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The rediscovery of Rafflesia schadenbergiana (Rafflesiaceae)

Authors:
Julie F Barcelona at University of Canterbury
Julie F Barcelona
Pieter B Pelser at University of Canterbury
Pieter B Pelser
A.M. Tagtag
A.M. Tagtag
A.M. Tagtag
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R.G. Dahonog
R.G. Dahonog
R.G. Dahonog
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FLORA MALESIANA BULLETIN 14 (3), 2008
162
IX. THE REDISCOVERY OF
RAFFLESIA SCHADENBERGIANA (RAFFLESIACEAE)
J.F. BARCELONA
1
, P.B. PELSER
2
, A.M. TAGTAG
3
,
R.G. DAHONOG
4
& A.P. LILANGAN
5
Presumed to have gone extinct (Heaney & Regalado, 1998; Barcelona et al., 2006), Raf-
flesia schadenbergiana Göpp. ex Hieron. (Rafflesiacae), the Rafflesia with the largest
flowers in the Philippines, c. 70 cm diam., has emerged again 125 years after it was first
discovered and collected during the Schadenberg-Koch expedition on Mt Párag near Mt
Apo (Mindanao) in 1882. For a long time the species, locally known as ‘bó-o’ by the Ba-
gobo tribe of Mindanao (Merrill, 1923), was only known from the type specimen which
has been attributed erroneously to Hieronymus (Meijer, 1997; Nais, 2001), but correctly
to Schadenberg & O. Koch (Merrill, 1923) (K, WRSL iso?, n.v.).
Despite concerted efforts by botanists (Heaney & Regalado, 1998; Nais, 2001) and
Rafflesia enthusiasts to find R. schadenbergiana on Mt Apo in recent times, it remained
elusive. Nais (2001) reported that this species was found on nearby Mt Matutum in 1990,
but an examination by the first author in 2002 of the bud that was collected from this
population (preserved in the collections of Central Mindanao University) led to the con-
clusion that it is not R. schadenbergiana, but rather a small-sized Rafflesia species. Un-
fortunately, the bud was too deteriorated to determine if it represents one of Philippine’s
small-flowered Rafflesia species or a new taxon. More recently, Lays (2006) reported to
have encountered a population of R. schadenbergiana in the South Cotabato Province of
Mindanao in 1994. Although pictures of a bud were taken, flowering specimens were not
found and no collections were made (Lays, pers. comm.).
In April 2007, Mr. N. Antoque, a resident of a village at the foot of Mt Kitanglad in
Bukidnon Province, brought the existence of large senescent Rafflesia flowers to the atten-
tion of the first author, who concluded that this population, about 150 km NNW of the type
locality, represented R. schadenbergiana. The Rafflesia grows parasitically in a large host
liana (Tetrastigma sp.) in an approximately 5 by 10 meter remnant forest patch between
the margin of a kaingin (slash-and-burn area) planted with corn and other vegetables and
the adjacent river. In this area, three buds and three developing fruits in different stages of
1) Philippine National Herbarium (PNH), Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos
St., Manila, P.O. Box 2659, Philippines; e-mail: barceljf@hotmail.com.
2) Miami University, Botany Department, 316 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio, USA; e-mail: pelserpb@
muohio.edu.
3) Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR), Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center, North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila,
1100 Philippines; e-mail: anson_tagtag@yahoo.com.
4) Protected Areas and Wildlife Division-Department of Environment and Natural Resources (PAWD-
DENR) Region 10, Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000 Philippines; e-mail: roelgdahonog@yahoo.
com.
5) Office of the Protected Areas Superintendent (PASU), Mt Kitanglad Range Natural Park, Provincial
Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) Compound, Capitol Drive, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon 8707, Philippines.
