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Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States
... Mysis relicta a species recorded from many deep Canadian lakes (Pennak, 1953) was collected at two stations in Pigeon Bay. ...
... The species is common in large deep lakes and rivers in Canada and the northern United States (Pennak, 1953;Bousfield, 1958). Since it is small, many specimens were probably lost and its abundance underestimated. ...
... On exposed rock, boulder and gravel shores O. propinquus was the most abundant species and was also more common in local rivers even where these were slow and muddy. Descriptions of typical habitats for O. virilis vary, (Pennak, 1953;Crocker, 1957;Creaser, 1931;Meredith and Schwartz, 1960) but its preferred habitat in Batchawana Bay is not unusual. The species was collected down to 10 m but has been collected down to 31.5 m in Lake Michigan (Meredith and Tue CANADIAN , 1960). ...
... Freshwater and brackish water Ostracoda are small-sized crustaceans with a wide and large spread in all aquatic environments: streams, rivers, ponds, swamps, and shallow and deep ones. Despite that, it has received little attention from specialists because of its small size and the difficulty of dealing with the carapace [1]. Its importance, theoretically and practically, has not been evaluated so far, despite its role in the food chain. ...
... Rod-shaped, flat-sided, undivided, bearing distal claws and two or more setae. In the family Cypridopsinae, it is partially reduced (flagelliform) in females, while males are completely reduced (Figure 3) [1,17,18]. ...
... The eggs of the Ostracoda are spherical with a thin bilateral wall; their colors range from yellow, white, red, orange, and green. The eggs are transported by fish, birds, wind, or any other way [1,17]. Podocopida lack the stage of the larval or coastal stage pelagic larval, so their migration or movement is determined by active motile elements and by the nature of the prevailing benthic current [25][26][27][28]. ...
Ostracoda are small, bivalved crustaceans that have thrived on Earth for 500 million years. They inhabit marine and freshwater environments, and their well-preserved fossil record offers insights into past ecosystems and paleoenvironmental conditions. Ostracod shells, known as valves, are made of calcium carbonate or chitinous material, enclosing the body in two separate halves. The valves display diverse shapes and ornamentation, reflecting the wide variety of ostracod species. Internally, ostracods possess a developed musculature, antennae for sensing the environment and capturing food, mandibles for chewing, and maxillae for filtering food. Their body cavity houses the digestive, circulatory, and reproductive systems. Ostracod fossils are found in marine, lacustrine, and terrestrial deposits, providing opportunities to study their morphology, distribution, and evolution. Their rapid evolutionary rates and broad geographic distribution make ostracods valuable for biostratigraphy. By analyzing ostracod assemblages in fossil sediments, researchers can reconstruct ancient ecosystems and track environmental changes. Ostracods serve as indicators of environmental conditions such as water temperature, salinity, and oxygen levels. Studying ostracod fossils informs our understanding of past environments and climate change.
... The conchostracan or clam shrimp, Caenestheriella belfragei (Packard 1871), inhabits shallow ponds and lakes in west-central United States and Oregon ( Figure 1) (Edmondson 1959;Pennak 1978). From 1971 to 1973, C. belfragei was collected by D. A. Fernet or D. B. Donald from Mamawi and Claire lakes in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta (58°S oe Nee25°W and 58° 35'N, 112° 00°W, respectively). ...
... Eggs of the conchostracan, FEulimnadia antlei, are stimulated to hatch by water of low salinity, light, and drying (Belk 1972), and Caenestheriella setosa only hatches at tempera-FIGURE |. The geographic distribution of Caenestheriella belfragei (adapted from Edmondson 1959;Pennak 1978) showing the position of the Mamawi Lake locality relative to the previously documented range of the species. ...
... After that, the screen of the microscope was maximized and exposure adjusted. Identification guides of Edmonson (1959) [4] , Pennak (1978) [7] , Botes (2003) [1] and Phyllis et al., (1970) [8] were used for phytoplankton identification. ...
... After that, the screen of the microscope was maximized and exposure adjusted. Identification guides of Edmonson (1959) [4] , Pennak (1978) [7] , Botes (2003) [1] and Phyllis et al., (1970) [8] were used for phytoplankton identification. ...
