No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Basics in clinical nutrition: Proteins and amino acids
Abstract
Proteins are indispensable for life and growth. Amino acids are not only building bricks of protein, but also serve as precursors for biosynthesis of numerous important biological and physiological compounds. The protein/amino acids requirement for a healthy young adult is 0.75 g/kg of body weight supposing complete amino acid solution or the first class protein and adequate energy supply. During illness and convalescence intakes of 1-1.5 g/kg are desirable and have proved beneficial also in the elderly.
... In the present research, the free amino acid content in S. constricta was significantly increased under a high-salinity environment (P < 0.05), especially Ala, implying that Ala may be the most important amino acid osmolyte in the osmoregulation of S. constricta. In addition, Ala is an important flavoring substance (Abe et al., 2005;Fürst, 2009), and the increased levels of Ala resulting from high salinity are mainly responsible for the greater popularity among consumers of shellfish cultured in high-salinity environments (Ran et al., 2017). All these results showed that not only is Ala an important osmotic regulator but it also plays a vital role in contributing to the better flavor of S. constricta. ...
Introduction
The razor clam, Sinonvacula constricta, one of the important mariculture bivalves in China, has unique flavor and wide salinity adaptability. The unique flavor mainly depends on the content of free amino acids and other umami substances in vivo. However, the flavor divergence of razor clam caused by the variable salinity breeding environment, while the mechanisms remain unclear.
Methods
Here, the razor clams were cultured in high salinity (30 ppt) and normal salinity (20 ppt) for eight weeks, and the effects of salinity on free amino acids and related genes expression in S. constricta were investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics method.
Results
The results showed the free amino acid content under high salinity environment was significantly higher than normal salinity environment through the duration of the experiment (P < 0.05). The combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic data also indicated that high salinity environment resulted in enhanced metabolism of free amino acids. Furthermore, eight genes such as RALDH2, ACOX1, ALDH-E2 were potentially important for enhancing free amino acids metabolism under high salinity environment.
Discussion
This study preliminarily explained the regulation processes of high salinity environment on the metabolism of free amino acids in razor clams, providing a reference for the flavor regulation mechanism.
... Interestingly, the land snail C. saturnus had a relatively high concentration of flavor-enhancing amino acids, particularly glutamic and aspartic acids (131.31 and 103.65 mg/g protein DM, respectively), which contributes to its pleasant umami taste [65]. Glutamic acid acts as a precursor for the production of glutathione and a neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while aspartic acid has physiological functions as nucleic acid and nucleotide constituents [66]. The highest content of glutamic acid was also recorded by Adeyeye and Afolabi [63], for land snails A. archatina (111 mg/g protein DM) and A. marginata (144 mg/g protein DM), while the aspartic acid concentrations of these snails were 69.4 and 72.7 mg/g protein DM, respectively. ...
Cyclophorus saturnus is an edible land snail traditionally harvested for human food, yet little is known about its nutritional value, especially in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate its nutritional potential as an alternative food resource. In the present study, proximate composition, essential mineral content, amino acid, and lipid profiles of the meat were evaluated. Proximate analysis showed that C. saturnus contained 80.04% moisture, 11.88% protein, 6.04% carbohydrate, and 0.93% fat, with 80.01 kcal/100 g fresh matter. For minerals, calcium was the most abundant element in the meat. Its protein contained glutamic and aspartic as the major amino acids, while it was not a good source of tryptophan and methionine but was considered a very rich source of other essential amino acids (amino acid scores greater than 100). Its lipid fraction showed a higher proportion of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, 67.69%) and a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (32.31%). The PUFA/SFA ratio (1.56), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH; 5.58), atherogenicity index (AI; 0.48), and thrombogenicity index (TI; 0.20) are considered nutritionally healthy for humans. Overall, this study demonstrates the nutritional potential of C. saturnus to serve as a nutritious part of the human diet and as an alternative ingredient in food systems; therefore, its production and consumption should be more extensively promoted.
... Kurniati et al. also showed that 71% of participants in their study had enough protein intake [16]. Protein plays a role in muscle, enzyme, hormone, and antibody formation [17,18]. Lack of protein will affect enzyme function in our body and create an imbalance between oxidant and enzymatic antioxidants [19]. ...
