No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Wind and Solar Power Systems—Design, Analysis, and Operation
Abstract
The author had wide experience as an electrical engineer in major US companies before becoming an academic professor. His expertise led him to study power generation from renewables, especially wind and photovoltaic power. This textbook has been developed from his teaching and research, and from his experience as an associate editor of the Solar Energy Journal, published by the International Solar Energy Association. This background explains the electrical engineering character of the book, and its nominal division into four parts: wind, photovoltaic, system integration and ancillary power. The division is ‘nominal’, because various fundamental aspects of power generation and analysis pop-up somewhat indiscriminately throughout the text. The book will be well used in mid-year degree courses in engineering, but, by keeping close to present reality, it will also be interesting and informative for professional engineers. Thus
... θ are the mechanical angular velocity and angular acceleration of the turbine/rotor, respectively. P in is the input mechanical power produced by the turbine blades due to the moving air, which is given by [36]. ...
... where ρ is the density of air, A is the area swept by the turbine blades, v is the wind speed, and χ is the power coefficient of the turbine/rotor. It is to be noted that the theoretical maximum value of χ is 0.59 for high-speed, two-blade turbines, and between 0.2 and 0.4 for slow speed turbines with more blades [36]. Now, the amount of emf voltage induced in the series coils due to the relative motion between the magnet pole-pairs embedded in the rotor and the coils is: ...
... Therefore, the rotation speed of the rotor is the same as the turbine rotation speed (both are rotating together). The aerodynamic model of the turbine/rotor under no-load electric condition is then given by [36]. ...
... There are at least six major rechargeable electrochemistries available today. They are Lead acid (Pbacid), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Lithium ion (Li-ion), Lithium-Polymer (Lipoly) and Zinc-air (Patel, 2006). Electricity is more versatile in use because it is a highly ordered form of energy that can be converted efficiently into other forms. ...
... Electricity is more versatile in use because it is a highly ordered form of energy that can be converted efficiently into other forms. For example, it can be converted into mechanical form with efficiency near 100% or into heat with 100% efficiency (Patel, 2006). A disadvantage of electricity is that it cannot be easily stored on a large scale. ...
... The energy storage therefore is a desired feature to incorporate with renewable power systems, particularly in stand-alone plants. It can significantly improve the load availability, a key requirement for any power system (Patel, 2006). Every storage technology will require more energy to charge than discharged. ...
The performance characteristics of lead acid deep cycle batteries through charge/discharge
has a nominal voltage of 1.94V and a maximum voltage of 2.08V. When discharged, a GA
Gaston battery is 5.1% more efficient than the GA battery. The lowered nominal voltage and
battery has a nominal voltage of 1.80V and a minimum voltage of 1.68V. The ratio of
voltage of 1.94V and a maximum voltage of 2.04V. The GA lead acid battery when charged
of the two different batteries were nonohmic. The Gastondeep cycle battery when
charge/discharge for both Gaston and GA batteries is 1:1. The roundtrip energy efficiency
light bulbs (100 W) and a digital thermometer. The study shows that the i v characteristics
for the GA battery is 79.2% while that of Gaston battery is 84.3%. This result shows thata
12/Rb), 2000 VA inverter, 2 Gaston Sealed Rechargeable Deep cycle batteries (12V / 200
voltages, charge/discharge ratio and round trip energy efficiency were studied by using two
solar panels (model: 80 W, SF 125 x 35V/ 4 Amps), one solar panel (model: 45 W, STP 045
higher round-trip energy efficiency of Gaston battery favour its comparative usage for solar
Amphr), 2 GA Lead Valve Regulated batteries (12V/100 Amphr), a digital multimeter, two
discharged has a nominal voltage of 1.69V. The Gaston battery when charged has a nominal
power generations and other uses.
... The power coefficient C p , is based on the ratio of the tangential speed at the end of the rotor blade and the wind speed, represented by λ and the angle formed between the rotor plane and the chord β. It is also called the Betz limit, and its maximum value is 0.59 (16/27); in practice, the maximum value for high-speed turbines is between 0.4 to 0.5, and for turbines with three or more blades between 0.2 to 0.4 [15]. ...
... The intermittent and variable nature of the wind makes it difficult to predict, and the wind speed varies constantly depending on the geographical conditions in the study area. A Weibull probability density function can model the wind speed variations over a while; this function needs two parameters, the shape factor k, and the scale factor c, which can be obtained qualitatively using the average wind speed [17], mathematically, it is defined by [15]: ...
... The values obtained from the Center for Research, Innovation, and Technology Transfer (CIITT by its Spanish acronym) meteorological station indicate the behavior of the wind resource, as shown in Figure 3: It is important to emphasize that the velocities measured by the anemometer are at 2.5 meters in height, so to find the wind turbine's extractable wind power, an extrapolation must be made to 8.5 m since the wind turbine is located at this height. The value of the roughness length should be taken into 7 of 12 account to perform this extrapolation, which for the investigation is Z 0 = 0.4, defined as the height at which the wind speed becomes zero [15]. ...
Currently, there are different types of technology for the production of electricity that use various energy sources, this causes the establishment of generation centers that provide from a small amount to tens of megawatts of electrical energy. These centers are built to supply electricity to nearby loads through networks integrated into a large electrical system or in isolation with their electrical system. The technological evolution, the different energy sources, and the generation centers close to the consumers entail what has been called a distributed generation (DG), the DG carries with it aspects that need to be analyzed. In this paper, the impact of wind generation on the medium voltage energy distribution network is studied, it was determined that the addition to the distribution network of power by wind turbines less than the transmission center does not produce an impact on the network. Simulated results obtained using SIMULINK and DIgSILENT are presented and discussed.
