No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Spatial data analysis by example: Vol. 2
... A 79.89 pixel/cm scale was then tuned, and the distance of each recruit to the nearest neighbor (nearest neighbor distance; [33]) was calculated. Finally, the Clark-Evans aggregation test (with Donnelly correction for edge effects) was applied and the Clark-Evans index (R = observed/expected average NNDs) was calculated [34,35]. ...
... Here, we examined the distribution patterns of recruits on settlement tiles and recruits, juveniles, and adult colonies on a natural substrate at a small spatial scale (within 1 dm 2 samples). Nearest neighbor distance analysis allowed us to test the distribution pattern frequency on the settlement tiles and natural substrate using the Clark-Evans test and Point Pattern Index [34,35]. Overall, recruits were significantly aggregated in 37 of the 104 photographs examined (35.6%) and randomly distributed in 67 (64.4%). ...
... This method, based on the measurement of the distance of each individual from its nearest neighbor, allows us to determine the frequency of random, clustered, and regular distributions. [33][34][35]. Our findings revealed a significantly higher frequency of clustered recruits on natural substrates than on settled marble tiles. ...
The recruitment process is a fundamental step in population life cycles that determines survival, population demographic structure, and dynamics. The success of recruitment events repeated over successive years greatly affects the survival of long-lived gorgonian populations. Here, we report the recruitment process of the precious, heavily harvested Mediterranean gorgonian Corallium rubrum (red coral) on both settlement tiles and natural substrates over different Mediterranean areas. Red coral is a gonochoric internal brooder that reproduces in early summer. Lecithotrophic planulae settle 15–30 days after release in semi-dark environments at depths between 15 and 800 m. In autumn, 0.58–0.68 mm-wide recruits can be observed on the vaults of small crevices and caves and on rocky cliffs and boulders. Owing to their small size, there is limited knowledge of C. rubrum recruitment in the field. In this study, we examined the recruitment density and distribution in Canadells (Banyuls sur Mer, France) and Calafuria (Livorno, Italy) and compared these findings with those collected over different Mediterranean areas. Red coral exhibited high recruitment values ranging from 0.43 to 13.19 recruits dm−2. The distribution pattern of recruits, examined at a small spatial scale via nearest-neighbor distance analysis, revealed a significantly higher patch frequency on the natural substrate than on settlement tiles, presumably because of the scarcely available spots of free space on the former substrate, which are crowded by competitor species.
... Based on the previous point process types, it is clear that the real data are close to the Poisson point process leading to a similar simulating pattern. Based on the Poisson point process, the mean number of events per unit area at the point s, defined as λ(s), is given by [15][16][17][18] Equation (3): ...
... where A is the area of the sub-region, and λ is the value of the intensity. When the analysis involves two study regions, in this case a second order property would be considered given by [15][16][17][18] Equation (5): ...
... The main properties for the Poisson process are [11-13]: • The number of positions in a region A has a Poisson distribution with mean λN(A) • The positions of these points are i.i.d. and uniformly distributed inside A • The contents of two disjoint regions A and B are independentConsider the locations of base stations, i.e., antennas, of the mobile network in Paris[14] considering all the base stations, of all operators and for all operating frequencies (Figure 4). Based on the previous point process types, it is clear that the real data are close to the Poisson point process leading to a similar simulating pattern.Telecom2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW Real data locations of base stations, antennas of the mobile network in Paris[14].Based on the Poisson point process, the mean number of events per unit area at the point s, defined as λ(s), is given by[15][16][17][18] Equation ( ...
Spatial statistics is a powerful tool for analyzing data that are illustrated as points or positions in a regular or non-regular state space. Techniques that are proposed to investigate the spatial association between neighboring positions are based on the point process analysis. One of the main goals is to simulate real data positions (such as antenna base stations) using the type of point process that most closely matches the data. Spatial patterns could be detailed describing the observed positions and appropriate models were proposed to simulate these patterns. A common model to simulate spatial patterns is the Poisson point process. In this work analyses of the Poisson point process—as well as modified types such as inhibition point process and determinantal Poisson point process—are presented with simulated data close to the true data (i.e., antenna base station positions). Investigation of the spatial variation of the data led us to the spatial association between positions by applying Ripley’s K-functions and L-Function.
... Moran's I provides a reliable indicator for spatial autocorrelation. A positive autocorrelation occurs when similar values for the random variable are clustered together in space and vice versa (Upton and Fingleton 1985). We conducted Moran's I test for a specific year as well as for all years together. ...
... A value of Moran's I statistics close to 1 signifies strong and positive spatial autocorrelation, whereas values around -1 represent negative spatial autocorrelation. variable are clustered together in space and vice versa (Upton and Fingleton 1985). We conducted Moran's I test for a specific year as well as for all years together. ...
Understanding the spatial or geographical dependence of income inequality and regional inequality is crucial in the study of inequality. This paper employs a multi-scale, multi-mechanism framework to map and analyze historical patterns of regional and income inequality in the United States (US) by using state and regional panel data spanning over a century. To explore the patterns systematically and see the role of spatial partitioning, we organize the data around several established geographical partitions before conducting various geographical information system (GIS) analyses and statistical techniques. We also investigate the spatial dependence of income inequality and regional inequality. We find that spatial autocorrelation exists for both types of inequality in the US. However, the magnitude of spatial dependence for regional inequality is declining whereas it is volatile for income inequality over time. While income inequality has been at its peak in the most recent decades, we also notice that regional inequality is at its lowest point. As for the choice of partitioning, we observe that within inequality dominates for Census Divisions and Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regions. Conversely, we see that between inequality overall contributes the most to the inequality among Census Regions.
... Global statistics I Moran allows to determine the general similarity of spatial units in terms of the studied phenomenon. According to Upton and Fingleton (1985) [61,62], the Moran global coefficient was determined on the basis of the following formula: ...
... Global statistics I Moran allows to determine the general similarity of spatial units in terms of the studied phenomenon. According to Upton and Fingleton (1985) [61,62], the Moran global coefficient was determined on the basis of the following formula: ...
Polish agriculture is characterized by regional differentiation. These differences affect the production potential, generate income, or development which is an indispensable element of economic efficiency. The aim of the article is to assess the spatial diversification of agriculture potential in relation to the development of voivodeships in Poland using a synthetic measure. Choice of variables in 2009–2018 was conditioned by the availability of data collected in the city system at the Central Statistical Office. Method of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution was used to build synthetic measures. The synthetic measure of agricultural potential in voivodships in Poland was negatively correlated with the measure of the natural environment, the measure of infrastructure, the number of unemployed and the area of forest land. It was correlated with the area of arable land, number of tractors, cattle population, pigs and the production of milk, basic crops, sugar beet. The measure of the voivodeship development is negatively correlated with the synthetic measure of agricultural potential, area of arable land, arable land and number of people employed in agriculture. Conclusions drawn may allow local governments to define potential directions of optimization of socio-economic development of rural communes.