Background: Human milk contains many components, one of them is superoxide dismutase (SOD). Vitamin E and C, together with SOD, can prevent oxidative stress. Objective: This study investigated the correlation between vitamin E and vitamin C intake, with total SOD activity, in erythrocyte and breast milk among lactating mothers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: Sixty lactating mothers aged 20–40 years were recruited in 1–6 months postpartum in Grogol Petamburan and the Cilincing Public Health Centre from March 2019 until April 2019. Vitamins E and C dietary intake were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. SOD total activity of erythrocyte and breast milk was measured using the Ransod kit 125. Results: The median value of vitamin E intake was 6.50 mg/day, showing 91.7% of patients do not meet recommended daily intake (RDA) (19 gram/day), and the median of vitamin C intake was 120.05 mg/day with 70% participants fulfilling RDA. SOD total activity in erythrocyte and breastmilk showed a median value of 423.73 U/mL and 58.34 U/mL, respectively. The correlation between vitamin E intake with total SOD activity in erythrocyte (r = 0.143 p > 0,05) and breast milk (r = 0.041, p > 0,05) was not significant. Vitamin C intake was also not significantly correlated with SOD total activity in the erythrocyte. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between vitamin E and vitamin C intake with the total activity of SOD of erythrocyte and breast milk in lactating mothers.
... We additionally need all 20 physiological amino acids, the basic units of proteins, of which 9 are essential and several more of the 20 can become conditionally essential when their physiological demand increases since these are the building blocks we need to build the shuttles and the ATP machinery, which are proteins protein deficit, and again I strongly encourage ingestion of a protein powder daily to ensure an optimal body balance of these vitally important building blocks [1,5,6]. While encouraging the ingestion of more plant-based dietary nutrient food choices for vitamins/ minerals and ensuring adequate protein it's best to avoid the foods that are debunk of these nutrients especially processed foods such as boxed or bagged items including many chips, crackers, cookies, many frozen or ready-made meals including microwaveable or tv dinners [1,6]. ...
... The second type is conditionally essential amino acids, which are required by humans at certain ages or at certain environmental/health conditions such as, arginine (Arg), glutamine (Gln), glycine (Gly), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), and tyrosine (Tyr). The third type is non-essential amino acids, synthesized by de novo pathways inside the body such as, asparagine (Asn), alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), citrulline (Cit), cysteine (Cys), and glutamic acid (Glu) [4]. ...
Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is a psychiatric disorder with unknown etiology that mainly affects children in the first three years of life. Alterations of amino acid levels are believed to contribute to ASD. The levels of six essential amino acids (methionine, histidine, valine, leucine, threonine, and phenylalanine), five conditional amino acids (proline, tyrosine, glutamine, cysteine, and cystine), and five non-essential amino acids (asparagine, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, and glutamic acid) in hair samples of children with ASD (n = 25) were analyzed and compared to corresponding levels in healthy age-matched controls (n = 25). The results showed that the levels of methionine, alanine, and asparagine were significantly lower in the hair samples of ASD group compared to those of the control group (p ≤ 0.05). However, the levels of glutamic acid were significantly higher in the ASD group than the control group (p ≤ 0.05). The current findings could contribute towards further understanding of ASD etiology and provide specialists with a hair amino acid profile utilized as a biomarker for early diagnosis of ASD. Such biomarkers could participate in future developments of therapies that reduce ASD-related symptoms.
... Amino acid is the simple unit after protein hydrolysis [7]. Levels of circulating amino acids mainly reflect the hepatic metabolism, as the liver is the key organ in amino acid metabolism and hence in acute and chronic liver diseases [8][9][10]. ...
Objective
The aim of this study was to study amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles in Egyptian pediatric
patients with hyperammonemia using high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Background
Hyperammonemia is a life‑threatening problem during childhood that requires prompt
intervention. Emerging metabolomics such as amino acid and acylcarnitine assay provide a
powerful platform for discovering new biomarkers to improve early diagnosis.
Patients and methods
A total of 110 pediatric patients were enrolled in this study: 40 patients with hyperammonemia
suspected as having an inborn error of metabolism, 20 hyperammonemia patients suspected
as having hepatic disorders, and 50 apparently healthy children who served as the control
group. Routine laboratory investigations were carried out for all participants (blood ammonia,
liver function tests, kidney function tests, and arterial blood gas analysis). Amino acid and
acylcarnitine profiles were measured quantitatively for all participants using HPLC.
Results
Fourteen metabolites were supposed to be ‘potential metabolite markers’ for differentiation
between patients with hyperammonemia due to inborn error of metabolism and those with
hyperammonemia due to hepatic causes. Seven of these metabolites were amino acids
(Gly : Ala, Leu‑Ile, Leu : Phe, Met : Phe, methionine, tyrosine, and valine), and seven were
acylcarnitines (C3, C3 : C2, C5‑DC, C10 : C1, C16‑OH, C18, and C14‑carnitines).
