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The Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behavior
... It is also to extend the conversation to provide an overview of the research problem. For the exploration purpose of this study, the researcher utilised the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974;Wethington, Glanz and Schwartz, 2015). The HBM was one of the first hypotheses created to describe how health behaviour changes. ...
... The research used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to guide this study (Becker, 1974;Wethington, Glanz and Schwartz, 2015). The HBM has become a common framework in health studies focused on patient compliance and preventative care measures (Polit and Beck, 2020). ...
... Perceived Susceptibility: This refers to an individual's belief that a health problem is personally important or that a diagnosis is correct (Becker, 1974). Church members can positively influence global health issues due to their ability to influence each other's attitudes and behaviours (Corzine, 2019). ...
The purpose of the study was to explore the perceptions of church members regarding congregants who are on antiretroviral therapy in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study was conducted in churches of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study utilised an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative research design. The study focused on church members in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used to select church members for participation. The sample size was 30 church members, determined by saturation of data. Semi-structured interviews were utilised to collect data, and data was analysed using Tech's eight steps of the coding process, through the content analysis method. The study yielded four themes, namely, church members’ understanding of antiretroviral therapy, attitudes of church leaders towards congregants on antiretroviral therapy, the roles, and responsibilities of church leaders towards congregants on antiretroviral therapy and, psychosocial challenges faced by congregants on antiretroviral therapy. Church members understood what antiretroviral therapy is used for, and some were specific about its impact in suppressing the viral load and improving the CD4 count. However, some church leaders were reported to be negative towards congregants on ART. As much as church members knew about ART and its use, people living with HIV/AIDS were subjected to rejection, discrimination, and stigmatization and lacked general support in churches. HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns are necessary to impart to church members information that is readily available, appropriate, and effective. These campaigns could be delivered through workshops targeting church members, including both church leaders and congregants.
... People's perceptions of the risks associated with epidemics and the preventive measures they adopt significantly impact their decision-making. This concept is rooted in the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974;Brewer et al., 2007;Champion and Skinner, 2008). Aligned with this conceptual framework, individuals tend to adopt measures to avert potential threats during the COVID-19 pandemic when they have an elevated perception of risk. ...
... Aligned with this conceptual framework, individuals tend to adopt measures to avert potential threats during the COVID-19 pandemic when they have an elevated perception of risk. Conversely, they are less likely to do so when their perception of risk is diminished (Becker, 1974;Brewer et al., 2004Brewer et al., , 2007. ...
... The present study's conclusions can be inferred through the lens of the Health Belief Model. According to this model, when an individual perceives the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the anxiety level of the individual will impact their adoption of preventive measures recommended by authorities (Becker, 1974;Brewer et al., 2007;Champion and Skinner, 2008). ...
This research delves into the intricate dynamics of risk awareness and anxiety among college undergraduates in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. It specifically examines the nuanced interplay between risk perception and anxiety levels, while also considering the impact of demographic factors such as gender, age, and religion on these psychological aspects. Conducted using a cross-sectional design involving 778 participants, the study employs regression analysis to unveil a significant positive association between perceived risk and risk perception, accounting for 56% of its variability. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance underscores the substantial overall effect of predictors on both risk perception and anxiety levels. Notably, age emerges as a significant influence on students' risk perception and anxiety levels. By shedding light on how college students perceive and cope with risks amidst the ongoing pandemic, this study offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between demographic variables and psychological responses. Ultimately, these findings can inform strategies aimed at supporting students during challenging times.
... Patients' beliefs, cultural backgrounds, and sociodemographic characteristics may exert a significant influence on various aspects related to diabetes prevention. These include their level of knowledge about diabetes, their perception of family risk, the seriousness attributed to diabetes, concerns regarding family health, and their willingness to engage in health education efforts [7,8]. These factors raise legitimate concerns about the effectiveness of patients serving as health educators to their family members and relatives in the context of diabetes prevention. ...
... The Health Belief Model (HBM) provides a theoretical foundation for exploring the factors that may affect individuals' decisions to act as health educators within their families. These factors include their beliefs about diabetes, perceived benefits and barriers to health education, self-efficacy in performing health education tasks, and concerns about their family members' susceptibility to diabetes [8]. The presence of cues to action, as proposed by the HBM, can also play a role in motivating individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors, including health education for their family members [9,10]. ...
... The proposed theoretical framework, based on the HBM and existing literature on diabetes prevention, aims to understand and explain why individuals with diabetes may choose to educate their family members about diabetes prevention. It suggests that individuals are more likely to take on this role if they perceive diabetes as a serious health problem, believe that health education can reduce the risk and severity of diabetes among their family members, have confidence in their ability to effectively educate, and are concerned about their family members' health [8,10]. Fig 1 explains the substruction of the theoretical framework of HBM (Fig 1). ...
Background
Patient engagement as partners in diabetes prevention for family members/close relatives is a novel and underexplored approach. This paper aims to assess patients’ willingness and confidence in their ability to succeed as health educators for their family members and investigate the influencing factors.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between January 2023 and April 2023. A newly developed and validated self-reported questionnaire, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and previous research, was administered to a convenient sample of 134 adult participants diagnosed with diabetes. These participants sought care at primary healthcare clinics at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs in Riyadh and Jeddah (MNGHA). The data was examined using statistical methods including descriptive analysis, ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) Post Hoc tests, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients.
Results
The majority of participants expressed a willingness to assume the role of health educators for their family members (n = 117, 87.31%) and reported a high level of willingness and confidence, as indicated by self-efficacy scores ranging from 12.00 to 25.00, with a mean of 21.12 (SD = 2.76). Participants’ willingness to be health educators exhibited positive correlations with their perceptions of diabetes severity and susceptibility (r = .433, p < .01), perceived benefits and barriers (r = .451, p < .01), cues to action (r = .520, p < .01), self-efficacy (r = .789, p < .01), and the total score of the questionnaire (r = .640, p < .01).
Conclusions
The majority of participants expressed their willingness to assume the role of health educators for their family members, and a significant portion reported confidence in their capacity to accomplish this objective. Healthcare providers should emphasize the importance of equipping patients with the skills and knowledge necessary to effectively convey health messages and serve as health educators within their communities. This expansion of the approach holds the potential to have a significant impact on public health strategies for diabetes prevention.
... With regard to the relationship between perceived threat and attitude, the health belief model introduced perceived threat with the elements of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity (Becker, 1974). Based on health behaviour theory, perceived susceptibility and perceived severity substantially influences attitude and emphasises the impact of threat assessments (Zhao et al., 2018). ...
... The variable of perceived threat (the constructs of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity) from the health belief model (Becker, 1974); would determine the positive effects on attitude towards using mobile health application. To some extent, the result seems to confirm with the statement that the more seriously people perceive the diseases, the more likely they are to have positive engagement (Zhang et al., 2019) with mobile health applications. ...
... In another, the perceived threat (with the construct of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity) result revealed that both constructs have a significant positive relationship with attitude (H 2g and H 2h ). Accordingly, the result implies that perceived threat (perceived susceptibility and perceived severity) from the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974), would determine the positive effects on attitude towards using mobile health application. To some extent, the result seems to conform with the statement that the more seriously people perceive their diseases, the more likely they are to have positive engagement (Zhang et al., 2019) with mobile health applications. ...
Obesity is a significant public health issue as it seems to be the cause for high blood pressure, diabetes and other health problems. The human body cannot function efficiently if it has high body mass index score. According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), people with BMI score of ≥ 25 are being categorized as obese. One way to control obesity is to rely on the help of technology such as mobile health applications. In literature, there is a lack in research addressing obese people's intention of using mobile health applications. Recognising the critical role of their behavioural intention to use mobile health applications, this research investigates the factors affecting behavioural intention to use mobile health applications. Adapting Consumer Acceptance Technology (CAT) model by Kulviwat et al. (2007) and Health Belief Model (HBM) developed by Glanz et al. (2008), this research examines factors of perceived cognition, perceived affection, perceived threat, compatibility, accessibility and attitude towards behavioural intention to use mobile health apps. To test the proposed framework, data were collected using quota sampling, while questionnaires were distributed to 500 obese people in the top 5 percent in the states with the obesity population in Malaysia, namely Malacca, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan, Kedah and Perlis. Data collected were analysed using Partial Least Square (PLS) software. The results show that relationship between perceived cognition and perceived affection towards behavioural intention to use is partially significant, while significant relationship has been found between perceived threat, compatibility and accessibility and behavioural intention to use. Besides, perceived cognition and perceived affection partially support relationship on attitude. On the other hand perceived threat, compatibility and accessibility fully support relationship on attitude. Finally, the results demonstrate attitude partially mediates the relationship between perceived cognition and perceived affection, while attitude fully mediates the effect of perceived threat, compatibility, accessibility on behavioural intention to use. Findings provided empirical evidence on the collective effect of behavioural intention to use mobile health applications as well as independent effect of perceived cognition, perceived affection, perceived threat, compatibility and accessibility. Besides, findings suggested to encourage individual to use mobile health applications, while related stakeholders should continually improve user perception on health applications. KEY WORDS mobile health applications, obese people, behavioural intention to use, Malaysia
... The Health Belief Model (HBM) was initially formulated by Becker et al., in 1974 to comprehend healthrelated protective behaviors [24]. The evaluation of perceived risk, employing the HBM, has been validated in various studies examining screening behaviors, such as those related to breast cancer diagnostics [25][26][27]. ...
... The Health Belief Model (HBM) was initially formulated by Becker et al., in 1974 to comprehend healthrelated protective behaviors [24]. The evaluation of perceived risk, employing the HBM, has been validated in various studies examining screening behaviors, such as those related to breast cancer diagnostics [25][26][27]. ...
Background
Breast cancer is a prevalent cancer characterized by its aggressive nature and potential to cause mortality among women. The rising mortality rates and women’s inadequate perception of the disease’s severity in developing countries highlight the importance of screening using conventional methods and reliable scales. Since the validity and reliability of the breast cancer perception scale (BCPS) have not been established in the Iranian context. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the measurement properties of the BCPS in women residing in Tabriz, Iran.
