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Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use
... Often co-occurring with adolescent substance use are delinquency and precocious sexuality (Dishion & Loeber, 1985;Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Jessor, 1976;Jessor & Jessor, 1977). These problem behaviors are highly intercorrelated but tend to emerge as a developmental sequence (Loeber, 1988). ...
... A common factor leading to all forms of substance use is involvement in a substance-using peer group (Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Montello, & McGrew, 1986;Duncan, Duncan, & Hops, 1994;Elliott et al., 1985;Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Peer-clustering theory, therefore, is probably the most broadly supported model of early-onset substance use (Oetting & Beauvais, 1990;O'Malley, Bachman, & Johnston, 1988). ...
... Advantages include the availability of high-quality repeated measures of con- Despite such limitations, these findings are consistent with previous research on peer influence on adolescent substance use. In support of the first hypothesis, the strongest proximal correlate of adolescent substance use is the tendency to cluster into peer groups that use substances (Dinges & Oetting, 1993;Dishion & Loeber, 1985;Elliott et al., 1985;Jessor & Jessor, 1977;Kandel, 1973;Oetting & Beauvais, 1987, 1990. These data extend this research by including a measure of peer influence on friendship, including direct observations of deviant talk, a self-report index of time spent together, and staff impressions. ...
The reciprocal relation between deviant friendships and substance use was examined from early adolescence (age 13–14) to young adulthood (age 22–23). Deviance within friendships was studied using direct observations of videotaped friendship interaction and global reports of deviant interactions with friends as well as time spent with friends. Substance use was assessed through youth self-report at all time points. Multivariate modeling revealed that substance use in young adulthood is a joint outcome of friendship influence and selection processes. In addition, substance use appears to influence the selection of friends in late adolescence. Findings suggest that effective preventions should target peer ecologies conducive to substance use and that treatment should address both the interpersonal underpinnings and addiction processes intrinsic to chronic use, dependence, and abuse.
... In the late 1970s, first the National Institute of Mental Health and then the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention funded research on the epidemiology of delinquent behavior. A series of longitudinal studies, which in part used a self-report measure of delinquency, were conducted, and these studies were collectively called the NaUonal Youth Survey (Elliot, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). The self-report delinquency measure that was created for the National Youth Survey is the one we use in the present study to measure delinquency. ...
... Of the 45 items, 7 pertain to illegal drug use (i.e., "How often in the last year have you used alcoholic beverages [beer, wine and hard liquor]?"). The multiple correlation ratio for the Delinquency Scale reported by Elliot et al. (1985) is .59. Using a model described in their book, Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use (Elliot et al., 1985), the authors demonstrated that their theoretical model explained 30-50% of the variance in the self-reported delinquency scores of males and 11-34% of the variance in the self-reported delinquency scores for females. ...
... The multiple correlation ratio for the Delinquency Scale reported by Elliot et al. (1985) is .59. Using a model described in their book, Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use (Elliot et al., 1985), the authors demonstrated that their theoretical model explained 30-50% of the variance in the self-reported delinquency scores of males and 11-34% of the variance in the self-reported delinquency scores for females. ...
Two studies examined violent video game effects on aggression-related variables. Study 1 found that real-life violent video game play was positively related to aggressive behavior and delinquency. The relation was stronger for individuals who are characteristically aggressive and for men. Academic achievement was negatively related to overall amount of time spent playing video games. In Study 2, laboratory exposure to a graphically violent video game increased aggressive thoughts and behavior. In both studies, men had a more hostile view of the world than did women. The results from both studies are consistent with the General Affective Aggression Model, which predicts that exposure to violent video games will increase aggressive behavior in both the short term (e.g., laboratory aggression) and the long term (e.g., delinquency).
... Ross & Nisbett, 1991). Informal social norms can either promote or discourage drug use, depending on their source (Elliot, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). Cialdini et al. (1991) demonstrated the utility of distinguishing two different types of informal social norms: injunctive norms and descriptive norms. ...
... In fact, with regard to drug use, adolescents often do what their parents do (Stein, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1987;cf. Johnson, Marcos, & Bahr, 1987;Kandel, 1980), but a more important influence on adolescents appears to be their peers' drug-using behavior (e.g., Elliot et al., 1985;Johnston et al., 1989;Kandel, 1980;Skinner & Cattarello, 1989;Stein et al., 1987;Warr & Stafford, 1991). Without careful measurement, it is often difficult to tease apart the injunctive and descriptive components of such an association, because the two are often correlated. ...
... Labeling theory predicts that rather than deterring criminal behavior, legal sanctions can actually enhance the likelihood of future offending. In essence, the argument is that the stigma associated with criminal sanctioning alienates the individual from conventional society, promotes contact with deviant referent groups (Elliot et al., 1985;Kandel, 1980;Paternoster, 1989), and enhances the likelihood of future deviance befitting the label, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. For example, Farrington (1977) compared a sample of adolescents convicted of delinquency with a demographically matched sample of adolescents who were similarly delinquent in conduct but had not been convicted of any offense. ...
There is an ongoing American policy debate about the appropriate legal status for psychoactive drugs. Prohibition, decriminalization, and legalization positions are all premised on assumptions about the behavioral effects of drug laws. What is actually known and not known about these effects is reviewed. Rational-choice models of legal compliance suggest that criminalization reduces use through restricted drug availability, increased drug prices, and the deterrent effect of the risk of punishment. Research on these effects illustrates the need for a more realistic perspective that acknowledges the limitations of human rationality and the importance of moral reasoning and informal social control factors. There are at least 7 different mechanisms by which the law influences drug use, some of which are unintended and counterproductive. This framework is used to explore the potential behavioral effects of decriminalization and legalization.
... The overall cooperation rate of the children and their caregivers was 85%. Each boy, his main caregiver, and a teacher were interviewed using the appropriate form of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983), supplemented by additional items drawn from a delinquency inventory (Elliot, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985) to identify boys at risk for delinquency and criminal behavior. The information provided by the three informants was combined into an overall risk index by counting a problem behavior as present if the boy, his caretaker, or his teacher reported the problem as present. ...
... This procedure is similar to procedures used by Hobby (1980) and Yudin (1966) Delinquency. When the boys were 12 or 13 years old, they provided self-reports of their delinquency using the Self-Report Delinquency questionnaire (SRD) that is based on the National \buth Survey (Elliot et al, 1985). The SRD contains 40 items inquiring about the variety and frequency of a boy's delinquency. ...
