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The Genesis of Self and Social Control
... The prominence enjoyed by the idea of interaction in the theoretical framework of sociology is much indebted to George Herbert Mead's pragmatist philosophy. His proposal of a socially developed individual self (Mead, 1903(Mead, , 1910(Mead, , 1912(Mead, , 1913(Mead, , 1922(Mead, , 1925(Mead, , 1967(Mead, [1934(Mead, ], 2011) has been taken by different approaches within the sociological discipline as an axis for the solution of the polarization between structure and agency. The communicative properties of interaction, which stand out in his discussions on social psychology, have been pivotal in this aspect. ...
... Honneth saw in the struggle for recognition the collectivized instance of the inner tensions of Mead's self, the ones deriving from conversations or discussions between its two phases. In a very general way (to be further worked out shortly) we may define the"I" as the element which corresponds to the self's subjective facet and the "me" as the one which is correlated to its objective facet (Mead, 1912(Mead, , 1913(Mead, , 1925(Mead, , 1967(Mead, [1934(Mead, ], 2011). According to Honneth's reasoning (Honneth, 2002: 502), by taking the reciprocity of recognition "[…] as the individual evolution of a 'me' that consists in the consciousness of legitimate social expectations, then the 'I' could perhaps be conceptualized as the source of continuous rebellion against established forms of recognition [...]". ...
... The idea of perspective has noteworthy presence in the work developed by Mead in the last decade of his life. Its mobilization represents Mead's attempt to combine his pragmatist naturalism to the relational metaphysics of Whitehead (Mead, 1925(Mead, : 259-260, 1932. In a quite concise fashion, a perspective can be defined as the product of perception spatiotemporally originated from a percipient event that finds itself in relation to a consentient set, i.e., an environment comprising relevant objects concerning the existence of that perceiving entity (Mead, 1925(Mead, : 256, 1932(Mead, : 161-175, 1972(Mead, [1938: 100ff). ...
The pragmatism of George Herbert Mead has been fundamental to the sociological understanding of the self. However, the complexity of his work is largely unrecognized in the discipline. This mainly affects the way in which Mead intertwined discursivity with the materiality of experience in his conception of human subjectivity. Through a metatheoretical analysis, the present article proposes a straightforward approximation between Mead’s theories of the self and the act to contemplate the incidence of processes encompassed by the latter upon the former. Based on this movement, and after a dialogue with Francis Chateauraynaud’s pragmatic sociology, the article suggests a new Meadian-inspired sociological alternative to the concept of self, attentive to its material dimension and centered on the concepts of outer and inner grasps. The current discussion about the ontological politics in the context of a new mastery of nature allows for an empirical exercise of the argument.
... George Herbert Mead zieht sozialtheoretische Konsequenzen aus Deweys Analyse situativer Reflexivität; er entwickelt aus ihr eine Theorie von Grund auf sozial vermittelter Selbstverhältnisse, aus der sich auch andere soziologische Erklärungsmöglichkeiten ergeben (vgl. v. a. Mead 1964aMead [1925 (Mead 1964b(Mead [1926, S. 313) -erlangen. Dies geschieht -so Mead -nicht durch dyadische Interaktionen, d. h. ...
... George Herbert Mead zieht sozialtheoretische Konsequenzen aus Deweys Analyse situativer Reflexivität; er entwickelt aus ihr eine Theorie von Grund auf sozial vermittelter Selbstverhältnisse, aus der sich auch andere soziologische Erklärungsmöglichkeiten ergeben (vgl. v. a. Mead 1964aMead [1925 (Mead 1964b(Mead [1926, S. 313) -erlangen. Dies geschieht -so Mead -nicht durch dyadische Interaktionen, d. h. ...
... And it is this generalized other in his experience which provides him with a self." (Mead 1964a(Mead [1925, S. 285) Die solchermaßen wirksamen Reaktionen können implizit oder explizit ausfallen; sie können die Form der Kritik annehmen, aber auch die einer Anerkennung für den Vollzug der geforderten Kooperationspraxis. In jedem Fall lernen die Beteiligten hier, sich aus der Perspektive des Kooperationszusammenhangs als ganzen zu betrachten: "We assume the generalized attitude of the group, in the censor that stands at the door of our imagery and inner conversations" (ebd. ...
Europas Parteien verändern sich gegenwärtig drastisch. Neue demokratische, aber auch populistische und völkische Bewegungen sind auf den Plan getreten. Für die klassische Parteienforschung stellen diese Entwicklungen eine Herausforderung dar und so lassen sich gegenwärtig interdisziplinär viele Versuche beobachten, das Geschehen in Europas Parteienlandschaft einzuordnen. Eine wichtige Stimme ist in diesen Debatten zu einer der bedeutsamsten politischen Entwicklungen der Gegenwart jedoch erstaunlich leise: die Stimme der Soziologie. In den letzten Jahrzehnten war ihr Verhältnis zu den Parteien eher von Desinteresse geprägt, Forschung zu Parteien wurden vor allem der Politikwissenschaft überlassen.
Dadurch ging und geht der Parteienforschung etwas verloren. Der Sammelband formuliert Vorschläge, wie der soziologische Blick auf Parteien zu neuen (und vielleicht überraschenden) Einsichten führen kann – um unser Verständnis für die Funktionsweise und innere Logik des Parteiwesens zu erweitern und die grundsätzlichen Veränderungen zu erklären, denen sich Parteiorganisationen aktuell ausgesetzt sehen.
Die Herausgeberinnen
Dr. Jenni Brichzin ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Soziologie und VWL der Universität der Bundeswehr München.
Dr. Jasmin Siri ist Vertretungsprofessorin für Politische Soziologie an der Universität Erfurt.
... impressions of themselves that they have conveyed to others is underscored by several major theoretical perspectives on human behavior. First, theories of the self in social interactionmost notably symbolLC-interactionist theories (e.g., Cooley, 1902;Mead, 1925Mead, , 1934; see also Shrauger & Schoeneman, 1979)-argue that the self is socially constructed. In Mead's (1925) words, "we are in possession of selves just insofar as we can and do take the attitudes of others toward ourselves and respond to those attitudes" (p. ...
... First, theories of the self in social interactionmost notably symbolLC-interactionist theories (e.g., Cooley, 1902;Mead, 1925Mead, , 1934; see also Shrauger & Schoeneman, 1979)-argue that the self is socially constructed. In Mead's (1925) words, "we are in possession of selves just insofar as we can and do take the attitudes of others toward ourselves and respond to those attitudes" (p. 273). ...