... In statistical ecological studies, Ripley's Kfunction has been frequently applied to the detection of distributed patterns in plant communities (Diggle, 2013;Rosenberg, 2015). Such work often includes detailed discussions about the use of various edge effect correction methods (Bailey & Gatrell, 1995;Goreaud & Pelissier, 1999;Haase, 1995;Ripley, 1981;Upton & Fingleton, 1985;Wiegand & Moloney, 2004;Yamada & Rogerson, 2003). Traditionally, three basic methods of edge effect correction have been widely accepted in ecology since the K-function was first proposed (Ripley, 1976(Ripley, , 1977: the buffer zone, toroidal, and Ripley's circumference methods. ...
... where P is the number of cities inside and outside of the study region; P > N. Here, we created a buffer zone outside the study region to a distance of maximum scale r and employed the observed cities located within the buffer zone only as destinations in measuring distance between two observed cities. Second, the toroidal method is well known in ecology, and it is generally employed for the rectangular study area (Ripley, 1979;Upton & Fingleton, 1985). Principally, all the points in the rectangle are simultaneously replicated eight times according to the neighbourhood type or Queen's pattern (Goodchild, 1977). ...
Ripley's K‐function is a test to detect geographically distributed patterns occurring across spatial scales. Initially, it assumed infinitely continuous planar space, but in reality, any geographic distribution occurs in a bounded region. Hence, the edge problem must be solved in the application of Ripley's K‐function. Traditionally, three basic edge correction methods were designed for regular study plots because of simplified geometric computation: the Ripley circumference, buffer zone, and toroidal methods. For an irregular‐shaped study region, a geographic information system (GIS) is needed to support geometric calculation of complex shapes. The Ripley circumference method was originally implemented by Haase and has been modified into a Python program in a GIS environment via Monte Carlo simulation (hereafter, the Ripley–Haase and Ripley–GIS methods). The results show that in terms of the statistical powers of clustering detection for irregular boundaries, the Ripley–GIS method is the most stable, followed by the buffer zone, toroidal, and Ripley–Haase methods. After edge effects of irregular boundaries have been eliminated, Ripley's K‐function is used to estimate the degree of spatial clustering of cities in a given territory, and in this paper, we demonstrate that by reference to the relationship between urban spatial structure and economic growth in China.
... Such methods are not appropriate when the focus is to investigate the spatial autocorrelation based on a categorical or dichotomous variable (15,17). To investigate the spatial autocorrelation based on a categorical variable, studies have used the joint count test, which can be implemented in R using the ''spdep'' package (18)(19)(20). The test uses a weights matrix to see whether similar joins (e.g., joins with similar colors, i.e., white-white and black-black) occur more often compared to the those when the observations were spatially labeled in a random manner. ...
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of visibility-related factors and some environmental and human factors on the severity of pedestrian-vehicle crashes. It was hypothesized that decreasing visibility, contributed to by factors such as lighting, number of lanes, speed limit, and weather, are associated with an increase in injury severity. Some of the key results of the final model indicate that higher speed limits, less light conditions, and no traffic controls were significantly correlated with increased pedestrian injury severity when roadway visibility factors were under consideration. Dusk and dark with or without lighting were found to be factors correlated with increased pedestrian injury severity, while inclement weather was found to be correlated with lower pedestrian injury severity when environmental visibility-related factors were considered. Furthermore, a spatial autocorrelation revealed a high concentration of pedestrian–vehicle crashes in the Nashville and Memphis areas. This work is similar to prior works in their goal to study factors that affect pedestrian injury severity. While other models have looked at a large range of possible factors that may affect pedestrian injury severity, the model developed in this work focuses on visibility factors, environmental factors, and human-related factors. Another contribution is the data and modeling of the data. This study utilizes a dataset from Tennessee with more categories recorded for the visibility-related factors and applies a multinomial logistic regression model to the data.
... The global and local Moran's I spatial correlation coefficients can be used to investigate spatial relationships [67]. Moran's I made it possible to check whether the adjacent plots formed clusters with similar values of the synthetic measure and was determined on the basis of the following formula [68,69]: ...
The provincial government, a separate association of regional communities in the state structure, carries out public tasks that affect the quality of life of the local community and the activities of businesses. Geographical conditions and the effect of socioeconomic factors lead to different levels of development in different regions. The endogenous potential of the local government is the result of a combination of local conditions, determining its opportunities and directions of development. The aim of this article was to assess and identify the spatial differentiation in the relationship between the green economy and the financial situation of voivodeships in Poland using synthetic measures. The choice of variables for the period of 2010–2020 was determined by the availability of the data collected from the regional system in the CSO Local Data Bank. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution was used to construct the synthetic measures. Financial resources are the basis for the operation of local government units, conditioning the implementation of their current and developmental tasks. Knowledge of the current state of finances allows authorities to make comparisons with other units and is helpful in making financial decisions. The green economy is one of the paths to sustainable development. The green economy increases the quality of life and social equality while reducing environmental risks and natural resource consumption. As a result of the research procedure, the spatial differentiation of provinces in Poland in 2010–2020 is presented in terms of the level of the synthetic measure of the green economy and financial situation. In 2010, the synthetic measure of the green economy ranged from 0.31 to 0.42, and in 2020, it ranged from 0.40 to 0.53. The synthetic measure of financial risk in 2010 ranged from 0.37 to 0.61, and in 2020, it ranged from 0.40 to 0.77. The measures are shaped by economic activity and working conditions, health, education, leisure and social relations, economic and physical security, and environmental quality. The results of this survey enable local governments to make comparisons. The lessons learned can allow them to identify potential directions for optimizing development policies.
... This helps in the geo-visualisation of spatial structural distribution of the magnetic anomaly associated with the study area (Upton and Fingleton 1985). The magnetic data over the study area was processed and presented in form of a 3-dimension surface map (Fig. 3). ...
The use of geostatistical approaches in the structural dependency analysis and interpretation of magnetic response in conjunction with bedrock composition cannot be de-emphasised. This study utilised the two geostatistical tools namely; variogram and kriging in investigating the structural and spatial dependence index of the magnetic variation in different lithological bedrock constituents. Aeromagnetic data of Ilorin sheet 223 obtained from Nigeria Geological Survey Agency was analysed using a geostatistical approach. Nine lithological units (L1 – L9) were assessed such that their magnetic structural dependency was delineated by fitting the variogram models while the spatial magnetic variation was estimated using ordinary kriging method. Three variogram models; Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian models were adopted. The Nugget Sill Ratio (NSR) and Coefficient of Variability (CV) were as well deduced. Variogram cloud together with box and whisker plot were used to delineate the anomalous magnetic responses across the units. From the fitted models, the results accounted for NSR in the range of 4.1 – 46.2%, 4.0 – 42.4% and 4.1 – 43.7% for Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian models, respectively. Two structural dependencies levels; strong and moderate, were estimated across the nine lithological units. Six units revealed strong autocorrelation levels while three units give rise to a moderate level. Based on kriging estimation, three distinct levels; low, moderate and high magnetic response were identified across the nine lithological units. The least (- 482.6 nT) and highest (401.5 nT) magnetic responses were found associated with L6 lithological unit. Low variability (homogeneity) was found associated with four units (CV < 60%), while five units accounted for heterogeneous response (CV > 60%) in the source of magnetic intensity. In this study, geostatistical methods have proven to be good in estimating the magnetic structural and spatial dependency associated with Ilorin lithological bedrock units.