... The TRF contains 118 symptoms of childhood behavior disorder to which the teacher responds not true (0), sometimes or somewhat true (1), or very true (2) of the pupil. The TRF was supplemented with a variety of antisocial and impulsive behavior problem items adapted from Elliot et al. (1985). We computed our own Teacher Impulsivity Scale based on six items (four from the TRF and two supplementary items) that assessed impulsive behavior (i.e., "fails to finish things he starts," "impulsive or acts without thinking," "demands must be met immediately," "talks out of turn," "wants to have things right away," and "impatient"). ...
An inverse relation between IQ and delinquency has been well established, but the direction of effect remains to be specified. Differing explanatory accounts of the relation were empirically examined in the present study using data on 13-year-old boys involved in a high-risk longitudinal study. Accounts that interpreted the relation as spurious or that posited that delinquency-related factors lead to low IQ scores received no support; findings were most consistent with the hypothesis that the direction of effect runs from low IQ to delinquency. The IQ–delinquency relation was robust after race, class, and observed test motivation were controlled statistically. Additionally, the effect of IQ was mediated by school performance for Black youth but not for White youth.
... It is well documented throughout the extant literature that peer influence is highly related to delinquency (Paternoster and Triplett 1988; Thornberry and Krohn 1997). This can be the case for both boys and girls (Elliott et al. 1985), but some researchers have suggested that it is truer for boys than for girls (Mears et al. 1998;Smith and Paternoster 1987). ...
... For males, peer influence was associated with non-violent offending and violent offending among across Waves 1-3. For females, peer influence increased nonviolent and violent offending variety during Waves 2 and 3. Taken together, these results align with prior research that suggests adolescents involved with delinquent peers are at an increased risk of engaging in a myriad of antisocial behaviors, delinquency, substance use, and serious offending (Elliott et al. 1985;Farrington 2004). Interestingly, peer associations were not significant for male or female offending during the last wave of data collection. ...
The impact of romantic relationships during the adolescent period has received significantly less attention in the literature compared to the influence of romantic relationships during adulthood. Specifically, how these influences may differ between females and males. As such, the current study uses four waves of data from the Pathways to Desistance study to examine how elements of romantic relationships, including relationship quality, monitoring, and antisocial influence, affect adolescent delinquent behaviors by sex. Results indicated several important findings regarding the desistance effects of romantic relationship quality, monitoring, and antisocial influence on adolescent violent and non-violent offending, and these varied widely by sex. Limitations, future research, and policy recommendations are discussed.
... The first measure assessed contemporaneous CD; the second measure assessed retrospective CD. To measure contemporaneous CD, we had participants complete a Delinquency Checklist (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985) another person to have sex. Because problem behavior typically occurs hierarchically and lying often begins prior to more severe behavior (Elliott, 1994;Loeber, Lahey, & Thomas, 1991), adolescents reporting two or more contemporaneous problem behaviors were considered to have also engaged in lying and, therefore, received a contemporaneous CD diagnosis. ...
... As described earlier, however, specific actions were taken to ensure that both the diagnostic instrument and the study's interviewers achieved acceptable levels of reliability. Additionally, the contemporaneous CD measure (Elliott et al., 1985) shows good reliability, although future studies will benefit from measuring contemporaneous CD completely and with the same method used to assess retrospective CD. For example, like earlier research , we used a conservative contemporaneous CD measure in that it did not assess all the criterion CD behaviors. ...
A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) requires a conduct disorder (CD) diagnosis. A CD diagnosis is often obtained retrospectively. This study tested the influence of current behavior on CD recall and the association between recent behavior change and inconsistencies in contemporaneous and retrospective CD reports. Five hundred young adults reported ASPD; retrospective CD; current problem behavior; and, at ages 12 to 15 years, contemporaneous CD. True-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative CD and ASPD groups were identified. The results supported the hypotheses. Participants whose current behavior agreed with past behavior provided reliable retrospective CD reports. Inaccurate diagnoses occurred among participants whose current behavior was inconsistent with past behavior, either becoming more problematic (CD and ASPD false positives) or less problematic (CD and ASPD false negatives) over time.
... At age 10, the participants provided self-reports of delinquent behavior and drug use in response to an age-appropriate 33-item interview called the Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior (SRA; Loeber, Stouthamer-Loeber, Van Kammen, & Farrington, 1989). This instrument is an adaptation of the Self-Report Delinquency Instrument (SRD) used in the National >buth Survey (Elliot, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). At ages 12-13, the boys completed the original 40-item SRD. ...
... The SRD used in this study is one of the most highly respected self-report assessments of antisocial behavior. Psychometric evaluations of the SRA and SRD are provided by Loeber et al. (1989) and Elliot et al. (1985). ...
The present article reports on an attempt to import the concept of psychopathy at the childhood level. Childhood psychopathy was assessed in 430 boys ages 12 and 13 years by using caretaker reports on a translation of an adult psychopathy assessment instrument. A systematic construct validation approach revealed that childhood psychopathy fits into the nomological network surrounding adult psychopathy. Children with psychopathic personalities, like their adult counterparts, were serious and stable offenders, impulsive, and more prone to externalizing than internalizing disorders. Childhood psychopathy also provided incremental validity in predicting serious stable antisocial behavior in adolescence over and above other known predictors and one other classification approach. These results suggest that psychopathy has a childhood manifestation that can be measured reliably. Implications and future directions are outlined.
... As a result, many prevention efforts have focused on teaching teens the ability to resist peer pressure (for reviews see Botvin, 1986;Bukoski, 1986;Flay, 1985). One piece of evidence that has consistently been used to support the magnitude of peer influence is the strong correlation between adolescents' use of substances such as cigarettes and alcohol and their friends' use of these substances (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). However, longitudinal research has revealed that friend similarity cannot be equated with peer influence. ...
... Although in the present study we focused on cigarette smoking, the basic process that we observed (i.e., conformity by group outsiders) may apply to a wide range of behaviors. Friends are very similar in their use of other substances, such as alcohol and marijuana (Elliott et al., 1985). Moreover, friend selection is influenced by similarity on a wide range of attributes, including use of these substances (Cohen, 1977;Kandel, 1978). ...
In this study, the authors compared group members' and group outsiders' susceptibility to the influence of their friends' smoking. Ss were nonsmokers in Grade 7 who were observed for 1 year. Consistent with their hypothesis, the authors found that group outsiders (Ss who did not have reciprocal friends) were affected more by the smoking of their best friend and by the overall level of smoking among their friends than group members were. Furthermore, this peer influence was strongest for teens who were very concerned about their friends' reactions to their substance use. In addition, consistency in smoking status was related to the formation, but not the breakdown, of reciprocal friendships. Results indicated that teenagers may view smoking as a vehicle for entering a desired friendship group. The authors suggest ways that prevention programs might address this mechanism for adolescent smoking initiation.