Global warming and Climate change have resulted in perennial floods in the Niger Delta. As floods recede, they do so with land-based pollutants which affect aquatic biota. Phytoplanktons are greatly affected by pollutants resulting in the reduction and distortion of their diversity, distribution and abundance. Hence this study was undertaken to gauge the damage of flooding on phytoplankton and the ecosystem. Four (4) sampling were identified and phytoplankton samples collected in triplicates using plastic containers and fixed with 4% formalin. Identification of samples were done in the Laboratory of the Niger Delta University using standard identification keys. Result showed the presence of twenty seven (27) species of phytoplankton which are Coscinodiscus stellaris, Synedra sp., Melorisn sp. Shannon diversity index was highest in Station 3 (2.34) followed by Station 1 (2.16), and Station 4 (2.04) and lastly Station 2 (0.64). Simpson's Index was lowest in Station 3 (0.07), followed by Stations 2 (0.54), Stations 1 (0.12) and lastly Station 4 (0.16). There were major changes and variations occurring in phytoplankton communities in the different stations. This indicate that flooding has a marked negative influence on phytoplankton dynamics as all the measured parameters show spatial variations.
... Each sub-sample is put into a counting chamber and examined under an inverted microscope (Hund, Wetzlar, Germany) at X100 magnification for taxonomic identification, and X40 for counting. The major taxonomic keys that are used to identify the zooplankton are Sars (1895), Pennak (1953), Ruttner-Kolisko (1974), Koste (1978), Boxshall & Braide (1991), and Kořínek (1999). ...
... In the laboratory, each sample is rinsed with water to remove the formalin and then placed on a white flat-bottomed tray. Using a pair of forceps, all macro-invertebrates are sorted from the sediment and the individual taxa are identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using identification manuals (Mandahl-Barth, 1954;Pennak, 1953;Merritt et al., 1996;De Moor et al., 2003) and a dissecting binocular microscope at 4 x 25 magnification. All taxa are recorded, and individuals of each taxon are enumerated to estimate their abundance (number of individuals per square meter). ...
... In the laboratory, samples were examined under an inverted microscope at X40 for counting and X100 for taxonomic identification. Species identification was done using published keys (Brooks, 1957;Sars, 1895;Ruttner-Kolisko, 1974;Pennak, 1995) and enumerated. Bottom sediment samples (in triplicates) for macrozoobenthos were collected at the sites (except W3 in the west zone) using a Ponar grab (238.0 cm 2 jaw area, 8.0 cm inner depth). ...
... The sediment samples were subjected to further processing procedures (Ferraro & Cole, 1992;Ochieng et al., 2008). In the laboratory, macrozoobenthic samples were rinsed with excess water to remove formalin and sorted, followed by taxonomic identification to the lowest level possible, such as family, genus or species, using guides to freshwater macroinvertebrates (Lowe, 2009;Mandahl Barth, 1954;Pennak, 1995;Wallace & Anderson, 1984). ...
Phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrozoobenthic invertebrates are important elements in the structure and functioning of aquatic systems. There is, however, limited information to aid in understanding the interactions between these organisms and their environment. The three groups were examined along a horizontal water chemistry gradient in Lake Kwania. The lake was subdivided into three zones: west, central and east, similar to what was earlier described for Lake Kyoga. Conductivity, silica and Secchi depth showed significant horizontal differentiation between zones. Conductivity (126.3, 209.2 and 289.1 μS/cm) and silica concentration (1419.9, 3708.0, 9146.3 μg/L) increased from the west to the east zone. The composition, abundance and taxonomic diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrozoobenthic invertebrates did not show a significant pattern along this gradient. Cyanobacteria dominated by Planktolyngbya limnetica ; Copepoda dominated by Tropocyclops tenellus ; and Diptera dominated by Chaoborus sp, were respectively the most abundant phytoplankton, zooplankton and macrozoobenthos across zones. These results suggest that other factors control these organisms in addition to the lake's water chemistry. It is critical to investigate these factors further to fill knowledge gaps that will aid in the future conservation and management of Lake Kwania, the Kyoga Lakes in general and other Great Lakes.
... Each sub-sample is put into a counting chamber and examined under an inverted microscope (Hund, Wetzlar, Germany) at X100 magnification for taxonomic identification, and X40 for counting. The major taxonomic keys that are used to identify the zooplankton are Sars (1895), Pennak (1953), Ruttner-Kolisko (1974), Koste (1978), Boxshall & Braide (1991), and Kořínek (1999). ...