Conclusion
Acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles detected using HPLC could be potential noninvasive
diagnostic biomarkers for differentiation of hyperammonemia cases.
... Amino acid is the simple unit after protein hydrolysis [7]. Levels of circulating amino acids mainly reflect the hepatic metabolism, as the liver is the key organ in amino acid metabolism and hence in acute and chronic liver diseases [8][9][10]. ...
... According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the minimum protein requirement in the diet of an average 1 3 young adult is estimated to yield 1 gr protein per kg body weight/day [4]. Essential amino acids represent a 19-20% proportion of the total protein needs for adults, while for children aged 3 years and older a 10 to 20% higher than adult levels are required [5]. About 200-230 g of free amino acids and 12 kg of protein (amino acid polymers), of which 40-45% is located in the skeletal muscle primarily in the form of the contractile proteins, are contained in the body of a 70 kg man [6]. ...
Background
There are twenty-one amino acids in the human body and some of them have neurotransmission action during exercise.AimsThe aim of this review is to present the increase of neurotransmission amino acids in the blood after training. Additionally, we highlight the neurotransmission action of certain amino acids and their beneficial effects on a wide range of neurological disorders.MethodsA Medline and Scopus search was performed to identify articles published on this topic. Only articles published in English were considered.ResultsCognitive functioning of memory, attention, arousal, as well as motor control and emotion functioning, are related to modifications in the glutamatergic, monoaminergic and serotonergic systems in patients with some types of dementia. A direct effect of phenylalanine on certain neurotransmission enzymes is also described. Tyrosine is highly involved in dopamine production, resulting in amelioration of the symptoms of patients with moderate Parkinson’s disease via dopamine increase.Conclusions
Training could be beneficial, not only to healthy people but also to patients with moderate neurodegenerative disorders.
... Protein in legumes is a type of vegetable protein, a source of protein that is contained in plants. Proteins are useful as activators of the immune system for protection against foreign organisms and several other important functions (Fürst 2009). Soybean is a source of vegetable protein that is widely used as a basic ingredient in food products. ...
Diallel was a method that can be used to see inheritance and diversity character of plants. The objective of this study has evaluated the inheritance and diversity of the yield component characters and seed protein content. This study used genetic material from five homozygous cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) genotypes (KM1, KM2, KM4, KM5, and TG2) and 20 F1. Genotypes were planted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The character observed were the yield components (weight of 100 seed, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per bunch, number of pods per plant and yield) and seeds protein content. Characters that were influenced by general combining ability (GCA) consist of weight of 100 seeds, number of pods per bunch, number of seeds per pod and seed protein content. The variance of GCA has a greater value than the variance of specific combining ability (SCA). Narrow sense and broad sense heritability values were high category consist of weight 100 seed, number seeds per pod, number pods per bunch and seed protein content. That characters were inherited additively. Characters were influenced by additive gene action and have high diversity make it possible to select in F2 generation using the pedigree selection method. © 2019, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.
... Indeed, asparagine and glutamine are converted (the amide group in the side chain is converted into a carboxylic group) in their acidic forms (aspartate and glutamate) during acid hydrolysis. The high levels of lysine found in both botanical tissues increase the potential applications of C. myconis, since lysine is a first-line growth modulator, in addition to being a collagen constituent and an important carrier of FA (Fürst, 2009;Suárez-Belloch et al., 2015). ...
Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f. (Asteraceae) is a highly disseminated plant species with ruderal and persistent growth. Owing to its advantageous agronomic properties, C. myconis might have industrial applications. However, this species needs to be comprehensively characterized before any potential use. In a previous study, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of different C. myconis tissues were characterized. This investigation was extended to examine the cytotoxic potential of selected plant tissues (flowers and green parts) using a HepG2 cell line by utilizing the lysosomal neutral red uptake assay or mitochondrial (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, the macronutrients content, lipophilic compounds (fatty acids, tocopherols), and amino acids were also determined. C. myconis flowers were used in the senescence stage, which was previously identified as the stage that presented maximal phenolic content and highest antioxidant activity. In contrast, stems and leaves were employed due to their high biomass proportion. Regarding cytotoxicity, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage was only significant when HepG2 cells were exposed to the highest extract concentrations (stems and leaves, 0.9 mg/ml; senescent flowers, 0.3 mg/ml). Chemically, the senescent flowers were mostly characterized by their high levels of fat, amino acids (especially threonine), oleic acid, β-, and γ-tocopherol, while stems and leaves contained high concentrations of carbohydrates, linolenic acid, and α-tocopherol. In general, these results provide information regarding the threshold concentrations of C. myconis extracts that might be used in different applications without toxicity hazards.