Do people know what kinds of impressions they convey to other people during particular social interactions? In a study designed to answer this question, subjects interacted individually with three partners on each of four different tasks. After each interaction, participants reported their impressions of the other person's likability and competence. They also postdicted the impressions they believed they conveyed to the other person along the same dimensions. Accuracy was computed as recommended by Cronbach (1955) and by Kenny's (1981) Social Relations Model. Subjects could tell to a significant degree how the impressions they conveyed to their partners changed over time (time accuracy) and how they changed over time in different ways with different partners (differential accuracy). They could also tell how their competence was differentially perceived by different partners (dyadic accuracy). However, they were not very accurate at discerning which partners perceived them as most competent or most likable across all interactions (person accuracy). Subjects believed that they conveyed similar impressions of themselves to all of their partners, although actually partners evidenced little agreement with each other in their impressions of a given subject. The implications of these findings for symbolic-interactionist theories of the development of the self and impression-management perspectives on social behavior are described.
... Counter-stories challenge "majoritarian" worldviews and allow for the construction of narratives which prioritise the stories and experiences of "those on the margins of society" (Solórzano & Yosso, 2002: 475). Zygmunt Bauman (1990) claims that as a society we tend to create binary identities which juxtapose the "Self" (Mead, 1925) from the "Other". In opposition to the "Self", the "Other" is positioned in an unfavourable light and is usually a minority or marginalised group in society (Mead, 1925). ...
... Zygmunt Bauman (1990) claims that as a society we tend to create binary identities which juxtapose the "Self" (Mead, 1925) from the "Other". In opposition to the "Self", the "Other" is positioned in an unfavourable light and is usually a minority or marginalised group in society (Mead, 1925). According to Bauman (1990) an "us/them" dichotomy pervades social identity formation in society and tend to form around aspects of our identity such as socioeconomic class, race, gender, sexual orientation, and disability status. ...
Investigations into experiences of accumulative disadvantage in “inner city” areas
demonstrate a lack of research in the area of neighbourhood reputation. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse neighbourhood reputations as they relate to experiences of marginalisation and social exclusion in Ireland. A case study was conducted in North East Inner City Dublin due to its current reputation as a “no go” area of crime and decay. This study has two major purposes: (1) to present a century-long narrative and social analysis of the area, ranging from the early 1900s to the present day and (2) to identify and build on existing literature to explain this neighbourhood reputation phenomenon. Findings from the historical narrative challenge mainstream perceptions of the community which focus on social problems rather than structural inequities. The principle finding demonstrates that despite largescale change to a neighbourhood, accumulative disadvantage and “sticky” reputations are reproduced spatially over time. Furthermore, past public interventions in the north east inner city have largely been unsuccessful, as they disregard this spatial reproduction of reputation, and its impacts. Recommendations propose the need for greater understanding of neighbourhood-level mechanisms and structural processes, which govern cultural reputations. An alternative to State-led inferences in “inner city” relations which often further stigmatise and treat these communities as “problem areas” is advanced throughout the discussion. Community-based solutions are promoted, namely through increasing levels of collective efficacy and social cohesion among residents of the area. Future investigations into the impact of stigma on community social outcomes should seek to progress sociologically-based knowledge on this reputation phenomena.
... Self is a psychological concept, which refers to one's sense of identity, uniqueness and self-direction, in comparison to others in our social world. 22 The social systems we live and work in, together with the people that populate them, can impact strongly on our constructions of our sense of self. Among the newly qualified nurses in this study, guilt was a common feeling which made them feel differently about themselves. ...
Objectives
It is well evidenced that healthcare professionals working in paediatric critical care experience high levels of burn-out, compassion fatigue and moral distress. This worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. This work examines the nature of challenges to workplace well-being and explores what well-being means to staff. This evidence will inform the development of staff interventions to improve and maintain staff well-being.
Design
Qualitative study.
Setting
Paediatric critical care units in the UK.
Participants
30 nurses and allied health professionals took part in online interviews and were asked about well-being and challenges to well-being. Lived experiences of well-being were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Results
Themes generated were as follows: perception of self and identity; relationships and team morale; importance of control and balance and consequences of COVID-19. They focused on the impact of poor well-being on participants’ sense of self; the significance of how or whether they feel able to relate well with their team and senior colleagues; the challenges associated with switching off, feeling unable to separate work from home life and the idealised goal of being able to do just that; and lessons learnt from working through the pandemic, in particular associated with redeployment to adult intensive care.
Conclusions
Our findings align closely with the self-determination theory which stipulates autonomy, belonging and competence are required for well-being. Participants’ accounts supported existing literature demonstrating the importance of empowering individuals to become self-aware, to be skilled in self-reflection and to be proactive in managing one’s own well-being. Change at the individual and staff group level may be possible with relatively low-intensity intervention, but significant change requires systemic shifts towards the genuine prioritisation of staff well-being as a prerequisite for high-quality patient care.
... Jest to wyraźne zapożyczenie z socjologii, które wskazuje na siłę oddziaływań społecznych oraz system kontroli społecznej (por. [Mead 1925]) spajających społeczeństwo jako uporządkowaną całość (por. [Berger 1997, s. 68-90]). ...
... França also adds that "for some years now the contributions [of] symbolic interactionism have been claimed by communication studies, but the reference to this current is still unsystematic" (França, 2007, p. 1) in the field investigations. Exemplary in this scenario, according to this author, would be the timid and remote reference in Brazilian communication studies to the thought of G. H. Mead (1925Mead ( , 1934Mead ( , 2006, identified as the "founding father" of this tradition. ...
The objective of this paper, based on bibliographical research, is to inscribe a reflection on the process of theorizing, following the constructivist grounded theory methodology guidelines. It also proposes to present and discuss the type of theory that can be produced with this qualitative methodological path, highlighting its potential for writing communication research that, through structured and progressive analysis procedures, seeks to generate substantive theoretical explanations about a problem delimited in a specific area, based on data (interviews, documents, media materialities, etc.). Finally, as a practical implication, this paper provides some guidelines on conducting research with grounded theory by elucidating the “troublesome trinity” characteristic of the methodology: theoretical sampling, constant comparison method, and theoretical saturation.
... França ainda complementa que "já há alguns anos as contribuições [do] interacionismo simbólico vêm sendo reivindicadas pelos estudos da comunicação, mas as referências a esta corrente são ainda pouco sistemáticas" (França, 2007, p. 1) nas investigações do campo. Exemplar nesse cenário, segundo essa autora, seria a tímida e remota referência nos estudos comunicacionais brasileiros inscrita ao pensamento de G. H. Mead (1925Mead ( , 1934Mead ( , 2006, identificado como "pai fundador" dessa tradição. ...