... In the laboratory, each sample is rinsed with water to remove the formalin and then placed on a white flat-bottomed tray. Using a pair of forceps, all macro-invertebrates are sorted from the sediment and the individual taxa are identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using identification manuals (Mandahl-Barth, 1954;Pennak, 1953;Merritt et al., 1996;De Moor et al., 2003) and a dissecting binocular microscope at 4 x 25 magnification. All taxa are recorded, and individuals of each taxon are enumerated to estimate their abundance (number of individuals per square meter). ...
Effective conservation requires reliable data and information on the status of biodiversity. The conservation of freshwater biodiversity lags behind terrestrial and marine biodiversity because data and information limitations are greatest in freshwater ecosystems. Given that freshwater ecosystems are inhabited by disproportionately more species than other ecosystems, paucity of data and information threatens many species and dependent ecosystem services. Data and information on freshwater biodiversity is limited mainly because few freshwater ecosystems are considered for regular monitoring. However, even existing data is scattered and in non-user-friendly formats, limiting accessibility and use. It is desirable to make freshwater biodiversity data and information accessible everywhere so that it attains its full potential in guiding conservation. To increase accessibility to freshwater biodiversity data in Uganda, we present 34 datasets covering three major freshwater taxa: zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish within freshwater ecosystems in the country. The datasets provide occurrence records and corresponding abundance data where applicable for the three major groups. The datasets which are available through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) cover a long period from 1971-2021 and have a total of 56,104 occurrence records. Of these records, 8,674 records were published in 2022. The data were mobilized from primary biodiversity surveys conducted by scientists at the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) in Uganda. The surveys covered most of the water bodies in the country. The datasets are envisaged to increase accessibility to data for freshwater conservation research, decision making and capacity building. The data has already found use in development of conservation tools and conservation status assessments.
... Taxonomic identification keys: Merritt and Cummins (1997), Pennak (1978), Mandahl-Barth (1954) were used in identification of the invertebrates. Individual members of each taxon were enumerated. ...
Heavy metal pollutants, Lead (Pb), Copper(Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Nickel (Ni) were examined in sediments in seven selected sites in the Northern part of Lake Victoria and compared to reported levels and internationally acceptable limits, stated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in order to guide management and mitigation efforts. Sediment samples from Murchison bay, Kalangala and Bunjako bay had high concentrations of heavy metals above internationally acceptable levels in unpolluted sediments. In Murchison, Napoleon, Bunjako and Berkeley sites, the concentrations of the heavy metals, although within the acceptable limits appeared to be much closer to the thresholds for un-polluted sediments compared to the concentrations of heavy metals in Kagera, Hannington and Kalangala which had the least polluted sediments. The concentrations of metal pollutants were highest in sites receiving urban effluents, followed by sites draining river catchments and least in those draining only agricultural hinterlands. These concentrations increased from inshore to offshore stations in relatively open bays and decreased from inshore to offshore stations in most closed bays, indicating signature of the influence of exposure of the sites to inflows and wind mixing regimes. Management of the heavy metal pollutants should therefore put most emphasis on bays or sites that receive urban effluents and those that drain large agricultural catchment areas.
... Water quality was analyzed in the field. The identification book used was "Freshwater invertebrates of the United States" (Pennak 1978). Stream water discharge, temperature, brightness, and pH were analyzed in the field. ...
The Cimahi micro-watershed is a part of the Ciheulang sub-watershed, which is part of the Cicatih-Cimandiri watershed, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the appropriateness of the water quality of the Cimahi river, Sukabumi Regency from upstream to downstream for Anguilla bicolor culture activities by studying the land use pattern and macro-zoobenthos community structure as a biological indicator. The research was carried out from January to December 2022 and was located at 5 observation stations, from station 1 in the upper reaches of the river to station 5 in the lower reaches of the river. Parameters measured were: (1) water quality, through temperature, total organic matter (TOM), brightness, debit, pH; (2) geospatial parameters, through land use along the Cimahi micro-watershed; (3) biological parameters, through the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the macro-zoobenthos EPT index. This study proved that the water quality of the Cimahi river, especially in stations 3 and 4, is very suitable if used as a source of water for growing eel. Determination of river water quality can be predicted based on land use patterns. The vegetation ratio is positively correlated with river water quality. The catchment area ratio also has a positive correlation with river water discharge and quality.