THE REDISCOVERY OF RAFFLESIA SCHADENBERGIANA
163
development, 16 senescent flowers, and four dead buds were found. Fresh, open flowers
were not found at that time, but when we returned to the site in June 2007, we were able
to collect a newly opened flower (Fig. 1). Despite a three-day search in similar habitats
in the area, only this single population of R. schadenbergiana was found and it relied on
a single Tetrastigma plant.
The overall floral size and morphology, wart ornamentations on the perigone lobes and
diaphragm, ramenta density, morphology, and size class, and the number of anthers and
disk processes of the flowers observed very well conform with the type of R. schadenber-
giana as previously described (Hieronymus, 1884, 1885a, b; Meijer, 1997; Nais, 2001).
The open flower (Barcelona et al. 3357, PNH) measured 70 cm diam., was 22 cm tall,
and weighed c. 5 kg. Its perigone lobes were 20– 23 by 22–26 cm. On one perigone lobe
there were c. 33 large warts mostly horizontally disposed and sparsely interspersed by
smaller ones. The diaphragm was 33 cm diam. and had a 15 cm wide aperture. The disk
was 18 cm diam. and had about 50 laterally compressed processes. The perigone tube was
devoid of windows. The immature buds collected (Barcelona 3344 with Antoque, and
Barcelona et al. 3358, PNH) were c. 13 cm and 16 cm in diameter. Larger buds (up to 23
cm) were also observed, but were not collected. The smallest senescent flower (Barcelona
et al. 3342, PNH) measured 52 cm diam. whereas the largest, more deteriorated one had
bud scales that measured up to 23 by 13 cm, perigone lobes up to 22 by 25 cm, and up to
63 disk processes, more than what was mentioned in the protologue (i.e. 50 processes).
A more detailed and updated description of R. schadenbergiana will be provided in a
separate paper (Barcelona et al., in prep.).
Fig. 1. Open flower of Rafflesia schadenbergiana (Barcelona et al. 3357, PNH). The child in the photo-
graph is Roel Laque Jr., son of the owner of the farm where
R. schadenbergiana was rediscovered.
FLORA MALESIANA BULLETIN 14 (3), 2008
164
Rafflesia schadenbergiana is included in the National List of Threatened Philippine
Plants in the ‘critically endangered’ category (Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) Administrative Order, 2007-01), which underlines the importance
of establishing a conservation action plan for this species. At the time of writing, initial
steps to protect the
R. schadenbergiana population and its habitat are being taken by
local residents, the local government, DENR, and the Department of Tourism. Several
avenues are taken to achieve this, one of which is to have the area designated as Critical
Habitat by the DENR Secretary as provided for by the Philippine Wildlife Act of 2001
(R.A. 9147). A Critical Habitat designation provides a protective status to areas outside
the Protected Areas declared under Republic Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated
Protected Areas System Act (NIPAS) of 1992. Rafflesia schadenbergiana grows outside
the Mt Kitanglad Range Natural Park Protected Area and is actually located on public land
that is currently covered by a Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Agreement.
Under this agreement, beneficiaries are allowed to use the area for settlement and agri-
cultural purposes. As a first step towards giving the area the status of Critical Habitat, the
DENR-Region 10 recently carried out habitat assessment and community consultation.
The rediscovery of R. schadenbergiana at the foot of Mt Kitanglad also emphasizes the
significance of this mountain range as a candidate for designation as an Important Plant
Area (IPA). This is a protective status for areas comprising the most important areas for
plant diversity in the world and is a part of the Global Strategy for Plant conservation
endorsed at the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2002. Having such high conserva-
tion value, R. schadenbergiana is a key plant species that could serve as emblem of plant
conservation for Mt Kitanglad and for the region.
In order to assure the continued existence of the Rafflesia after the demise of its host
plant, available technology for inoculation of the seeds to other potential host plants must
be explored. This, however, has only very occasionally been successful (Veldkamp, 2007).