... Amino acids also play a key role in food nutrition, flavor and medical functions. 25 -27 In the present study, the results showed that S. constricta contained a high proportion (33.57-36.75%) of TEAA, which is higher compared to those of Apostichopus japonicus (31.02%) 28 and abalone (32.94%), 29 as well as a high proportion (48.82-52.68%) of TFAA and a high proportion (63.03-67.87%) of TMAA. Thus, this shellfish is an excellent choice for consumers as a result of its good quality, essential flavors and medicinal amino acids. ...
Background:
Sinonovacula constricta is an economically and nutritionally important bivalve native to the estuaries and mudflats of China, Japan, and Korea. Herein, S. constricta, cultured either under experimental conditions or directly collected from natural coastal areas with different seawater salinities, were investigated for changes in proximates, amino acids and lipids.
Results:
When culture salinity was increased, levels of moisture, carbohydrate, crude protein and crude lipid were significantly decreased whereas the level of ash was significantly increased. The level of Ala was increased by 1.5-2 times whereas contents of most lipids were significantly decreased, and the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was significantly increased. Notably, a high proportion of ceramide aminoethylphosphonates (CAEP) was detected in S. constricta reared at all salinities. The energy content seems higher in S. constricta reared at higher salinity. In experimental S. constricta, when salinity was enhanced, the changes of compositions were very close to those reared at constant high salinity.
Conclusions:
S. constricta reared at higher salinities possess the superior quality. A short of time exposure to higher salinity for the farmed S. constricta reared at lower salinity before harvest will be useful to improve the nutritive value.
The population of people living with a Fontan circulation are highly heterogenous, including both children and adults, who have complex health issues and comorbidities associated with their unique physiology throughout life. Research focused on nutritional considerations and interventions in the Fontan population is extremely limited beyond childhood. This review article discusses the current literature examining nutritional considerations in the setting of Fontan physiology and provides an overview of the available evidence to support nutritional management strategies and future research directions. Protein-losing enteropathy, growth deficits, bone mineral loss, and malabsorption are well-recognised nutritional concerns within this population, but increased adiposity, altered glucose metabolism, and skeletal muscle deficiency are also more recently identified issues. Emergencing evidence suggets that abnormal body composition is associated with poor circulatory function and health outcomes. Many nutrition-related issues, including the impact of congenital heart disease on nutritional status, factors contributing to altered body composition and comorbidities, as well as the role of the microbiome and metabolomics, remain poodly understood.
For small fish of the Arctic territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in 2021, at the regional level, quotas for the total allowable catches of 2,600 tons have been established, of which the largest volume of 1,052 tons falls on the catch of vendace and 779 tons of the catch of burbot. Literature data indicate a high nutritional value of burbot and vendace, which are characterized by a protein content of 57 to 85 g / 100 g, the amount of amino acid scor is from 76 to 150%, the fat content is from 1 to 32 g / 100 g. The analysis of fatty acid composition showed a high degree of their unsaturation with a high oleic content of more than 21 g / 100 g in vendace and burbot meat, as well as more than 13 g / 100 g in burbot. It was found that the content of phosphorus, potassium and sodium prevails in burbot on average 2.1 times, compared with their content in vendace. However, vendace contains 96 times more magnesium than burbot. The zinc content has the same value and is 2.50 mg / 100 g. Veggie is characterized by a greater amount of calcium, iron, manganese and copper than burbot, on average 1.8 times. In terms of the quantitative content of vitamins D, E, B2, B6, B12, the studied objects have the same values. The results of the study of the assortment of vendace and burbot products presented in retail chains in Krasnoyarsk demonstrate no more than five product offerings from vendace and three from burbot. Four manufacturers of products from the surveyed objects in Krasnoyarsk were identified. Proposals have been formulated for saturating the trading niches of Krasnoyarsk with vendace and burbot products, including measures for the development of new types of products, their promotion to the consumer market in the segments of frozen semi-finished products: chopped, in a dough casing, fish and vegetable, etc.