... The samples were collected for a period of one year from January to December from Gaula River randomly for analysis of zooplanktons and physicochemical parameters. For zooplankton analysis the samples were preserved in 4 percent formalin solution and stored in cool and dark place.For diversified study Zooplankton Samples were taken in a Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber and observed under light microscope under prerequisite magnification (10 X initially than followed by 40 X) and the specimens were identified with the help of standard books and keys as Edomndson (1959), Pennak (1978), Battish (1992), Michael & Sharma (1988) and Sharma & Sharma (2008). Physicochemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, CO2, DO, TDS and Alkalinity were collected using labelled plastic bottles. ...
Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters are an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. In this study we tried to assess the zooplankton diversity and to study the physico-chemical parameters of the Gaula River. A total of-taxa were recorded: Rotifers, Copepods, Cladocerans, Ostracods and Protozoans.
... El material colectado de macroinvertebrados en cada muestreo fue organizado y separado para su posterior separación y determinación taxonómica de larvas, pupas o adultos con ayuda de Claves y material bibliográfico, como: Michaelsen, 1914;Piaget, 1914;Balwin & Chandler, 1959;Merrit & Cummins, 1978;Roessler, 1985Roessler, y 1986Roldán, 1988Roldán, y 2003Brinkhurst y Marchese 1991;Pennak, 1991;Gaviria, 1993 ...
Titulo en ingles: Aspects of the natural history of macroinvertebrates in the high plains semi-permanent wetlands in the Department of Casanare.RESUMEN: Se realiza aportes al conocimiento sobre los ciclos vitales de los macroinvertebrados y se caracterizan sus microhábitats, en tres cuerpos de agua semipermanentes en sabana inundable y de desborde en la altillanura del municipio de Yopal-Casanare (Esteros San Martín (SM), el Trompillo (T) y la Ilusión (LI): 05° 21' 31''N 072º 13' 16''W; ubicados a 214 m.s.n.m.). Resultado del análisis cualitativo del material colectado en muestreos multianuales (1998, 1999, 2002 y 2008) en tres (I, II y III) épocas diferentes de lluvias en los meses de mayo a diciembre, se registraron 19 familias con 29 morfoespecies (24 sp SM, 20 T, 18 LI) para la etapa I; 28 familias y 47 morfoespecies (35 SM, 27 T, 32 LI) en la etapa II y 35 familias, 57 morfoespecies (52 SM, 40 T, 35 LI) en la III. Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en estos ecosistemas evidencian varias etapas del ciclo vital: adultos; adultos y larvas; adultos, larvas y pupas; larvas y pupas; larvas. El Estero San Martin registro la mayor diversidad de especies seguido por el Trompillo y la Ilusión. El Estero San Martín presentó la mayor diversidad en el mes de diciembre, seguido de julio y el menor registro se obtuvo en mayo, época que coincide con el inicio de inundación de las sabanas.En estos ambientes de la llanura y la altillanura de la Orinoquía, los macroinvertebrados acuáticos desarrollan estrategias reproductivas y de supervivencia especiales para sobreponerse a los cambios drásticos impuestos por el medio, como se interpreta la valoración físico-química "In situ" del agua de los esteros estudiados, cuyos valores promedio multianuales son: Temperatura 29.4°C, Conductividad Eléctrica 263 µS.cm¯¹, pH 6.0 y OD4.4 mg.l¯¹Palabras clave: Esteros, macroinvertebrados, semipermanentes, Yopal.ABSTRACT: It makes contributions to knowledge about the life cycles of macroinvertebrates and their microhabitats are characterized in three semi-permanent water bodies in flooded savannah and overflow in the high plains of the municipality of Yopal-Casanare (tropical ponds San Martín (SM), the Trompillo ( T) and Illusion (LI): 05 ° 21 '31''N 072 º 13' 16''W, located at 214 meters). Result of qualitative analysis of material samples collected from multi-year (1998, 1999, 2002 and 2008) in three (I, II and III) different periods of rainfall in the months from May to December, there were 19 families with 29 morphospecies (24 sp SM, 20 T, 18 LI) for stage I; 28 families and 47 morphospecies (35 SM, 27 T, 32 LI) in stage II; and 35 families, 57 morphospecies (52 SM, 40 T, 35 LI) in the stage III. Macroinvertebrate communities in these ecosystems show various stages of life cycle: adult, adults and larvae, adults, larvae and pupae, larvae and pupae, larvae. The San Martin pond recorded the highest species diversity followed by Trompillo and Illusion. The San Martin pond presented the greatest diversity in the month of December, followed by July and the lowest reading was obtained in May, coinciding with the onset of flooding of the plains.In these environments the plain and the high plains of the Orinoco, aquatic macroinvertebrates develop reproductive and survival strategies to overcome special drastic changes imposed by the environment, as interpreted physical- chemical assessment in situ of water ponds studied, whose multi-year average values are: temperature 29.4 ° C, Electrical Conductivity 263 µS.cm ¯ ¹, pH 6.0 and OD 4.4 mg.l ¯¹Key words: macroinvertebrates, tropical ponds, semipermanent, Yopal.