... The explanation for choosing this site is that it is a suitable site for the construction of a renewable energy plant because it is characterized by a relatively high irradiance and a relatively moderate temperature because it is located near the Tigris River and the Mosul Dam Lake, and the average wind speed in this site is good and encourages the use of wind power. Solar irradiance and wind speed statistics of the locationhave been determined via the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's surface meteorology and solar energy project (SSE) (NASA) [2], It gathers meteorological and statistics on insolation for the planet to aidthe creation of renewable and sustainable energy systems [2]. The longitude and latitude of the location are 42°43'29.55" ...
... The explanation for choosing this site is that it is a suitable site for the construction of a renewable energy plant because it is characterized by a relatively high irradiance and a relatively moderate temperature because it is located near the Tigris River and the Mosul Dam Lake, and the average wind speed in this site is good and encourages the use of wind power. Solar irradiance and wind speed statistics of the locationhave been determined via the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's surface meteorology and solar energy project (SSE) (NASA) [2], It gathers meteorological and statistics on insolation for the planet to aidthe creation of renewable and sustainable energy systems [2]. The longitude and latitude of the location are 42°43'29.55" ...
... (2) Power= IfP, ρ , A and V stand for powerof air (watts),air density (kg/m 3 ),swiped area by theblades (m 2 ) and air velocity (m/sec). The velocity of volumetric flow is AV, air mass velocity in kg per sec is AV, and the mechanical power given by upstream wind is in watts [2]: ...
The goal of this article is to develop a hybrid (solar-wind) system to cover the necessary load of a residence in the Aski Mosul region. Because of high fuel prices and a lack of natural gas production in Iraq, the government's energy is insufficient to serve a significant number of people in distant areas. For simulation, HOMER Pro software is used, and the results indicate the influence of the hybrid system on electric power. The findings of this study demonstrate that the employment of this method is quite beneficial in distant areas. Streszczenie. Celem tego artykułu jest opracowanie hybrydowego (słoneczno-wiatrowego) systemu do pokrycia niezbędnego obciążenia rezydencji w regionie Aski Mosul. Ze względu na wysokie ceny paliw i brak wydobycia gazu ziemnego w Iraku, energia rządu jest niewystarczająca, aby obsłużyć znaczną liczbę ludzi w odległych obszarach. Do symulacji wykorzystano oprogramowanie HOMER Pro, a wyniki wskazują na wpływ układu hybrydowego na moc elektryczną. Wyniki tego badania pokazują, że zastosowanie tej metody jest całkiem korzystne w odległych obszarach. (Optymalne planowanie hybrydowego (Projektowanie słoneczno-wiatrowego) systemu energetycznego z wykorzystaniem HOMER Pro. Symulator.)
... Hellmann exponential expression enables us to find velocities at different altitudes for the same point of "a" position whose reference altitude is known and is given in equation (7) [19,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. ...
... The v in the equation gives the velocity at height h. Likewise, v 0 represents the velocity at height h 0 , "a" is called the coefficient of friction or the Hellmann coefficient, which is a function of the topography in a particular region and a value of 1/7 is accepted for open land [19,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Hellmann coefficient or friction "a" for a variety of landscapes is given in Table 3. ...
... Hellmann coefficient or friction ′′a′′ for a variety of landscapes[31,36]. ...
The trend towards clean and natural energy sources is inevitable in light of the growing demand for energy in the current age. In line with these needs, the tendency for wind energy is unavoidable, and it is increasing every year. For this reason, in addition to onshore wind energy fields, there is an obligation to use offshore ones. Since it has a high rate of wind energy efficiency, it has become important to install wind power plants on offshore sites in recent years. Although there are no offshore wind power plants in Türkiye yet, studies are ongoing. Data obtained from WindPro software between 1992 and 2022 were used for the analysis of the wind energy potential of the Northwest (i.e. South Marmara) region of Türkiye. To select the most suitable location for offshore wind turbines, the analysis was carried out using the MOORA method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods. According to the obtained data and the selected criteria, the most suitable places in the Southern Marmara Region were sorted.
... Atau dampak yang paling minimal adalah baterai tidak dapat dioperasikan sesuai kapasitasnya. Kapasitas baterai yang diperlukan tergantung pada pola operasi PLTS (Patel, 2006). Besar kapasitas baterai juga harus mempertimbangkan seberapa banyak isi baterai akan dikeluarkan dalam sekali pengeluaran. ...
... Maka baterai tersebut memiliki kemampuan menyimpan muatan sekitar 2.000 Ah x 2 V atau 4 kWh. Beberapa faktor yang harus diperhatikan dalam menentukan jenis dan kapasitas baterai untuk suatu PLTS dan pengaruhnya pada umur baterai (Patel, 2006) Metode di mana daya DC tegangan dikonversi menjadi AC diselesaikan dalam dua langkah: Pertama, konversi daya DC tegangan rendah ke sumber DC tegangan tinggi, dan langkah kedua, konversi sumber DC tinggi ke bentuk gelombang AC menggunakan modulasi pulsa lebar. Lain metode untuk menyelesaikan hasil yang diinginkan akan terlebih dahulu mengkonversi daya DC tegangan rendah ke AC, dan kemudian gunakan transformator untuk meningkatkan tegangan hingga 220 volt (Haikh et al., 2017). ...
Buku ini menyajikan berbagai teori tentang tenda tiup untuk Kawasan bencana dan penggunaan energi listrik tenaga surya fotovoltaik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik bagi keperluan pasien di dalam tenda tiup, antara lain: air conditioning, lampu penerangan dan peralatan medis. Perhitungan, desain, pembuatan tenda tiup dengan listrik tenaga surya ini telah diaplikasikan di Kota Malang yang dilakukan oleh para penulis melalui Program Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PTUPT) berjudul “Model dan Prototip Tenda Tiup Untuk Isolasi Covid-19 atau Bencana dengan Energi Mandiri Fotovoltaik”. PTUPT ini didanai Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset dan Teknologi Tahun Anggaran 2022-2024. Diharapkan buku ini dapat menjadi inspirasi dan referensi bagi akademisi dan praktisi dalam program kesiapan bencana di Indonesia dan penerapan Teknologi Tepat Guna untuk siaga bencana.