Highlights
• Airborne magnetic data sets of Ilorin, North central Nigeria were analysed using Variogram and Kriging.
• Three variogram models; Spherical, Gaussian and Exponential were adopted for estimating the degree of structural spatial dependency.
• Strong and moderate spatial dependence were obtained across the nine (9) classified lithological units.
• Based on kriging, the undifferentiated, granitic and granodiorite rock units have the highest magnetic responses.
• The cross validation accounted for strong relationship between the observed and the predicted values thereby making kriging a good predictor of geophysical data set.
... In short, this involves a correlation between module counts of a species in all pairs of grid cells including (a) the grid cells horizontal and vertical distances from each other and (b) their distance in time (years). The spatial-temporal autocorrelations were rescaled to lie between -1 and 1 (Upton & Fingleton 1985). ...
... The statistics check whether adjacent parcels form clusters with similar synthetic measure values. It was determined based on the formula [92]: ...
Voivodships are centres of economic, social, and cultural life—they gather economic and social activities. This research aimed to evaluate the spatial differentiation of the quality of life in voivodships in Poland with the use of a synthetic measure. To achieve the research objective, the research methods used were literature analysis, statistical analysis, and synthetic measure. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution method was used to build synthetic measures. The choice of variables in 2010–2020 was largely conditioned by the availability of data collected in the regional system at the level of voivodships at the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. As a result of the analysis of voivodships in Poland, based on the quality of life measure, four groups were distinguished (according to the value of quartiles). In the group of the best voivodeships there were: Pomerania, Masovia, Lower Silesia, and West Pomeranian in 2010, and Masovia, Pomerania, Greater Poland, Lower Silesia, and Lesser Poland in 2020, and in the IV, the weakest group: Lodz Province, Podlasie Province, Lubusz Province, and Holy Cross in 2010, and Lodz Province, Podlasie Province, Holy Cross, and Lublin Province in 2020. The synthetic quality of life ranged from 0.37 to 0.56 in 2010 and from 0.39 to 0.64 in 2020. Regional authorities, taking care to improve economic potential, cause increasing the attractiveness of the area and attracting new entrepreneurs, create new jobs, and improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. Quality of life is shaped by economic activity and working conditions, health, education, free time and social relations, economic and physical security, and the quality of the natural environment. The results of the research conducted allow local governments to make comparisons. The conclusions drawn may allow them to identify potential directions for developing policy optimization.
... Because the points outside the boundary are not included in the calculation of ̂( ), edge effects can lead to a biased estimator of ( ). Various authors have proposed different edge corrections, such as buffer zones (Sterner, Ribic, & Schatz, 1986;Szwagrzyk, 1990) or toroidal edge corrections (Ripley, 1979;Upton & Fingleton, 1985). One of the most commonly used edge corrections assigns a value of 1 if the circle centered at point which passes through point is entirely inside the study area and assigns equal to the proportion of the circumference of the circle that falls in the study area otherwise (Dixon, 2001). ...
Spatial clustering detection methods are widely used in many fields of research including epidemiology, ecology, biology, physics, and sociology. In these fields, areal data is often of interest; such data may result from spatial aggregation (e.g. the number disease cases in a county) or may be inherent attributes of the areal unit as a whole (e.g. the habitat suitability of conserved land parcel). This study aims to assess the performance of two spatial clustering detection methods on areal data: the average nearest neighbor (ANN) ratio and Ripley's K function. These methods are designed for point process data, but their ease of implementation in GIS software and the lack of analogous methods for areal data have contributed to their use for areal data. Despite the popularity of applying these methods to areal data, little research has explored their properties in the areal data context. In this paper we conduct a simulation study to evaluate the performance of each method for areal data under different types of spatial dependence and different areal structures. The results shows that the empirical type I error rates are inflated for the ANN ratio and Ripley's K function, rendering the methods unreliable for areal data.
... Data analysis -a process of examining, purifying, converting and modeling the data with the objective of finding useful information, provide recommendation to support decision making (Upton & Fingleton, 1985). In this topic the techniques used for data analysis will be discussed. ...
In 2010 a study by IBM that surveyed 1,500 management executives revealed that it is imperative to prepare businesses for an unpredictable future. A good example was early of 2016, Intel announced to cut 12,000 jobs across the company, about 11 percent of the workforce amid the shift from a PC-centric world to cloud and data center computing. In United State 39 percent of employers experienced difficulties in hiring people with the right skill set. Business performance was negatively affected due to the struggle in filling up the vacancies. This issue is not just happening in the U.S but also globally. In addition, agile workforce is required by companies whereby the workforce's skills has better adaptivity to make sure maximum productivity is met in an unpredictable business environment. In addition, leaders have to fuel agility, however, there are many managers do not have proficient skills in people management and demonstrate wrong management style which has resulted negative effects for the entire management. Threatening employees to deliver results which in the end crushing the creativity and productivity, producing discouraged and uncreative work with low contribution. Insincere communications cause suspicious while lacking of communication between leaders and followers provides unclear directions and goals. Neglecting feedback from the staff, ignoring the problems will create disasters in the organization eventually employees are losing motivation at work. This research investigates the impact of leadership with work organization as the mediator on workforce agility in IT organization of the company XYZ limited company. Company XYZ manufactures, designs and sells integrated digital technology platforms to the world market. It is a multinational company which runs the global operation. It was established in 1968 where its head office is located in Santa Clara, California. The company has around 600 IT employees globally. This research will be guided by positivism research philosophy. Deductive research methodology will be deployed to identify and analyze the issues of the research based on the proposed theories and explanatory research will be performed to establish the relationship between transformational leadership, work organization and workforce agility. The five-point Likert-type scale survey will used to generate quantitative data for the construct of the research model. A cross-sectional data collection approach will be conducted over a period of three months. G*Power 3.1 program was deployed to measure the requirement of sample size and recommended to distrubute 120 questionnaires to the volunteer respondents by hand out at the workplace. The partial least squares of structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach will be deployed to validate and examine the research theoretical framework, and conduct the hypothesis testing. The contribution would be providing IT senior management an insightful information on the impact of leadership role played in the current IT work organization. Work organization is expected to be significant for promoting and enhancing agility in XYZ limited company's IT organization.
... The Moran Index (I) is the statistic most widely used to test for the presence of global spatial autocorrelation, although it does not provide information about the potential shape of spatial autocorrelation [44][45][46]. The test statistic is as follows: ...