... Aside from taxonomy, few efforts have been made in investigating the causes of extreme differences in eggshell morphology that go beyond simple intraspecific genetic variability and could represent examples of genome-and/or environment-based phenotypic plasticity (e.g., Pennak 1953;Baumann 1966;Schuetz 1987;Hansen & Katholm 2002;Stec et al. 2016). ...
... Passive overland dispersal of crustaceans has usually involved such suggested mechanisms as wind-blown eggs, and eggs transported in mud carried by animals (Pennak 1953). Little direct observational or experimental proof for such ideas exists, however, especially on the ability of most crustacean eggs to withstand desiccation. ...
... in deep water to capture fish fry. The Coenagrionidae are listed by Pennak (1953) as climbers that move about on vegetation or organic debris. Since windrows of floating vegetation are common offshore in Oneida Lake, it appears that the naiads, along with the uprooted plants to which they aré clinging, are transported by water currents to the surface of deeper areas. ...
... During the collecting two larvae of the Dobson fly Corydalus cornutus and a few dragonfly nymphs were found among the crayfish. Fifty intact crayfish were identified with keys in Huntsman (1915) and Pennak (1953) and proved to be Cambarus bartoni robustus Girard (2 males), and Orconectes propinquus (Girard) (33 males, 15 females). These two species are reported by Huntsman and Pennak to be found in the Great Lakes drainage, especially in streams with stony bottoms. ...
... During the collecting two larvae of the Dobson fly Corydalus cornutus and a few dragonfly nymphs were found among the crayfish. Fifty intact crayfish were identified with keys in Huntsman (1915) and Pennak (1953) and proved to be Cambarus bartoni robustus Girard (2 males), and Orconectes propinquus (Girard) (33 males, 15 females). These two species are reported by Huntsman and Pennak to be found in the Great Lakes drainage, especially in streams with stony bottoms. ...
... Elevated δ 13 C values found for the isopods C. giambiagiae and L. bonaerensis, and an Ostracoda species indicate a benthivorous diet (Duffill Telsnig et al., 2019, and references therein). The flattened body shape and low swimming ability of these organisms correlate with their benthic diets but C. giambiagiae exhibits a carnivorous behavior while the other two species display δ 15 N values consistent with a detritivorous or herbivorous diet (Pennak, 1953;Bastida and Torti, 1970). Although the present study focused on shallow-water areas, the δ 13 C values show that both benthic and pelagic pathways are relevant for these ecosystems where species feeding habits span across three trophic levels, as indicated by the δ 15 N values. ...
... The collected benthos samples were brought to the laboratory for preservation and identification. The benthos was identified by using the literature (Pennak, 1989). Plankton sampling was carried out using a plankton net no 25. ...