O objetivo deste trabalho, direcionado por uma pesquisa bibliográfica, é inscrever uma reflexão sobre o processo de teorizar seguindo as diretrizes da metodologia grounded theory construtivista. Este artigo busca também apresentar e discutir o tipo de teoria que pode ser produzido com esse caminho metodológico qualitativo, ressaltando, desse modo, o potencial que ele oferece para a edificação de pesquisas em comunicação que, considerando um problema delimitado em uma área específica, busquem gerar explanações teóricas de processos sociais enraizadas nos dados (entrevistas, documentos, materialidades midiáticas etc.). Como implicação prática, por fim, são fornecidos alguns direcionamentos sobre como conduzir investigações com a grounded theory ao elucidar a “tríade problemática”, característica da metodologia, a saber: amostragem teórica, método comparativo constante e saturação teórica.
... Self-awareness in cogito is innate and inherent; however, James, in his study, points out the "empirical Me" (James, 1890, p296), the consciousness of others that infants acquire during their growth process or "Me," which is conscious as an object of social experience by interacting with others, is an acquired self-awareness. Mead (1925) and Rogers (1989), among others, in their theories, stated that the object "Me" is obtained by social experience and learning. They also state that the existence of oneself depends on the relationship with others, and the self itself is socially formed as the object "Me." ...
... Symbolic interactionism's interest in internal conversations begins with the pragmatist philosophers, especially Mead's (1912Mead's ( , 1913Mead's ( , 1922Mead's ( , 1925Mead's ( , 1934 account of the self as involving a conversation and Blumer's (1966) interpretation of Mead. Wiley (1994, 2016, who synthesized ideas about the internal conversation from pragmatist philosophy and symbolic interactionism in his book Inner Speech and the Dialogical Self, attributes agency to the internal conversation. ...
Although sociologists have a long history of making claims about people’s internal conversations, these claims are based on little or no evidence. We present results from the first sociological analysis of a large number of self-reported internal conversations, focusing on two interconnected properties of internal conversations: their uses and what internalized others appear and speak in them. We developed taxonomies for categorizing internal conversations based on these properties. The majority of internal conversations in our collection were used to prepare for action, such as with rehearsals, self-direction, and to-do lists. Internalized others appeared in over two-thirds of internal conversations but spoke in fewer than a fifth of them. Internalized others were most likely to speak in rehearsals and other internal interactions, which involve mentally running through an interaction with one or more other people.
... Even though BID research provides compelling examples of the mutually beneficial relationship between biology and engineering, research from organization studies shows that perceptions matter when seeking to enlist support for new collaborative work efforts. Social theorists have long recognized that people make decisions about how they will act based upon their personal understandings of issues at hand (Mead 1925;Goffman 1983). Empirical work has shown that individualized understandings of a collaboration, which are often called "frames," can influence individuals' intentions and motivations for engaging and supporting new work arrangements (Edmondson 2003;Leonardi 2011;Treem et al. 2021). ...
Synopsis
Bioinspired design (BID) is an inherently interdisciplinary practice that connects fundamental biological knowledge with the capabilities of engineering solutions. This paper discusses common social challenges inherent to interdisciplinary research, and specific to collaborating across the disciplines of biology and engineering when practicing BID. We also surface best practices that members of the community have identified to help address these challenges. To accomplish this goal, we address challenges of bioinspiration through a lens of recent findings within the social scientific study of interdisciplinary teams. We propose three challenges faced in BID: (1) complex motivations across collaborating researchers, (2) misperceptions of relationships and benefits between biologists and engineers, and (3) institutionalized barriers that disincentivize interdisciplinary work. We advance specific recommendations for addressing each of these challenges.
... Rather, it has a matter of degree ranging from simple feelings to symbolic awareness and, finally, to reflective awareness. The latter pertains the level reached by humanity (Mead 1925). As a corollary, the mind itself is considered as part of that evolution, lacking any primacy over other behavioural processes (Mead 1932). ...
... Çok zengin tarihsel arka planın yanı sıra, basit anlamda benlik, "kişinin kendi hakkında temsili bir bütün" ya da "bireyin tümünün diğerlerine benzeyen ya da onlardan farklı özellikleri" olarak tanımlanabilir (Bilgin, 2014:159). Benlik üzerine yapılan çalışmaların sayısı arttıkça, benlik ile ilgili ideal benlik, ayna benlik, benlik tasarımı gibi farklı kavramlar ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır (Cooley, 1902;Mead, 1925;Kohut, 1971;Blos, 1979 ...
A part of our empirical research trying to develop a new scale in or to measurehip consumer citizenship
... Rather, it has a matter of degree ranging from simple feelings to symbolic awareness and, finally, to reflective awareness. The latter pertains the level reached by humanity (Mead 1925). As a corollary, the mind itself is considered as part of that evolution, lacking any primacy over other behavioural processes (Mead 1932). ...
Behavioural economics offers an account of actual human behaviour. Contrasting with the conventional normative approach to rationality, rational choice theory, describes the deviations from optimal decision making. These are attributed to failures in two systems, one in charge of automatic behaviour (System 1) and the other responsible for reflective one (System 2). As important as this is, an elaboration of the interaction between them seems to be lacking. Philosophical pragmatism can contribute to address this want. It provides an evolutionary explanation of how people act accounting for the continuity of behaviour including habitual and reflective action. The former is captured by habits and the latter directed towards objects. Additionally, it proposes a dialogical self, consisting of an interaction between the ‘I’, denoting impulse, and the ‘me’, referring to reflective action. As such, pragmatism can provide fertile ground on which to cultivate behavioural insights.
... These findings suggest that attunement cannot be reduced to a matter of anthropomorphism (Berger, 2009). They also cast doubt upon Mead's (1907Mead's ( , 1925 relegation of animals from the sphere of intelligent interaction; a point addressed by Alger and Alger's (1997) argument that the ability of cats and dogs to exploit the moods of their carers for the purpose of play, exercise or food, evidences an ability to 'take the role of the human'. Dyadic exchanges involving the expression, recognition of and responses to emotions are key to these accounts. ...
The sociology of the body developed as a reaction against Cartesian conceptions of homo clausus that haunted disciplinary thought in the late 20th century but exhibited anthropocentric tendencies in neglecting non-human animals. Building upon recent attempts to address this situation, I develop a transactional approach towards body pedagogics that explores how the shifting borders governing human–animal relations influence people’s embodied identities. Transactions between humans and (other) animals have been an historic constant across contrasting societies, but the patterning of these exchanges is framed by specific cultural body pedagogics. Focusing on the institutional means, characteristic experiences and corporeal outcomes of ‘civilising’ and ‘companionate’ human–animal body pedagogics, I explore the identity-shaping impact of these different modalities of inter-species inter-corporeality and demonstrate the sociological utility of this transactional approach.