Methods
The present study comprised a cross-sectional design, encompassing a sample of 372 Iranian women. The participants were selected through a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique conducted over a period spanning from November 2022 to February 2023. The measurement properties of the Iranian version of BCPS were assessed following the guidelines outlined in the COSMIN checklist. This involved conducting various steps, including the translation process, reliability testing (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error), and methodological tests for validity (content validity, face validity, construct validity, and hypothesis testing). The study also investigated the factors of responsiveness and interpretability. The presence of floor and ceiling effects was assessed.
Results
The internal consistency of the scale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding a satisfactory value of 0.68. Additionally, McDonald’s omega (95% CI) was computed, resulting in a value of 0.70 (0.66 to 0.74). Furthermore, the test-retest reliability was evaluated, revealing a high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99). The CVI, CVR, and impact scores of the BCPS were determined to be 0.98, 0.95, and 3.70, respectively, indicating favorable levels of content and face validity. To assess construct validity, an examination of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on a set of 24 items. This analysis revealed the presence of six distinct factors, which collectively accounted for 52% of the cumulative variance. The fit indices of the validity model (CFI = 0.91, NFI = 0.96, RFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.90, χ²/df = 2.03, RMSEA = 0.055 and SRMR = 0.055) were confirmed during the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The overall score of BCPS exhibited a ceiling effect of 0.3%. The floor effect observed in the overall score (BCPS) was found to be 0.5%. Concerning the validation of the hypothesis, Spearman’s correlation coefficient of 0.55 was obtained between the BCPS and the QLICP-BR V2.0. This correlation value signifies a statistically significant association. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the minimum important change (MIC) of 3.92 exhibited a higher value compared to the smallest detectable change (SDC) of 3.70, thus suggesting a satisfactory level of response.
Conclusions
The obtained findings suggest that the Iranian version of the BCPS demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties for assessing the perception of breast cancer among Iranian women. Furthermore, it exhibits favorable responsiveness to clinical variations. Consequently, it can serve as a screening instrument for healthcare professionals to comprehend breast cancer and as a reliable tool in research endeavors.
... Instead, research with emerging adult college students often focused on sexual behavior such as hooking up (Owen et al., 2010), condom use (Fehr et al., 2015), and alcohol consumption before and during sex (Cooper, 2002). This noted gap in the literature stands in contrast to popular theoretical frameworks of health behavior that highlight the importance of attitudes and knowledge as a precursor of behavior, such as social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986), theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), and the health belief model (Becker, 1974). In addition, collegiate sex education programs that are designed to promote sexual health and safe sex (e.g., testing for HIV/sexually transmitted infections or STIs, condom use) and/or prevent sexual violence often focus not on the behaviors themselves but rather on their precursors, such as attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge (Vladutiu et al., 2011;Wong et al., 2019). ...
... Overall, the current study demonstrated that where emerging adults learn about sex can have important implications for their sexual attitudes, knowledge, and behavior, all of which are mainstays of psychological theories of motivation and human agency (Ajzen, 1991;Bandura, 1986;Becker, 1974). With regard to the first research question, our findings comport with a growing literature that addresses sexual learning among college students and continuing roles that parents, friends, and online media play in sexual socialization during emerging adulthood (e.g., Buhi et al., 2009;Lefkowitz & Espinosa-Hernandez, 2007;Morgan & Zurbriggen, 2012;Stevens et al., 2017). ...
This exploratory cross-sectional study, guided by primary socialization theory, examined relations between four primary socialization agents of sexual learning (i.e., mothers, fathers, friends/peers, and online media) and sexual attitudes, sexual knowledge, and risky sexual behavior. Latent-variable structural equation models were tested using self-report data obtained from 515 emerging adults who had spent at least 6 months attending in-person college classes. Results showed that learning about sex from mothers was associated with more conservative sexual attitudes and lower risky sexual behavior. Sexual learning from friends/peers was linked to liberal sexual attitudes and greater sexual knowledge. Learning from online media was associated with increased sexual knowledge. To account for a shift in sexual learning patterns from before to after entry to college, we created algebraic difference scores for each source of sexual information. Greater reliance on sexual learning from friends/peers in the past 6 months of college relative to before college was associated with liberal sexual attitudes and greater sexual knowledge. Additional analyses revealed different effects of learning about sex from mothers more during college than before college between those living on campus vs. commuters living at home. The discussion emphasizes the different role that each of the primary socialization agents plays for emerging adults’ sexual development, including the protective role of mothers against risky sexual behavior, the impact of friends and peers on sexual attitudes and knowledge, and the shifting dynamics of socialization processes during college.
... Guided by our past work (Reiter et al., 2015), the baseline survey included items focused on three different belief constructs: perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, and worry. These beliefs are included in multiple theories of health behavior (Becker, 1974;Rogers et al., 1983) and were also key theoretical constructs of the online intervention (Reiter et al., 2020). For each belief construct, survey items assessed three different HPV-related disease outcomes separately: genital warts, anal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer (which was called "throat cancer" in the survey items). ...
... Taken together, these findings have important implications for future HPV vaccination communication efforts for YGBMSM. Multiple health behavior theories posit that greater perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, and worry should increase the chances of an individual engaging in a health behavior (Becker, 1974;Rogers et al., 1983;Leventhal et al., 2003). Thus, our results suggest that future communication efforts for YGBMSM should include messages and content that highlight the occurrence of genital warts among young adults (i.e., perceived vulnerability and worry) and the morbidity and mortality associated with HPV-related cancers (i.e., perceived severity). ...
... The HBM is a conceptual framework that has been extensively used to explore attitudes and health behaviors in preventive care. 18,19 This framework uses six constructs to identify why patients may not engage in screening strategies: (1) perceived susceptibility, (2) perceived severity, (3) perceived benefits, (4) perceived barriers, (5) cues to action, and (6) self-efficacy. Perceived susceptibility refers to an individual's assessment of their risk of developing a health problem. ...
... The HBM is a conceptual framework that has been extensively used to explore attitudes and health behaviors in preventive care. 18,19 The current report is the first study using an HBM framework to explore women with SLE's attitudes and beliefs toward cervical cancer screening. These data indicate that patients with SLE perceive there to be barriers to obtaining cervical cancer screening, notably cost, pain, time, forgetfulness, and fear of a bad result. ...
Objective
The objective is to determine cervical cancer screening rates and factors associated with decreased cervical cancer screening in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
We conducted a cross‐sectional study that enrolled consecutive women (age 21–64 years) with SLE. We collected demographics, clinical characteristics, constructs of the Health Beliefs Model (HBM) (ie, susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits, cues to action, and self‐efficacy), and self‐reported cervical cancer screening (confirmed with the electronic medical record). The primary outcome was adherence to cervical cancer screening according to current guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between SLE disease activity and cervical cancer screening and explore mediation effects from HBM constructs.
Results
We enrolled 130 women with SLE. The median age was 42 years (interquartile range 32–52 years). The cervical cancer screening adherence rate was 61.5%. Women with high SLE disease activity were less likely to have cervical cancer screening versus those with low disease activity (odds ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–0.89; P = 0.01), which remained statistically significant after adjusting for baseline demographics and drug therapy in a multivariable model (odds ratio 0.25, 95% CI 0.08–0.79; P = 0.02). Regarding the HBM constructs, increased perceived barriers to cervical cancer screening (r = −0.30, P < 0.01) and decreased self‐efficacy (r = −0.21, P = 0.02) correlated with decreased cervical cancer screening.
Conclusion
Patients with SLE with high disease activity undergo cervical cancer screening less frequently than those with low disease activity. Perceived barriers to cervical cancer screening are moderately correlated with decreased screening. These data highlight the need to develop strategies to increase cervical cancer screening in this high‐risk patient population.
... Further, exposure to messages may ignite interpersonal communication and social interactions which further spread and influence individuals' attitudes, beliefs, and reactions to the messages. The Health Belief Model (HBM) 15 indicates that attitudes and beliefs pertaining to perceived seriousness and susceptibility to harms result in the formation of a perceived threat. Along with perceived threats, beliefs about the benefits of and barriers to performing a behavior, paired with self-efficacy to do so, influence whether an individual will perform a specific behavior. ...
... An expert panel reviewed the crowdsourced messages and selected the messages that aligned best with previous research 21,22 and the HBM. 15 All messages were 160 characters (including spaces) or less to conform to the character count for a single text message, addressed a single topic (ie, handling prescription opioids) with one actionable item (ie, storage or disposal), fit the professional style of pharmacy communication, and were written at an 8th-grade reading level. 23 Two members of the study team (AR and KE) conducted 11 FGDs virtually via WebEx and 1 FGD in person at a recruiting pharmacy. ...
Background
Secure storage and disposal is a critical strategy to reduce prescription opioid misuse. We sought to develop effective messages to promote secure storage and disposal of unused opioid medications that can be used in interventions designed to reduce diversion of opioid medications for nonmedical use.
Methods
We used a mixed-method design to develop and evaluate messages. First, we pretested 34 messages in focus group discussions (FGDs; n = 12 FGDs, n = 2-5 participants per FGD; 37 total participants). Then, we tested the 12 most salient messages in an online survey with a nationally representative Qualtrics ® panel (n = 1520 participants). A pretest–posttest design was conducted to assess change in beliefs about storage and disposal of opioid medication following message exposure.
Results
All 12 messages favorably influenced participants’ perceptions related to concerns and risks of retaining unused opioid medications and the importance of and self-efficacy in securely storing and disposing of unused opioid medications. Storage and disposal messages that included the sentence—“Your prescription can become someone else’s addiction.”—outperformed other messages in encouraging people to safely store or dispose of opioid medication.
Conclusions
This study informs the development of a universal text message intervention using multimodal feedback from the target population that the intervention seeks to serve. The next step is to conduct a randomized controlled trial to assess efficacy of the intervention.
... Source : Rosenstock, (1974) ...