Because only one extremely small and highly endangered population of R. schaden-
bergiana is known, applications for collecting permits for display and educational or
scientific purposes, should be very critically evaluated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This remarkable rediscovery of the largest flower in the Philippines is dedicated to the
Higaonon tribe of Bukidnon especially to the Tribal Chieftain, V.M. Canlit, and the Vice
Tribal Chieftain, A.M. Lake. We thank F.C. Babion, Barangay Captain of San Vicente,
Hon. A.J. Roa, Mayor of the Baungon Municipality, Director M.S. Lim, Asst. Director
Bravo and A. Manila of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Envi-
ronment and Natural Resources (PAWB-DENR), staff of the DENR Region 10 office in
Cagayan de Oro City especially Regional Executive Director, M.O. Dichoso, and staff
B.O. Daba and M.M. Clarete for their valuable assistance and support in the collection and
transport of specimens, and to M. Schori, Ohio University, for logistical assistance. Grate-
ful acknowledgement to C.S. Alvina, Director National Museum, and L. Evangelita, As-
sistant Chief, PNH, for supporting this research endeavour. Finally, thanks to N. Antoque,
R. Man-onan, R. Laque and family, and P. Alviola for field assistance, and the Antoque
family for accommodation during our stay in Baungon. This rediscovery was made pos-
sible through the assistance of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC).
THE REDISCOVERY OF RAFFLESIA SCHADENBERGIANA
165
REFERENCES
Barcelona, J.F., M.O. Cajano & A.S. Hadsall. 2006. Rafflesia baletei, another new Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae)
from the Philippines. Kew Bull. 61: 231–237.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2007. The national list of threatened Philippine plants
and their categories, and the list of other wildlife species. DENR Administrative Order 2007-01: 1–17.
Heaney, L.R. & J.C. Regalado. 1998. Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest: 40, illus. Field
Museum, Chicago.
Hieronymus, G. Jan. 1884. Ueber Rafflesia schadenbergiana (Göppert). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der
Cytinaceen: 1–10, illus. Breslau (n.v.).
Hieronymus, G. 1885a (‘1884’). Ueber Rafflesia schadenbergiana (Göppert). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss
der Cytinaceen. Bull. Internat. Bot. Horticult. St. Petersb.: 35– 36 (n.v.).
Hieronymus, G. 1885b. Ueber eine neue, von Dr. A. Schadenberg und O. Koch auf Süd-Mindanao entdeckte
Art der Gattung Rafflesia. Gartenflora 34: 3–7, t. 1177.
Lays, P. 2006. Rediscovery of a floral jewel in the Philippine archipelago: Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göp
-
pert, 1885 (Rafflesiaceae). Lejeunia 182: 1–16.
Meijer, W. 1997. Rafflesiaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. I, 13: 33 –34, t. 8m, 9k. Rijksherbarium / Hortus
Botanicus, Leiden.
Merrill, E.D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants 2: 121. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Nais, J. 2001. Rafflesia of the world: 174–175, illus. Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu.
Veldkamp, J.F. 2007. Some notes on the cultivation of Rafflesia. Fl. Males. Bull. 14: 50–53.
Orders to be sent to: Publications Department
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch
P. O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: publications@nhn.leidenuniv.nl
This CD-ROM treats 46 genera (Pachystoma to Zeuxine) with nearly 480 species.
Prominent genera include Paphiopedilum, Phreatia, Spathoglottis, Trichotosia, and
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tion (including maps in full colour), synonymy, cultivation, ecology, typification,
classification, references, etc. As usual a large collection of colour photographs and
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See also: http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/pubs/orchidweb/
Flora Malesiana
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Genera Pachystoma to Zeuxine
(excluding Dendrobiinae s.l.)