A simple and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nine kinds of (d)- and (l)-amino acid enantiomers in amino acid tablets. 7-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) was selected as the derivatization reagent, and the derived amino acid enantiomers were enantioseparated on a Sumichiral OA-2500S (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column, using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-methanol (50 : 50, v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid at the flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 with a split ratio of 1 : 3. Sensitive detection was performed with a 4000 Qtrap MS/MS system with an electrospray-ionization source in negative mode. The calibration curves for the determination of all the nine pairs of amino acid enantiomers showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999) over the investigated ranges from 0.15 to 30 μg mL-1 for the (d)-enantiomers and from 3.14 to 620 μg mL-1 for the (l)-enantiomers, respectively. The assay was reproducible with overall intra- and inter-day variations of less than 7.7%. The detection for (d)-amino acid enantiomers was selective and sensitive, and a trace amount of them could be detected and quantified, even in the presence of massive corresponding (l)-enantiomers. The validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneous quantitation of the nine kinds of (d)- and (l)-amino acid enantiomers in commercial tablets.
IntroductionVarious components of seaweedsConclusion
References
S predstavljenim raziskovalnim delom smo želeli ugotoviti razliko v vsebnosti posameznih aminokislin v fermentiranih alkoholnih pijačah iz različnih surovin. Naš glavni namen je bil potrditi predpostavko, da fermentirane pijače na osnovi ajde in kvinoje predstavljajo bogatejši vir aminokislin kot standardno ječmenovo pivo. Aminokisline so bistvene predvsem kot osnovni strukturni in funkcionalni elementi žive celice, saj so substrat pri biosintezi proteinov, telesu pa lahko služijo tudi kot vir energije [Fürst, 2009]. Poseben pomen v prehrani ima 9 esencialnih aminokislin, ki so nujne za normalno delovanje organizma, človeško telo pa jih ni sposobno samo sintetizirati [Fürst, 2009]. Poleg tega sta ajda in kvinoja, za razliko od ječmena, psevdožiti, ki v primerjavi z žiti ne vsebujejo glutena, zaradi česar sta primerni za pripravo hrane in pijače, namenjene ljudem s celiakijo [Arendt and Dal Bello, 2008].
Ječmen, ajdo in kvinojo smo sladili po postopku, optimalnem za posamezno (psevdo)žito, in pripravili pijačo po običajni metodi, ki velja za varjenje piva. Za fermentacijo sladice z 10 % ekstraktom v 10 L fermentorjih smo uporabili pivovarsko kvasovko Saccharomyces pastorianus, sev TUM 34/70. Opravili smo običajne pivovarske analize slada in sladice po protokolih zbirk MEBAK in EBC Analytica. Vsebnosti aminokislin v sladici in končni pijači smo ugotavljali s predkolonsko derivatizacijo z reagentoma OPA in Fmoc, čemur sledi
ločevanje s tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) na reverzno-fazni koloni (RP) ter detekcija s fluorescenčnim detektorjem [Henderson and Brooks, 2010].
New evidence shows that older adults need more dietary protein than do younger adults to support good health, promote recovery from illness, and maintain functionality. Older people need to make up for age-related changes in protein metabolism, such as high splanchnic extraction and declining anabolic responses to ingested protein. They also need more protein to offset inflammatory and catabolic conditions associated with chronic and acute diseases that occur commonly with aging. With the goal of developing updated, evidence-based recommendations for optimal protein intake by older people, the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS), in cooperation with other scientific organizations, appointed an international study group to review dietary protein needs with aging (PROT-AGE Study Group). To help older people (>65 years) maintain and regain lean body mass and function, the PROT-AGE study group recommends average daily intake at least in the range of 1.0 to 1.2 g protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Both endurance- and resistance-type exercises are recommended at individualized levels that are safe and tolerated, and higher protein intake (ie, ≥1.2 g/kg body weight/d) is advised for those who are exercising and otherwise active. Most older adults who have acute or chronic diseases need even more dietary protein (ie, 1.2-1.5 g/kg body weight/d). Older people with severe kidney disease (ie, estimated GFR <30 mL/min/1.73m(2)), but who are not on dialysis, are an exception to this rule; these individuals may need to limit protein intake. Protein quality, timing of ingestion, and intake of other nutritional supplements may be relevant, but evidence is not yet sufficient to support specific recommendations. Older people are vulnerable to losses in physical function capacity, and such losses predict loss of independence, falls, and even mortality. Thus, future studies aimed at pinpointing optimal protein intake in specific populations of older people need to include measures of physical function.
DEM version of classic Munro chapter (RM 5026 for 8th ed.).