Concretizing the input of Morocco’s advanced regionalization project, which aims to reduce territorial disparities for sustainable human development, is a cornerstone for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Alongside the implementation of this project, we carried out a multiscale study of the scope of human development disparities in Morocco based on the new engineering of the territorial division across twelve regions, seventy-five provinces, and fifteen hundred communes. The study aimed to test the effect of scale modification to identify spatial concentrations through the communal human development index. The level of human development of a country is assessed through the convergence of its local HDI. We tested the scaling effect in 2004 and 2017 to determine the state of convergence of human development indicators. The spatial autocorrelation results showed that the distribution of capabilities at the communal scale remained concentrated in Morocco. Areas near developed communes follow the same pattern, at the expense of more distant areas. After the spatial configuration of advanced regionalization was undertaken, there was a decrease in regional and provincial disparities. This outcome is less notable at the communal level. Focusing on the microscale consequently becomes a preferable way to reduce inequalities in sustainable human development. Therefore, for the success and effectiveness of the advanced regionalization project in particular and for the achievement of the SDGs in general, spatial equity remains a necessary condition for the convergence of sustainable human development actions at the microscale.
... The data collected is simply one of several possible outcomes, if 'WX' is the vector of means of variable 'X' in the region of each geographic unit, the closer this index is to '1' in absolute value, the stronger the correlation. This interval is dependent on the weight matrix and can occasionally change outside of the range [-1; 1], emphasising the significance of determining the intervals bounds (Upton & Fingleton, 1985) spatial autocorrelation indices are as follows: ...
This research investigates the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR), industrial integration, and economic growth in realising financial constraints using firm’s level attributes of sustainable performance. In doing so, this study utilised annual data of 555 Chinese real estate firms from 2015 to 2019 and applied a spatial effect model (SEM) to integrate spatial effects. This study also used two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and two-stage least square (2SLS) methods to deal with possible endogeneity. Manifestly, we have constructed a mathematical derivation framework based on linear algebra and offer easy computing Moran's index. The preliminary results revealed that CSR, industrial integration, and economic growth reduce financial constraints of listed real estate companies in China. However, these effects are not persistent at different stages of development. The findings of Moran index describe that the early and growth stages of CSR instigate financial constraints while the mature stage of CSR produces inhibitory effects that reduce financial constraints. Notably, these effects also varied across different regions. This outcome offers valuable policy recommendations.
... For a more extensive discussion of spatial weights, see e.g. Upton et al. (1985) and Anselin (2013). ...
This paper presents a stylised econometric model for the demand for on-street parking with focus on the estimation of the elasticity of demand concerning the full cost of parking. The full cost of parking consists of a parking fee and the cost of searching for a vacant parking space (cruising). The cost of cruising is usually unobserved. Ignoring this issue implies a downward bias of the elasticity of demand for the total cost of parking since the cost of cruising depends on the number of cars parked. We demonstrate that, even when the cost of cruising is unobserved, the demand elasticity can be identified by extending the econometric model to include the spatial interaction between the parking facilities. We illustrate the model with on-street parking data from Copenhagen and find indications of a somewhat greater parking demand elasticity than is usually reported in the literature.
... Spatial autocorrelation is a situation in which the occurrence of a single phenomenon in one spatial unit increases or decreases the occurrence of this phenomenon in adjacent entities [120,121]. Global Moran's I statistics check whether adjacent parcels form clusters with similar values of synthetic measure, based on the formula [122][123][124]: ...
The activities of the poviat are a combination of interrelated factors. The use of natural resources should be carried out in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The aim of this research was to assess the spatial differentiation of development relationships, the natural environment, and ecology of poviats in Poland, using a synthetic measure. Empirical data were collected in the spatial terms of poviats in Poland. The choice of variables was conditioned by the availability of data of the Central Statistical Office for 2010–2019. The assessment of development of poviats indicates disproportions in terms of development variables, as well as the natural environment and ecology, and the existence of a weak impact of natural conditions for development. Poviats distinguished by a higher level of natural environment are not characterized by a higher measure of development. The reason for the low impact of non-financial conditions on the development of poviats is their dependence on transfer from the state budget and the amount of current expenditure. The results may constitute a source of information for local government authorities on the disproportions existing between units, on the determination of directions of development policy optimization in terms of the natural environment and ecology.
... According to Cliff and Ord (1973), the measurement of spatial autocorrelation involves obtaining the values of neighboring spatial units, including shires or states; if the values are similar, it implies that there is spatial autocorrelation. Upton and Fingleton (1985) defined spatial autocorrelation as a feature of the spatial organization of maps, and the feature was the systematic and organized distribution of the numerical values of the space on maps; Systematic and organized indicate a certain correlation between geographical phenomena in the space if they are not randomly distributed. Sokal et al. (1988) argued that spatial autocorrelation tested the spatial difference between the variables of a spatial unit and that of neighboring spatial units. ...
To effectively distribute resources and formulate policies, governments and enterprises usually need to obtain accurate geographical information about housing transaction volumes. In this study, the data of counties and cities in Taiwan from 2009 to 2018 were used for the analysis. First, Moran’s I was adopted to test the degree of spatial autocorrelation of the housing transaction volumes of the counties and cities, and GeoDa, a piece of spatial statistical software, was utilized to draw the spatial distribution and local indicators of spatial association cluster of the housing transaction volumes of the counties and cities in Taiwan. After the explanatory comparison between the panel data model and multiple spatial economic models, the Spatial Durbin Model was employed to explore the direct effects on local housing transaction volumes and the spillover effect of neighborhood on the housing transaction volumes at different geographical locations, especially the spatial spillover effect of local fiscal expenditures and the regulations for planned urban environments. Finally, policy implications were offered as reference for the governance of the authorities.
... This research only includes the third group. 7 Moran's I (Upton and Fingleton 1985) is a statistical measure that signals spatial autocorrelation among neighboring observations. This statistic can be applied to a specific variable (usually the dependent variable) or to the error term. ...
This paper investigates the presence of spatial spillovers in firms' productive (in)efficiency. For this purpose, a spatial stochastic frontier model is specified and estimated, accounting for spatial dependence and persistent and transient (in)efficiency. This approach is applied to a panel dataset from 2014 to 2019 of Portuguese wineries. Apart from the traditional input and output quantities used in the estimation of a production function, the novelty of this study is the inclusion of information on the firms' exact location, which allows incorporating the neighboring dependence in the productive efficiency analysis. Empirical findings show that despite the Portuguese wineries' technological positive dependence on spatial closeness for both inputs and outputs, the geographic closeness is not strong enough to provide overall productive efficiency gains.
... Quadrat scores were the total number of greening-affected trees per quadrat. The spatial distribution of trees with CGD was analyzed by 1) ordinary runs analysis (lo), 2) several indices of dispersion (12,13), 3) spatial lag autocorrelation (ll), and 4) computer-assisted isopath mapping and response surface analysis (8). ...