... The determination of samples of key informants and additional informants Prabaningtyas, A. D., Amiruddin, R., Arsin, A. A., Hidayanty, H., Wahyuni, C. U., Salmah, U., Saleh, L. M., Nasir, S., Prabaningtyas, A. D., Amiruddin, R., Arsin, A. A., Hidayanty, H., Wahyuni, C. U., Salmah, U., Saleh, L. M., Nasir, S., . Determinant Factors of Acceptance of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine in Elderly in Bogor City 7 Source: Kementrian Kesehatan RI (2023b), Mcleroy et al., (1988), Rosenstock, (1974) The researchers conducted information gathering to obtain information from the three informants by preparing interview guidelines based on the SEM theory and HBM theory. The SEM theory contains a theoretical framework using a comprehensive approach to explore every role, the role of the community, the organization, and the elderly families. ...
Objective: WHO issued a PHEIC revocation status for COVID-19. Prevention efforts with vaccination must still be carried out for long-term plans due to decreased effectiveness and virus mutations. The most severe impact was felt by the elderly, with 49.40% of the total 151,951 deaths recorded in Indonesia due to COVID-19. The aim of this research was to determine the determinants factor of receiving the COVID-19 booster vaccine for the elderly in Bogor City. Methods: uses the document review method sourced from the website www.covid-19.go.id and qualitatively uses the Social Ecological Model and the Health Belief Model theory. Documents were reviewed from 2020 to June 2023. Qualitative data were collected by selecting informants using purposive sampling and processed using the Nvivo application. Results: Based on extrinsic factors, there were 40 policies issued by the government specifically regarding the COVID-19 vaccine but have not been issued in Bogor City. The role of the community, organizations, and elderly families has not been maximized because of low knowledge regarding vaccines, dissemination of information on the COVID-19 vaccine still in general, and some families have not allowed the elderly to be vaccinated. Based on intrinsic factors, it shows that perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, and cues to action have an influence on the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the elderly in Bogor City. Conclusion: The determinants of the achievement of the COVID-19 booster vaccine in the elderly, there is no policy that has been issued specifically for the elderly in Bogor City. Community, organizations and elderly families have not played a sufficient role in implementing vaccinations and the elderly have low knowledge about vaccines, remote vaccine locations, unpleasant side effects after being vaccinated, and family directions that are not fully supportive.
... Beliefs about perceived risks of infection and health status have been shown to influence the uptake of healthcare services (Rosenstock, 1966;Becker, 1974). Case familiarity as a determinant of health-care seeking is, however, not prominent. ...
... The role of beliefs in health-care seeking is well established in the literature and as such, the findings here align with what is known. Upon realizing the vulnerability to the risks of infection, many individuals resort to adopt protective behaviors (Rosenstock, 1966;Becker, 1974), such as consulting a doctor, visiting a health facility, or getting vaccinated. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the same theory held true Kim & Kim, 2020), accounting for why South Africans who believed that they were at risk were more willing to get vaccinated. ...
The willingness to get vaccinated in South Africa is among the highest in the world, measuring at 76%. This study investigated the impact of individual risk beliefs, self-reported health status, and familiarity with someone with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the willingness to get vaccinated in South Africa. Data were obtained from the Wave 5 of the South African National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. More than 53% of the population believed that they were not at risk of COVID-19; 71.8% believed that they were in good health; and 31.6% knew someone with COVID-19. Beliefs (odds ratio [OR]: 1.287), health status (OR: 1.064), and COVID-19 case familiarity (OR: 1.034) were associated with willingness to get vaccinated. Other associations remained positive in the adjusted model. The relationship between case familiarity and willingness to get vaccinated shows that knowing someone who died of COVID-19 or suffered from the discomfort induced by the disease may drive other individuals to get vaccinated.
... Both authors met regularly during this time to discuss analysis, to further develop codes and categories and to ensure all transcripts were on health professional behaviour related to the implementation of evidence-based recommendations. 33 The health belief model 41,42 was used to guide coding of the patient interviews and patient demographic data also assisted in understanding any potential patterning around social context. 43 The practice of reflexivity is an essential component of rigorous qualitative research 44,45 and disclosure of the researchers' standpoints helps readers to understand how the authors' various viewpoints can shape data interpretation. ...
... This is unsurprising when examining health behaviours according to the health belief model where individuals are more likely to take action if they believe that a course of action available to them would be beneficial in reducing the severity of the condition and the anticipated benefits outweigh the barriers to uptake. 41,42,55 The alignment of beliefs and priorities of both patients and clinicians is essential for successful collaboration in the delivery of patient-centred care. This was highlighted in our study where differences in how practitioners viewed COPD and approached diagnosis and management were perceived by the physiotherapists as a barrier. ...
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly diagnosed and managed in primary care but there is evidence that this has been suboptimal, with low confidence expressed in providing interventions requiring behaviour change. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptability of a general practitioner (GP)–physiotherapist partnership in the diagnosis and management of COPD in primary care and to explore the experiences of participants during the implementation of the model.
Methods
Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with physiotherapists (n = 3), GPs (n = 2), practice nurses (PNs) (n = 2) and patients (n = 12) who had participated in the InNovaTivE Gp‐physiotheRapist pArTnErship for copD (INTEGRATED) trial. We sought to explore participants' views about their experiences and perceived benefits, barriers and facilitators to the implementation of this model of care. Interviews were transcribed, coded and thematically analysed. Synthesis of the data was guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework for clinician interviews and the health belief model for patient interviews.
Results
All clinicians felt that this integrated model helped to optimise care for patients with COPD by facilitating evidence‐based practice. GPs and PNs valued the physiotherapist's knowledge and skills relating to diagnosis and management, which was reported to complement their own management and improve patient outcomes. Patients reported a sense of empowerment following their appointments and acknowledged improved self‐management skills. However, physiotherapists reported many patients were already engaging in positive health behaviours. Responses were mixed on the effectiveness of the model in facilitating teamwork between clinicians with different perspectives concerning management, communication pathways and logistical issues, such as time and room availability, being cited as barriers.
Conclusions
An experienced cardiorespiratory physiotherapist embedded into a small number of primary care practices to work in partnership with GPs for COPD diagnosis and management was acceptable and viewed as beneficial for patients. Barriers relating to logistics and resources remain, which must be addressed to optimise implementation.
Patient or Public Contribution
Patient input was obtained from qualitative feedback from a prior study conducted by two authors and was used to refine the model of care to determine the added value of a physiotherapist integrated into the primary care team. This feedback was also used to refine the interview guides utilised in this study determine the acceptability of this model of care. We had health service involvement from the rehabilitation service of the local health district who were directly involved in determining study aims and establishing the project around the priorities for their chronic disease integration service. For example, this project aimed to engage with a less severe patient population in primary care who would benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation. The findings from this study will be used to further tailor the model of care to the needs of the public and patients. Trial Registration: ACTRN12619001127190
... The latter finding suggests that one reason for sunbathing may be to enhance one's physical self-image. Thus their results indicate that not only a health belief model (see Becker, 1974) but also social, cultural, and structural variables (Kirscht, 1983), as well as elements from self-concept theory (Harter, 1982;Marsh & Shavelson, 1985), may form the theoretical basis for understanding sunbathing and sunscreen use. However, the moderate size of the sample restricted an adequate multivariate test of the numerous significant predictors involved. ...
... Several models have been developed in order to understand health behavior. These include the health belief model (Becker, 1974), self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977) and the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). In addition, the value given to health has been suggested to predict health behavior (Lau, Hartman, & Ware, 1986). ...
A nationwide random sample of 15,169 Norwegian high school students completed a questionnaire about tanning habits, physical self-concept, attitudes, beliefs, and values. Although 90% of the adolescents did use sunscreen, less than 25% used an adequate sun-protection factor, and only 50% applied the sunscreen an adequate number of times when sunbathing. Multiple regression analyses identified these predictors of sunbathing: opportunity to sunbathe, tender skin, heavy smoking, playing down the risk for skin cancer, valuing physical appearnace, friends' use of sunscreen (girls only), a positive attitude toward having a tan, favorable physical self-concept, friends' use of sunbeds, and friends' sunbathing. Sunscreen use was also predicted by opportunity to sunbathe and skin type. Furthermore, the effects of perceived risk for skin cancer and peers' use of sunscreen were particularly strong.
... Health Belief Model (HBM) posits that positive factors increase pro-health behaviours while negative factors decrease or inhibit them. Thus, for an individual to adopt a positive health behaviour and/or avoid risks for diseases, he/she must: (1) believe to be susceptible to the disease; (2) believe that the disease will negatively impact, at least moderately, their life; (3) believe that adopting certain behaviours is indeed beneficial to reduce their susceptibility or, if they already have it, its severity (Becker, 1974;Rosenstock, 1966;Rosenstock, 1974). ...
... These findings suggest that strong fear appeals result in the greatest behavioural change only when people feel efficacious (Witte, 1996;Witte & Allen, 2000). This further supports the HBM hypothesis that health-related action is dependent upon the simultaneous occurrence of a health concern, vulnerability, and the belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial in reducing the perceived threat (Becker, 1974;Rosenstock, 1974). In contrast, strong fear appeals coupled with low-efficacy messages result in the most defensive responses or avoidance coping strategies, both of which may contribute to a lack of adherence to preventative measures (Bavel et al., 2020). ...
COVID-19 prevention measures including lockdowns, school closures, and restricted movement disrupted young people’s lives. This longitudinal qualitative study conducted in Soweto, South Africa aimed to explore young people’s knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19, vaccination, and the impact of infections. A convenience sample of 30 young black people (n = 15 men; n = 15 women, aged 16–21 years) from Soweto participated in 24 focus group discussions (FGDs), conducted in six phases – each phase had four FGDs stratified by gender and age. Young people’s understanding of COVID-19 deepened throughout the study, however, did not always translate into adherence (following the government’s COVID-19 prevention measures). Although deemed inadequate, TV and radio were preferred over internet COVID-19 information. Parents, teachers, and schools were trusted sources of information. Vaccines and limited access to information attributed to low-risk perception, while new COVID-19 variants attributed to high-risk perception. A low-risk perception and conspiracy theories contributed to non-adherence (disregarding COVID-19 preventative measures provided by the government), particularly among young men. Accessing reliable information that considers young people’s lives and their living context is important. Communities, scientists, and policymakers must learn from the COVID-19 experience and implement localised preventive strategies for education, awareness, and economic support in future emergencies.