... Several large-scale surveys provide correlational data consistent with this hypothesis. The correlations show that youths who have negative attitudes toward school, work, and authority tend to be more antisocial (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Hirschi, 1969). The magnitude of these correlations tends to be very small. ...
... A large number of studies point to the peer group as the major training ground for delinquent acts and substance use (Elliott et al., 1985;Hirschi, 1969;Huba & Bentler, 1983;Kandel, 1973). Peers are thought to supply the adolescent with the attitudes, motivations, and rationalizations to support antisocial behavior as well as providing opportunities to engage in specific delinquent acts. ...
A developmental model of antisocial behavior is outlined. Recent findings are reviewed that concern the etiology and course of antisocial behavior from early childhood through adolescence. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the route to chronic delinquency is marked by a reliable developmental sequence of experiences. As a first step, ineffective parenting practices are viewed as determinants for childhood conduct disorders. The general model also takes into account the contextual variables that influence the family interaction process. As a second step, the conduct-disordered behaviors lead to academic failure and peer rejection. These dual failures lead, in turn, to increased risk for depressed mood and involvement in a deviant peer group. This third step usually occurs during later childhood and early adolescence. It is assumed that children following this developmental sequence are at high risk for engaging in chronic delinquent behavior. Finally, implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
... Cannabis Use Cannabis use was assessed with different measures at different ages. The self-report Things That You Have Done from the National Youth Survey (Elliot et al. 1985) was administered in grades 4 and 5. The selfreport Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, 2002) assessed cannabis use in grades 7, 10-12, and the 2 years post-high school, and the Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey-Version 3 at age 25. ...
The Fast Track (FT) intervention was a multimodal preventive intervention addressing antisocial development across 10 years of childhood and early adolescence. The intervention included parent management training, child social-cognitive skills training, peer coaching and mentoring, academic skills tutoring, and a classroom social-emotional learning program. While not specifically designed to target psychosis symptoms (e.g., social withdrawal, thought abnormalities), the present study aimed to examine whether the FT intervention prevented psychosis symptoms through childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. Participants included the FT intervention and high-risk control samples (N = 891; 69% male; M age = 6.58 years, SD = .48). Psychosis symptoms were assessed using the "thought problems" subscale of the parent-report Child Behavior Checklist during grades 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7, and the self-report Adult Behavior Checklist at age 25 years, in line with prior research using this measure. Growth models included the FT condition and covariates (i.e., initial risk screen score, cohort, socioeconomic status, rural/urban status, race, and sex) as predictors; and child, adolescent, and adult psychosis symptoms as outcomes. Intervention status was not significantly associated with the slope of psychosis symptoms; however, after controlling for concurrent cannabis use, intervention participants reported lower levels of psychosis symptoms over time. Findings suggest that interventions targeting antisocial behavior may prevent psychosis symptoms in the long term.
... The slow, progressive reinterpretation of social disorganization theory as a covering law explanation of crime is problematic because criminology once possessed strong norms against integrating theories with contradictory assumptions (Bernard, 1989;Bernard & Snipes, 1996;Elliot, 1985;Elliot et al., 1979Elliot et al., , 1985Hirschi, 1979Hirschi, , 1989Proctor & Niemeyer, 2019). Yet, we observe social disorganization theory slowly losing its processual character and being transformed into a covering law approach overtime. ...
... They join a peer group that may be engaging in harmful activities because of a fear of being alone (Brown, 2004) [3] . Deviant behavior and deviant peer association have been connected (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 2015) [9] . Families are crucial to a child's socialization and development, but peer groups are even more significant because kids squander more moment in time with their friends than their parents. ...
This study explored the relationship among self-esteem, peer pressure and the incidence of deviant behaviour among secondary school students in Delta State. A total of 2 research questions and 2 hypotheses guided the study. The correlational research design was adopted. The population comprised 72,854 senior secondary school students A sample size comprising of 1,045 students was selected through a multistage sampling procedure. Questionnaire (opinion poll) is the instrument was used for the study. The validity and reliability of the opinion poll was ascertained. The PPMCC of determination was used to answer the phrased research questions while regression was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significant. The answer of the study revealed that a major relationship exists between self-esteem (S.E) and deviant behaviour (DB) among secondary school students and that a significant relationship exists between peer pressure and deviant behaviour among secondary school students in Delta State. The researcher recommended that stake holders such as parents, educators and policy makers should do their part to ensure that the self-esteem of the adolescents be consciously enhanced to reduce deviant behaviour among secondary school students.
... Deviant-peer association assessed across adolescence and young adulthood was strongly associated with both antisocial behavior and substance use in the same period, confirming the frequent finding that such social affiliations are strongly associated with personal engagement in problem behaviors (Dishion, Andrews, & Crosby, 1995;Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). Groups of antisocial peers engage in risk-taking behaviors together, including "partying" behaviors involving substance use and sexual activity. ...
Health-compromising lifestyles involve stable patterns of behavior and are associated with high-risk social environments and accelerated developmental trajectories. Developmentally, antisocial behavior is associated with such lifestyles. Mediational models predicting a measure of lifetime average sexual risk behavior assessed over a 10-year period (from ages 13–14 to 22–23 years) were examined for a sample of at-risk young men. The measure included years of abstinence from intercourse as well as levels of 3 key heterosexual indicators of risk: frequency of intercourse, number of intercourse partners, and condom use. Predictors included lifetime average measures of contextual, family, and peer process variables and individual behaviors. In addition, similar models for prediction of STD contraction were assessed. A younger age of onset of intercourse was associated with higher numbers of intercourse partners after onset. As hypothesized, findings indicated mediational associations of socioeconomic status, parental monitoring, deviant-peer association, antisocial behavior, and substance use in the prediction of sexual risk behavior. Lower condom use also predicted STD contraction.
... Sociological drift theory explains how engaging in criminal behaviors leads to future drug problems and drug-related crimes (e.g., Elliott & Huizinga, 1984). Elliott, Huizinga, and Ageton (1985) suggested that engaging in criminal behaviors provides the context and opportunity to experiment with drugs. Evidence also suggests that antisocial behavior during adolescence is a critical determinant of whether drug use increases these behaviors in adulthood (Rydelius, 1988). ...
The authors tested several theories using prospective data to explain the associations between drug abuse and crime in a community sample of 470 adults. Polydrug problems in early adulthood predicted both criminal behavior and polydrug problems in adulthood. Consequences of drug problems as a young adult included arrests and convictions for drug-related offenses, property damage, and driving under the influence of other drugs. Predictors of later polydrug problems included thefts, driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs, arrests and convictions for drug-related offenses, and a lack of support for drug problems. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
... The analyses of YSR data included the Attention Problems and Delinquency syndrome subscales, as well as total score. The Self-Report of Delinquency (SRD) was also given to measure past risk-taking behavior (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). On the SRD, an individual answers yes-no to having ever engaged in a variety of high-risk behaviors such as drug use, fighting, carrying a weapon, and unprotected sex. ...
