewed. N balances in grain legume-cereal rotations may be positive or negative depending on the legume species, symbiotic performance, and agronomic factors.
Legumes have become common rotation crops in
cotton cropping systems in northern New South Wales. Levels of nitrogen
fixation and yield achieved on-farm were measured in commercial faba beans and
other winter and summer legume crops sown after cotton over 3 years to assess
the relative inputs of fixed nitrogen (N) into this system. Faba bean crops
fixed up to 350 kg N/ha, removed up to 160 kg N/ha in harvested grain
and contributed up to 270 kg fixed N/ha to soil N after harvest. Grain
yields, N2 fixation and dry matter production were
reduced in late-sown crops and those water-stressed during pod-filling, but
most faba bean crops fixed almost 3 times as much N as was removed in grain.
Below-ground legume N, determined with 15N shoot feeding
techniques, accounted for 40% of the total crop N at peak biomass, or
about 100 kg N/ha for the average faba bean crops. Residual fixed N after
harvest was predicted from crop dry matter and grain yield, and this could be
used to assess the contribution to soil N from faba beans. Amounts of nitrogen
fixed by other legume crops ranged from 20 kg N/ha for adzuki bean and
droughted lablab to more than 450 kg N/ha by irrigated soybean. Soybean,
peanut and Dolichos lablab contributed more fixed N to the soil than adzuki
bean, mung bean or pigeon pea under irrigated conditions. Winter crops
including field peas, lentils and lupins and green-manured pasture species
fixed up to 240 kg N/ha.
Pigs frequently encounter bacterial infections like enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Due to rising concerns about antibiotic resistance of bacteria, there is a large demand for natural alternatives to combat these ETEC infections. Plant polyphenols have been suggested to reduce both the binding of cholera toxin to the GM1 ganglioside and the adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli to F1 fimbriae. In this study different commercial natural polyphenol extracts were evaluated for their possible effect on ETEC. Out of the three polyphenol extracts tested two exert inhibitory effects on the heat-labile toxin binding and all three extracts reduced the binding of ETEC to brush borders. The presence of protein abolished labile toxin binding properties of polyphenols. This makes it unlikely that these polyphenols could be used as an actual feed additive to combat ETEC caused diarrhea.