... This idea is supported by contemporary health behavior theories that demonstrate that how people think, including knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, is a crucial influence on behavior (Sebastianelli et al. 2020;Vaffis et al. 2021;Jung and Yang, 2022). These theories include, but are not limited to, the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and the transtheoretical model (Becker 1974;Ajzen 1985;Prochaska and Diclemente 1986;Ajzen and Schmidt 2020). Scales associated with these theories inform the design of educational interventions and measure their impact, much like we intend our scale to be used by others. ...
Nationally recognized social justice standards guide educators in developing social justice education. Absent from the guidance are tools to conduct initial formative assessment or to measure the impact of related instruction. To fill that gap, an academic researcher and 10th-grade teacher used a 3-phased, 9-step process to develop, pilot test, and evaluate a self-assessment tool called the Social Justice Educational Assessment Scale (SJEAS). In Phase 1, the team created the SJEAS items, aligning each with the Learning for Justice 9th–12th-grade social justice learning outcomes to ensure content validity. In Phase 2, they pretested the questions, revised the scale, and administered it to 322 student participants. Next, they conducted inter-item and total-item correlation tests and principal component analysis to ensure internal consistency. In Phase 3, they evaluated the SJEAS. Preliminary results indicate the SJEAS could provide educators and curriculum coordinators with a practical formative assessment and impact evaluation tool for social justice education aligned with nationally recognized learning outcomes. Complementary data, including classroom assignments and student discussions, would further enhance its value.
... The health belief model has 6 constructs: perceived susceptibility (to disease), perceived severity (of disease), perceived benefits (of strategies to prevent/treat disease), perceived barriers (to adoption of those strategies), cue to action (stimulus to trigger a decision to adopt the strategy), and self-efficacy (to perform the strategy). This model suggests that a person's assessment of their own personal risk of disease along with other beliefs, such as in the potential effectiveness of an intervention, influences their engagement with an intervention and subsequent health outcomes (Becker, 1974;Rosenstock, 1966). However, in one large study from the UK, employees with the highest health risk were the least likely to know of, engage in, and perceive benefit from relevant workplace wellness programs (Mulaney et al., 2021). ...
Objective
Whether employees’ health status is associated with the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programs is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if the effect of a workplace healthy eating intervention differed by baseline chronic disease status.
Methods
This was a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial conducted September 2016 to February 2018 among US hospital employees to test the effect of a 12-month behavioral intervention (personalized feedback, peer comparisons, and financial incentives) on diet and weight. Participants were classified as having chronic disease (yes/no) based on self-reported hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, stroke, pre-diabetes, diabetes, cancer or another serious illness. BMI was measured at study visits and calories purchased were measured from cafeteria sales data over 24 months. Mixed models with random effects assessed heterogeneity of treatment effects by chronic disease.
Results
Participants (N = 548) were mostly female (79.7 %) and white (81.2 %); 224 (40.9 %) had chronic disease. Among those with chronic disease, intervention participants reduced caloric intake by 74.4 [22.3] kcal more than control, with a smaller difference between intervention and control (−1.9 [18.7] kcal) (three-way p-interaction = 0.02). The effect on BMI for those with chronic disease (0.47 [0.21] kg/m²) indicated weight stability among intervention participants and weight gain among controls while the effect (−0.56 [0.18] kg/m²) for those without chronic disease was the opposite (three-way p-interaction < 0.01).
Conclusions
Those with chronic diseases had greater reductions in calories purchased and gained less weight. Employers with limited resources for health promotion might consider tailoring programs to employees at highest risk.
... The current study utilized the Health Belief Model (HBM) as the theoretical framework. The HBM provides a comprehensive framework for understanding health-related behaviors by considering individuals' perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action [11]. In the context of TB treatment adherence influenced by substance abuse, the HBM allows for an exploration of how individuals perceive their susceptibility to TB, the severity of the consequences of nonadherence, and the perceived benefits and barriers to adhering to TB treatment. ...
Background. Adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is essential for curing the disease and for preventing drug resistance. Most studies report that substance abuse is associated with high discontinuation of TB treatment, which is a barrier to the effective management of the TB control and prevention program. Insufficient data exist on the effects of the nyaope drug use on TB treatment adherence among patients with the disease. Hence, the current study aimed to qualitatively explore the perceptions of caregivers regarding the influence of nyaope and alcohol use on tuberculosis treatment adherence among tuberculosis patients in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Materials and Methods. Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive designs were used. The nonprobability purposive sampling method was used to select eight TB focal nurse and eight facility operational managers from eight selected community health centers in Limpopo Province. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, and it was guided by data saturation. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Trustworthiness was ensured, and ethical considerations were observed in the study. Results. The study results of the study show four individual major themes that emerged from the data analysis: (1) challenges in treatment adherence; (2) disruption of follow-up and DOT support systems; (3) reluctance toward social support; and (4) resistance to health educational and counseling interventions. Conclusion. The study reveals that nyaope and alcohol use significantly impede TB treatment adherence. In response, the conclusion advocates for integrating services within healthcare facilities to enhance TB treatment effectiveness. This proposed integration aims to create a cohesive and interconnected healthcare system capable of identifying, supporting, and treating TB patients with substance abuse issues more effectively. The study recommends incorporating the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire for all newly diagnosed TB patients. This proactive measure will enable early identification of individuals who may be experiencing harmful or hazardous alcohol use. Following the identification process, it is advisable to offer further counseling to those in need and link them to a deaddiction center for specialized support. This approach not only aids in the comprehensive care of TB patients but also addresses underlying issues that could potentially hinder their treatment adherence and overall recovery.
... This finding aligns with theoretical frameworks such as the Health Belief Model, which postulates that knowledge about a health threat influences one's beliefs and behaviours related to preventive actions. [39,40] The positive correlations between each subscale of the HPV-KS (general HPV knowledge, HPV testing knowledge, HPV vaccine knowledge, and HPV vaccine availability) and the subscale of the HBMS-HPVV (perceived benefits, sensitivity, severity, and obstacles) further support the nuanced relationship between knowledge and health beliefs. For instance, individuals with higher knowledge about HPV vaccines and their availability may perceive greater benefits and lower barriers to vaccination. ...
Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection, is the leading cause of cervical cancer. However, it is preventable.
Objectives:To determine the prevalence of HPV vaccine uptake among health sciences students in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu; and to determine the levels of knowledge and health beliefs regarding HPV infection and vaccination.
Methods:This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted among health sciences students in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu between November 2022, and January 2023.
Results: A total of 1139 participants of mean (SD) age 19.5 years (1.5) were enrolled. More than two thirds were females (68.1%). The prevalence of HPV vaccine uptake was 5.0%; of which 87.6% were recommended by doctors. Of the 1082 participants who had not taken HPV vaccine, 35.8% were willing to take if provided free of cost. Only 4.8% participants had adequate overall knowledge regarding HPV infection and vaccination; with 9.8% having adequate general HPV knowledge, 29.3% having adequate HPV vaccine knowledge, 4.0% having adequate HPV testing, and 4.0% having adequate HPV vaccine availability knowledge. One in five (19.4%) participants had favourable/appropriate health beliefs regarding HPV infection and its vaccination – with 43.5% having perceived benefits, 39.5% having perceived sensitivity, 34.6% having perceived severity, and 19.8% having perceived obstacles. The overall HPV – Knowledge scale scores (HPV-KS) and overall HPV infection and vaccine health belief model scale (HBMS-HPVV) scores had a significant positive correlation (r=0.251; p=<0.001). Participants with employed mothers, from upper socioeconomic status, with history of HPV vaccination in the family, and uptake of HPV vaccine for self were associated with significantly higher overall HPV-KS scores. Similarly, overall HBMS-HPVV scores were significantly higher among participants from urban family residence, with literate mothers, and from upper socioeconomic status.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of multifaceted interventions that address knowledge gaps, dispel myths or misconceptions, and tailor messaging to resonate with diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.
... The HBM was selected given its widespread use in dietary intervention development and for guiding health promotion and healthy behaviors development among diverse populations (Diddana et al., 2018;James et al., 2012;Romano & Scott, 2014). The HBM contains six constructs that include perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy (Becker, 1974), all of which were used to inform the development of the focus group discussion guide. Specifically, the focus group discussion guide questions focused on perceived susceptibility of eating habits and AD, perceived benefits of following a healthy eating pattern, perceived severity of poor dietary eating practices, perceived barriers to participating in dietary interventions, and cues to action for adopting an adapted dietary intervention that will enhance brain health. ...
Older Black men are underrepresented in research despite being disproportionately affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors related to AD compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Although dietary interventions have shown promise to reduce modifiable CV risk factors related to AD, Black Americans have lower adherence likely due to lack of cultural considerations. Using a noninterventional convergent parallel mixed-methods approach, this study examined the cultural contexts that inform perceptions of dietary interventions among older Midwestern Black men. All participants completed an online demographic and dietary habit survey prior to focus group discussions. Two focus group discussion sessions were conducted with a total of 10 cognitively normal Black men aged 55 years and older. Survey data were analyzed using a frequency analysis and qualitative data were analyzed using a six-step thematic analysis process. Most men indicated having hypertension (N = 7, 77.8%) and currently not following a dietary eating pattern (N = 8, 88.9%). Emerging themes identified included (1) knowledge of dementia, (2) perceptions of dietary interventions, (3) barriers impacting participation in dietary interventions, and (4) overcoming barriers to engage Black men in dietary interventions. Findings from this study should inform the design of future dietary interventions for AD prevention to enhance participation among older Black men.