... G. Renewable Energy Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower are becoming increasingly important as the world seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change [27]. However, integrating renewable energy sources into existing power systems presents several technical and operational challenges. ...
... Studies have shown that careful planning and optimization of renewable energy deployment can help to minimize the impact of renewable energy variability on power system stability and reliability [23]. Patel [27] investigated the impact of wind and solar power on power system stability and proposed a framework for incorporating renewable energy into power system planning and operation. The study highlighted the importance of energy storage and flexible operation strategies for ensuring the reliable integration of renewable energy into power systems. ...
Maintaining the stability and reliability of power grids is critical, and situational awareness (SA) is a key element in achieving such in power systems. Adopting Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in providing real-time monitoring and control of power systems is fundamental, sustainable, efficient, and commendable. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of PMU technology, its role in enhancing SA, and its impact on improving power system stability and efficiency. PMUs are sophisticated monitoring devices that offer high-speed and synchronized voltage and current phasors measurements: This enables power systems to be monitored and controlled in real-time. Our discussion covers the fundamental principles of PMU technology, its various applications, its implementation in power systems, and the challenges and limitations of its use. In addition, the paper explores current and future research on PMUs and highlights the benefits of their implementation, including enhanced reliability, improved security, better power quality, and increased efficiency. Through a detailed presentation of the capabilities and advantages of PMUs in power systems, we offer valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers in the power industry.
... A description of how the wind is created is essential to examine this. Air particles are being acted upon by several atmospheric forces such as the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, gravitational force, centrifugal force, and friction, which set it into motion and produce wind [6,7]. ...
... where z is the elevation of the location against sea level [1,6]. ...
Wind energy has gained prominence over the past few decades because of its environment-friendly nature and abundant availability. However, the exploration of wind energy requires adequate knowledge of the wind distribution parameters before installing the wind turbine. This study assessed the potential of harvesting wind energy at two Gambian locations by fitting the best model comparing Weibull and Raleigh Distributions. A novel approach combining the energy pattern factor and standard deviation methods in estimating the distribution parameters of the characteristics of wind in the Gambian locations of Yundum and Basse has been presented and statistically analyzed using the Weibull and Raleigh distribution functions. The results showed that the shape parameters ranged from 4.88-6.98 and 3.87-6.15 for Yundum and Basse locations, the Weibull scale parameter ranged from 6.60-10.58 m/s and 4.51-8.69 m/s for Yundum and Basse while the calculated wind power densities ranged from 139-718 W/m2 and 46-390 W/m2 for Yundum and Basse respectively. These results clearly show a high potential for generating electricity with wind in the study areas. The statistical analysis revealed that the Weibull models perform better at Yundum in terms of 〖 R〗_MSD = 0.33, NS_COE=0.45,M_AE=0.29 and χ^2= 1.57 while the Raleigh distribution gives a better fit for Basse in terms of R^2= 0.88, and M_AE=0.39 only making it more suitable for calculating the wind power potentials.
... In the hybrid system economic analysis, the initial capital cost, unit cost of energy and payback period are considered as the main criteria for selecting the optimal hybrid alternative suitable for Shang'ombo district. The hybrid system initial cost depends mainly on three parameters, namely, the geographic location, i.e. country, the size of the system and the technology used in the power plant (Mukund 1999). The unit cost of energy (COEPV) of electricity delivered to the grid is one of the most important decision-making financial parameters for an electrical system project (Mukund 1999;Ayompe and Duffy 2014;Binayak et al. 2015). ...
... The hybrid system initial cost depends mainly on three parameters, namely, the geographic location, i.e. country, the size of the system and the technology used in the power plant (Mukund 1999). The unit cost of energy (COEPV) of electricity delivered to the grid is one of the most important decision-making financial parameters for an electrical system project (Mukund 1999;Ayompe and Duffy 2014;Binayak et al. 2015). It can be used to compare with feed-in tariff to check if the project is viable. ...
... Wind turbine Generator The electrical power output of wind power generation depends on the wind speed. The operation mode of the wind power is classified into four levels [77] as shown in Figure 6: ...
... The operation mode of the wind power is classified into four levels [77] as shown in Figure 6: ...
In power system planning, the growth of renewable energy generation leads to several challenges including system reliability due to its intermittency and uncertainty. To quantify the relatively reliable capacity of this generation, capacity credit is usually adopted for long-term power system planning. This paper proposes an evaluation of the capacity credit of renewable energy generation using stochastic models for resource availability. Six renewable energy generation types including wind, solar PV, small hydro, biomass, biogas, and waste were considered. The proposed models are based on the stochastic process using the Wiener process and other probability distribution functions to explain the randomness of the intermittency. Moreover, for solar PV—the generation of which depends on two key random variables, namely irradiance and temperature—a copula function is used to model their joint probabilistic behavior. These proposed models are used to simulate power outputs of renewable energy generations and then determine the capacity credit which is defined as the capacity of conventional generation that can maintain a similar level of system reliability. The proposed method is tested with Thailand’s power system and the results show that the capacity credit depends on the time of day and the size of installed capacity of the considered renewable energy generation.
... La física de la celda fotovoltaica (PV Cell) es muy similar a la del diodo clásico con una unión pn (Patel, 2006, p. 163). Cuando la unión de la celda fotovoltaica recibe luz, genera portadores de carga que producen un potencial en la unión (efecto fotovoltaico) y, en consecuencia, una corriente en un circuito externo conectado (figura 1) (Patel, 2006). Una celda fotovoltaica puede ser representada por medio de cualquiera de los circuitos mostrados en la figura 2. ...
... Los modelos de celdas fotovoltaicas equivalentes de la figura 2 comparten en común una corriente IL generada por luz, un diodo o dos diodos, una resistencia en serie RS que representa la resistencia interna al flujo de corriente y una resistencia en derivación RSH que representa fuga a tierra (Patel, 2006). ...