The only location for the protection of Arowana golden-red in its natural habitat is in east-central Sumatra. Currently, the area is being invaded by oil palm plantations. This research identified the present conditions in that conservation area, specifically focusing on land-use situation and aquatic organism distribution and diversity. We designated four sampling sites according to the stratification of river flows that pass through the Arowana golden-red conservation area and present land use. The research showed that oil palm plantation was the largest land use in the Arowana golden-red conservation area covering 61.2% (2,310.84 ha). The swamp forest which is the habitat of Arowana golden-red only remained at 6.99% (263.98 ha). In the study area, aquatic organisms were identified as 47 species with a total of 424 individuals: 7 genera of Benthos, 11 species of Planktonic algae, and 29 species of Fish. The diversity index was in the range of 0.46–2.45. The diversity of aquatic organisms was found to be comparable to or higher than other areas in Malaysia and Indonesia such as Aceh province and Kalimantan. However, only 31 individuals of Arowana golden-red were found in the swamp forest in Middle Mahato. This site should be a priority area to save the Arowana golden-red.
... Daphniids are ubiquitous, 0.2-3 mm long freshwater plankton which filter feed on algae and bacteria and are important prey for fish and invertebrates. While its tiny first antennae are used for olfaction, the large second antennae serve as swimming appendages and hold flow-detecting setae (Pennak 1978). Normal "hop and sink" swimming is accomplished by occasional strokes of these appendages at 1.5-6 Hz followed by sinking bouts, resulting in average swimming speeds of 0.5-8 mm s À1 . ...
Langmuir circulation is a common form of surface turbulence comprising a series of counterrotating horizontal vortex pairs. Upwellings and downwellings in Langmuir circulation may suspend and trap passive particles or active swimmers like zooplankton in regions known as Stommel Retention Zones. For zooplankton, Stommel Retention Zone formation depends on flow speed and animal swimming speed and direction. Here we explore this biophysical interaction using Daphnia magna in a laboratory model of Langmuir Circulation. The phototactic daphniids were induced to perform different levels of upwards swimming (mimicking diel vertical migration) via constant or intermittent illumination. Some daphniids were additionally exposed to chemically dispersed crude oil, which impaired swimming. We characterized the swimming speed and direction, trajectories, and spatial distribution of daphniids in still water and in response to Langmuir circulation‐like flows of various strengths. In still water, constantly illuminated and oil‐exposed daphniids swam upwards more often than intermittently illuminated animals. Greater levels of upwards swimming in still water corresponded to stronger daphniid aggregations in the downwelling when a Langmuir Circulation‐like flow was present. However, at flow speeds exceeding their swimming abilities, daphniids were generally advected with the flow and uniformly distributed, an effect particularly evident for the weakly‐swimming oil‐exposed daphniids. An individual‐based model was also used to investigate the effects of active swimming vs. passive behavior and of swimming direction on Langmuir circulation‐associated aggregations. Our study of zooplankton Stommel Retention Zones generated in a laboratory facility offers insight into how and when Langmuir circulation‐associated plankton aggregations may occur in the field.
... The systematic identification of zooplankton species was done through a binocular microscope (MLX-16B1296) with the help of standard taxonomic works. 26,27 Plankton samples were collected for quantitative enumeration by filtering 10 litres of water retrieved independently from various depths using Rutner's sampler (2000 ml) and stored in 4% formalin. The conserved sample was shaken before 1 ml was removed with a wide-mouthed glass pipette into the Sedgwick rafter cell and examined under a binocular microscope at the time of counting. ...
The transfer of energy from producers to consumers, such as fish, fish larvae, and invertebrates, is facilitated by zooplankton.
... En el Laboratorio de Hidrobiología de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Antioquia, se determinaron y contaron los taxones de macroinvertebrados con ayuda de claves taxonómicas especializadas (Domínguez y Fernández, 2009;González y Watling, 2003;Merritt y Cummins, 1996;Pennak, 1955;Roldán-Pérez, 1988;Stebbing, 1899) y posteriormente se establecieron los datos de riqueza y abundancia. ...