... This instrument does not directly correlate with child malnutrition, except through the mother's educational endowments. Our identification strategy is based on the concept of social interaction (Becker, 1974). In a given neighbourhood, households in developing countries interact and creatinge a social environment which affects decision making on their wellbeing. ...
... HBM-derived items were used to measure the participants' perceptions of HFMD and the EV-71 vaccination (27,28). The questions probed perceived susceptibility to HFMD (two items), perceived severity of HFMD (two items), perceived benefits of an EV-71 vaccine (two items), perceived barriers to getting a vaccination against HFMD (four items), and cues to action (two items). ...
Background
This study aimed to determine the intention and willingness-to-pay (WTP) of Chinese parents/guardians to vaccinate their children with the EV-71 vaccine. Knowledge levels about hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and the EV-71 vaccine were also investigated.
Methods
A cross-sectional, self-administered online survey was conducted between November 2022 and March 2023. A stratified multi-stage random sampling method was used to recruit parents/guardians of children aged 0–5 years in southeastern China.
Results
A total of 3,626 complete responses were received. The mean knowledge score of HFMD was 9.99 (±4.23) out of a total of 14 points. The majority of the participants reported a somewhat willing intent (58.8%), followed by an extremely willing intent (28.9%). Participants who did not consider the EV-71 vaccine expensive (OR = 2.94, 95%CI 2.45–3.53) perceived that the EV-71 vaccine is effective (OR = 2.73, 95%CI 1.52–4.90), and a high knowledge level of HFMD (OR = 1.90, 95%CI 1.57–2.29) had the highest significant odds of having an extremely willing intent to vaccinate their children with the EV-71 vaccine. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) of WTP for the EV-71 vaccine was CNY¥200/USD$28 (IQR CNY¥100-400/USD$14-56). The highest marginal WTP for the vaccine was mainly influenced by the perceived high cost of the vaccine. Those participants who did not consider the EV-71 vaccine expensive had more than 10 times higher odds of vaccinating their children (OR = 10.86, 95%CI 8.49–13.88). Perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers were also significant influencing factors in the highest marginal WTP.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrate the importance of improving health promotion and reducing the barriers to EV-71 vaccination. Therefore, it is important to improve health promotion and reduce the barriers to EV-71 vaccination.
... Previous studies indicate that risk perception and actual risk during or after pregnancy are not always linked and women may underestimate their risks [63,64]. According to the Health Belief Model -describing that an individual's perceived susceptibility influences the decision to take health-related action -this may reduce the likelihood of increased intentions to change health behavior [65]. When comparing our findings to existing studies, we found contrasting results in a study investigating the TM model after a gestational diabetes diagnosis [31]. ...
Background
Pregnancy is often associated with a change in health behaviors, leading some to suggest that pregnancy could be a teachable moment for lifestyle change. However, the prevalence and underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not well understood. The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence of a teachable moment during pregnancy, the psychosocial factors that are associated with experiencing such a moment, and its association with actual health behaviors.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 343 pregnant Dutch women completed an online questionnaire. Participants reported on their intentions to change lifestyle due to pregnancy, their current health behaviors, and several psychosocial factors that were assumed to be linked to perceiving a teachable moment during pregnancy: perceived risk, affective impact, changed self-concept, and social support. Multivariable linear and logistic regression were applied to the data analysis.
Results
Results demonstrate that 56% of the women experienced a teachable moment based on intentions to change their health behavior. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that changed self-concept (β = 0.21; CI = 0.11–0.31), positive affect (positive β = 0.28; CI = 0.21–0.48), and negative affect (β = 0.12; CI = 0.00-0.15) were associated with higher intentions to change health behavior. Conversely, more perceived risk was associated with lower intentions to change health behavior (β=-0.29; CI = 0.31 − 0.13). Multivariate regression analyses showed a positive association between intentions to change health behavior and diet quality (β = 0.11; CI = 0.82–1.64) and physical activity (OR = 2.88; CI = 1.66-5.00).
Conclusions
This study suggests that pregnancy may be experienced as a teachable moment, therefore providing an important window of opportunity for healthcare professionals to efficiently improve health behaviors and health in pregnant women and their children. Results suggest that healthcare professionals should link communication about pregnancy-related health behaviors to a pregnant women’s change in identity, affective impact (predominantly positive affective impact) and risk perception to stimulate the motivation to change healthy behavior positively.
... The HBM is a theoretical framework used to guide health education and designed to explain factors impacting the performance of health behaviors [10,11], such as cancer screening [12], exercise [13], healthy eating [14], and LTBI or active TB [15,16,17,18,19,20]. The HBM asserts that to engage in healthy behaviors, the groups must exhibit the simultaneous occurrence of perceived susceptibility, severity, bene ts, barriers, self-e cacy, and cues to action [21]. ...
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects foreign-born persons from TB-endemic countries. Previous studies demonstrated that educational interventions effectively increased knowledge, perception, and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening in at-risk people. Given the high prevalence of LTBI and active TB cases and the large proportion of foreign-born individuals with low LTBI awareness residing in California, this study sought to evaluate the impact of video-based LTBI education in this population.
Methods
We evaluated the impact of a 5-minute LTBI educational video on participants using Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs using a pre- and post-test design. We enrolled 84 participants during the study period. Participants identified as (54%) women and 45% men, with 54.48 mean age, and participants identified as Asian (48%), White (37%), Hispanic/Latinx (13%), and Black/African American or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (2%). Participants first completed the pre-survey, which consisted of the HBM LTBI Survey, followed by a demographic survey. Participants then watched the educational intervention video followed by the post-survey, which consisted of the HBM LTBI Survey.
Results
To assess the changes in HBM constructs, we ran six paired-sample t-tests and found a significant increase in perceived susceptibility, t(83) = 8.82, p < .001, perceived severity, t(83) = 2.06, p < .04, perceived benefits, t(83) = 3.33, p < .001 and behavioral intention, t(82) = 3.99, p < .001 with a significant decrease in perceived barriers, t(83) = -3.38, p < .001. To analyze the impact of the HBM constructs on behavioral intentions, we ran a multiple linear regression. Overall, the HBM accounted significantly in variance for behavioral intentions to engage in screening, F(5, 77) = 14.81, p < 0.001; with perceived susceptibility, t(81) = 2.64, p = 0.01, perceived severity t(81) = 2.69, p = 0.009, and self-efficacy t(81) = 3.05, p = 0.003 significantly predicting behavioral intentions for LTBI screening.
Conclusions
This project demonstrates the efficacy of health education videos in promoting awareness and screening for LTBI. The authors recommend using health educational videos in communities and healthcare facilities to create more knowledge, awareness, and engagement in LTBI screening.
... The Health Belief Model is a concept that highlights how an individual's belief in the threat of sickness can shape health-related behavior (Becker, 1974). In the context of this campaign, the behavior change targeted is the individual's ability to actively refuse second-hand smoke. ...
Indonesia Smoke-Free (IS-Free) Toolkit
Almost 300,000 Indonesians die from tobacco smoke every year, including
those who do not smoke (GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators, 2021), so having
smoke-free environments plays an important role in reducing this number.
In understanding that smoking rates will continue to be high in the near future,
we took a passive smoke focused approach and initiated the Indonesia
Smoke-Free (IS-Free) Project. The approach aims to take immediate action to
protect the health of those who do not smoke, including women and children.
This toolkit propagates health knowledge and resources by providing
resources that could be easily used in different settings to promote smoke-free
environments to protect the health of all Indonesians.
This toolkit was developed in both English and Bahasa. You are currently in the
English version. If you prefer to view the materials in Bahasa, please use the
Bahasa version.
... The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a widely used theoretical framework for understanding health behaviors and designing interventions to promote them. The HBM posits that individuals' decisions to adopt particular health behaviors are influenced by their perceived susceptibility to a health problem, perceived severity of the problem, perceived benefits of the behavior, perceived barriers to the behavior, cues to action, and selfefficacy (6). The HBM provides a valuable lens for exploring how individual beliefs, perceptions, and sociocultural factors shape contraceptive behavior. ...
Introduction
Postpartum contraception is vital for maternal and child health, and reduces the risk of infant mortality. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a widely accepted framework for exploring health behaviors, such as contraceptive use. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the factors influencing postpartum contraceptive use in Nigeria and to contextualize the findings within the framework of the HBM.
Methods
This study was a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected from the Demographic Health Survey conducted in Nigeria (NDHS). In total, 28,041 women were included in this study. Self-reported contraceptive use was the outcome, while the explanatory variables included maternal age, place of residence, region of residence, religion, marital status, educational level, household wealth quintiles, knowledge of the ovulatory cycle, decision-maker for health care, and distance to health care facilities. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to summarize and identify factors influencing postpartum contraceptive use. The HBM was used to discuss the main findings.
Results
The prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use in Nigeria is 27%. Our findings showed that the odds of using contraceptives during the postpartum period were higher among women who knew their ovulation cycles, lived in urban areas in the southern region, had no distance barriers to health care, and were 25–49 years old. Education, wealth, and marital status also increase the odds of contraceptive use. However, women who lived in the northeast and northwest regions or shared decision-making with their partners had lower odds.
Conclusion
This study highlights the need for region-specific and age-focused interventions to increase contraceptive use in Nigeria. Additionally, increasing accessibility and affordability of contraceptives for younger and economically disadvantaged women, along with promoting women's autonomy in decision-making, can further enhance contraceptive use across Nigeria.
... A diverse set of explanatory accounts have been put forward to help delineate the biopsychosocial paths through which hypochondriacal fears, convictions, and preoccupations are acquired. The hypothesized etiologic factors include differences in pain or arousal sensitivity that can motivate help-seeking behavior (e.g., Barsky, 1979;Gentry, 1979;Hanback & Revelle, 1978); early modeling or social learning that can rein-force abnormal illness patterns (e.g., Turkat, 1982;Whitehead, Winget, Fedoravicius, Wooley, & Blackwell, 1981); secondary gains or self-handicapping strategies that protect the hypochondriac from failure evaluations (e.g., Smith et al., 1983); an inability or unwillingness to recognize and express emotional distress as distinct from bodily sensations (a psychodynamic concept referred to as alexithymia; e.g., Nemiah, 1977), and the presence of positive illness-treatment efficacy expectations (e.g., Becker, 1974). ...