“High-risk” adolescents with maladaptive behavior histories and control adolescents (15–17 years of age) participated in a laboratory experiment that measured aspects of risk-taking behavior. High-risk adolescents had behavioral profiles entailing combinations of past substance use disorder, early onset substance use, conduct disorder, criminal history, and dropping out of school. A risk-taking task presented participants with “risky” and nonrisky response options. The risky response option offered a low probability of a large monetary reward or a high probability of a smaller monetary loss and resulted in a net loss of monetary earnings. The nonrisky option protected current earnings. High-risk adolescents chose the risky option more often, had lower overall earnings, and were more likely to persist in making (losing) risky responses following a single gain on the risky option. The data replicate previous findings with high-risk adults.
... The Timing ϫ Gender interaction did not attain statistical significance ( ϭ Ϫ.70, ns), which suggests that early maturation affected both boys and girls. In agreement with earlier research (e.g., Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Simons et al., 1996), Equation 6 shows that deviant peer affiliation was significantly associated with externalizing behavior ( ϭ 0.41, p Ͻ .01). Neither the main nor the interaction effect of neighborhood disadvantage on externalizing behavior was statistically significant (Equation 6). ...
The effects of the pubertal transition on behavior problems and its interaction with family and neighborhood circumstances were examined with a sample of 867 African American children 10–12 years of age. Pubertal development status, pubertal timing, and primary caregivers' parenting behaviors were significantly related to affiliation with deviant peers and externalizing behaviors. Externalizing behavior among early-maturing children was associated positively with primary caregivers' use of harsh–inconsistent discipline and negatively with nurturant–involved parenting practices. Disadvantaged neighborhood conditions were significantly associated with deviant peer affiliation. The effect of pubertal transition varied according to family and neighborhood conditions: Early-maturing children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods were significantly more likely to affiliate with deviant peers. Early-maturing children with harsh and inconsistent parents were significantly more likely to have externalizing problems.
... The dependent variable, self-reported delinquency, was measured using an eleven (11) item scale. On a count measure, Elliott, Huizinga, and Ageton (1985) developed these scales, which are widely employed in delinquency research. This measure divided self-reported delinquency into two scales: violent and nonviolent. ...
There is a dearth of information regarding the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency among adolescents in Saint Lucia. Using 268 secondary school students as a sample, the researcher investigated the criminogenic risk factors for juvenile delinquent behavior among adolescents from Saint Lucia. The adolescent patterns of delinquent behavior (violent and nonviolent
delinquency) were analyzed in conjunction with conventional criminological theories (i.e. social learning and social bonds). The results showed that there was markedly higher delinquency among male adolescents in comparison to female adolescents. In addition, multiple regression and structural equation modeling demonstrate that the social learning and social bond variables analyzed in this study were found to be significantly correlated with violent and nonviolent delinquency. The findings offer implications for addressing the risk factors associated with criminogenic behavior in adolescents and preventing them from engaging in violent or nonviolent delinquent behavior.
... As measures of antisocial behavior, the young adult's partner completed the Self-Report of Delinquency Scale (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985), ...
This study tested a model wherein the family conflict, depression, and antisocial behavior of 254 adolescents (mean age = 17 years; 63% female) are prospectively related to functioning within a marital (51%) or dating relationship in young adulthood (mean age = 23 years). Family aversive communication in adolescence and adolescent antisocial behavior predicted couple physical aggression. Family aversive communication predicted dyadic satisfaction and aversive couple communication for married women and dating men. Among those with partners who reported little antisocial behavior, adolescent antisocial behavior inversely predicted couple satisfaction and facilitative behavior. Partner antisocial behavior did not mediate the relation between adolescent characteristics and couple functioning. Findings emphasize the importance of the early family environment and psychopathology of the adolescent in the development of adaptive couple relationships.
... Although contributors to general antisocial behavior were included here by incorporating the assessment of impulsivity within the proneness to general hostility variable, there may be additional elements that need to be examined. Some investigators have emphasized a common etiology for a seemingly diverse set of antisocial behaviors, including sexual aggression (e.g., Ageton, 1983;Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985). Their model, guided by social control theory, suggests that sexual aggression is primarily caused by the same factors as other forms of delinquent behavior, for example, identification with delinquent peers. ...
We tested a model describing the characteristics of sexually aggressive men that may also be useful for understanding the causes of other antisocial acts against women. This model hypothesizes that sexual aggressors can be identified by two sets of characteristics, labeled hostile masculinity and impersonal sex. To test this model, we followed up a sample of men 10 years after first studying them when they were young adults. We sought to predict which men would be in distressed relationships with women, be aggressive sexually, be nonsexually aggressive, or some combination of these. These behaviors were measured not only by questioning the men themselves but also by questioning many of the men's female partners. Some couples' videotaped conversations were also analyzed. The data supported the ability of the model to predict behavior 10 years later. We also developed the model further and identified the common and unique characteristics contributing to sexual aggression as compared with the other conflictual behaviors studied. The data supported the usefulness of hierarchical modeling incorporating both general factors that contribute to various interpersonal conflicts as well as specific factors uniquely pertaining to dominance of women.
... The third distal variable we have proposed is peer experiences, specifically involvement with delinquent and deviant peers. This factor is discussed extensively in general theories of criminal and antisocial behavior, such as theories of differential association (e.g., Burgess & Akers, 1966;Sutherland, 1947) and social interaction models (e.g., Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992). Research also supports the notion that association with deviant peers is related to antisocial behavior and substance use or abuse in adolescents (e.g., Huba & Bentler, 1983;Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992) and to adult criminality (e.g., West & Farrington, 1977). ...
Previous typologies of male batterers, including typologies developed by means of rational–deductive and empirical–inductive strategies, are reviewed. On the basis of this review, 3 descriptive dimensions (i.e., severity of marital violence, generality of the violence [toward the wife or toward others], and psychopathology/personality disorders) that consistently have been found to distinguish among subtypes of batterers are identified. These dimensions are used to propose a typology consisting of 3 subtypes of batterers (i.e., family only, dysphoric/borderline, and generally violent/antisocial). A developmental model of marital violence is then presented, and the previous literature is reviewed to examine how each batterer subtype might differ on variables of theoretical interest. Finally, some of the methodological limitations of previous typology research are reviewed, and suggestions for future work are offered.