Los lagos altoandinos son ecosistemas afectados por múltiples presiones antrópicas que alteran la calidad del agua y las comunidades bióticas, siendo los macroinvertebrados acuáticos excelentes bioindicadores para estos ecosistemas. El presente trabajo analiza la dinámica de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados asociada a Egeria densa, la relación con las variables fisicoquímicas, los índices bióticos y la interacción predador-presa en el litoral del Lago de Tota. Este trabajo se desarrolló en tres campañas sobre nueve estaciones de muestreo en el perímetro del lago. Dentro de los hallazgos, Hyallela sp. (30 %) y Dicrotendipes sp.(27 %) son los taxones más abundantes y dominantes del estudio, siendo bioindicadores de presencia de materia orgánica en descomposición y disminución en la calidad del agua. El análisis ANOVA de las variables fisicoquímicas del agua y los nutrientes de Egeria densa mostró diferencias significativas a nivel temporal. Los índices bióticos mostraron diferencias en la calidad del agua, determinando una posible zonificación de este parámetro en el litoral. Finalmente, para identificar las relaciones de la comunidad, se presenta un modelo predador-presa, con Hyalella sp. como presa e Ischnura sp. como predador a través de las ecuaciones Lotka-Volterra, encontrando que hay concordancia entre el comportamiento de las abundancias medidas y las simuladas. De esta forma, la dinámica trófica contribuye a entender las comunidades y su proyección en el tiempo con relación a las condiciones ambientales de la zona litoral.
... Benthic sampling was carried out using the Ekman grab tool, sampling at each station was carried out in a composite manner with three repetitions then put in benthic plastic, the next station was carried out in the same way so that 5 benthic sample plastics were obtained, then benthic samples were filtered using a filter stratified benthic, the screening results are sorted to separate the organisms from the soil/litter obtained, the organisms that have been sorted are put in vials and given 70% formalin preservative and taken to the laboratory for identification. Samples were analyzed in the Research Institute for Inland Fisheries and Extension laboratory and then identified using a microscope with a magnification of 10x10 with reference to the identification book in the laboratory [34][35][36][37][38]. After obtaining the benthos identification results, an analysis was performed to calculate the composition, abundance, and diversity index values using the Shannon-Wiener index formula in Microsoft Excel. ...
... Samples were washed through a 0.36 mm net and preserved in 95% ethanol. Organisms were identified in the laboratory under a stereomicroscope in 50x magnification up to the lowest possible taxonomic level (Balcer et al. 1984;Pennak 1978). ...
... Planktonic samples were collected separately from fixed from five sampling sites (S1, S 2, S 3, S4 and S5) of the river to study the seasonal variations. Identification and analysis of phytoplankton and zooplankton were made following the methods recommended by Ward andWhipple (1959), Needham and Needham (1962), Holome and McIntyre (1971) and Pennak (1978). ...
The Beso river originate from village Shahapur in District Jaunpur and located in eastern border of Jaunpur UP at latitude of 25.73 North and longitude of 82-68, East. River now enters in District Azamgarah after Jaigaha and finally merge into river Ganga in District Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh. It flows southeast ward for almost 95 km only through three districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Studies on phytoplankton and zooplankton in Beso river were conducted at 5 stations. 32 identified species of phytoplankton belongs to 6 groups (viz, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cynophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Crysophyceae and Dinophyceae) and 20 identified species of zooplankton belongs to 4 groups (viz, Protozoa, Rotifer, Cladocera and Copepoda) were found as the dominant group in present study. All constituents of phytoplankton groups were found in their primary peaks during summer seasons but the winter months, represented the period of second abundance
... The samples were washed in a bucket with a 420 µm sieve bottom to remove most of the clay and silt. Aquatic organisms were separated by density difference in a supersaturated sugar solution, recovering the supernatant with a 420 µm mesh opening net for manual separation, quantification, and classification with the help of a stereomicroscope, dichotomous keys, and a specialized bibliography [22,29,30]. ...
The integrity of rivers is affected by anthropogenic activities at different spatial scales, from basin and landscape levels to the direct effects on the river and aquatic life. Our objective was to study these effects on the subtropical La Pasión River, analyzing environmental, geomorphological, habitat and water quality, and macroinvertebrates. We sampled the dry season (March 2022) because the river presented stable conditions. We selected the most influential variables in each spatial scale and determined their relationship with the indexes of quality characteristics and aquatic life in the river using multivariate statistics. Most sites (≈65%) had medium water and suboptimal habitat quality status, meanwhile half the sites had regular biotic integrity status; without finding coincidence in the quality of the different indexes applied, all sites indicated a high gradient of degradation from the origin to the mouth of the river. The presence of some families (e.g., Culicidae, Chironomidae, Lumbriculidae) indicated organic matter contamination. The main variables that significantly classified the river quality and integrity structure were water flow, turbidity, habitat embeddedness, and sulfates (χ2 = 0.1145, p < 0.01). It is concluded that the affected sites received wastewater without prior treatment and presented physical barriers such as irrigation channels.