... The theoretical foundation of the research is underpinned by a number of inter-related theories such as the discourse theory (Laclau & Mouffe,1985;Teun, 1998), the collective representations theory (Durkheim, 1995;Le Bon, 1995;Marcuse, 1994), agenda theory (Lippmann, 2004), the concept of socio-political destabilization factors (Goldstone, 1991;Howard & Parks, 2012), the tradition of realism in the analysis of the nation and interethnic relations (Altermatt, 2000); the theory and concepts of social, ethnic and interethnic attitudes (Uznadze, 2001;Drobizheva, 2008); concepts and theories of the system of identities and ethnic identity (Berger & Lukman, 1995;Erickson, 1996;Mead, 1925); and the concept of integration and consolidation of society (Zaslavskaya, 2002;Zdravomyslov & Yadov, 1965). ...
This article identifies the content and structural features of social and media communication of Runet users in relation to the information presence of Sevastopol in the construction of the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War. An interdisciplinary approach is used to fully implement the goal and objectives of the research being conducted. Media and information spaces cybermetry intrinsic to modern sociology make it possible to identify new trends in the formation of unconventional historical attitudes about the Great Victory, including the presence of Sevastopol in the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War. The use of the social media monitoring system "Medialogia" enabled an analysis of information flows about the Great Patriotic War and the role of Sevastopol in the Great Victory. The results of the study can contribute to the development of a guide aimed at intensifying the activities in the field of formation of the historical memory of the Great Victory. The authors believe that it will positively affect the consistent upholding of Russia's historical victories and their preservation in the modern digital space by shaping the agenda and managing information flows in the context of the ideological confrontation of the main world actors.
Tras el final de la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939), se puso en marcha un sistema represivo y de control social, acorde a las necesidades del franquismo. Para el mantenimiento del orden público, y la consolidación de la nueva estructura legal del Estado, se creó una institución represiva de carácter civil y militar, conocida como la Policía Armada y de Tráfico. Con ello, se disolvía el antiguo Cuerpo de Seguridad y Asalto de la II República.
Con la creación de esta institución, posteriormente Cuerpo de Policía Nacional, se buscaba conseguir una fuerza y aparato policial, que garantizase el control social en el nuevo régimen. Durante sus años de operatividad, la Policía Armada y de Tráfico se convirtió en un instrumento de control social y de orden público. Sus intervenciones, actuaciones y documentos, han de ser investigados de forma rigurosa, para conocer de manera más certera el papel de la Policía Armada y de Tráfico en Tenerife, una cuestión poco investigada en la Historiografía franquista.
Con la llegada del Franquismo, la Policía Armada y de Tráfico tuvo un papel importante en la represión y control de los sectores sociales en el nuevo régimen. La mayoría de los grupos sociales, se vieron presionados ante la represión, el control social y el orden legal del Franquismo, cuya base se sostenía en el Ejército, la Falange y la Iglesia, en un contexto de hambre y aislamiento internacional hasta 1950.
Most recent academic studies of homophily—the tendency of
people to interact with similar others—lean to a sociological critique
of digital technologies, rather than revealing fundamentally positive
outcomes. A few solid philosophical endeavors have emerged
from the fields of philosophy of technology and enactive ethics.
This article adopts a sociological perspective to argue that digital
social networks can serve as an ethical infrastructure for facilitating
effective communication. However, they also face the challenge
of organizing the myriad of individual voices present within them,
so that the necessary moral conditions to mitigate homophily can
be established. From this viewpoint, it is suggested homophily
should be viewed not as an individual’s right to expression but as a
cultivated echo-moral cultured landscape. Homophily is not an input
but an outcome. Homophily does not happen without evaluating
reception. A voice without assessment lacks the ethical dimension.
By applying the theory of the social construction of reality (Berger &
Luckmann, 2008), homophily can be conceived as the contribution
of significant others. Most importantly, effective communication can
be attained when new secondary institutions organize the input of
significant others into a meaningful generalized other (Mead, 2015).
As a result, I propose that digital technologies allow for ameliorating
the moral character of the individual by shifting how one looks
at communication: from an individual’s right to a voice into an
ordered culture of voices, from preserving rights to serving rightly.
This perspective could illuminate policymakers to establish right
processes to avoid homophily and help individuals and organizations
achieve effective means of communication and deliberation.
Most recent academic studies of homophily-the tendency of people to interact with similar others-lean to a sociological critique of digital technologies rather than revealing fundamentally positive outcomes. A few solid philosophical endeavors have emerged from the fields of philosophy of technology and enactive ethics. This paper adopts a sociological perspective to argue that digital social networks can serve as an ethical infrastructure for facilitating effective communication. However, they also face the challenge to organize the myriad of individual voices present on them, so that the necessary moral conditions to mitigate homophily can be established. From this viewpoint, it is suggested to view homophily not as an individual's right to expression, but as a cultivated echo-moral cultured landscape. Homophily is not an input but an outcome. Homophily does not happen without evaluating reception. A voice without assessment lacks the ethical dimension. By applying the theory of the social construction of reality (Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman, 2008), homophily can be conceived as the contribution of significant others. And most importantly, effective communication can be attained when new secondary institutions organize the input of significant others into a meaningful generalized other (G.H. Mead, 2015). As a result, I propose that digital technologies afford the opportunity to ameliorate the moral character of the individual by shifting how one looks at communication: from an individual's right to a voice into an ordered culture of voices, from preserving rights to serving rightly. This perspective could illuminate policy makers to establish the right processes to avoid homophily and help individuals and organizations achieve effective means of communication and deliberation.
This is an overview of Pragmatism and Design Research developed for the Swedish National Faculty of Design Research.
El uso del espacio virtual invita a una reflexión ética sobre su impacto moral. Sociólogos, psicólogos y filósofos son incapaces acordar sus implicaciones éticas. El presente artículo examina el espacio virtual a través de la teoría de La Construcción Social de la Realidad de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann, que sostiene que el otro significante conforma el carácter del individuo. Se argumenta que el ciberespacio produce un progreso moral. Por un lado, la multiplicidad de otros significantes representa un obstáculo en la socialización del individuo. Por otro y más importante, los otros significantes constituyen nuevas verdades que favorecen un nuevo orden moral. Este resultado se explica mediante el concepto de otro generalizado originario del filósofo George H. Mead. En conclusión, se propone que el espacio virtual conforma el carácter moral del individuo de forma positiva.
This chapter delves into the theoretical perspectives that explore “disciplining” as the key concept revealing the essence of the social control mechanism. After introducing the evolution of the conceptualization of deviant and pathological individuals, who are the primary targets of the disciplining model, the chapter explores the theoretical perspectives examining the subject of discipline and how the ideal individual to be disciplined has been historically portrayed in scientific literature. Additionally, it draws upon the literature on poverty governance to explore the imposition of a neoliberal-paternalist cultural model, designed to penalize marginalized segments of the population that do not conform to the rules of the dominant class. Furthermore, the chapter establishes a common thread between the interpretation of the penitentiary as a bureaucratic institution seeking to include individuals by imposing a specific social and cultural model and Wacquant's depiction of a neoliberal-paternalist regime of poverty governance. The chapter further advances the analysis by considering the agency of those in management positions and investigating both what and how governing authorities operate.