... The Oregon Social Learning Center research group (Dishion, in press;Patterson et al., 1991) has longitudinal data that provide some indication of the way peer rejection plays a causal role in the incidence of adolescent conduct disorder among aggressive boys. They found that peer rejection at age 10 was linked to more frequent association with deviant peers at age 12. This, in turn, was related to antisocial behavior at age 12. Elliott, Huizinga, and Ageton (1985) also found deviant peer group membership to be predictive of adolescent delinquency and drug use, independent of earlier developmental stress factors. Likewise, Cairns, Cairns, and Neckerman (1989) found early school dropout to be connected to deviant peer clique membership. ...
Two large cohorts of Black 3rd-grade children from low-income families were followed into early adolescence. Adjustment at the end of the 1st year of middle school was assessed by teacher and parent ratings and by adolescent self-reports. Childhood peer social status predicted parent-reported externalized and internalized disorder and self-reported internalized disorder. Childhood aggression predicted self-reported externalized and internalized disorder and parent-reported externalized disorder. Teacher ratings of school adjustment were predicted by aggression, rejection, and sex of the child. Consensus judgments of poor adjustment were predicted by both aggression and peer rejection, with sex moderating the effect of peer rejection. Both childhood aggression and peer rejection appear to be significant predictors of adolescent disorder, with each making a predictive contribution uniquely its own.
... Delinquent activity. Assessment of delinquent, or antisocial, behaviors occurring over the past 6 months involved 19 items gleaned from and representative of those used in prior delinquency research (e.g., Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Gold & Mann, 1972), with an effort made to assess a range of delinquent activities. A 6-point Likert scale (never, once, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-9 times, and 10 or more times) was used for each item. ...
A 2-wave longitudinal design, with a 6-month interval between occasions of measurement, was used to study the interrelations between stressful life events, perceived social support from family and friends, and the internalizing (e.g., depressive symptoms) and externalizing (e.g., alcohol use and delinquent activity) of problems of a sample of 277 middle adolescents (mean age = 15.7 years). Although little support was found for the stress-buffering effects of either family or friend social support, the main effects of stressful life events and low family support were significant prospective predictors of problem behaviors for adolescent girls but not adolescent boys. Results are discussed with regard to mechanisms of differential gender socialization, such as the adolescent gender intensification hypothesis (Hill & Lynch, 1983).
... Two groups of studies bear on the modeling effect. One group has found a positive correlation between adolescents' ratings (perceptions) of their friends' use of a substance (alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana) and their own current and future use of that substance (e.g., Bergen & Olsen, 1963;Castro et al, 1987;Chassin et al, 1981;Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Corty, & Olshavsky, 1984;Collins et al, 1987;Elliott et al, 1985;Huba & Bentler, 1982;Levitt & Edwards, 1970;Palmer, 1970;Stein, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1987;Sussman et al, 1988). Because these studies measured perceptions only, it is impossible to determine whether substance use was due to actual social modeling of behavior by peers, to misperceptions of peer use, or to both of these processes. ...
Social influence is central to models of adolescent substance use. Nonetheless, researchers fail to delineate the various forms of social influence. A framework that distinguishes between active (explicit drug offers) and passive (social modeling and overestimation of friends' use) social pressure was tested. The effect of these processes on alcohol and cigarette use was examined with 526 seventh graders taking part in an alcohol prevention program. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that pretest measures of alcohol use, offers, modeling, and overestimation each accounted for unique variance in posttest alcohol use. Similar results were obtained for cigarette smoking. The general model was not significantly different for boys and girls, or for prior users and prior nonusers, supporting the generalizability of the framework. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.
... A key advantage of using the NLSY97, RYDS, and Pathways to study deviant behavior is the breath of items included in the interviews/surveys. Notably, both RYDS' and Pathways' measures of delinquency, offending, and drug use were adapted from the work of Huizinga and colleagues (Huizinga et al., 1991;Elliott et al., 1985). Although the number of questions related to these behaviors is fewer in NLSY97 (6 items for offending compared to 36 items for offending in RYDS and 24 items for offending in Pathways), the questions in the NLSY97 were broad in scope allowing for significant overlap in the types of delinquency and crimes queried in each dataset. ...
It is well established that gang membership is associated with an increase in deviant behavior. This “gang effect” is established with a binary measure of whether an individual is in a gang or not; however, this measurement approach contrasts with a life course view that acknowledges the transitions in and out of gang membership involve changes to many domains of life and may have different relationships with offending outcomes. This study investigates whether there is added value from adopting measures of gang membership stages rather than a traditional binary approach. Using within-individual analyses with panel data from three separate datasets (National Longitudinal Study of Youth, Rochester Youth Development Study and Pathways to Desistance Study), our results suggest that a more nuanced measurement approach including gang membership statuses offers important meaningful insight that would be lost with an aggregate, binary approach. Indeed, relying on a binary measure can lead to overly simplistic inferences regarding the relationship between gang membership and criminal outcomes.
... Questions assessed engagement in disruptive, aggressive, and rule-breaking behaviors in the past 6 months, with responses being yes or no. These items were adapted from established self-report delinquency measures (Dembo et al., 2013;Elliott et al., 1985). The original self-reported delinquency measures examined engagement in general theft (including minor or petty theft, vehicle theft, or burglary) and property damage; crimes against persons, such as aggravated assault, fighting, and robbery; drug use sales; and status offenses related to age, such as truancy and running away from home. ...
This study aimed to examine the relationship between externalizing behaviors, substance use, and sexual risk among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Cape Town, South Africa, who experience social disadvantage characterized by poverty and school dropout. We analyzed baseline data from 500 AGYW in a cluster-randomized trial who had dropped out of school. Multivariate logistic regression models explored associations between self-reported criminal behaviors and other status offenses, heavy episodic drinking, polydrug use, and condomless sex. Engagement in status offenses was associated with heavy episodic drinking (OR = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.05–6.20), while crimes against other people were associated with polydrug use (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.03–2.63). Drug-related illegal behavior was associated with polydrug use (OR = 7.78, 95% CI: 3.53–8.69) and reduced odds of condom use during last sexual episode, after adjusting for drug use (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 4.00–5.15). As externalizing behaviors are prevalent among this sample of AGYW and associated with greater likelihood of problem substance use and condomless sex, interventions to improve the physical and mental well-being of AGYW should assess for and address engagement in criminal and status offenses.
... Youths' academic success consists of indicators form an adapted version of Harter's (1982) academic engagement and competence scale and affiliating with prosocial academically oriented peers (adapted from Elliott et al., 1985). For the academic orientation measure, 20 items were rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to (Strongly agree). ...