A. Schuiteman & E.F. de Vogel
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... Despite search efforts in recent times (e.g., Heaney & Regalado 1998, Nais 2001), it was not encountered for more than 100 years and was even thought to be extinct (Barcelona et al. 2006). In 1994, however, a flower bud of this species was found in South Cotabato Province in an area locally named Sugud Ebang in the vicinity of Mt Temlofung (Lays 2006) and in 2007, a third locality was discovered at the foot of Mt Kitanglad in Bukidnon Province, about 150 km NNW of the type locality at c. 820 m (Barcelona 2007, Barcelona et al. 2008b). The distributional area of the largest Rafflesia of the Philippines, therefore, seems to cover a large part of Mindanao. ...
... The reported finding of R. schadenbergiana on Mt Matutum is erroneous (see Nais 2001: 98, 175). Ecology & Conservation — Rafflesia schadenbergiana has been reported from old growth primary mountain forest at 1 271 m in South Cotabato Province (Lays 2006) and in a small patch of secondary forest in the vicinity of a river on Mt Kitanglad at c. 820 m (Barcelona 2007, Barcelona et al. 2008b). The latter population borders a slash-and-burn area (Plate 2g, 4g) and relies on a single host plant. ...
... ), has a dbh of c. 15 cm (Plate 1c). The R. schadenbergiana population described by Barcelona (2007) and Barcelona et al. (2008b) is located outside of the Mt Kitanglad Range Natural Park, a protected area, and although initial steps were taken to protect the plants and their habitat (Barcelona et al. 2008b), a visit to the area in November 2007 showed considerable damage resulting from unsustainable ecotourism activities. The site was converted into a mountain resort where the immediate vicinity was cleared and planted with ornamental plants. ...
Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae)
Article
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  • Oct 2009
The number of Rafflesia species (Rafflesiaceae) reported for the Philippines has grown explosively from two before 2002 to ten or eleven presently. We present an overview of the current knowledge of Philippine Rafflesia by providing a comprehensive account of all the recognized species with their taxonomy, distribution and ecology, plus a key and photographs to aid in identification. Their conservation status and that of the rain forest habitats they require is discussed.
View
... Similarly, within the Philippine clade closely related species can be remarkably different in flower diameter. For example, R. schadenbergiana is the species with the largest flowers in the Philippines (52-80 cm diam; Barcelona et al., 2008Barcelona et al., , 2009a. It is, however, most closely related to one of the species with the smallest flowers (R. verrucosa: 14.5-15 cm diam; Balete et al., 2010) and one with medium-sized flowers (R. mira: 45-60 cm diam; Fernando and Ong, 2005;Barcelona et al., 2009a). ...
A phylogenetic and biogeographic study of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) in the Philippines: Limited dispersal and high island endemism
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Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) is a small endo-holoparasitic Asian plant genus known for its exceptionally large flowers, rare species, and high island endemism. In this study, phylogenetic (parsimony and Bayesian inference) and biogeographic (BioGeoBEARS) analyses of DNA sequence data (atp6 and matR genes, and nad1 B-C intron from the mitochondrial genome, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer) were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among 12 of the 13 known Philippine Rafflesia species and to determine the timing and pathways of their diversification. The results of these analyses confirm those of previous Rafflesia studies (which were largely focused on non-Philippine species) in finding pronounced biogeographic patterns. They suggest that dispersal between islands has been relatively uncommon, and indicate that the high island endemism of Rafflesia is a result of poor inter-island dispersal abilities. The results further suggest that its ancestral range might have been in Borneo, and that its lineages and species evolved earlier and more gradually than previously assumed.
View
... ex Hieron. (Hieronymus 1885) is currently known from only two living host plants ( Barcelona et al. 2008;Pelser et al. 2016). As such, Rafflesia are flagships of plant conservation: the giant pandas of the plant world (Josephson 2000). ...