... Individual quadrat scores were the sums of the individual scores of the trees within the quadrat. The data were examined by 1) ordinary runs analysis (10) to determine the presence or absence of directionality of aggregation, 2) isopathic contour mapping (9) and three-dimensional response-surface plots were utilized to examine the extent and position of aggregates of diseased plants (7,9), and 3) various indices of dispersion to examine the relative significance and size of aggregates (9,12,13). ...
... Cependant, si le I de Moran cherche la structure de la ressemblance entre éléments voisins, l'indice de Geary, à l'inverse, estime le ratio de la variance des écarts entre observations contigües à la variance totale (Jayet, 2001). En pratique, le coefficient I de Moran est souvent préféré à celui de Geary en raison d'une stabilité générale plus grande (Upton and Fingleton, 1985). ...
Le Monkeypox (MPX) est une maladie rare sévère causée par un virus très proche de celui de la variole et touche initialement des animaux et des hommes (anthropozoonose) vivant dans des régions situées à proximité des forêts denses d’Afrique centrale et occidentale. A elle seule, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) notifie près de 85 % de cas humains connus et ce pays a enregistré plusieurs épidémies ces dernières années.Actuellement une majorité d’auteurs s’accorde sur le fait qu’après 30 ans de cessation des campagnes de vaccination contre la variole, il est observé une très grande recrudescence de cas de MPX dans plusieurs régions tropicales dont la RDC, ce qui commence à poser un réel problème de santé publique. Cependant, le MPX reste une maladie peu étudiée et les facteurs liés à sa transmission et à sa distribution spatiale et temporelle demeurent mal connus.Cette recherche a été conduite pour contribuer à construire un estimateur de la prévalence du MPX à l’échelle de la RDC, comprendre les déterminants des dynamiques de ses répartitions spatiale et temporelle. En premier lieu, un score a été construit pour évaluer le niveau d'adéquation entre les données de la morbidité rapportée par la Surveillance Intégrée des Maladies et Riposte (SIMR) en RDC et la morbidité réelle. Dans un second temps, l’identification des agrégats spatiaux et temporels du MPX en RDC a été réalisée à l’échelle des Zones de Santé (ZS) à l’aide des statistiques de balayage rétrospectif. Dans un troisième temps, la recherche des facteurs environnementaux associées à l’occurrence des cas de MPX en RDC a été conduite.Un score simple et pragmatique a été élaboré pour quantifier la validité de données générées par la SIMR en RDC. L’étude de la recherche des agrégats spatiaux du MPX a montré une sur-incidence des cas rapportés dans les deux foyers « traditionnels » des districts de Sankuru et de la Tshuapa mais avec une extension dans certains districts environnants au fil des années. Ceci suggérerait ainsi l’identification des épicentres originels probables du MPX dans la cuvette centrale du Congo et leurs espaces de diffusion et/ou d’apparition secondaire selon une dynamique établie sur deux dizaines d’années. L’analyse temporelle annuelle a mis en évidence une tendance saisonnière caractérisée par une augmentation des cas de MPX pendant la saison sèche. Le modèle développé suggère que plusieurs facteurs environnementaux physiques sont positivement associés à l’incidence du MPX mais ne suffisent pas à eux seuls à comprendre complètement l’émergence et la persistance des épidémies du MPX en RDC. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’il nous faut à l’avenir complexifier notre modèle par l’introduction de facteurs socioéconomiques et anthropologiques dans la construction du système pathogène du MPX afin de mieux rendre compte de la réalité des liens que les hommes entretiennent avec leur environnement, modulant ainsi leurs niveaux d'exposition et de risque.Cette étude a permis de cibler des espaces et périodes à haut risque de MPX en RDC, favorisant ainsi la production d’informations spatio-temporelles nécessaires à la définition de niveaux de priorités pour les interventions de prévention et de lutte contre cette maladie en RDC. Enfin, ces résultats ouvrent des pistes d’investigation pour les autres pays africains concernés.Mots clés : Monkeypox, République Démocratique du Congo, Score d’adéquation, Surveillance Intégrée des Maladies et Riposte, morbidité rapportée, morbidité réelle, SaTScan, agrégats spatio-temporels, modèle Bayésien, facteurs environnementaux.
... This phenomenon shows that there are differences between the geographical attributes in the local area and the neighboring areas. There exist many geological models based on this property, such as G i statistics (Getis and Ord, 1992), local indicator of spatial association (LISA) (Anselin, 1995), SaTScan (Kulldorff, 1997), point pattern statistics (Upton and Fingleton, 1985;Diggle, 2003), and geographically weighted regression (GWR) (Fotheringham et al., 2000); (3) spatial hierarchical heterogeneity (SHH). This phenomenon shows the heterogeneity of geographical attributes at different spatial scales (Openshaw, 1984;Goldstein, 2011). ...
Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex and diverse. According to national needs and regional development, physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research, which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development, the protection of macro ecosystems and resources, and sustainable regional development. This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields: regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization; land use and land cover changes; natural hazards and risk reduction; process and prevention of desertification; upgrading of medium- and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region; engineering construction in permafrost areas; geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases; positioning and observation of physical geographical elements; and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.
... To further investigate and visualize population structure, a spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) 50 was performed, following the procedure described by 54 . We modelled spatial connectivity using the Delaunay triangulation 51 and used the sPCA scree plot to visually determine the number of components to be interpreted, and Monte Carlo tests with 10,000 permutations to test for the existence of global and local spatial structure 50 . We ran the analysis in the R statistical environment 52 using the adegenet package 53 . ...
The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) is a flagship species for marine conservation, but important aspects of its life history remain unknown. Concerns over imminent extinction motivated a nuclear DNA study of the species in its largest continuous subpopulation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Despite recent evidence of partial subpopulation recovery, we demonstrate that there is no reason for complacency, as the species still shares several traits that are characteristic of a critically endangered species: Mediterranean monk seals in the eastern Mediterranean survive in three isolated and genetically depauperate population clusters, with small effective population sizes and high levels of inbreeding. Our results indicated male philopatry over short distances, which is unexpected for a polygynous mammal. Such a pattern may be explained by the species’ unique breeding behavior, in which males defend aquatic territories near breeding sites, while females are often forced to search for new pupping areas. Immediate action is necessary to reverse the downward spiral of population decline, inbreeding accumulation and loss of genetic diversity. We propose concrete conservation measures for the Mediterranean monk seal focusing on reducing anthropogenic threats, increasing the population size and genetic diversity, and thus improving the long-term prospects of survival.
... This study employs the Moran index which takes into account the variances and covariances with the difference between each observation and the average of all observations. In the literature, Moran's index is often preferred to that of Geary due to greater general stability [11,12]. ...