Studies exploring widening academic disparities have highlighted the role of racialized school settings, which have given way to incidents of discrimination and unfair treatment for students of color, disproportionately affecting African American youth. Research also shows that family-based preventive interventions may avert negative outcomes for this population through the promotion of protective socialization practices. Consequently, the current study tests the efficacy of a culturally tailored preventive family-based program to foster induced changes in academic promotive parenting practices that prepare youth to advance academically by navigating negative race-related experiences in school settings. Data collected over four time periods from the Strong African American Families (SAAF) efficacy trial (Murry and Brody, 2004) with 667 African American families in rural Georgia were used for this study. Structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that the SAAF program was associated with positive intervention induced changes in parental academic race-related socialization, which in turn, was indirectly associated with reduced school compromising behaviors through the enhancement of racial pride. While discrimination compromised academic success, our findings highlight the protective nature of racial pride in dissuading academic failure and school dropout through the promotion of academic success. This study confirms that a family-based prevention program holds promise to address academic disparities through the enhancement of parenting and youth protective processes that buffer youth from succumbing to racialized social environments such as schools. Implications for research, educational policy, and preventive interventions are discussed.
... 2.4.1 | Prior research (e.g., acting out, aggression, hostility, antisocial behaviour). Other commonly used standardised measures include the Self-Reported Delinquency Scale (Elliot, 1985) and various measures of aspects of family functioning (e.g., cohesion, adaptability). ...
Background
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is a short‐term family‐based intervention for youth with behaviour problems. FFT has been widely implemented in the USA and other high‐income countries. It is often described as an evidence‐based program with consistent, positive effects.
Objectives
We aimed to synthesise the best available data to assess the effectiveness of FFT for families of youth with behaviour problems.
Search Methods
Searches were performed in 2013–2014 and August 2020. We searched 22 bibliographic databases (including PsycINFO, ERIC, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, World CAT dissertations and theses, and the Web of Science Core Collection), as well as government policy databanks and professional websites. Reference lists of articles were examined, and experts were contacted to search for missing information.
Selection Criteria
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐experimental designs (QEDs) with parallel cohorts and statistical controls for between‐group differences at baseline. Participants were families of young people aged 11–18 with behaviour problems. FFT programmes were compared with usual services, alternative treatment, and no treatment. There were no publication, geographic, or language restrictions.
Data Collection and Analysis
Two reviewers independently screened 1039 titles and abstracts, read all available study reports, assessed study eligibility, and extracted data onto structured electronic forms. We assessed risks of bias (ROB) using modified versions of the Cochrane ROB tool and the What Works Clearinghouse standards. Where possible, we used random effects models with inverse variance weights to pool results across studies. We used odds ratios for dichotomous outcomes and standardised mean differences for continuous outcomes. We used Hedges g to adjust for small sample sizes. We assessed the heterogeneity of effects with χ² and I². We produced separate forest plots for conceptually distinct outcomes and for different endpoints (<9, 9–14, 15–23, and 24–42 months after referral). We grouped studies by study design (RCT or QED), and then assessed differences between these two subgroups of studies with χ² tests. We generated robust variance estimates, using correlated effects (CE) models with small sample corrections to synthesise all available outcome data. Exploratory CE analyses assessed potential moderators of effects within these domains. We used GRADE guidelines to assess the certainty of evidence on six primary outcomes at 1 year after referral.
Main Results
Twenty studies (14 RCTs and 6 QEDs) met our inclusion criteria. Fifteen of these studies provided some valid data for meta‐analysis; these studies included 10,980 families in relevant FFT and comparison groups. All included studies had high risks of bias on at least one indicator. Half of the studies had high risks of bias on baseline equivalence, support for intent‐to‐treat analysis, selective reporting, and conflicts of interest. Fifteen studies had incomplete reporting of outcomes and endpoints. Using the GRADE rubric, we found that the certainty of evidence for FFT was very low for all of our primary outcomes. Using pairwise meta‐analysis, we found no evidence of effects of FFT compared with other active treatments on any primary or secondary outcomes. Primary outcomes were: recidivism, out‐of‐home placement, internalising behaviour problems, external behaviour problems, self‐reported delinquency, and drug or alcohol use. Secondary outcomes were: peer relations and prosocial behaviour, youth self esteem, parent symptoms and behaviour, family functioning, school attendance, and school performance. There were few studies in the pairwise meta‐analysis (k < 7) and little heterogeneity of effects across studies in most of these analyses. There were few differences between effect estimates obtained in RCTs versus QEDs. More comprehensive CE models showed positive results of FFT in some domains and negative results in others, but these effects were small (standardised mean difference [SMD] <|0.20|) and not significantly different from no effect with one exception: Two studies found positive effects of FFT on youth substance abuse and two studies found null results in this domain, and the overall effect estimate for this outcome was statistically different from zero. Over all outcomes (15 studies and 293 effect sizes), small positive effects were detected (SMD = 0.19, SE = 0.09), but these were not significantly different from zero effect. Prediction intervals showed that future FFT evaluations are likely to produce a wide range of results, including moderate negative effects and strong positive results (−0.37 to 0.75).
Authors’ Conclusions
Results of 10 RCTs and five QEDs show that FFT does not produce consistent benefits or harms for youth with behavioural problems and their families. The positive or negative direction of results is inconsistent within and across studies. Most outcomes are not fully reported, the quality of available evidence is suboptimal, and the certainty of this evidence is very low. Overall estimates of effects of FFT may be inflated, due to selective reporting and publication biases.
... Property Crime is count-measure of property offenses derived from the Self-Report of Delinquency (Elliot et al., 1985(Elliot et al., , 1989, which is a commonly used instrument for selfreports of property and violent offenses. It asked respondents to report offenses committed in the year prior to their institutionalization. ...
Strain and low self-control theory are two prominent theories of crime. However, there has been little research comparing the two perspectives to examine their relationship to self-reported delinquency among institutionalized juveniles. We begin to address this gap in the literature by assessing the impacts of economic strain, negative emotions, and low self-control on the commission of property and violent crime using a near census of institutionalized delinquents from Missouri. Results indicated self-control was more essential to understanding both property and violent crime among institutionalized youth as compared to economic strain and negative emotions. Any associations between negative emotions and delinquency were mediated by the effect of low self-control. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
... Adolescent perceptions of unsafe conditions in their neighborhoods were assessed at grade 10 using two items from the Neighborhood Environment Scale Index (Elliott et al., 1985), a measure of neighborhood disorganization, including questions about crime (e.g., "Every few weeks, some kid in my neighborhood gets beat up or mugged.") and drug use and sales (e.g., "I have seen people using or selling drugs in my neighborhood."). ...