Genetic Diversity and Structure in the Philippine Rafflesia lagascae Complex (Rafflesiaceae) Inform Its Taxonomic Delimitation and Conservation
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Rafflesia lagascae is a rare endo-holoparasitic species with a disjunct distribution on Luzon Island. It is morphologically very similar to R. manillana from nearby Samar. This study aims to contribute to the taxonomy and conservation of R. lagascae and R. manillana (i.e. the R. lagascae complex) by resolving their patterns of genetic diversity and structure. The results of analyses of a microsatellite data set indicate that despite their frequently extremely small sizes and geographic isolation, Rafflesia populations display moderate genetic diversity and do not show evidence of pronounced inbreeding. Most populations appear to have limited gene flow among them. Patterns of genetic diversity of staminate and pistillate Rafflesia flowers growing on the same Tetrastigma host plants indicate that the R. lagascae complex is monoecious and that host plants are regularly infected by multiple Rafflesia plants. PCoA and Bayesian cluster analyses show that the complex is composed of three genetically isolated taxa. One of these constitutes R. manillana, supporting the morphology-based hypothesis that it is taxonomically distinct from R. lagascae. The second taxon in this complex is composed of a morphologically cryptic R. lagascae population from Mt. Labo, which is genetically distinct from all remaining R. lagascae populations that were studied and that form the third taxon. We recommend that these three taxa are managed as different conservation entities.
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... (Rafflesiaceae) is a genus of endophytic, holoparasitic plants, wellknown for producing the largest flowers on record (Kuijt 1969, Meijer 1985, 1997, Nais 2001). The Philippines is one of the centers of diversity of the genus (Barcelona et al. 2009b, Pelser et al. 2013 ), with at least 12 species thus far recorded from the archipelago (Teschemacher 1842, Blanco 1845, Hieronymus 1885, Barcelona and Fernando 2002, Fernando and Ong 2005, Barcelona et al. 2006, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b, 2014, Galang and Madulid 2006, Balete et al. 2010, Pelser et al. 2013), eight of which were described only since 2002. Of all known Philippine species, five are recorded from Luzon Island, viz., Rafflesia aurantia Barcelona, Co & Balete (Barcelona et al. 2009a) from Quirino Province; R. baletei Barcelona & Cajano (Barcelona et al. 2006) from Camarines Sur Province; R. lagascae Blanco (Blanco 1845, Barcelona et al. 2009 [as R. manillana Teschem.], ...
Rafflesia consueloae (Rafflesiaceae), the smallest among giants; a new species from Luzon Island, Philippines
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A new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from Luzon Island, Philippines, Rafflesia consueloae Galindon, Ong & Fernando, is described and illustrated. It is distinct from all other species of Rafflesia in its small- sized flowers, the upright perigone lobes, and prominently cream-white disk surface that is often devoid of processes. Its small-sized flowers, with an average diameter of 9.73 cm when fully expanded, make it the smallest of the largest flowers in the world.
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... The large variation in flower size is perhaps best exemplified by the largest flower in the world, R. arnoldii Brown (1821: 207), which has flowers that range from a little more than half a meter to a meter and a half when fully expanded—a three-fold size difference (Nais 2001). Likewise, in R. schadenbergiana, flowers from a single host plant have been measured from 52 to 70 cm in diameter (Barcelona et al. 2008bBarcelona et al. , 2009b) while the largest flower reported for this species is 80 cm (Hieronymus 1885, '1884'). Also, R. manillana shows large differences in flower size. ...
An amended description of Rafflesia leonardi and a revised key to Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae)
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  • May 2011
The taxonomic identity of Rafflesia banaoana from Kalinga Province in northern Luzon (Philippines) and its affinity with R. leonardi of the adjacent Cagayan Province are discussed. Both taxa share a unique combination of morphological characters pertaining to the color and shape of the perigone lobes, their warts, the diaphragm aperture, the size and number of disk processes, and anther number. The only notable difference between R. banaoana and R. leonardi is flower size and characters correlated with size. Because Rafflesia species show large intraspecific variation in flower size, and because R. banaoana and R. leonardi share a number of other morphological features, we conclude that these two taxa are conspecific. The name R. banaoana should therefore be considered a synonym of the earlier name R. leonardi. Here, we present an amended description of R. leonardi. An updated key to all ten known species of Philippine Rafflesia is also provided.