A national sample of 60 male and 61 female adults completed a telephone interview that included measures of hypochondriacal tendencies, psychological distress, and symptom manifestation. They also provided cognitive evaluations for their most important health goal on scales measuring self-efficacy, value, planning, self-reward, self-criticism, self-monitoring, social comparison, and positive and negative goal-based arousal. Health goal cognition significantly predicted hypochondriacal tendencies measured 15 to 30 days after the goal assessment, even after controlling for chronic illness diagnosis. Correlations between goal cognition and hypochondriacal tendencies differed from those observed for psychological distress, and no significant correlations emerged with symptom manifestation. Results support a motivational account of hypochondriacal tendencies and extend previous goals research.
... This article reviews four theories of health protective behavior-the health belief model (Becker, 1974;Janz & Becker, 1984;Kirscht, 1988), subjective expected utility theory (Edwards, 1954;Ronis, 1992;Sutton, 1982), protection motivation theory (Maddux & Rogers, 1983;Prentice-Dunn & Rogers, 1986;Rogers, 1983), and the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980;Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975)-with special emphasis on the differences among these theories and the kinds of data and analyses needed to compare them. 1 These theories were chosen for two reasons. First, the theories emphasize beliefs about health hazards and health-protective behaviors and have many features in common, although the similarities are seldom recognized. ...
Four competing theories of health-protective behavior are reviewed: the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, protection motivation theory, and subjective expected utility theory. In spite of their commonalities, these models are seldom tested against one another. The review points out the similarities and differences among these theories and the data and analyses needed to compare them. In addition to describing the content of the models, their conceptualization of key variables, and the combinatorial rules used to make predictions, some general problems in theory development and testing for health behaviors are examined. The article's goal is to help investigators design studies that will clarify the strengths and weaknesses of these models, leading toward a better understanding of health behavior.
... In explaining preventive health behaviors or perceptions of threat, theoretical perspectives such as protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1983), the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen, 1988;Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), and the health belief model (Becker, 1974) identify dimensions comparable to several variables appearing in studies on environmental-risk judgments. Factors such as perceived susceptibility to risk, the perceived seriousness of a threat, beliefs about the efficacy of personal actions, the perceived costs of adopting a particular action, and perceptions of control have been used to predict perceptions of threat and the adoption of precautionary behavior (Weinstein, 1988). ...
The risk perceptions and self-protective behavior of 282 immigrant farm workers (all of Mexican origin) in response to pesticide exposure were examined. Several variables were predicted to influence reactions, but some deviations from past studies were expected because cultural or socioeconomic factors could modify risk responses. In keeping with predictions, greater risk perceptions were associated with beliefs that past harm had occurred, future harm to self or offspring was likely, precautions were less effective, and cancer-causing agents were mostly unavoidable. Self-protective behavior was most likely for those receiving risk information, having greater perceptions of control over health and the occupational situation, and believing that precautionary methods were effective. The discussion considers variability in responses to chronic risk and the broader perspective offered by environmental hazard studies.
... Perhaps the most frequently studied set of mediators of the decision to seek medical treatment are those that comprise the Health Belief Model (cf. Becker, 1974;Kirscht, Becker, & Eveland, 1976). The Health Belief Model suggests that individuals weigh information regarding the perceived seriousness of the symptom, their vulnerability to disease, the benefits of seeking medical care, and the actual and emotional costs of receiving treatment. ...
The present study explored the factors that contribute to mothers’ decisions to seek urgent medical attention for their children when symptoms are not of a traumatic nature. One hundred mothers seeking treatment for their children at a prepaid clinic completed a questionnaire eliciting their expectations regarding the course of their children’s problems, seriousness of the problems, perceived responsibility for the symptoms, and extent to which a variety of factors contributed to their decisions to seek treatment. Demographic data and information about each child’s symptoms and medical history were also obtained. Four major “reasons for seeking treatment” factors were identified: (a) family history of the presenting complaint, (b) worry regarding the symptoms, (c)situational variables, and (d) the extent of the child’s illness behavior. The appropriateness of the visit, delay in seeking treatment, and frequency of mothers’use of the pediatric clinic were predicted by the nature of the presenting symptoms (particularly the presence of fever), the ages of the mother and child, and two of the reasons for seeking treatment factors (i.e., family history and child’sillness behavior). The present study suggests that mothers pay more attention to presenting symptoms and to the children’s behavior than to psychosocial stressors in deciding to seek urgent care.
... These studies coincide with our conclusions and confirm the conclusions of this study. In the health belief model, perceived susceptibility to and perceived severity of health problems are considered the two most important determinants of subsequent health behaviors (Becker, 1974). Similar behavioral determinants are found in protective motivation theory (Rogers, 1983). ...
Climate change communication is an important behavioral manifestation of the public’s understanding, expression, and participation in addressing climate change. Social media play an important role in the climate change knowledge communication. Does social media promote climate change communication behavior in the Chinese context? Is its effect stronger than other types of media? Combined with the research context, we divide media into central media, local media, and social media and construct the influence mechanism model of media use on climate change communication behavior. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the public in China, and 1062 valid questionnaires were empirically tested by methods of hierarchical regression and bootstrapping. According to the findings of the study, different media use has a positive effect on climate change communication behavior. While social media is more likely to be used by the public to obtain climate change-related information than central and local media (with a mean value of 3.84 for social media compared to 3.51 for central media and 3.19 for local media), it is actually the central media that have the greatest effect on climate change communication behavior. This is evident in the total effect value, where the central media have a value of 0.21, which is higher than social media’s value of 0.20 and local media’s value of 0.12. Risk perception and environmental values play an important mediating role in the influence of media use on climate change communication behavior, among which environmental values have the largest mediating effect. (Specifically, the mediating effects of environmental values were 26.83%, 31.28%, and 38.57% for central media, local media, and social media, respectively.) In addition, risk perception can also positively affect environmental values, thus forming a chain mediating effect between media use and climate change communication behavior (the confidence intervals for the chain mediating effect also exclude the numbers 0).
... Moreover, model also postulated that at times there are no cues in environment like patients do not get enough information from their surroundings which assist them to take medicines regularly in order to manage illness and the most important, self-efficacy, as people develop confidence in their abilities to perform desired health behaviors. mostly people who lack in selfconfidence, are more likely to use emotion focused coping strategies (Asmundson, 2022;Becker, 1974;Jones et al., 2015). Especially, in Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Mali, and Tanzania where people find out other ways for instance, wear amulet and visit fake healers for the treatment. ...
Objective. To examine the factors that influence medication adherence among ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, living in Lahore, Pakistan. Method. Using correlational research design, 160 UC patients, visiting outpatient department of a public hospital, suffering from UC for at least six months to more than five years were selected through purposive sampling strategy. Patients, belonged to the age group 25-50 years, either married or unmarried, and suffering from mild to severe form of UC, were selected. We excluded those who were having colorectal cancer, or with different co-morbidities like diabetes, arthritis, kidney or renal malfunctioning. A self-developed structured questionnaire to ask about demographics and reasons for non-adherences was used. Also, Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire and Ways of Coping Questionnaire was filled out. After data collection, results analyzed via SPSS V 26.0. Results. ANOVA showed that participants with low socioeconomic status, younger, unmarried, less educated, ignorant about illness, and with severe medication side effects, were having poor medication adherence. Interestingly, disease intensity, like bowel surgery, moderate or severe UC, even along with longer span of diagnosis, and medication in take thrice and fourfold a day, was associated with good medication adherence. Multiple regression revealed poor medication adherence among patients using emotion focused coping than adopting active coping strategies. Conclusion. UC patients are reluctant to take medicines unless disease appear in worst form, or underwent for surgery. To reduce symptom recurrence, practitioners should focus on individual patient factors and educate them about the chronic and sensitive nature of disease for proper drug management.
... Moreover, model also postulated that at times there are no cues in environment like patients do not get enough information from their surroundings which assist them to take medicines regularly in order to manage illness and the most important, self-efficacy, as people develop confidence in their abilities to perform desired health behaviors. mostly people who lack in selfconfidence, are more likely to use emotion focused coping strategies (Asmundson, 2022;Becker, 1974;Jones et al., 2015). Especially, in Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Mali, and Tanzania where people find out other ways for instance, wear amulet and visit fake healers for the treatment. ...
... Eight studies out of 18 indicated the theoretical foundations of the interventions (ID: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 17), mainly Social Cognitive Learning Theory by Bandura (n = 2). Others informed the behavioral economics model (Just, 2006); the social marketing model (Evans, 2006), and the RE-AIM conceptual framework made up of five indicators: coverage, efficacy/effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the programs (Glasgow et al., 1999); the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974); food literacy model (n/r); The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model (Fisher et al., 2003) and program planning model (Green et al., 1994) (Table 1). ...
The impact of food literacy (FL) and nutrition literacy (NL) programs on lifestyles and health is recognized in the literature, yet few studies systematize it. This study aims to deepen the understanding of FL/NL from the characterization of programs in terms of (i) theoretical foundations, conceptualization and measuring instruments; (ii) characterization of the FL/NL programs and results and (iii) limitations and future directions declared. A scoping review of original articles addressing FL/NL programs from the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases published between 2015 and 2023. There was a somewhat restricted view of the construct and the absence of a clear boundary between FL and NL. Half of the studies reported theoretical foundations. The most used model was Social Cognitive Learning Theory. More significant development of programs was observed in Australia, using quasi-experimental designs. Most of the studies informed positive results. Limitations of the studies related to the sampling process, absence of a control group and lack of follow-up. It is suggested that long-term interventions consider economic, social and cultural factors. Despite that theoretical and empirical aspects should be revised, FL/NL programs are a suitable strategy to mitigate the social and health effects of inadequate nutrition.