Few have examined mechanisms explaining the link between perceived neighborhood unsafety, neighborhood social processes, and depressive symptoms for Black adolescents. The goal of this study was to examine the role of perceived control as a mechanism linking perceptions of neighborhood unsafety and depressive symptoms, and neighborhood cohesion as a protective factor. Participants were 412 Black adolescents living in a major Mid-Atlantic urban center in the United States (49% female, Mage = 15.80, SD = 0.36). Participants reported perceptions of neighborhood unsafety at grade 10, neighborhood cohesion at grade 10, perceived control at grades 10 and 11 and depressive symptoms in grades 10 and 12. High neighborhood unsafety was associated with low perceived control and in turn high depressive symptoms only when neighborhood cohesion was high. The results highlight the role of neighborhood unsafety and perceived control in the development of depressive symptom and the possible downsides of neighborhood social factors.
... Recent data indicate that many youthful drug users are involved in minor delinquent activities well before they become multi-drug abusers (see, e.g., Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Elliott & Ageton, 1976). For youths who become deeply involved in delinquency, drug use appears to be part and parcel of an overall "deviancy" syndrome (for more on this view, see Jessor, Chase, & Donovan, 1980;Jessor, 1984;Donovan & Jessor, 1985;Jessor, Donovan, & Costa, 1986). ...
... At Wave 1, youth completed a checklist (Elliott et al. 1985) used widely with mulitethnic populations indicating the number of times in the past 6 months they had engaged in each of 13 delinquent behaviors (e.g., stealing, damaging property). The frequency of each item was summed across the items; Cronbach's a was .71. ...
Racial discrimination has been linked to depression among Black American men. Racial discrimination, however, does not uniformly confer risk for depression. According to the stress sensitization theory, racial discrimination can be particularly harmful for those with histories of adversity in childhood. Existing research on stress sensitization is limited in that it has conceptualized childhood adversity as a unidimensional construct composed of a broad range of stressful experiences. To fill this gap in the literature, the current study investigated stress sensitization hypotheses, focusing on how different dimensions of adverse childhood experiences moderate the association between racial discrimination and depression. Study sample was 504 young Black men (mean age at baseline = 20.3, SD = 1.08) living in rural counties in South Georgia where childhood adversity is disproportionately high. The association between racial discrimination and increased risk for depressive symptoms varied by the degree of childhood experience of deprivation, but not threat. Our findings suggest that no or low levels of childhood deprivation, which is commonly regarded as a protective factor, can elevate the negative effects of discrimination on depression. This finding emphasizes that clinicians should consider developmental risk and protective factors that are unique to Black American men.
... Latent factors for both AB and CU traits were previously generated for the SAND sample using a multi-informant, multimethod approach allowing us to mitigate reporter-specific and/or method-specific sources of error (e.g., informant bias; see Dotterer et al., 2020b for details). For AB, the latent factor was generated combining indicators from the following measures: (a) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/scan/advance-article/doi/10.1093/scan/nsad026/7156530 by guest on 07 May 2023 parent-reported rule breaking and (b) aggression from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1994), (c) the total score (excluding substance use items) of the youth-reported Self-Report of Delinquency (Elliott et al., 1985), and (d) While the current study was designed to examine AB and CU traits dimensionally across a broad continuum of behaviors, it is important context to note that participants reported a range of AB and CU traits scores from normative to clinical. For AB, several participants met diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder (past diagnosis: n = 13, 8.1%; current diagnosis: n = 5, 3.1%; any CD diagnosis: n = 13, 8.1%) and oppositional defiant disorder (past diagnosis: n = 12, 7.5%; current diagnosis: n = 8, 5.1%; any ODD diagnosis: n = 13, 8.1% [n = 8 participants who met criteria for ODD also met criteria for past or present CD]). ...
Youth antisocial behavior (AB) is associated with deficits in socioemotional processing, reward and threat processing, and executive functioning. These deficits are thought to emerge from differences in neural structure, functioning, and connectivity, particularly within the default, salience, and frontoparietal networks. However, the relationship between AB and the organization of these networks remains unclear. To address this gap, the current study applied unweighted, undirected graph analyses to resting-state fMRI data in a cohort of 161 adolescents (95 female) enriched for exposure to poverty, a risk factor for AB. As prior work indicates that callous-unemotional (CU) traits may moderate the neurocognitive profile of youth AB, we examined CU traits as a moderator. Using multi-informant latent factors, AB was associated with less efficient frontoparietal network topology, a network associated with executive functioning. However, this effect was limited to youth at low or mean levels of CU traits, indicating these neural differences were specific to those high on AB, but not CU traits. Neither AB, CU traits, nor their interaction were significantly related to default or salience network topologies. Results suggest that AB, specifically, may be linked with shifts in the architecture of the frontoparietal network.
... This has important implications for juvenile delinquency, particularly for violent offenses. Contrary to popular opinion and common sense, property offending is not related to income level, either at the individual or aggregate level (Elliott et al., 1985;Krivo & Peterson, 1996;Rekker et al., 2015; though see Jarjoura et al., 2002 demonstrating the pervasive effects of persistent childhood poverty on all kinds of youth offending). On the other hand, violent offending is closely linked with poverty, both at the individual level (Cunradi et al., 2000;Mok et al., 2018;Rekker et al., 2015) and various aggregate levels (Kaylen et al., 2017;Land et al., 1990;McCall et al., 2010;Messner et al., 2001;Parker & Pruitt, 2000;Tcherni, 2011). ...
The increasing rates at which psychotropic drugs have been prescribed to children and adolescents in the USA in the last three decades (since the early 1990s) have prompted questions about whether this trend is associated with the “great American crime decline.” Medicalization can be considered one of the strategies to remedy children’s neuropsychological deficits and improve their self-control. Another possible remedy is school-based services for children with learning disabilities, mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004. Using state-level panel data analyses for years 1990–2014 (with the main focus on 2000–2014 outcomes), the current study estimates associations between these two developmental self-control remedies—medicalization and school-based services—and minor, moderate, and severe types of juvenile violence, while controlling for relevant covariates (both time-varying and time-invariant). The results of mixed-effects linear regression analyses accounting for powerful time trends show a strong association between increases in school-based services for children with learning disabilities and declines in all types of juvenile violence. Another strong and consistent finding that emerges in the analyses is the link between reductions in child poverty at the state level and decreases in juvenile violence, both contemporaneously and over time. Psychotropic drug prescribing to children (measured using Supplemental Security Income rolls of children with mental health conditions) exhibits inconsistent or insignificant effects. The findings of this study have substantial theoretical and policy implications and indicate the importance of strengthening school-based services for children with disabilities and reducing child poverty as essential violence prevention tools.