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Rafflesia aurantia (Rafflesiaceae): A New Species from Northern Luzon, Philippines
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A new Philippine species of Rafflesia from the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of northeastern Luzon is described. Rafflesia aurantia is the ninth presumed endemic species thus far described from the Philippines, and the fifth reported from the island of Luzon. This species is apparently allied to R. tengku-adlinii of Sabah - both are small-sized and their overall color is similar. Biogeographical considerations and the morphological differences between our new species and R. tengku–adlinii, however, strongly support the recognition of two distinct evolutionary lineages/species. The conservation status of the fast disappearing lowland dipterocarp forests in northeastern Luzon, particularly the type locality in the Quirino Protected Landscape (QPL) is also discussed and suggests that the new species may be highly threatened.
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Elucidating the evolutionary history of the Southeast Asian, holoparasitic, giant-flowered Rafflesiaceae: Pliocene vicariance, morphological convergence and character displacement
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  • Nov 2010
  • MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL
The aim of the present study is to elucidate the evolutionary history of the enigmatic holoparasitic Rafflesiaceae. More specifically, floral morphological evolution is interpreted in a molecular phylogenetic context, the biogeographic history of the family is investigated, and the possibility of character displacement to have been operating in this family is assessed. Parsimony and Bayesian methods are used to estimate phylogeny and divergence times among Rafflesiaceae species based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data from Barkman et al. (2008) as well as new sequence data from additional samples and an additional genetic marker, the plastid 16S. Ancestral areas are inferred using dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) as well a more recently developed parametric likelihood method (LAGRANGE), now including an update that allows for estimation over the posterior distribution of dated trees. Our extended molecular phylogeny of Rafflesiaceae implies a general lack of morphological synapomorphies as well as a high level of morphological homoplasy. In particular, a high level of floral morphological homoplasy is detected among Rafflesia species suggestive of similar patterns of pollinator-based selection in different geographic areas, and multiple instances of divergent floral size evolution is consistent with a model of character displacement. Initial diversification of Rafflesiaceae during the Late Cretaceous was followed by a long period of no-net diversification, likely due to extinctions caused by a Late Eocene to Miocene dramatic reduction in rainforest cover. A Late Miocene to Early Pliocene rise in sea-level probably caused the vicariant diversification observed between areas of endemism. The most recent species divergences are concordant with Pleistocene changes in climate and sea-levels, but apparently with no successful inter-area migrations, supportive of savannah, rather than rainforest, covered landbridges. An explosive increase in net diversification rate, most pronounced in Rafflesia, may be explained by Mid-Miocene to Pliocene rainforest-favorable conditions as well as natural selection promoting character displacement for Rafflesia flower size.
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Rafflesia baletei, another new Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from the Philippines
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2006
A new species of Rafflesia, R. baletei, from Mt Isarog in the Bicol Region, Southern Luzon, Philippines, is described. Rafflesia baletei is the fifth endemic species and the second of the small-sized species of the genus in the Philippines to have been described so far. It differs from the presumably closely related R. tengku-adlinii from Borneo in flower colour and size, perigone ornamentations, and number of anthers. Furthermore, it differs from the similarly-sized R. manillana from the Philippines in diaphragm and ramenta morphology and ornamentations, and flower habit.
View
Rediscovery of a floral jewel in the Philippine Archipelago : Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göppert, 1885 (Rafflesiaceae). Lejeunia, 182: 1-15. Available at: https://popups.uliege.be/0457-4184/index.php?id=299&file=1&pid=293
Article
  • Dec 2006
More than one hundred years after its discovery on Mount Párag, Mindanao, Philippines, and never observed since, Philippine biggest flower : Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göppert, 1885, has been rediscovered in 1994 in the mountain rain forests of Southwestern Mindanao, in South Cotabato Province. A detailed description of the mature floral bud is provided.
View
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