Objective: This study aims to assess the effects of noise pollution in Port Harcourt Metropolis and to determine its association with health, quality of life, and economic well-being of the people resident in the area.Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 422 adult residents of Port Harcourt Metropolis was conducted. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their physical and mental health, as well as their economic well-being. Statistical analysis including descriptive and inferential analysis were used to assess the effect of noise pollution on the physical, mental and economic well-being of the residents, as well as the relationships between variables.Results: The study reveals a mean noise level of 72.91dB in Port Harcourt Metropolis, highlighting the pervasive risk of annoyance and hearing damage. Findings indicate a low negative effect of noise pollution on the physical health (48%), moderate negative effect on both mental health and economic well-being 58% and 56% respectively, among residents of Port Harcourt Metropolis.Conclusion: The study concludes that while noise pollution in Port Harcourt Metropolis has a moderate effect on mental health and economic well-being, it has a low effect on physical health. Additionally, strong positive correlations are found between gender and both physical and mental health, with females showing a stronger association. Recommendations include implementing measures to mitigate noise pollution and addressing gender disparities to improve overall well-being in the area.
Self-tracking (ST) is progressively finding its’ place in the health promotion programs of public health institutions, companies, and insurances. Going beyond technophilic discourses that present these innovations as neutral, my dissertation critically explores the reconfigurations of people’s lives and public health practices that they entail.
I rely on Akrich’s de-scription to follow a step-tracking application that distributes premium reductions upon daily completion of standardized objectives, from its development in a digital health laboratory financed by an insurance company to its laborious integration in policyholders’ daily lives. My analyses are based on observations among the designers, and interviews (n=45) and questionnaires (n=818) with end-users.
In the first part of the dissertation, I follow designers as they attempt to translate the technological promise to change users’ lifestyle in a technical architecture. I highlight their reliance on reductive cognitive models to configure users as ‘rational’ subjects (Woolgar, 1990). Doing so, I explore the cultural, technical, and organizational constraints that underpin the (re)production of the— criticized—‘neoliberal’ tracker (Lupton, 2016).
In the second part of the dissertation, I contrast designers’ script of user-technology interactions with users’ accounts of their actual encounters with the technology. First, I emphasize the negotiations and struggles that underpin the integration of physiological standards in daily life. Second, I demonstrate that digital divides are present both in the adoption and use of the technology, thereby challenging its public health ambitions, and strengthening health inequalities. Finally, I explore technology’s role in shaping users’ enactments of solidarity and thus question its disruptive effects on established models of insurance.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common among adolescents. According to the Health Belief Model, cues to action influence preventive behaviors. Cues to action can include health experiences such as being diagnosed with an STI. The impact of a history of STIs on subsequent condom use among adolescents remains largely unexamined, despite high rates of recurrence and their health impacts. This project aimed to systematically review the literature on the association between curable STIs and subsequent condom use among adolescents. The systematic review, reported following PRISMA guidelines, was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute method. Eligible studies, in the form of cohort studies, case-control studies, or cross-sectional studies, targeted adolescents aged 10 to 24, with or without a history of curable STIs; the outcome was subsequent condom use. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), and Web of Science were searched from January 2012 to December 2022 with the assistance of an information specialist. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Risk of bias analysis was performed using ROBINS-E. The review explores results, with tables, based on population characteristics, exposure, and outcome, and addresses the influence of gender, ethnicity, and age. Of 3088 articles identified, seven studies were retained. Almost all the studies focused on African-American, Nigerian, or Rwandan adolescents, and several included only girls. Among girls, a history of STI increased subsequent condom use in combination with other contraceptive methods (n = 4). Among boys and older adolescents of both genders, a history of STI was associated with a decrease in condom use (n = 3). No study distinguished between different STIs. While all the studies (n = 7) presented a high risk of bias, six did not present a threat to conclusion validity. All the studies indicated that a history of STI could influence subsequent protective behaviors, possibly by acting as a cue to action, as posited by the Health Belief Model. This information enhances our understanding of factors leading to the adoption of preventive health measures among adolescents and could apply to other infectious experiences.
Registration The protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397443).
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-024-18322-2.
Цель: На основе обзора существующих подходов и детализации теоретических конструктов к анализу эффективности системы здравоохранения структурировать типологию прикладных моделей организации системы здравоохранения с выделением доминант их организационного механизма и параметров их кумулятивной эффективности на микро- и макроуровнях.Методы: В работе использовался арсенал системного, структурного и компаративистского методов анализа.Результаты: Проведен обзор основного спектра исследований по кумулятивной эффективности системы здравоохранения как интегрального показателя его медицинской, социальной и экономической эффективности; обоснована структура медицинских услуг как частного, общественного, смешанного общественного блага; исследована типология современной сферы здравоохранения на базе детализации теоретических конструктов, лежащих в основе прикладных моделей с выделением доминант их организационного механизма и специфики кумулятивной эффективности на микро- и макроуровнях.Выводы: Целевой задачей всех прикладных моделей организации системы здравоохранения является поиск оптимальной результативности. Соизмерительная основа моделей — кумулятивный характер эффективности (медицинской, социальной, экономической) как на микроуровне, так и в макроизмерении. Микроэкономическая медицинская эффективность порождает организационную результативность лечебных мероприятий; социальная эффективность — степень доступности к медицинским услугам; экономическая эффективность здравоохранения — ресурсоотдачу. На макроуровне медицинская эфективность приводит к инновационной результативности, социальная проявляется в максимизации социальной полезности, а экономическая — в росте качества жизни и человеческого капитала.
Background
People’s health belief has been an important factor affecting health behavior. However, there has been little use of the health belief model (HBM) in determining the pathway effect of patients’ health belief on sedentary behavior among patients with coronary artery disease (CHD). The goal of our study was to evaluate determinants of sedentary behavior among patients with CHD based on the HBM.
Methods
It was a cross-sectional study. A survey about health belief and sedentary behavior was completed by 379 adults with CHD from February to August 2023. The causal relationship between HBM-related factors and sedentary behavior was explored using a structural equation model.
Results
A total of 379 complete responses were included; 67.0% of participants were male. The mean sedentary time was (7.18 ± 2.64) h/d. The model fit the data from the study well. Perceived barriers (total effect 0.296, P < 0.01) had promoting effects on sedentary behavior among patients with CHD. Self-efficacy (total effect − 0.253, P < 0.01), the knowledge of sedentary behavior (total effect − 0.279, P < 0.01), perceived susceptibility (total effect − 0.084, P < 0.05), perceived severity (total effect − 0.317, P < 0.01), perceived benefits (total effect − 0.266, P < 0.01) and health motivation (total effect − 0.105, P < 0.05) had negative effects on sedentary behavior. The relationship between the knowledge of sedentary behavior, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits on sedentary behavior were moderated by self-efficacy. The health belief could explain 32.9% of sedentary behavior among patients with CHD (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The HBM constructs can serve as good predictors of sedentary behavior. Community medical staff can develop targeted sedentary behavior interventions among patients with CHD based on the health belief model in the future.
ภูมิหลังและวัตถุประสงค์: กระทรวงสาธารณสุขได้ตระหนักถึงปัญหาสุขภาพของประชาชนที่จะเกิดขึ้นเมื่ออยู่ในภาวะอ้วนลงพุงจึงมีการรณรงค์โครงการ “คนไทยไร้พุง” หรือ “ลดอ้วนลดโรค” เพื่อให้เห็นปัญหาสุขภาพที่จะตามมาในอนาคตผู้ที่มีปัญหาความเสี่ยงต่อภาวะอ้วนลงพุง คือ ผู้ที่บริโภคเกินความจำเป็นของร่างกายบริโภคแป้ง น้ำตาลสูงและไขมันสูง การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ (1) เพื่อศึกษาปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน (2) เพื่อสร้างรูปแบบการจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน และ (3) เพื่อทดลองใช้และประเมินผลการจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน ระเบียบวิธีการวิจัย: การวิจัยแบ่งเป็น 3 ระยะ คือ ระยะที่ 1 การศึกษาปัจจัยเชิงสาเหตุที่ส่งผลต่อภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน จังหวัดชัยภูมิ โดยกำหนดปัจจัยเชิงสาเหตุ 7 ปัจจัย กลุ่มตัวอย่างคือ อาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน ในจังหวัดชัยภูมิ ที่ได้รับการตรวจสุขภาพประจำปี จำนวน 392 คน แบ่งเป็น กลุ่มปกติ จำนวน 196 คน และ กลุ่มภาวะโภชนาการเกิน จำนวน 196 คน เก็บข้อมูลโดยใช้แบบสอบถาม วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยใช้สถิติ Multiple Linear Regression Analysis กำหนดระดับนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ .05 ระยะที่ 2 การสร้างรูปแบบภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน ผู้วิจัยนำผลการวิจัยที่ได้จากการวิจัยระยะที่ 1 มาสร้างรูปแบบการจัดการ โดยการจัดประชุมเชิงปฏิบัติการ ใช้การประชุมกลุ่มย่อย การระดมสมอง กลุ่มเป้าหมาย คือ ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ นักวิชาการ และผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องจำนวน 25 คน แล้วส่งให้ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ 3 ท่าน ประเมินความเหมาะสมของรูปแบบอีกครั้งให้สมบูรณ์ยิ่งขึ้นก่อนนำไปทดลองใช้ ระยะที่ 3 การทดลองใช้และประเมินผลการจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุข กลุ่มทดลอง คือ อาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน ที่มีภาวะโภชนาการเกิน ในเขตตำบลภูเขียว อำเภอภูเขียว จังหวัดชัยภูมิ จำนวน 4 หมู่บ้าน จำนวนทั้งสิ้น 30 คน เปรียบเทียบกับกลุ่มควบคุม คือ อาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน จังหวัดชัยภูมิ จำนวน 4 หมู่บ้าน จำนวนทั้งสิ้น 30 คน(ที่ไม่ใช่กลุ่มทดลอง) นำผลการทดลอง ก่อนทดลองและหลังการทดลองใช้รูปแบบการจัดการ มาทำการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยการวิเคราะห์ความแปรปรวน(ร่วม) หลายตัวแปรตาม (MANCOVA) โดยใช้ค่าวัดรอบเอว เป็นตัวแปรควบคุม (Covariate) ผลการวิจัย: (1) ปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน จังหวัดชัยภูมิ ที่มีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 ได้แก่ 1) ความตระหนัก (0.779) 2) พฤติกรรมการเคลื่อนไหวและออกกำลังกาย (-0.168) 3) พฤติกรรมการบริโภคอาหาร (0.155) และ 4) แรงจูงใจ (0.079) (2) ผลการสร้างแนวทางการจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน ประกอบด้วย 8 กิจกรรม ได้แก่ 1) คนอ้วน 2) เสริมพลัง 3) หุ่นดี ชีวีมีสุข 4) กินดี มีสุข 5) ตั้งใจกิน 6) อยากหุ่นดี ต้องมีเป้าหมาย 7) คู่หู และ8) ขยับกาย สลายพุง และ (3) หลังการทดลองใช้การจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน กลุ่มทดลอง มีการจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกิน ดีกว่ากลุ่มควบคุม แตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 สรุปผล: การศึกษาพบว่าปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขมีความสัมพันธ์ทางสถิติที่สำคัญ โดยมีความสำคัญมาจากความตระหนัก พฤติกรรมการเคลื่อนไหว การบริโภคอาหาร และแรงจูงใจ และแนวทางการจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินประกอบด้วย 8 กิจกรรม ที่ผลการทดลองแสดงให้เห็นว่ามีประสิทธิภาพในการบริหารจัดการภาวะโภชนาการเกินของอาสาสมัครสาธารณสุขประจำหมู่บ้าน
Surveilans kesehatan masyarakat merupakan serangkaian kegiatan yang dimulai dari pengumpulan, pengolahan, penyajian, analisis data penyakit/masalah kesehatan dan penyebarluasan informasi kepada pihak lain yang membutuhkan secara terus menerus dan tepat waktu, untuk kepentingan pengambilan keputusan. Tujuan utama surveilans adalah untuk mendeteksi perubahan pada trend atau distribusi penyakit dalam rangka memulai penyelidikan atau melakukan tindakan pengendalian.