Este artículo describe algunos fundamentos sobre los sistemas fotovoltaicos (Photovoltaics – PV) y también estudia muchos aspectos relacionados con el control de la eficiencia de los arreglos fotovoltaicos acoplados directamente a una carga de corriente continua (DC). Los arreglos fotovoltaicos tienen algunas características intrínsecas que pueden afectar su potencia de salida durante diferentes condiciones de funcionamiento. Por lo tanto, la potencia de salida de los arreglos fotovoltaicos generalmente se mantiene relativamente constante mediante el uso de algoritmos de control. El algoritmo de perturbación y observación – Perturb and Observe (P&O) – es uno de estos algoritmos de control y es estudiado con detalle en el presente artículo. Se analizan las fallas del algoritmo P&O para mantener estable la eficiencia del arreglo con condiciones ambientales variables rápidas. En ese sentido, se plantea la posibilidad de investigar algunos algoritmos P&O modificados que se pueden encontrar en la literatura para mejorar los resultados del algoritmo P&O con respecto a su efectividad para controlar la eficiencia del arreglo y su facilidad de implementación en un sistema fotovoltaico.
... Research conducted so far, indicates that PV modules produce very low EME frequencies similar to electrical devices and cabling. Within 150 feet of the inverters, these fields had fallen back to very low levels of 0.5 mg or less and in many cases much less than background levels (< 0.2 mG) (Mostafa et al., 2016;Mukund, 2006;Tytko, 2020). ...
Large PV installations are being built increasingly often in areas close to airports in Poland and around the world. These are not only roof installations but also large PV farms, allowing not only the supply of the energy for the airport itself but also the ability to sell the excess energy produced. The applied PV installations may cause in some cases negative impact in the form of e.g., electromagnetic fields and light reflections which may limit the visibility of pilots and air traffic controllers. The article presents an overview of various negative impacts of PV farms on the workings of an airport and the main factors influencing the occurrence of certain threats have been diagnosed. An assessment of the usefulness of the tool and method for simulation and the reduction of possible negative impacts is also presented.
... P in is the mechanical efficiency of the motion input in air is the moment of inertia, α is the rotation angle, C is the equivalent damping of the system, f is the friction force between the friction layer materials, and r is the rotation radius of the contact surface when the two friction layer materials are in contact [55]. ...
The escalating global energy demand necessitates the exploration of renewable energy sources, with wind energy emerging as a crucial and widely available resource. With wind energy exhibiting a vast potential of approximately 1010 kw/a per year, about ten times that of global hydroelectric power generation, its efficient conversion and utilization hold the promise of mitigating the pressing energy crisis and replacing the dominant reliance on fossil fuels. In recent years, Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as novel and efficient means of capturing wind energy. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental principles governing four basic working modes of TENGs, elucidating the structures and operational mechanisms of various models employed in wind energy harvesting. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of two major TENG configurations, namely, the vertical touch-separation pattern structure and the independent layer pattern for wind energy collection, emphasizing their respective advantages. Furthermore, the study briefly discusses the current strengths of nano-friction power generation in wind energy harvesting while acknowledging the existing challenges pertaining to device design, durability, operation, and maintenance. The review concludes by presenting potential research directions and prospects for triboelectric nanogenerators generation in the realm of wind energy, offering valuable insights for researchers and scholars in the field.
... conducted a study using biofuels in tri-generation systems to meet the energy demands of an instant coffee plant located in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The results show an increase in exergy efficiency from 51.9% to 84.5% The use of renewable energies such as wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass is highly justifiable due to the countless benefits they have in the fields of energy, economy, health, and the environment [10]. Although each of the renewable energies individually creates many possibilities for us, the integration of these energies can significantly improve efficiency and reduce energy production costs [11]. ...
... As with AC generators, an internal alternating voltage is induced in the windings by a rotating magnetic field which subjects the windings to alternating north and south magnetic poles. This voltage is applied to the output terminals using two brushes that complete the circuit through a segmented conductor known as a commutator (Patel, 2006). The commutator reverses the negative half of the AC signal so that only a positive pulsating voltage is produced (Fitzpatrick, n.d.). ...
Using a solar wind hybrid system to power irrigation Soroti District, Uganda.
... The study basically based in Lusaka south multifacility economic zone. There are two grid connected independent solar plant, the 54 megawatts Bangweulu solar power plant by Neon Investment of France and the 34MW Ngonye solar photovoltaic (PV) plant [42]. ...
Zambia and Ethiopia are two countries from southern and eastern of Africa due to their geographical location and other factor the environment condition is different. The research aims at identifying and analszing the technical performance issues of Grid tide Inverter (GTI) for PV system due to operating climate and others factors. In Zambia the study focused on the two main solar plants which is under ZESCO national grid at malty facility zone (MFZ), the first one is the 54 megawatts Bangweulu solar power plant by Neon Investment of France, second one is 34MW Ngonye solar photovoltaic (PV) plant. In Ethiopia eight min off-grid site under Ethiopian Electric Utility(EEU) is included. Beltu, Behima, Mino, Ungoge, Korhele,Tum, Omorate and Kofetu. A survey is conducted focusing on identifying and analyzing the technical performance issues of GTI in the above-mentioned area. Using Microsoft excel the environmental \climate condition, Solar radiation, Air temperature, Rain falls and Wind of the two country Zambia and Ethiopia is investigated and analysedfor each selected site. A questionnaire and a Sime structure interview is conducted. The basic inverter challenges are investigated from the collected data and the problem is analyzed based on the specific inverter data sheet. The data sheet of the inverter for each site under this study. Finally, the real-time performance of the inverter of the off-grid PV mini-grid system installed in a small remote town in Ethiopia and on-grid PV system from Zambia at multi facility zone is analysed using measured meteorological data. From on- grid and off-grid inverter performance challenges, which the researcher collected from different plant the main ones are climate or environmental effect and also over load. Overload is one of the frequent challenges in koftu, behama and amorita this can be due to high population growth and unexpected power demand from the community. Environmental condition affects almost all solar plant site which is under this study. If we compere the climate of east which is Addis Ababa Ethiopia and southern of Africa Zambia Lusaka. The temperature of Lusaka is higher than Addis Ababa by 5.63°C and even in the plant under this study, temperature rise is one of the challenges on the inverter performance, sensitive electronic component bent due to excessive temperature. On the other side in Ethiopia Addis Ababa excessive rain affect the inverter. Finally, Addis Ababa has about 1.32 times more rainfall than Lusaka, (Addis Ababa’s 79.54mm vs Lusaka’s average of 60.34mm). For that reason, most of the inverter in Ethiopia on the mini off-grid site are affected by heavy rain condition.