... Longitudinal self-report surveys have also gained traction in criminological research. A key example is the US National Youth Survey -which started in 1976 following 1,725 adolescents aged 11 to 17 and became the National Youth Survey Family Study in 2000 (Elliott et al., 1985). Lauritsen (1993) analyzed this survey and found that juvenile delinquency is strongly concentrated in a very small proportion of the households sampled. ...
Cybercrime is on the rise, and so is the need to systematically analyze its prevalence, distribution, causes, and consequences. While official records (mainly police, prosecution and court statistics) provide important information to explore online crime, they have been subject to extensive criticism due to the presence of measurement error arising from the combined influences of victims' underreporting and recording practices. Consequently, researchers, crime analysts and policy makers are increasingly relying on estimates of cybercrime and cyberdeviance based on surveys. This chapter reviews the measures of cybercrime and cyberdeviance included in national crime surveys, including household and business victimization surveys and self-report offending surveys. The chapter describes, categorizes and compares measures included in surveys, and discusses opportunities and limitations to generate reliable and valid estimates to study cybercrime and cyberdeviance. Measures included in surveys do not capture the diversity of criminal and deviant behaviors that take place online, and some surveys only probe about certain frauds that may take place both on and offline. The chapter identifies opportunities for researchers to utilize existing data to advance our understanding of online victimization and offending, and provides methodological recommendations to improve the recording of cybercrime and cyberdeviance in existing surveys.
Conduct disorders (CDs) are common in juvenile justice cases, but their prevalence varies across regions. It is useful to help people comprehend the incidence and risk factors for CDs in the judicial environment. To determine the prevalence of CDs among juvenile delinquents in China and explore the risk factors for CDs in terms of demographic characteristics, individual characteristics, and social environmental factors. A total of 545 male juvenile delinquents and 297 typically developed adolescents from China were recruited for this study. The Conduct Disorder Screening Form was used to assess the symptoms of CD, and related measurements, including the Demographic Questionnaire, Short-Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran for Chinese (s-EMBU-C), the Short Form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), the Parental Monitoring Scale, the Deviant Peer Affiliation Scale, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU), the Self-Control Scale (SCS), and the Moral Disengagement Scale (MDS), were carried out. Among the juvenile delinquents, 58.7% met the symptoms of CD, with adolescent-onset CD accounting for 90.94% of these cases. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of CD between the criminal group and the illegal group, but the criminal group scored higher on aggression than the illegal group. The adolescents with CDs differed from the typically developed adolescents in demographic characteristics, parenting style, individual characteristics, and deviant peer affiliation. Discriminant analysis revealed that deviant peer affiliation had the greatest impact on the CDs of adolescents (structural matrix = 0.85), followed by the level of parental monitoring and moral disengagement. CD is widespread in Chinese juvenile delinquents. CD symptoms differ between criminal and illegal juvenile delinquents. Risk factors such as deviant peer affiliation, inadequate parental monitoring, moral disengagement, and low parental warmth all contribute to the high prevalence of CD.
Objective:
Although a growing body of work has found that parents' experiences of racial and socioeconomic (SES) based discrimination are directly related to their children's behavior problems , more work is needed to understand possible pathways by which these factors are related and to identify potential targets for prevention and/or intervention.
Method:
Using a large (N = 572), longitudinal sample of low-income families from diverse racial backgrounds, the current study explored whether caregivers' experiences of racial and SES discrimination during their children's middle childhood (i.e. ages 7.5-9.5) predicted youth-reported antisocial behavior during adolescence and potential factors mediating these associations (e.g. caregiver depressive symptoms and positive parenting practices).
Results:
We found that higher levels of caregiver experiences of discrimination at child ages 7.5-9.5 predicted higher levels of caregiver depressive symptoms at child age 10.5, which were related to lower levels of caregiver endorsement of positive parenting practices at child age 14.5, which in turn, predicted higher levels of youth-reported antisocial behavior at age 16.
Conclusion:
The findings highlight the adverse effects of racism and discrimination in American society. Second, the findings underscore the need to develop interventions which mitigate racism and discrimination among perpetrators and alleviate depressive symptoms among caregivers.
This chapter outlines the roots of the Rational Choice Perspective and its research, which forms the focus of this book. Understanding criminal decision making has long been a focus of academics from various disciplines, and is an understanding that has real impact in terms of policy, practice and people’s lives within the justice system. To make sure our understanding of why people decide to commit crime is valid, we need to understand what the motivation, costs and benefits of a criminal action are to the offender and not the observer. This can be tricky, and has moved Rational Choice Approaches from their original economic origins, known as ‘thin’ models to wider models that take individual perspectives into account (‘thick’ models). In addition to this, there have been issues about how these approaches are researched—researching crime is always challenging and in many cases studies are done using proxies, usually students, to measure their ‘intent’ to offend based on different factors. This chapter suggests that this may not be the best approach, and sets out the reasoning for the research with real-crime experienced individuals covered in this book.
Seventy-three older siblings were assessed in early adulthood with the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) measure of expressed emotion. Sibling critical expressed emotion was linked with younger brother concomitant and future antisocial behavior, substance use, deviant peer association, increased rate of criminal arrests, and early onset sexual activity. Siblings of younger brothers with behavior problems were also more likely to be critical of, and to report negative relationships with, these brothers than were siblings of well- adjusted brothers. Sibling critical expressed emotion also predicted younger brothers' maladjustment 1–2 years later, after controlling for earlier sibling conflict and parent discipline. The findings accentuate the importance of understanding the influence of intrafamilial processes in the etiology of behavior problems.
This chapter provides an introduction to the book. In this chapter, we review the advantages of citation analysis as a measure of scholarly impact and prestige, as well as briefly discussing productivity analysis, a subsidiary form of citation analysis. We also give a brief overview of the main sources of citation data and explain why we chose to use the more labor-intensive method of examining journal reference lists. In this chapter, we also review our prior research from 1986 to 2015, which falls into three main areas. Our first stream of research examines the major criminology and criminal justice journals in the United States as well as in the major English-speaking countries around the world (Australia and New Zealand, Canada, and the United Kingdom). Our second research stream focuses specifically on American journals, looking at three major criminology journals and three major criminal justice journals. Finally, our third stream of research examines 20 American and international journals. Chapter 1 also includes a discussion of how concepts developed in criminal career research may be used in citation analysis. Finally, we conclude with an overview of some of the limitations of citation analysis.
Este trabajo presenta los resultados de los análisis de la coherencia
interna, de la fiabilidad y de la validez de las Medidas de Adaptación
Social y Personal para los Adolescentes Españoles (MASPAE). El cuestionario sobre la delincuencia y los problemas de comportamiento se ha elaborado progresivamente por Marc Le Blanc y otros expertos y ha sido aplicado en Canadá, España y otros países.
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