In spite of ambiguity, reference group has become an increasingly popular concept, utilized in hypotheses concerning a variety of social pehnomena. The restriction of this concepts to a single referent, namely, group whose perspective is used as a frame of reference by the actor, will increase its usefulness as an analytic tool. Shared perspectives arise through participation in common communication channels, and the cultural pluralism of modern mass societies arises from the easy accessibility of a multiplicity of channels. The concept of reference group, if defined with greater precision, can greatly facilitate research on the manner in which each actor’s orientation toward his world is structured. Key Words: Group perspective, Reference frame, Channels of communication, Social worlds
The article analyses Mead’s theory of the institutionalized composite act as a precursor of the theory of distributed action. It is shown that the aspect of symbolic communication, which is central in institutionalized composite acts, and the aspect of the inclusion of technology in the processes of distributed action stand rather unconnected next to each other. With reference to philosophical anthropology, these two aspects are systematically related to each other. Therefore, in a second step, following Plessner and Schmitz, the article unfolds the dimension of sensual-material relation to the environment and thus extends the theory of institutionalization by the aspect of institutionalization of forms of production and use of tools or technology. Within this conceptual framework, technological development can be understood not only as a substitute for the body, but also as an automation of communicative processes. On this basis, the interplay between reflexive institutionalization and automation can be understood, which can form the basis for the analysis of currently ongoing processes of differentiation.KeywordsFunctional differentiationInstitutionPhilosophical anthropologyReflexive institutionalizationSocial differentiationTechnologyTechnology development
Introduction. Introducing into the system of work of traditional media, new information and digital technologies have become the reason for the development of new media. Purpose setting. The evolution of new media in the era of technological progress involves the constant introduction of advanced digitalization technologies. In this regard, it is necessary to study the impact of new media on the minds of young people in order to identify positive and negative factors. Methodology and methods of the study. The factors of influence of information messages on the behavior of an audience of young people subject to regular and excessive media consumption, which causes certain behavior and reactions, are substantiated. Results. In the process of forming opinions and attitudes of Generation Z to information messages in the media space, the emotional factor and emotional thinking prevail. Conclusions. The consciousness and worldview of the younger generation is subject to informational and psychological impact due to the high degree of activity of the audience in social media and the Internet.
Resumen: El uso generalizado del espacio virtual invita a una reflexión ética sobre su impacto moral. Sociólogos, psicólogos y filósofos son incapaces de aportar un aná-lisis filosófico definitivo sobre sus implicaciones éticas. En particular, parecen escasos los intentos de evaluar cómo la sociología del conocimiento puede examinar estos acontecimientos. Para abordar ese vacío, el presente artículo examina el espacio virtual a través de la teoría de La construcción social de la realidad de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann, que sostiene que el otro significante representa un papel fundamental en la formación del carácter del individuo. Se argumenta a favor de una nueva creencia: el ciberespacio produce formas de relación que crean un progreso moral. Por un lado, la multiplicidad de otros significantes representa un obstáculo en la socialización del indi-viduo, forzándole a desarrollar una ética pragmática para superar el desorden moral. Por otro y más importante, los otros significantes se relacionan entre ellos para constituir nuevas verdades que favorecen la constitución de un nuevo orden moral. Este resultado se explica mediante el concepto de otro generalizado originario del filósofo George H. Mead. En conclusión, se propone que el espacio virtual conforma el carácter moral del individuo de forma positiva.
This study aims to see the effect of (1) Incentives on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat district Office, Kerinci Regency (2) Work motivation on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office, Kerinci Regency (3) Job satisfaction on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office ,Kerinci Regency (4) Incentives, work motivation and job satisfaction together affect the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office. The sampling method used for this study was total sampling with a sample of 30 people. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Science). The results of this study show that (1) Incentives have a significant positive influence on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office, Kerinci Regency (2) Work motivation has a positive influence on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office, Kerinci Regency (3) Job satisfaction have a positive influence on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office of Kerinci Regency (4) Incentives, work motivation and job satisfaction together have a positive effect on the performance of employees of the Air Hangat Barat District Office of Kerinci Regency.
From Huberman’s Communicative Paradigm to Honneth’s Recognition Paradigm Habermas, through the communicative action paradigm, which is relying on a linguistic structure and intersubjective principle, trying to provide a solution for oppression and suffering in the social life. He thinks dialogue ethic and linguistic communications are suitable mechanisms for solving the social oppression and injustice. The main question of this research is; Is recognition an appropriate theory for the treatment of social oppression and can it open our eyes to social oppression more clearly?, Axel Honneth, as a third generation of Frankfurt school, criticizes Habermas’s paradigm and constitute a recognition paradigm. He thinks, if individual experience recognition, through socialization process and in three spheres and three forms of (love, right and solidarity), so he makes a good self-relation and world-relations. But if in three spheres experience three forms of (hate, denial of rights and neglecting), then he experiences a deep oppression and collapse his relation with himself and world, and this collapse it is a social oppression. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to introduce confession as an appropriate theory for the treatment of social oppression and an appropriate social life and present the scope and forms of confession. Finally, the study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: The deprivation of the individual of the right to self-realization is a profound social oppression, which can be recognized in three important spheres (such as family, state and society). Provide a more favorable environment for self-realization. Therefore, both the experience of recognition and the experience of non-recognition have an impact on one's identity and personality.
We share findings from a qualitative study on emotions in Scottish working-class households during lockdown. The results challenge existing research focused on emotional capital, which often suggests that working-class people struggle to provide emotional resources to those close to them. Using the concept of emotional reflexivity we show how these household members cared for each other’s feelings, challenging deficit views of working-class emotionality. This research offers a novel understanding of working-class participants collaboratively making space for each other to feel, many favouring acts of care rather than talking. The COVID-19 lockdown, however, tended to reinforce gendered practices of emotion work, although some participants drew on emotional support beyond the household to try to mitigate this burden. The emotionally reflexive practices seen in these households suggest that sustaining more equality in emotional wellbeing relies on navigating material circumstances, is not always about verbal sharing, is often an interactional achievement, but also means resisting unrealistic expectations of intimate relationships within households as the fountainhead of all emotional succour.