... Consequently, many researchers have considered and suggested different methods for selecting the optimal DG location and size in electrical networks. Optimization and artificial intelligent algorithms techniques are used for this purpose [8], [9], [10]. Some of researchers applied the optimization techniques to improve the power systems, where the energy management in micro-grids is addressed in light of environmental and economic restrictions through the operational strategy development for energy management in micro-grids and determination type and capacity of renewable DG sources based on Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, [11], [12]. ...
... Consequently, many researchers have considered and suggested different methods for selecting the optimal DG location and size in electrical networks. Optimization and artificial intelligent algorithms techniques are used for this purpose [8], [9], [10]. Some of researchers applied the optimization techniques to improve the power systems, where the energy management in micro-grids is addressed in light of environmental and economic restrictions through the operational strategy development for energy management in micro-grids and determination type and capacity of renewable DG sources based on Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, [11], [12]. ...
Distributed generators are used to support the main power stations as well as the capacities of the secondary distribution stations and diversify energy sources. The right placement of distributed generators helps the power losses minimization in the electrical network and enhances the voltage profile. This paper presents a proposed performance analysis of photovoltaic distributed generators in term of term of optimal location and voltage profile. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used for the optimal location in the radial distribution systems and voltage profile improving. The objective function of this algorithm is to minimize and reduce the total power losses of distribution network. The proposed method is tested using a dataset of an actual feeder of AL-akrameen (11kV) feeder, which is fed from Almashtal substation (33/11kV) as a part of power distribution network in Babil city/ Iraq. This dataset includes practical measurements of the loads of this feeder such as; currents, voltages, power factors, frequency and consumption power. The obtained simulation results show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed methodology in performance improvement through power loss reduction, main current supporting and voltage profile of such systems. The proposed model is implemented based on the actual dataset using MATLAB.
... Thus, power cannot be produced from the cells without the internally generated voltage activated by the incident photons. The distributions also agree with Patel (2006) that the current loss is not proportional to the shadowed area. The result shows that the solar module can suffer loss of output power as high as 40% of fully illuminated solar module due to partial shadow and loss of 80% due to total shadow. ...
... It mainly works in two modes of grid-connected otherwise off the grid. Designing a photovoltaic system entail selecting the photovoltaic module, the number of modules required, the way that modules can be arranged to form the photovoltaic array, sizing the converter capacity, after that addressing the storage system specifications if required and specifying all other components of the system [2]. Therefore, to begin with the design of photovoltaic system one has to decide on network-independent and network-connected photovoltaic systems [3]. ...
This paper presents an efficient way for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) system. MPPT is one of the crucial issues when working with PV system as well as the grid. To gain the highest efficiency for PV system the maximum power has to be generated continuously. The proposed MPPT method allows PV system to have real-time maximum power all the time with high accuracy and less fluctuations. As of the developed PV system control model presented in this work, an efficient MPP can be realized taking into account changes in irradiation level and temperature which are the thorny issues for other contender algorithms. To validate the model, results obtained from the proposed algorithm is compared with incremental conductance (IC) which is a universally accepted MPPT method. The simulation results exhibited that the developed model outperforms IC method in terms of accuracy of MPP and stability of the output in presence of variable irradiations and temperature. Based on the simulation results, the proposed algorithm is suitable for practical and real-time applications with promising results in terms of solution accuracy and execution. The model is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. © 2022, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
... On displays in homes such as smart appliances, energy dashboards, and load storage employment can cause a high rise in the profit of energy efficiency and have a reduced peak demand. The demand response is a situation where the end-use customers reduce their electricity consumption as a response to the power grids' requirements, indices of economics from a wholesale market with the competition or retail rates [2]. Both responses from the customer, either manual or automated, priceresponsive appliances, and thermostats are connected to the Energy Management System or controlled by a signal from the company or the operating system (International Energy Agency, Report 'Technology, n.d.). ...
The smart grid complements the deficit in traditional electrical energy such as the pollution issues that come with certain energy resources such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Many literature discusses various technologies but very few talk about the implementation of the smart grid and its considerations to be implemented, the assessment of the power system with the communication network put into play, how to optimize technological schemes with economic and political constraints put into consideration and many other considerations. Governments across the globe and related organizations such as utility companies are eager to assess the cost and advantages of new technological mechanisms scientifically as opposed to decision making with no scientific base. Decision Support System is a system of information that is interfaced with computers to support the making of decisions in operations, management, and planning for assessing the technologies. A lot of advanced technologies, creative architectures, and paperback algorithms have been deployed into the existing electrical power systems for improved energy efficiency and accomplish resource allocation optimization and ultimately make the grid "smart". Two-way communication systems' deployment is one of the distinctive mark of the smart grid. The smart can gather and transfer monitored data from the power system elements to operators of the system using the smart grid monitoring system and form a two-way communication system via the grid power plant and the end user of electricity. The smart grid implementation is a gradual process to substitute the conventional power systems' elements built on the basis of existing systems and building brand new systems which would be very costly. Smart grid planning involves not only the consideration of these creative technologies but also respecting the interest of all the stakeholders involved. Decision making requires to be executed to analyze each smart grid component and its cost before investment and consequently deploying into the real grid.