Studies have shown that fertility rate in Africa is still among the highest in the world. However, there are few spatial investigations into the variation of fertility rate and its determinant in Africa. This study aimed to examine the spatial distribution of fertility rate as well as highlight its significant determinants. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression was carried out on dataset for 53 African countries on Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and eleven determinant factors to obtain a best model, which was then used for Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The study showed that TFR was significantly influenced by adolescent fertility rates, contraceptive prevalence rates and gross domestic product per capita. GWR model diagnostics of Akaike Information Criterion and adjusted R-squared showed that GWR fitted TFR in Africa better than OLS model. Also, countries around Middle to Western Africa comprising Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali, were regions with high TFRs that impacted Africa’s positive TFR spatial autocorrelation. More intense works could therefore be carried out in these countries to manage the identified significant factors affecting TFR to address the negative consequences of high TFR in Africa.
... Here are some of the studies in this regard:Rey and Montouri (1999),Ying (2000),Upton and Fingleton (1985),Manfred et al. (2001), LeGallo and Ertur (2003),Perobelli and Haddad (2003),Van Oort and Atzema (2004),Dall'erba (2005),Voss et al. (2006),Battisti and Di Vaio (2008),Rey and Janikas (2004),Celebioglu and Dall'erba (2010),Altay and Celebioglu (2012). ...
The main objective of this working paper is to analyze the intensity of manufacturing sector in Turkey and its spillover effect over economy. The question of whether it is possible to have another Marmara region for Turkish economy is the researching object of this working. Duranton and Puga ask the question of why some cities specialize more and diversify from others, and they developed an index by taking the share of an industry in national employment. We accommodated this index by taking the ratio of employment in manufacturing industry to total employment in a city. Therefore, we developed a new index by adapting Duranton-Puga index. Besides, according to Eichengreen, if the ratio of employment in manufacturing industry to total employment reaches the level of %23 in a developing country, this country is said to be caught the Middle Income Trap. Thereby, we investigated whether some cities face this threat in Turkey as well. To test spatial dimensions of the variables, we perform an exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) on Duranton-Puga Index values provinces across Turkey. While our choropleth maps indicate that the some part of the country is significantly more developed than the others, the tools of spatial statistics reveal the presence of spatial dependence across provinces. The presence of heterogeneity is reflected in the distribution of LISA statistics. Overall, our results shed new light on the distribution of manufacturing industry provinces across Turkey.
... The Moran index provides the correlation between attributes at each location in a study area and the statistical mean of the values from neighboring locations. The Moran index has successfully been applied in almost all studies dealing with spatial autocorrelation (for a review see [51]). It evaluates the magnitude of homogeneity of a target image object to other objects surrounding it. ...
Mangrove forests grow in the inter-tidal areas along coastlines, rivers, and tidal lands. They are highly productive ecosystems and provide numerous ecological and economic goods and services for humans. In order to develop programs for applying guided conservation and enhancing ecosystem management, accurate and regularly updated maps on their distribution, extent, and species composition are needed. Recent advances in remote sensing techniques have made it possible to gather the required information about mangrove ecosystems. Since costs are a limiting factor in generating land cover maps, the latest remote sensing techniques are advantageous. In this study, we investigated the potential of combining Sentinel-2 and Worldview-2 data to classify eight land cover classes in a mangrove ecosystem in Iran with an area of 768 km 2. The upscaling approach comprises (i) extraction of reflectance values from Worldview-2 images, (ii) segmentation based on spectral and spatial features, and (iii) wall-to-wall prediction of the land cover based on Sentinel-2 images. We used an upscaling approach to minimize the costs of commercial satellite images for collecting reference data and to focus on freely available satellite data for mapping land cover classes of mangrove ecosystems. The approach resulted in a 65.5% overall accuracy and a kappa coefficient of 0.63, and it produced the highest accuracies for deep water and closed mangrove canopy cover. Mapping accuracies improved with this approach, resulting in medium overall accuracy even though the user's accuracy of some classes, such as tidal zone and shallow water, was low. Conservation and sustainable management in these ecosystems can be improved in the future.
... Ripley's circumference correction applies a geometric element as the weighting factor to correct edge effects (Andersen, 1992;Getis & Franklin, 1987). Toroidal correction uses cities at the opposite sides of a rectangular planar region for calculations (Ripley, 1979;Upton & Fingleton, 1985). Buffer zone correction uses real neighbouring cities within an outer buffer in the analysis (Sterner, Ribic, & Schatz, 1986;Szwagrzyk & Czerwczak, 1993). ...
This study uses Ripley’s K‐function to examine the diversity in cross‐region labor mobility under various border effects from heterogeneous policies. Based on manufacturing labor data for Chinese cities, we emphasize the importance of border effects in the formation of regional integration with a Ripley’s K‐function analysis. The statistical measures indicate that the amount of labor mobility involves distance‐decay effects of the border. However, the variety in the distance‐decay of the border effects differs considerably between each pair of adjacent regions. For this reason, transport costs caused by natural or economic geography probably explained most of the differences in border effects.
... Different definitions of spatial autocorrelation have been proposed in literature starting from 1985. Upton & Fingleton (1985) said that spatial autocorrelation exists if the map presents an organized pattern. In other words, a mapped pattern that significantly deviates from a map where each value of the analysed variable is assigned randomly, presents a spatial autocorrelation. ...
This paper aims to shed light on the debate concerning economic efficiency analysis, when consideration of the geographical location of a production unit is crucial for obtaining a better estimate of the firm-specific efficiency. In the strand of methods taking into account for spatial dependence into the efficiency term, this paper provides a more general formulation of the Spatial Stochastic Frontier Analysis model, which enables the estimation of both production and cost frontiers by referring to the same model. Moreover, for the first time, its estimation performance and sensitivity to different specifications of the spatial weights matrix are studied through simulations.
... Considering that spatial dependencies occur through multiple channels, this model and the ones incorporating the socioeconomic and 14 A spatial dependence structure in analogy to the game of chess. See Anselin (1988), Chapter 3, and Upton & Fingleton (1985), Chapter 3, for more details. 15 Queen contiguity, in analogy to chess, defines neighbors as adjacent, even if only at a point. ...
As the COVID-19 pandemic progressed in the USA, 'hotspots' shifted geographically over time to suburban and rural counties showing a high prevalence of the disease. We analyze population-adjusted confirmed case rates based on daily US county-level variations in COVID-19 confirmed case counts during the first several months of the pandemic (1 March 2020 through 23 May 2020) to evaluate the spatial dependence between neighboring counties and quantify the overall spatial effect of socio-economic and demographic factors on the prevalence of COVID-19. We indeed find strong evidence of county-level socio-economic and demographic factors influencing the spatial spread such as sex, race, ethnicity, population density, pollution, health conditions, and income. The relevance of the spatial factors suggests that neighboring counties have a significant and positive effect on the prevalence of COVID-19.
... This means that two main approaches are used to estimate these models, one based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) principle, the other linked to the method of moments procedures. Upton and Fingleton (1985), Anselin (1988), LeSage and Pace (2009) and Elhorst (2014) provide the general framework for the ML estimation of spatial models. Under normality of the disturbances, the log-likelihood function is proportional to ...