Ifølge de etablerede arbejdsstressteorier skal miljømæssige krav balanceres op imod individuelle kontrolmuligheder, og der peges derfor på behovet for både sociologiske og psykologiske niveauer af arbejdsstress. Selvom en niveauinddelt tilgang til stress er vigtig, risikeres en opsplitning mellem individet og miljøet. Som grundlag for at arbejde med en mere integreret relationsforståelse mellem individ og miljø i arbejdsstressforskningen foreslås en tredimensional integrationsmodel, som inddrager relationens sociale dimensioner. Kontekst og handling er de centrale opmærksomheder, og i socialitetsperspektivets opbygning (gen)introduceres et fokus på den intentionelle arbejder, som udvikles gennem en ”lag”- deling mellem subjektiv og kollektiv intentionalitet.
George Herbert Meadin tuotanto on ollut laajan huomion kohteena viimeisten neljän vuosikymmenen kuluessa sosiaalitieteissä Euroopassa ja Yhdysvalloissa. Meadia pidetään yhtenä kaikkein tärkeimmistä yhteiskuntateorian edustajista, sillä hänen näkemyksensä yksilön toimijuudesta, minuuden kehityksestä ja kielellisen kommunikaation merkityksestä ovat avanneet teoreettisesti uudenlaisen näkökulman yksilön toimintaan. Hänen ajatteluaan voidaan pitää myös kiinnostavana, jos ajatellaan sosiaalipedagogiikan teoreettisena lähtökohtana ihmisen kehityksen, kasvun ja niiden yhteiskunnallisten ehtojen tarkastelua. Mead tarkasteli nimittäin paitsi kielellistä kommunikaatiota ja sosialisaatiota myös kasvatusta koulussa ja yhteiskunnassa. Hänen ajattelunsa perustui yleisesti klassiseen amerikkalaiseen pragmatismiin, mutta hänen lähestymistapansa oli sosiaalisempi kuin muiden suuntauksen edustajien (Dewey, James, Peirce). Artikkelissani tarkastelen sitä, millaisen näkökulman tämä tarjoaa yleisesti sosiaalipedagogiselle teorialle ja tutkimukselle. Erityisenä huomion kohteena on Meadin näkemys yleistyneestä toisesta ja yksilön kasvusta yhteiskunnan jäsenyyteen. Tämän ohella tuon esille uudemman neomeadilaisen tutkimuksen näkemyksiä. Niitä ovat esittäneet positionvaihtoteorian kehittäneet Alex Gillespie ja John Martin. Kehys korostaa sitä, että yksilön sosiaalisuuden kannalta olennaista on hänen kykynsä yhdistää omassa toiminnassaan muiden odotukset osaksi toimintaansa.
In this article, we explore the emotionally reflexive processes by which some women build maternal futures in the unsettling context of climate change, aiming to contribute to a better understanding of reproductive (and other) future building as aided by emotions. We analyse the online testimonies of an organisation that raises awareness about the interrelationship between climate change and reproductive decision making. The findings illustrate how women’s consideration of possible futures is relational, guided by their feelings and what they know or imagine to be the feelings of their families, the wider society and future generations. This is important for interrogating how climate change might unsettle dominant maternal and familial practices but extend understandings of connection. We position cohabitability as a possible foundation for reproductive decision making but find this possibility unfulfilled. Rather, maternal future building more commonly reinforces individualised and gendered responsibility for the planet’s future.
تعتبر الألعاب المصغرة والتي تجري في مساحات صغيرة من بين الطرق التدريبية الحديثة والأكثر فاعلية فالوضعيات والتركيبات الحالية موجودة بصفة جلية في مختلف أشكالها وذلك حسب الأهداف المسطرة، لذا نجد أغلبية المدربين يحضرون لاعبيهم في مربعات صغيرة. تكمن أهمية الألعاب المصغرة في إمكانية تطوير القدرات المهارية، البدنية، الفسيولوجية والنفسية للاعبين وتنمية روح اللعب في الفريق.
تسمح الألعاب المصغرة بتطوير جميع صفات الأداء في كرة القدم خلال كل الموسم وتناسب جميع الأعمار، الأجناس ومستوى الخبرة في المنافسة. تندرج هذه الدراسة ضمن الدراسات التجريبية والتي تهدف إلى تسليط الضوء على كرة القدم المصغرة كطريقة تعليمية وتدريبية حديثة تساعد في تنمية المهارات الأساسية خصوصا في هذا السن الحساس تحت 13 سنة الذي يميز الطفل باستعدادات حركية ومهارية قابلة للنمو والتطور.
تكونة عينة البحث من فريقين لكرة القدم تحت 13 سنة، عينة تجريبية وأخرى ضابطة يتكون كل فريق من 16 لاعب وبعد المعالجة الإحصائية توصل الباحثين إلى:
طريقة الألعاب المصغرة تعتبر طريقة حديثة وناجحة، حيث تساهم بشكل فعال في تعلم المهارات الأساسية في كرة القدم، وهذا ما لاحظناها في جميع نتائج الاختبارات المتعلقة بالعينة التجريبية مقارنة مع الضابطة، ومنه وجب على مدربي الفئات الصغرى (الاطفال) استعمال هذه الطريقة نظرا لإكسابها الطفل قاعدة حركية ومهارية عالية وهو ما يعتبر الركيزة الأساسية لمستقبل لاعب تتوفر لديه كامل المقومات والمتطلبات الخاصة بكرة القدم الحديثة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الألعاب المصغرة; المهارات الأساسية
Ce mémoire est consacré à l'étude de la notion de double en philosophie. Le propos qui va suivre peut sans doute être résumé en une phrase : je souhaite défendre l'idée que les doubles n'ont aucun poids ontologique. Toute chose est singulière, quoique toute chose puisse s'avérer, épistémiquement parlant, le double d'une autre.Lorsque nous parlons de "double" dans un contexte pratique, dans une plaisanterie ou dans le résumé d'un film fantastique, notre interlocuteur sait généralement de quoi il retourne : soit qu'il s'agisse d'une quantité deux fois plus grande, de la reproduction d'un objet, d'une personne extrêmement ressemblante à une autre ou plus généralement de rapports perturbés à l'identité. Mais lorsque nous souhaitons analyser plus précisément ce que nous entendons par "concept de double", l'idée paraît néanmoins plus abstruse. La célèbre remarque d'Augustin, avouant, au livre XI des Confessions, une incompétence à définir ce qu'est le temps en dépit de sa compréhension immédiate du terme pourrait certainement aussi être formulée à propos du double : nous voyons bien de quoi il retourne, mais sitôt qu'on entreprend d'en expliquer les faits, les mots nous fuient et nous nous trouvons dans l'embarras d'en préciser la nature exacte. La question qui oriente le présent travail est précisément d'analyser cette notion.Nous venons d'indiquer l'objet de ce travail, et nous venons d'en décrire l'enjeu global. Précisons maintenant le problème qui se pose, avec la notion de double, en philosophie. La question est la suivante : un double a-t-il un poids ontologique en tant que tel, ou ne s'agit-il que d'un être de langage, une étiquette pour parler de choses, en réalité, uniformément singulières ? Les doubles sont-ils des imitations objectives, des similaires ontologiques, ou s'agit-il de représentations rapprochées par des similarités fonctionnelles ? Peut-on ainsi cliver le double en deux pôles, les doubles par imitation et les doubles par représentation, en dépit des tensions qui tendent à les rapprocher ou à les éloigner ? Enfin, en fonction de nos réponses à ces questions, quelles conclusions devrions-nous alors tirer de la catégorie du double en ce qui concerne nos actions, nos jugements, et plus particulièrement encore, notre rapport à nous-même et à autrui ?