... Semakin besar tingkat radiasi yang diterima panel maka akan semakin besar pula potensi energi listrik yang dihasilkan oleh PLTS tersebut. [13] Efisiensi panel surya juga merupakan parameter yang mempengaruhi produksi energi listrik dari suatu PLTS. Efisiensi didefinisikan sebagai rasio keluaran energi dari sel surya dengan energi masukan dari matahari. ...
Energi Surya merupakan salah satu bentuk dari Energi baru dan terbarukan yang mempunyai peran penting dalam memenuhi kebutuhan energi. Energi surya merupakan alternatif energi terbarukan yang mampu menjadi salah satu solusi untuk menjadi pengganti energi fosil. Indonesia merupakan negara yang secara geografis dilalui oleh garis khatulistiwa sehingga memiliki potensi besar dalam hal pemanfaatan energi surya. Rumah Sakit Medika Dramaga yang terletak pada kota bogor memiliki lahan terbuka yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebesar 1318 m2 dan intensitas radiasi matahari yang mencapai nilai rata-rata 5.17 kWh/m2/hari dapat menjadi lokasi untuk pemanfaatan PLTS. PLTS On Grid merupakan sistem PLTS yang terintegrasi dengan jaringan jala-jala PLN, di mana PLN sebagai pemasok energi utama dan PLTS sebagai pemasok energi tambahan. Melalui software PVSyst 6.43, perencanaan PLTS di Rumah Sakit Medika Dramaga Bogor ini diperkirakan memproduksi 311,9 MWh tiap tahunnya. Setelah melalui proses konversi energi listrik berkurang menjadi 297,82 MWh dengan pembagian 290,33 MWh digunakan untuk mensuplai beban dan 7,49 MWh dikirim ke jaringan jala-jala listrik PLN (Grid).
The urgency for a shift towards cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives for power generation is underscored by the escalating demand for energy and the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional fossil fuels. In the case of automotive power, electric vehicles are being adopted in many applications, however, challenges remain such as extended charging periods and limited ranges between charges. Therefore, this research study conducts a techno-economic analysis of renewable energy technologies (including solar modules, wind turbines and piezoelectric materials) to augment the efficiency and sustainability of electric buses. The study examines the scope for these technologies to be adopted on double-decker electric buses in London in the United Kingdom. The solar modules are placed on the rooftop and sides of the bus generating 15.9 kWh/day and the wind turbine in the front bumper of the bus generates 8.3 kWh/day. However, the piezoelectric material generated only 22.6 Wh/day, rendering it an impractical inclusion in further analysis. Therefore, both the solar modules and wind turbines combined generate 24.2 kWh/day, which can increase the driving range by 16.3 km per day and this results in savings of 19.36 minutes for charging at the stations. Investing in such projects would have a positive return as the internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) are 2.8% and £11,175 respectively. The annual revenue would be £6,712, and the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction would be two metric tons annually. Electricity exported to the grid, the electricity export rate, and the initial investment are identified as key factors influencing power outage in a sensitivity analysis. In conclusion, this numerical modelling study paves the way for experimental validation towards implementation of renewable energy technologies on electric bus fleets.
The report overviews the technique used in Photovoltaic systems known as Maximum Power Point Tracking which is used for optimization of power generation. The maximum power output from photovoltaic modules occurs at a single operational point where the voltage and current result in their maximum power output. To fully use the solar energy that is available, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a specific control technique, is used in the majority of photovoltaic power systems. In order for the operational parameters of the load and the solar array to match at the maximum power points, the power interfaces must be adjusted as part of maximum power point tracking. Tracking Maximum Power Point. This technique requires a MPPT Charge Controller which will be responsible of keeping track of voltage, current, activation or deactivation of the the load with a relay, which will just be charging and discharging of the battery. This study reviews the latest techniques and provides background knowledge about the recent development in MPPT techniques.
Wind power is one of the most accepted renewable energy sources in the world.
Researchers ni the field of wind energy are optimistically working ot develop more efficient wind turbine blades. Wind turbine blade plays a vital role in the efficient conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical energy. Hence, significant efforts are put by the researchers during development of new blades. The task of designing wind turbine blade starts from selection and or design of an efficient airfoil. Blade design at rated wind speed, simulation of a blade and turbine and the wind farm optimization are also major steps in wind turbine and blade design process. This chapter is organized into four sections and useful for new researchers entering in the field of wind turbine design and developments. This chapter starts with the basics of aerodynamics and blade design theories. The second section describes computational and experimental blade airfoil design techniques. Subsequent section describes blade design and simulation techniques.
The last interesting section presents information about various wind turbines designing and simulation software, flow modeling software and wind farm visualization tools.
Renewable energy resources offer greater opportunities for energy diversification, promotion of sustainable biodiversity and a transition towards sustainable development. This chapter aims at providing the methodology for sizing a wind/solar PV hybrid power plant based on technical and economic analysis, capable of meeting the annual energy consumption of 1030.70 MWh for Shang’ombo district. The decision variables adopted in sizing the system include yearly system energy yield, system energy yield per land use, system capacity factor, unit cost of energy generation, system initial investment cost, payback period, net present value of the system, land use and amount of CO2 emission reduction. The results show that a 612 kWp wind/solar PV hybrid system can be adopted and utilized technically and economically to meet the current energy needs for Shang’ombo district while reducing greenhouse gas emission and supporting environmental sustainability. The proposed hybrid system will therefore help Shang’ombo to become more self-sustainable by decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels (diesel) as primary energy source for electricity generation. Hence, this will significantly affect the economy of the district positively by decreasing the electricity prices and greenhouse gas emissions while increasing access to clean and sustainable energy in the district leading to cleaner and greener societies and cities.KeywordsRenewable energyGreenhouse gasSustainabilityWind/solar PV hybrid systemShang’ombo-Zambia
US wind power generation has grown significantly over the last decades, in line with the number and average size of operating turbines. However, wind power density has declined, both measured in terms of wind power output per rotor swept area as well as per spacing area. To study this effect, we present a decomposition of US wind power generation data for the period 2001--2021 and examine how changes in input power density and system efficiency affected output power density. Here, input power density refers to the amount of wind available to turbines, system efficiency refers to the share of power in the wind flowing through rotor swept areas which is converted to electricity and output power density refers to the amount of wind power generated per rotor swept area. We show that, while power input available to turbines has increased in the period 2001--2021, system efficiency has decreased. In total, this has caused a decline in output power density in the last 10 years, explaining higher land-use requirements. The decrease in system efficiency is linked to the decrease in specific power, i.e. the ratio between the nameplate capacity of a turbine and its rotor swept area. Furthermore, we show that the wind available to turbines has increased substantially due to increases in the average hub height of turbines since 2001. However, site quality has slightly decreased in this period.