Economic interactions in space and other forms of peer effects now receive considerable attention both from a theoretical as well as from an applied perspective, especially on panel data. Until recently, the methodologies and specifications developed are related mainly to two-dimensional approaches that refer to observations on a cross-section of households, firms, countries, etc. over several time periods. However, lots of data exhibit more complex multi-dimensional structures that could be non-hierarchical or hierarchical. The multi-dimensional models that are not necessarily connected to a hierarchical structure are described in Chaps. 11, 13 and 14. Therefore, this chapter considers the case of hierarchical multi-dimensional spatial panels. We organize all the recent literature and emphasize a range of issues pertaining to the specification, estimation, testing procedures and prediction for these models. These issues include a mixture of usual topics on panel data, i.e., the form taken by individual and temporal heterogeneity, or topics more specific to spatial econometrics, i.e., dependence among observations across space, structures of the spatial matrix, Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approaches, the determination and inference of direct and indirect (or spillover) effects. Only static panel data models will be considered.
... However, as far as we know, the literature on air emissions has not taken into account the fact that spatial dependence can persist over time-in other words, that there can be non-contemporaneous spatial interrelation. The literature has shown that this aspect is essential for an accurate economic modelling, given that the models which only posit contemporary spatial dependence cannot, by themselves, identify all the mechanisms underlying an economic process; some mechanisms can only be ascertained over time [41][42][43]. ...
In this paper we study the effectiveness of environmental taxes and policies of the regional level of government to reduce GHG emissions. We use panel data for the 17 Spanish regions in the period 1999–2017, controlling the spatial nexus between regions and using a dynamic Durbin model. The results show there is spatial dependence and spatio-temporal persistence of GHG emissions at the regional level in Spain, and that in this context, the taxes and policies intended to manage emissions introduce a slight disincentive to generating them. This fact, together with some relative decoupling which seems to exist between growth and emissions at the regional level, would suggest the need for tougher measures to combat environmental pollution in order to meet EU commitments.
... Batty and Mackie 1982;Baxter 1982;Guy 1987). Similarly, there is no recognition that the entropy-maximizing approach used in our electoral studies could, as set out in Johnston (1985, 324ff., following Upton 1978Upton and Fingleton 1989), be restated as a log-linear model. ...
This article explores two ideas due to Alan Wilson: superconcepts and enabling disciplines. These ideas emerge from Wilson’s philosophy of knowledge and, in particular, from his thinking on interdisciplinarity. Both ideas are described, analysed and developed in the context of their wider importance in interdisciplinary undergraduate education and their implementation on the Arts and Sciences BASc at UCL. Some suggestions for future developments of these ideas at the proposed new university at the London Interdisciplinary School are offered.
... There are some different definitions of spatial autocorrelation: among these, Upton and Fingleton (1985) defined spatial autocorrelation as a property that mapped data have whenever they exhibit any organised pattern. These authors say that spatial autocorrelation exists whenever there is systematic spatial variation in values across a map or patterns in the values recorded at locations with the locations given. ...
Greenhouse cultivation in Italy represents an important production sector within the horticultural sector, with strong economic importance. Protected crops in the Mediterranean basin cover more than 40,000 hectares (ISMEA2016). Regarding volume, the regions that play a predominant role in Italian greenhouse cultivation are Campania (25.74%), Sicily (23.54%) and Lazio (19.53%). Then follow Veneto (9.45%), Sardinia (6.80%) and Lombardy (6.21%). Greenhouse distribution in Italy covers different latitudes and the cultivations conducted provide different management with very different technologies and materials. Also, the mechanisation of the production structures is very varied and foresees different degrees of use. The mechanisation in greenhouses can provide for the various operations and are conditioned, as well as by the characteristics of the species in cultivation, vegetables or flowers, the type of greenhouse used and the type of cultivation adopted. The present study has the main objective to observe the distribution of current mechanisation levels in protected production companies and to verify any influences from income or the surface and structure. Therefore, the data of the Italian agricultural accounting information network (R.I.C.A. - Rete di Informazione Contabile Agricola that belongs to the Farm Accountancy Data Network - FADN), which is an annual sample survey established by the European Economic Commission in 1965 with the Regulation 79/56 and updated with the EC Reg. 1217/2009, were studied.
The FADN sample allows an average national coverage of 95% of the utilised agricultural area (UAA), 97% of the value of the Standard Production, 92% of the Work Units
... Bunlara bağlı olarak Hordijk ve Paelinck (1976), Paelinck ve Klaassen (1979), LeSage (1997), Dubin (1998), Anselin (1988 a, b), Anselin (2003), Upton (1995) çalışmaları ile uzamsal ekonometrinin gelişimine önemli katkı yapmışlardır. Örneğin bölgesel bilimler, gayrimenkul sektörü ve ekonomik coğrafya konusundaki araştırmalar [örneğin Anselin (1992), Anselin and Rey (1997), Pace et al. (1998)] yanında talep analizi Case (1991), uluslararası ekonomi Aten (1996), gibi alanlarda da uzamsal analiz araştırmaları yapılmıştır. ...
Abstract
Spatial analyses are focused on contiguity. In this study, spatial models are used for analyzing sectoral contiguity instead of local contiguity to determine the sectoral externality. For this purpose efficiency of sectors are determined by data envelope analysis. After that to what openness level and concentration ratios are affective on efficiency is analyzed. Besides existence of sectoral ex-ternality is analyzed by the help of spatial analyses.
Özet
Uzamsal analizler komşuluk üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada uzamsal modeller mekansal komşuluklar yerine sektörel komşulukların analiz edilmesi için yani sektörel dışsallıkların belirlenmesi için kullanılmıştır. Bu amaç çerçe-vesinde öncelikle sektörlerin etkinlikleri veri zarflama analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra dışa açıklık ve yoğunlaşmanın etkinlik üzerinde hangi düzeyde etkili oldukları analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca sektörel komşuluklara bağlı olarak sektörel dış-sallıkların varlığı uzamsal analizler yardımı ile analiz edilmiştir.
The emergence of powerful and fast computer technologies has led to the massive adoption of GIS in various fields. Modern GIS make it possible to quickly solve such problems in the mathematical analysis of network data. This work aims to limit the use of GIS modules in this area. The relevance of the article is the use of graphs to develop network analysis in the ArcMap environment.
Dragon fruit ( Selenicereus spp. syn. Hylocereus spp.) cultivation has grown significantly in recent years both in Brazil and throughout the world. This growth has demanded basic information on diseases caused by pathogens that can affect the crop. Among them, diseases of viral etiology stand out for the lack of curative control methods and for being underreported because the symptoms induced by viruses can be confounded with nutritional disorders. Previously, four viral species of the genus Potexvirus were detected in samples from different regions of Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and spatial distribution of potexvirus in 12 commercial dragon fruit orchards in southern Minas Gerais. The number of plants evaluated for incidence determination was calculated based on the size of each orchard, and the spatial distribution was investigated throughout the area. High incidences of potexvirus were detected, ranging from 80–100%. The spatial distribution of diseased plants showed an aggregated pattern in planting rows and a regular pattern in plots, indicating dissemination through cultural operations and infected seedlings as a source of inoculum. This was the first study on the epidemiology of viruses in dragon fruit orchards, and the data obtained indicate that producers are unaware of control measures required to live with the disease. In addition, the results showed the need for control seedling commercialization, aiming at the propagation of healthy material, along with the use of appropriate management practices to decrease the spread of viruses within orchards.