A basic textbook on Sociology of Education for Universities and Colleges of Education.
Will man die politischen Effekte von Parteiorganisationen begreifen, dann lohnt sich eine Neulektüre von Michels’ Parteiensoziologie. Seine Erklärung für die Entstehung bürokratischer Hierarchien ist zwar längst Gemeingut. Michels entwickelt aber auch eine Mikroanalyse der internen Dynamiken, durch die Parteiorganisationen einen Wandel politischer Plausibilitäten herbeiführen – zunächst für die eigenen Mitglieder, aber mit Rückwirkungen auf die politische Ordnung als ganze. Die Stärke dieser Effekte zeigt sich für Michels daran, dass Parteiorganisationen zum Verschwinden der politischen Alternativen beitragen, die die jeweilige Partei selbst vertritt. Allerdings ist dieser Teil von Michels’ Parteiensoziologie viel weniger ausgearbeitet und wurde wohl auch darum weniger rezipiert. Um die hier sichtbaren Argumentationslücken zu schließen, knüpft dieser Text an den klassischen Pragmatismus (James, Dewey, Mead) an, der eine Theorie des sozial vermittelten Wandels von Aufmerksamkeitsmustern, Reflexionsstilen und Selbstverhältnissen bietet. Damit lassen sich die von Michels beschriebenen Mechanismen, durch die Parteien ihre Mitglieder verändern, systematisch rekonstruieren; diese Mechanismen können auch heute helfen, das Verschwinden politischer Alternativen zu erklären.
This thesis examines the construction of hybrid and fluid ethnic identity elements as produced by Māori and Pacific female artists. Ethnic identity studies within New Zealand reveal different types of ethnic identities, and although there is research being conducted into hybrid and fluid Māori and Pacific identity elements, no studies have been done examining the construction of these identities through mediated action. This thesis attempts to fill this gap.
Using video ethnography and socio-linguistic interviews, data were collected and analysed utilising multimodal (inter)action analysis (MIA) as the theoretical and methodological framework. Vertical identity production and site of engagement are analytical tools within MIA that allow for the study of the intersection between discourses and mediated actions performed by social actors. These analytical tools were applied to interview and video transcripts selected from the data, following a systematic process of data cataloguing.
Analysis of the data is presented in three chapters which show the ethnic and creative identity production of the participants as constructed through the central, intermediary and outer layers of discourse. The first analysis chapter demonstrates the way the participants create art by blending traditional and contemporary features and diverse knowledge, in turn constructing their immediate ethnic and creative identity elements. This analysis is compared to the way the participants verbalise these identity elements within their interviews. The second analysis chapter examines the way experiences of exclusion and inclusion from within their networks shape their continuous ethnic and
creative identity elements. The third analysis chapter explores moments of exclusion and inclusion but within larger communities such as mainstream New Zealand, and their ethnic communities. It also illustrates the way in which the participants’ art creates inclusion and shapes the general ethnic and creative identity development of other social actors.
Following this, wider discourses and practices are examined using the site of engagement as the analytical tool. This chapter demonstrates the way in which wider discourses such as colonial, superiority/inferiority and racism discourse intersect with practices such as superiority/inferiority, gratitude, and marginalisation and with the mediated actions performed by the participants. This analysis highlights the negative impact these discourses and practices can have on ethnic identity construction for Māori and Pacific social actors. To this end, numerous recommendations are made within the conclusion with the intention of changing these wider discourses and practices.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in the area of Māori and Pacific identity studies by utilising multimodal (inter)action analysis to study identity production. It also contributes to the theoretical and methodological framework of multimodal (inter)action analysis.
The sociological study of political culture has made important headways. Scholars have demonstrated the significance of background culture, symbols and narratives as well as of the shared patterns of conduct. Yet, the relationship of those to ordinary people, how they become meaningful, has not been effectively explored. This paper argues that to comprehend this relationship we must understand political languages as concerning questions of being. I will show how the philosophical resources of Mead’s pragmatism and Taylor’s hermeneutics can enlighten the link between political languages and self, demonstrate its significance, and suggest ways in which the study of political cultures can be extended to integrate meaningful selfhood. Comparing and complementing pragmatism and hermeneutics, I will argue that political languages become meaningful along two intertwined dimensions: First, practical self-insertion in coordinative patterns, which involves the expression of concerns and senses of being. Second, self- and world clarification. Here, political languages become important when they articulate concerns and intuitions and bring moral sources into proximity. Moreover, by foregrounding Taylor’s hermeneutics of self-expression and articulation, which is yet to be integrated in the social sciences, I will show how both dimensions are connected in an hermeneutical cycle and thus ought to be analysed in their relationship.
Abstract
The overarching research question of this extended abstract is: How is oracy (defined as
speaking and listening competence) perceived in Norwegian schools? This extended abstract attempts to articulate and explore oracy in Norwegian schools through a mixed methods study based on teachers’ and students’ perceptions. The work with oracy in schools can be placed within the research field of oracy and rhetoric in the educational context. Additionally, this study’s findings raise questions of concerns for future curriculum development as it relates to oracy as a key competence tied to health, critical thinking, Bildung, citizenship and democracy.
The question under investigation is researched through three sub-studies all of which
aim to identify what oracy entails for teachers and students in the school setting. The first study is a quantitative examination of teachers’ cross-disciplinary oracy construct applied for the mandatory final oral exam assessment at the end of 10th grade. An instrument, “SNAKK,” was developed to survey 1,033/495 teachers on what they assess for the oral exam. The second study is a qualitative sub-study that scrutinizes how oracy is conceptualized, taught, and assessed through a rhetorical topos analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine teachers. The last
sub-study, which is also of a qualitative design, aims to reveal the oracy construct in and across subjects as well as workings with oracy based on the student perspective through a rhetorical topos analysis of 6 focus interviews with 22 tenth-grade students.