This study investigated the wind energy potential of Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua, México) for a whole year. The viability of employing three small-scale wind turbine models, including the S-343, Bergey BWC Excel, and AOC 15/50, in Ciudad Juarez, located in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua in Mexico, is studied in the first stage using RETScreen software. The performance of these three turbine models was subjected to sensitivity analysis in the following study stage using the three defined economic scenarios, assuming a 7% inflation rate, a 9% discount rate, a 7% fuel cost escalation rate, and a 20-year project duration. Finally, the circumstances under which these turbines operate in Ciudad Juarez are discussed economically. Findings indicate that the study site is not economically appropriate, not even for the installation of specific small wind turbines. Finally, it was suggested that the viability of adopting alternative renewable energy systems, such as solar and hybrid systems (photovoltaic wind), be examined in the upcoming study in Ciudad Juárez.
Carbon tax is an important regulatory approach for the decarbonization of the power system. However, with the continuous increase of the penetration rate of renewable energy in the power system, it is important to research how carbon tax pricing levels affect power system carbon emission reduction. To this end, an economic dispatch model of power system that considers the carbon tax and wind power uncertainty is proposed. The model is optimized to minimize carbon emissions costs, power generation operating costs, and generator fixed costs. This paper studies the promotion effect of carbon tax on power system carbon reduction under various wind power penetration rates. Based on the modified IEEE 39-bus power system and MATLAB/YLAMIP simulation platform with Gurobi solver, the numerical analysis of cases show that the proposed model can effectively promote the system to reduce carbon emissions. In addition, the optimal carbon tax pricing levels under different wind power penetration rates can be derived. This provides a theoretical reference for formulating reasonable carbon tax pricing levels to better promote decarbonization in power systems with different wind penetration rates.KeywordsCarbon TaxCarbon EmissionEconomic DispatchPower SystemWind Power
p> Solar and wind are sources of potential energy that are not widely used. The kinetic energy of wind and thermal energy of solar can be converted into electrical energy source. Both of these energy sources in addition to not polluting are also available in unlimited quantities.This experimental research studying the effect of the slope angle of solar panel to determine the most optimal angle and the feasibility between solar panels and wind turbines in the area of Campus V UNS. Variations of the angle that is used in this research is the angle of 18 <sup>o</sup> ; 24 <sup>o</sup> ; 30 <sup>o</sup> ; and 36 <sup>o</sup> . The measurement is done by measuring the electrical current and the voltage of the electricity produced in solar panels as well as to measure the wind speed as a comparison to find out the electrical power generated in wind turbines. This research was conducted in the area of campus V UNS Pabelan for 30 days.The results showed that the power generated influenced the angle of the slope in the solar panel. The Highest power produced is 41.1 Watt at the intensity of the sunlight 120000 lux on the slope angle of solar panel is 24 <sup>o</sup> , while at the slope angel of solar panels an 18 <sup>o</sup> , 30 <sup>o</sup> , and 36 <sup>o</sup> , in respectively is 37.4; 39.7; and 38.6 Watts. This research states that solar panels produce electrical power more effective and optimal than wind turbines. The highest average of electricity power for 30 days generated by solar panels is 40.19 Watt at 11:20 a.m. while wind turbines produce the highest average of electrical power is 7.88 Watt at 15:40 p.m. </p
Permasalahan lampu PJU konvensional secara umum yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat pedesaan, yaitu beban yang harusditanggung oleh masyarakat untuk membayar rekening, selain itu sering terjadi kelalaian untuk menyalakan dan mematikannya. Artikel ini membahas mengenai pemasngan smart PJU yang memanfaatkan pansel surya sebagai sumber utamanya. Secara teknis, penggunaan LDR dan PIR sangat membantu masyarakat untuk menyalakan dan mematikan lampu PJU, dan hasil pengukuran lampu smart PJU panel surya yang menggunakan lampu jenis LED 6 watt dipasang pada ketinggian 4meter dari permukaan jalan didapatkan nilai rata-rata kuat cahaya E sebesr 11.86 lux. Disisi ekonomisnya, masyarakat dapat menghemat energi selama 1 bulan (30 hari) sebesar 21.6kWh dengan total nilai rupiah sebesar Rp. 31,205.52.
Renewable energy is considered as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuelgenerators globally. This is a direct reaction to the problem of diminishing fossilfuel supplies and its impact on environmental pollution. One of the appealing andpromising renewable energy sources is wind energy. This renewable energy sourceoffers an excellent substitute for the generation of traditional electricity. Wind turbinesbased on permanentmagnet synchronous generator (PMSG) are best suited for standaloneapplications due to their reliability and their high efficiency. Comparisonsof various wind generator systems are required in order to guarantee that the mostappropriate generator that can be utilized in our wind turbine system is PMSG.Wind energy has continued to play a significant role and can be regarded as themost deployed renewable energy source, however the efficiency level and cost effectivenessof a wind turbine (WT) system with regards to wind application is very muchdependent on its control. This research work proposes some efficient control methodsassociated with wind energy control. It is focused more on the readjustment of someavailable control approaches as the improvement of NSSFC (nonlinear static statefeedback controller) and NDSFC (nonlinear dynamic state feedback controller) toincrease the controller performance for such a system. In sequence with that, thiswork moves forward to another controller(NPIC) which has been added to this systemby presenting a sensor-less control technique of direct driven PMSG wind turbine,in order to study the system from the electrical point of view after considering themechanical part utilized by the two controllers (NSSFC and NDSFC).This approach uses observer which is calledMRAS observer for generating rotationalspeed estimation. Afterwards, PI Controller is studied in this work by integratinggenetic algorithm that has significant impact on the efficiency and execution of windturbine applications and their whole system. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is thelast controller that has been explored with its simulation results for the system. All ofthese controllers are using PMSG, discussed under different operating ranges of windspeed. Several experimental tests were applied to wide variety of configurations suchas the open loop, closed loop, cascaded (outer loop control-based PI controller, innerloop control-based PI controller) and the control law based on model free controllerin order to validate the simulation results produced. This research aims to serve as adetailed reference for future studies on the control of wind turbine systems.