This article describes the development of electronic maps of rural areas. Electronic maps of rural areas are the basis for the application of geographic information technology: the GIS system has become indispensable in an accelerating world due to its convenient interface and huge amount of information and is also a rapidly developing and outstanding system in terms of commercialization. The characteristics of raster and vector electronic maps were determined. Based on this study, the main problems associated with the card in rare cases and ways to solve them are determined.
The paper defines a synthetic, quantitative factor as a measure of spatial location of a parcel. To determine the factor the multivariate comparative analysis (MVA) was used. The location factor was determined on an original formula based on weighting of parcel distance to the selected places or objects. So determined factor enabled to the objective describe on of the location of the parcel and replaced the analysed location characteristics with one-variable. In this paper there was also proposed the use elaborated of synthetic measure as a similarity measure in the grouping of the parcels. To do this, spatial statistics methods was applied, based on the phenomenon of spatial autocorrelation. On the basis of designated global and the local Moran statistics, clusters of similar properties in terms of location have been identified. These so localized spatial clusters can have multiple application. They could be used for a variety of purposes realized in the municipality, where the distance to specific places is very important. The research was conducted for the vacant agricultural real estates. The researched area was the rural municipality called Krotoszyce, located in SouthWestern Poland.
The formation processes of archaeological deposits determine the potential information that could be obtained in a site, so they influence the interpretations about past societies. This paper presents the lithic taphonomy study of the Aurignacian, Gravettian and Solutrean levels of Cova de les Cendres. For this purpose, lithic refits and typological characteristics of the lithic industry are analysed in statistical and spatial terms. The use of density maps of refitting connection lines is an innovative procedure that stands out in this study. Most of the connections are intra-level and long vertical connections are very scarce. In addition, lithic morphotypes characteristic of each period show a coherent archaeostratigraphical distribution. Results suggest that most of the levels preserve some degree of integrity. Furthermore, the post-depositional alterations had a deeper impact horizontally, whereas their influence in the vertical sense is not that deep. The spatial analysis shows vertical and horizontal variations throughout the sequence, highlighting spatial information as an essential aspect to reach a complete image of the deposits in these critical analyses. This work underscores the necessity to extend these taphonomic studies to other Upper Palaeolithic sequences and cave contexts to make more accurate interpretations about cultural evolution.
Comparison and classification of point distributions are a useful first step of analyzing the relationship between the distributions. A new method is proposed for comparing and classifying multiple distributions of points. Point distributions are converted into surfaces to be robust against error and uncertainty in spatial data. Distance functions are defined based on the surface that consider explicitly the spatial scale of analysis. Similarity between a pair of point distributions is decomposed into elements of different spatial scales. A single measure is also proposed that represents the overall similarity between distributions, which is independent of spatial scale. The measure provides a means of classifying the distributions in the form of distance matrix. An empirical study is performed to test the validity of the proposed method, which reveals spatial patterns that are not detectable by visual analysis or other existing methods.
The dynamic general nesting spatial econometric model for spatial panels with common factors is the most advanced model currently available. It accounts for local spatial dependence by means of an endogenous spatial lag, exogenous spatial lags, and a spatial lag in the error term. It accounts for dynamic effects by means of the dependent variable lagged in time, and the dependent variable lagged in both space and time. Finally, it accounts for global cross-sectional dependence by means of cross-sectional averages or principal components with heterogeneous coefficients, which generalizes the traditional controls for time-invariant and spatial-invariant variables by unit-specific and time-specific effects. This paper provides an overview of the main arguments in favor of each of these model components, as well as some potential pitfalls.
A detailed examination of observations collected in the field, or remotely, is essential for understanding the basic features and dynamics of a forest community and to identify dissimilarities between different communities. Such an analysis typically includes an assessment of forest density and competition, structure and heterogeneity, and specific disturbances caused by a harvest event.
ContextInterpreting spatial autocorrelation is complicated by differences in data type, spatial conformation, and contiguity definitions. Though lacking consistent meaning, Moran’s I is commonly reported, compared, and interpreted based on conceptual ideals. To provide consistent, logical, and intuitive meaning and enable broader synthetic work, a new approach to I is needed.Objectives
We sought to standardize I and true it to conceptual ideals and existing intuition regarding regular correlations. We also wished to test performance of transformed metrics over a diversity of designed and empirical datasets.Methods
We developed two means to rectify I. Both fit null distributions from data permutation to a target frame of [− 1, 0, 1], followed by projection of original I into this conformation. One method used three-point registration employing the distribution median and select tail percentiles. The other directly projected all I based on theory or cumulative frequencies reflecting the distribution of regular correlations. Repeatability and sensitivity of results were examined for varied permutation replication and framing parameter choices. Empirical and designed datasets were used to compare rectified to traditional metrics.ResultsBoth rectification methods improved distributional characteristics of I. Three-point registration produced overly broad distributions with discontinuous peaks. Continuous projection fit the distribution for regular correlations precisely. Diverse case studies demonstrated failings of I and the clarity gained by rectification.Conclusions
Rectified I enabled meaningful comparisons of spatial patterns for diverse data and landscape conditions. Preserving the intuitive value of Moran’s I while providing a theoretically sound and consistent approach for standardizing its values should foster sustained use.
Recent literature has demonstrated that the War on Drugs policies had different consequences for different population groups. Despite this, female homicide victimisation resulting from such policies remains an underexplored subject of study. This paper examines the asymmetrical patterns of female homicides in the Mexican states that implemented the 2006 War on Drugs. A group-based trajectory analysis was undertaken, complemented by a spatial analysis in order to identify clusters with common behaviour. Our findings show that states that actively enforced the War on Drugs policy experienced higher and more concentrated levels of female homicidal victimisation.
El artículo trata de aplicar al contexto ecuatoriano los instrumentos de la planificación territorial con la finalidad de establecer aspectos comunes a otras unidades territoriales, las cuales deben generar sus planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial. Se resume los resultados de la aplicación práctica de este proceso en el cantón Otavalo, provincia de Imbabura.
The first of these three reports reprised human geography’s theoretical and quantitative revolutions’ origins, covering the philosophy, focus and methods that dominated their early years. Over the subsequent decades the nature of work categorised as quantitative human geography changed very considerably – in philosophy, focus and methods. This second report summarises those changes, highlighting the main features of the extensive volume of work published over the last five decades, as a prelude to the final report that will focus on the contemporary nature of quantitative human geography and its likely futures.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.