In the three sub-studies, the usage and the meaning-making of the term oracy is
scrutinized. The findings suggest that even though the teachers may assess oracy differently in different disciplines, there exists an overarching pattern for oracy across disciplines, which may be embedded in the teachers’ everyday practices and discipline traditions. The oracy construct valued in the educational setting emphasizes logos, but the ethos and pathos dimensions are also important aspects. The work with oracy in Norwegian schools appears to lack a metalanguage and systematic teaching structure, leading students to rely on their common knowledge when demonstrating their oracy competence. Due to the lack of a defined oracy
construct, which results in inequities in the assessment of students, the Norwegian education system shows signs of being at risk for reproducing social inequalities. It is argued that rhetoric as a metalanguage for oracy should be incorporated into the everyday work with oracy in the Norwegian classroom as well as in teacher education. In the discussion chapter of this thesis, the findings of the three sub-studies are examined through didactical lenses, existing research in the field of oracy, and an Aristotelian view of knowledge.
This work was completed at OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University.
The increasing use of the virtual space invites ethical reflection on revealed forms of moral progress. Social scientist, psychologists and philosophers are not yet able to conclude on their ethical implications. In particular, there have been few attempts to explore how social knowledge might examine these developments. To address this lacuna, this paper investigates the moral progress of online relationships by means of the theory of The Social Construction of Reality of Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, which holds that the significant other plays a key role on the character building of the individual. This paper argues in favor of a new belief: the cyberspace creates ways of relating that produce moral progress. On one hand, the multiplicity of significant others will represent roadblocks for the individuals, forcing them to develop ethical skills to overcome them. On the other hand, and most importantly, significant others will interact among each other to constitute new trues that will set the way for a new moral venue. As a result, I propose that cyberspace is positively shaping the moral character of the individual.
RESUMEN: El uso generalizado del espacio virtual invita a una reflexión ética sobre su impacto moral. Sociólogos, psicólogos y filósofos son incapaces de aportar un análisis filosófico definitivo sobre sus implicaciones éticas. En particular, parecen escasos los intentos de evaluar cómo la sociología del conocimiento puede examinar estos acontecimientos. Para abordar ese vacío, el presente artículo examina el espacio virtual a través de la teoría de La Construcción Social de la Realidad de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann, que sostiene que el otro significante representa un papel fundamental en la formación del carácter del individuo. Se argumenta a favor de una nueva creencia: el ciberespacio produce formas de relación que crean un progreso moral.
Human connection is an innate human need. More than that, it is a rich source of life satisfaction, the purest expression of our humanity, and only in moments of human connection do we fully come into being. Such moments of connection are acutely familiar and recognizable, and yet profoundly mysterious and inarticulable. Increasingly, organizational scholars are recognizing the benefits associated with human connection. Jane Dutton and colleagues developed a conceptualization of moments of human connection, termed high quality connections (HQCs), which are characterized by the experience of positive regard, vitality, and mutuality. As research increasingly demonstrates the value of HQCs at work, my aims are twofold: 1) understanding the conditions and practices that cultivate HQCs, and 2) gain a deeper understanding of the nature of human connection, examining and perhaps refining the HQC depiction of human connection. To achieve this, I conducted two inductive, qualitative studies of a university lacrosse team and a set of six community theatre productions. I chose sports and theatre because in those contexts moments of human connection are prevalent, intense, and central to the purpose of the activity. I draw on ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews to observe and hear accounts of moments of human connection. In Chapter 1, I start by describing the importance of human connection. I adopt the HQC conceptualization as a theoretical starting point, and review the literature on the value of HQCs at work. I then describe some of the challenges organizations face in cultivating HQCs, such as competitive dynamics and depersonalizing role structures. This theoretically and practically motivates my overarching research question: how do people achieve HQCs? In Chapter 2, I present my study of the lacrosse team. In this study, I observe how competition among teammates is a source of HQCs on the team. I identify mutuality as the central mechanism by which moments of competition become HQCs, which fosters positive regard. I also present conditions that enable players to achieve mutuality in competition. From these findings, I develop a view of competition as a form of mutuality-inducing play. I draw on philosophy of sport to conceptualize competition as a cooperative relational process. In Chapter 3, I present my study of six community theatre productions. Because study 1 revealed mutuality as the driving mechanism for HQC in competition, I turn my focus to how mutuality is achieved. I specifically examine the influence of roles, which have long been thought to inhibit human connection in organizations. I find instead that roles enable authenticity and responsiveness, which lead to mutuality. I also find, as in the lacrosse paper, that moments of play are when mutuality is achieved. After two studies pointed me toward play, Chapter 4 examines more deeply the concept of play—what it is, why it is central to sports and theatre, and whether it can similarly be integrated with work. Chapter 5 concludes the dissertation by developing a theoretical model of mutuality that connects mutuality to several related concepts in other fields. My primary conclusions are that mutuality is the driving mechanism of moments of human connection (the other two aspects of HQC are outpourings from mutuality), and that play enables mutuality. Bringing the focus to mutuality provides a clearer understanding of the nature of these moments of connection, as well as how they can be cultivated.
The present study aims to investigate Japanese language learners' motivation and their future Japanese self-images from the perspective of dialogical theory (Bakhtin, 1981, 1986). Bakhtin assumes that any use of language is dialogue between self and other, or mind and world, and that it is through the acquisition of speech genres of a language historically shared in society that various types of self emerge. Through the analysis of interview data obtained from two Japanese-as-a-second-language learners, the present study illustrates how their study of the language is motivated by their desire to engage in dialogue with others, present or imagined, who speak the language. By focusing on speech genres as mediation between self and other, it also shows how an individual future Japanese self-image is connected to the social practices of the Japanese-speaking community through the medium of the speech genres. Based on these findings, the present study argues that Bakhtin's concept of speech genres provides a framework for analyzing complex interactions between the individual learner's motivation, self and the socio-historical context, and thus, has the potential to expand the conceptual basis of language learning motivation studies.
This chapter presents the main arguments for regarding lifelong learning as a form of social control and explains how the book addresses them. The book conveys the message that the social role of adult education cannot be antecedently and unequivocally postulated outside of a specific social time and space. That is why, throughout the book, we not only constantly ask the questions of when (time dimension) and where (spatial dimension) adult education is taking place, but we also ask what kind of adult education is being referred to (heterogeneity of adult education), who has access and participates in it, and who benefits from it (social justice perspective).
The third chapter traces concepts of the self and identity throughout selected historical perspectives from Enlightened to Postmodern and explains the understanding of agency and structures referred to in the research, thus defining the theoretical framework applied in the research. Following Stuart Hall’s concept of dividing the self into three phases, the chapter traces the rational self of enlightenment in relation to Kant and Descartes, the sociological self in relation to Freud and Mead and finally the postmodern and fragmented self, particularly focusing on Giddens’ account of reflexivity and Bauman’s notion of liquidity. This theoretical introduction from a historical perspective highlights some relevant arguments of how the self can be constructed differently also in relation to particular socio-historic conditions.
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