Wind and solar energy are widely used as power sources in recent times owing to their abundance in nature. This paper provides an analysis of the prospective of a wind-photovoltaic (PV) hybrid generation scheme in a remote onshore eastern Indian region which is intended to supply a critical health center load. The proposed scheme uses wind generator and PV panels for power generation in hybrid mode. The system loads are controlled automatically using a smart controller based on internet-of-things (IoT) with an innovative closed loop automatic control. The generation system also has ability to endure single-phase faults for the wind generator and converter systems which increases the system consistency as regards power availability. The proposed system can be easily implemented for onshore off-grid areas of coastal India as validated by the simulation results backed by suitable experimental studies on a prototype.
Solar thermal power plants today are the most viable alternative to replace conventional thermal power plants to successfully combat climate change and global warming. In this paper, the reasons behind this imminent and inevitable transition and the advantages of solar thermal energy over other renewable sources including solar PV have been discussed. The current literature on different types of solar thermal power plants and their performance optimisation techniques is quite scattered. Efforts have been made in this paper to bring the scattered information together in one thorough review so that it helps researchers across the spectrum undertaking studies on concentrated solar power technologies. This paper has established a brief background of these technologies. Furthermore, it has put forth a comprehensive review of different concentrated solar power technologies implemented throughout the world. The review in its latter part has highlighted the current trends of various hybrid, performance enhancing techniques being employed with these technologies. A brief review of the importance of economic analysis of these technologies has also been done. The future scope and course of action adopted to keep this technology growing are also discussed.
The world energy production is based on the massive use of fossil sources which are limited and polluting, which has encouraged the development of renewable energy sources. Wind and photovoltaic energies seem to be the most promising, but they have a random character. In this regard, this thesis deals with the modeling, advanced control and energy management of a hybrid system integrating a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine based on a DFIG associated with a battery energy storage system. In order to improve the quality of the currents generated by the DFIG-Wind Turbine system, a Neuro-Fuzzy Network based DPC control (NF-DPC) is developed. A fuzzy controller based MPPT algorithm is invested to optimize the PV power. In addition, a Modified Fuzzy DPC (MF-DPC) control is applied to the grid side converter to control the active and reactive power, while monitoring the active power flow involved and providing a unit power factor. An energy management algorithm is used to avoid overcharging and deep discharging of the batteries, maintain energy balance, meet the DC load demand and mitigate fluctuations caused by weather variations. In order to validate the effectiveness of the energy management algorithm as well as the control techniques used, simulation tests of the different single-source systems and the overall system were performed on MATLAB/Simulink. The results obtained revealed the ability of the energy management algorithm to manage the energy flow produced and demanded by the load, the efficiency of NF-DPC and MF-DPC and their superiority over conventional methods in terms of power ripples and THD of the generated currents.
انرژی خورشیدی به دلیل مزایایی همچون ساختار ساده ، نصب راحت و هزینه نگهداری پایین یکی از مهمترین منابع
تجدیدپذیر محسوب میشود . به دلیل تکنولوژی کامل، هزینه پایین و بازدهی بالا، سیستم ذخیره سازی انرژی مبتنی بر باتری
در سیستمهای تولید پراکنده به وفور استفاده میگردد. در این میان نیاز به یک مدل از سلول خورشیدی به منظور تحلیل
حالت پایدار و پویایی سیستم مورد نیاز میباشد. بنابراین نیاز به یک روشی که همواره سلول خورشیدی را در نقطه ماکزیمم
توان قرار بدهد وجود دارد تا بتوان بیشینه توان و در نتیجه بهترین بهره وری را از سلول خورشیدی داشته باشیم. انرژی
خورشیدی که توسط سلولهای خورشیدی جذب میشوند، باید به گونهای تبدیل گردند که قابل انتقال به بارهای محلی و
شبکه باشند که این کار با استفاده از مبدلهای قدرت انجام میگیرد. استفاده از مبدلهایی با بازدهی بالا و هزینهی اولیه و
ثابت پایین ضروری به نظر میرسد.در این مقاله یک روش کنترلی برای دریافت بیشینه توان از سلول خورشیدی مورد بررسی
قرار گرفته و یک سیستم فتوولتاییک به همراه مبدل آن در نرم افزار MATLAB/SIMULINK شبیه سازی گردیده
است.
Energy storage systems (ESSs) have acquired enhanced importance with the extensive growth and development of renewable energy systems (RESs) to accomplish the increasing demand of power without causing adverse effects on environment. The ESSs help to eliminate the effects of intermittent nature of RESs by either injecting power into the RESs or extracting power from RESs depending on whether the RESs is in shortage or excess of power, respectively. In the present study, an elaborate review is presented, which gives the recent perspective of the ESSs technologies, their comparative analysis, and various specifications as well as evaluation through S-Strength, W-Window of opportunity, I-Intimidation, F-Failing, and T-Technical maturity analysis. Divergent ESSs, capable of power regulation, power quality maintenance, and enhancement of the grid reliability, have had huge significance in sustainable development of RESs, which is highlighted in this Review. In addition, this Review also brings out the recent research trends on ESSs, which include novel and significant innovations, achievements, and developments around ESSs.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.