Buku ini membahas tentang:
BAB 1 PRINSIP DASAR DAN KONSEP SURVEILANS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
BAB 2 PERENCANAAN DAN EVALUASI KEGIATAN SURVEILANS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
BAB 3 PELAKSANAAN KEGIATAN SURVEILANS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
BAB 4 PENYELENGGARAAN SISTEM SURVEILANS TERPADU PENYAKIT MENULAR DAN TIDAK MENULAR
BAB 5 PENERAPAN SISTEM SURVEILANS PADA KLB
BAB 6 SURVEILANS TB PARU
BAB 7 SURVEILANS DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DAN SURVEILANS MALARIA
vi | Surveilans Kesehatan Masyarakat
BAB 8 SURVEILANS AFP-TETANUS-CAMPAK
BAB 9 SURVEILANS INFEKSI RUMAH SAKIT
BAB 10 SURVEILANS PENYAKIT YANG DAPAT DICEGAH DENGAN IMUNISASI (PD3I) DAN SURVEILANS GIZI
To examine how well the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior predict condom use, the authors synthesized 96 data sets (N = 22,594) containing associations between the models' key variables. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action's predictions, (a) condom use was related to intentions (weighted mean r. = .45), (b) intentions were based on attitudes (r. = .58) and subjective norms (r. = .39), and (c) attitudes were associated with behavioral beliefs (r. = .56) and norms were associated with normative beliefs (r. = .46). Consistent with the theory of planned behavior's predictions, perceived behavioral control was related to condom use intentions (r. = .45) and condom use (r. = .25), but in contrast to the theory, it did not contribute significantly to condom use. The strength of these associations, however, was influenced by the consideration of past behavior. Implications of these results for HIV prevention efforts are discussed.
This article applies recent developments in cognitive–social theory to health-protective behavior, articulating a Cognitive-Social Health Information Processing (C-SHIP) model. This model of the genesis and maintenance of health-protective behavior focuses on the individual's encodings and construals, expectancies, affects, goals and values, self-regulatory competencies, and their interactions with each other and the health-relevant information in the course of cognitive–affective processing. In processing health information, individuals are assumed to differ in both the accessibility of these mental representations and the organization of relationships among them. In this article, the model is applied to analyze and integrate the often-confusing findings on breast self-examination in cancer screening. Implications are considered for assessments and interventions to enhance adherence to complex, long-term, health-protective regimens, tailored to the needs and characteristics of the individual.
Introduction: With the prevalence of stress increasing among college students, stress reduction interventions are essential. This study explored the use of brief mindfulness meditation (BMM) and current physical activity on college students’ perceived stress. Methods: A single-cohort pre-test/posttest design was used to evaluate the effects of an 8-week classroom-based BMM. Current exercise levels and perceived stress, using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), were measured in a convenience sample of college students (N = 42). Results: Brief mindfulness meditations were more effective in reducing stress for those who self-identified as “less than moderate” exercisers, SMD = 3.33 (t = 2.801, p = .023) than “moderate,” SMD = -.24 (t = -.162, p = .873) or “vigorous” exercisers, SMD = 2.56 (t = 1.577, p = .136). Discussion: The intervention was more beneficial for those who did not participate in regular physical activity. Thus, BMM sessions held during class served as a helpful means of stress reduction for these students.
Despite the clear utility and transferability, National Health Service (NHS) quality improvement initiatives have yet to benefit fully from what is already known within health psychology. Thus far, evidence from established, seminal behaviour change theory and practice have been ignored in favour of newly developed models and frameworks. Further, whilst there is a growing interest in what is commonly referred to as ‘human factors’ of change and improvement, there is scant transferability of known psychologically informed implementation skills into routine NHS Improvement practice. The science and practice of healthcare improvement is growing, and the behaviour change aspect is critical to sustainable outcomes. Therefore, this paper offers practical guidance on how seminal psychological behaviour change theory and motivational interviewing (a person-centred skills-based approach specifically developed to support people through change) can be combined to better address individual and organisational change within a healthcare improvement context.
Background
Lifestyle behaviours related to smoking, alcohol, nutrition, and physical activity are leading risk factors for the development of chronic disease. For people in rural areas, access to individualised lifestyle services targeting behaviour change may be improved by using telehealth. However, the scope of literature investigating telehealth lifestyle behaviour change interventions for rural populations is unknown, making it difficult to ascertain whether telehealth interventions require adaptation for rural context via a systematic review. This scoping review aimed to address this gap, by mapping existing literature describing telehealth lifestyle interventions delivered to rural populations to determine if there is scope for systematic review of intervention effectiveness in this research topic.
Methods
The PRISMA extension for scoping review checklist guided the processes of this scoping review. A search of eight electronic databases reported in English language until June 2023 was conducted. Eligible studies included adults (18 years and over), who lived in rural areas of high-income countries and undertook at least one synchronous (video or phone consultation) telehealth intervention that addressed either addictive (smoking or alcohol), or non-addictive lifestyle behaviours (nutrition or physical activity). Studies targeting addictive and non-addictive behaviours were separated after full text screening to account for the involvement of addictive substances in smoking and alcohol studies that may impact behaviour change interventions described. Studies targeting nutrition and/or physical activity interventions are presented here.
Results
The search strategy identified 17179 citations across eight databases, with 7440 unique citations once duplicates were removed. Full texts for 492 citations were retrieved and screened for inclusion with 85 publications reporting on 73 studies eligible for data extraction and analysis. Of this, addictive behaviours were comprised of 15 publications from 13 studies. Non-addictive behaviours included 70 publications from 58 studies and are reported here. Most interventions were delivered within the United States of America (n = 43, 74.1%). The most common study design reported was Randomised Control Trial (n = 27, 46.6%). Included studies involved synchronous telehealth interventions targeting nutrition (11, 18.9%), physical activity (5, 8.6%) or nutrition and physical activity (41, 70.7%) and were delivered predominately via videoconference (n = 17, 29.3%).
Conclusions
Despite differences in intervention characteristics, the number of randomised control trials published suggests sufficient scope for future systematic reviews to determine intervention effectiveness related to nutrition and physical activity telehealth interventions for rural populations.
Trial registration
The scoping review protocol was not pre-registered.
Objectives
to assess the effectiveness of a group and telephone educational intervention with seropositive women about knowledge about HIV sexual transmission prevention.
Methods
a quasi-experimental before-and-after study, carried out with 151 women living with HIV in a Specialized Care Service in a Brazilian capital. The educational intervention was carried out in three moments, with the assessment being carried out before the first and after the last moment.
Results
97.4% of study participants were cisgender women aged between 18 and 58 years; 55.6% considered themselves brown; and 32.5% of interviewees had elementary school. Regarding knowledge about HIV sexual transmission, in 78.5% of items, there was an association (p<0.005) with increased participants’ knowledge after receiving the intervention.
Conclusions
the educational intervention helped to increase the knowledge of women living with HIV about the sexual transmission of the infection.
Descriptors:
HIV; Women; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Information Technology
Objectives
to assess the effectiveness of a group and telephone educational intervention with seropositive women about knowledge about HIV sexual transmission prevention.
Methods
a quasi-experimental before-and-after study, carried out with 151 women living with HIV in a Specialized Care Service in a Brazilian capital. The educational intervention was carried out in three moments, with the assessment being carried out before the first and after the last moment.
Results
97.4% of study participants were cisgender women aged between 18 and 58 years; 55.6% considered themselves brown; and 32.5% of interviewees had elementary school. Regarding knowledge about HIV sexual transmission, in 78.5% of items, there was an association (p<0.005) with increased participants’ knowledge after receiving the intervention.
Conclusions
the educational intervention helped to increase the knowledge of women living with HIV about the sexual transmission of the infection.
Descriptors:
HIV; Women; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Information Technology