... Identification of food items was done under a dissecting (LICAMS5) and Olympus compound microscope (magnification 10 to 40×). Food items were identified to the lowest possible taxa using various aquatic flora and fauna literatures (Fernando, 2002;Komarek & Anagnostidis, 1989;Pennak, 1978;Whitford & Schumacher, 1973). The relative importance of each food item was estimated using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods of Windell & Bowen (1978). ...
Oreochromis niloticus is the most ecologically and economically important fish in tropical and sub-tropical aquatic systems. Recently, due to sever anthropogenic stressors, hydrological variations and infestations of invasive alien species in Ethiopian water
bodies, fish community structure and ecosystem of Lake Tana is changing alarmingly. So far, there is paucity of information on
the morphometric relations and diet composition of O. niloticus in Lake Tana, gulf of Gorgora. A total of 309 fish samples were
collected and their total length (TL), standard length (SL) and total weight (TW) were measured to determine morphometric
relations; and gut contents were examined to identify most important food item in the diet of the fish. Results indicated that,
the relation between TL and SL was significant (p < 0.001) and linear (SL = 0.942TL–2.41) while the relation between TL and TW
was curvilinear (TW = 0.014 TL2.8) indicating allometric growth. Among the total guts scrutinized, 53 (17.3%) of them were empty
and the remaining 256 (82.7%) were non-empty. Phytoplankton constituted the largest bulk and occurred in 77% of the guts
examined and volumetrically accounted 44.3%. Detritus and zooplankton had an intermediate importance by occurring 60.2%
and 63.3% of all guts scrutinized and constituted about 25.6% and 15.5% of the total volume respectively. Contributions of macrophytes, insects, nematodes and unidentified food items were relatively low in their importance. Ontogenetic dietary shift was
observed in the diet indicating an omnivorous feeding habit of the adult fish.
... The sample is cleaned with water and soaked with formalin 4% for 1 day, then washed and dried, the sample is put in a sample bottle that has been filled with 70% alcohol as a preservative, and then given a label. Samples brought to the laboratory to be identified with the use of books of reference Edmonson [6,7]. The measurement Factors of Physics and Chemistry of the Waters, namely: Water Temperature, BOD5, Light Intensity, DO, Nitrate, phosphate. ...
The waters of Kanan is the waters are very widespread in , this area is densely populated, so there are many community activities that take place such as Transportation, Fisheries, Bathing, sand Mining and other.The purpose of this study is to determine the role of macrozoobenthos as a bioindicator of water quality in the waters of Kanan Tapanuli Selatan , as well as determine the quality of water in the flow of the waters Kanan physical properties, chemical has. The research was conducted from November 2019 to February 2019, the samples taken from the three research stations. From the results obtained Macrozoobenthos in the identification in this study consisted of 3 Phyla of invertebrates namely : Annelids, which consists of 2 classes, Arthropods consisting of 1 class and Molusca, which consists of 1 class. Based on the data of macrozoobenthos obtained at each research station, then the obtained value of population density, relative density and frequency of presence of that at station I the value of its highest density is Tubifex sp. with the value of the density of the population of 18,519 individual/m2, the density is relatively 25,862% and the frequency of the presence of 55,555%. off at 3. at station 2 the highest density is Tubifex sp. with the value of the density of the population of 18,519 individuals/m2, relative density 25,862% and a frequency of 55,555%. also note that the total score obtained by the method storet, namely -30, this shows that if connected with the raw water quality of class I is then classified in the waters of class III, which means that light polluted. The high total score method storet on the entire research station due to the presence of a variety of activities at each of the stations, settlements, sand mining and other activities. Where these activities produce waste, which in the end increases the content of Phosfat, COD, TSS and BOD5, thus causing the waters of the Waters of Kanan is light polluted.
... Compound microscope was used for examination of the Rotifera .To identify the trophi of the species, it must be extracted from the surrounding soft tissues .This is accomplished using a small volume of household bleach to dissolve the tissues (Taylor, 2005). Description and identification of the species are based on (Edmonson, 1959 andPennak, 1989) .The monthly and total densities of the species were calculated. ...
Samples of Rotifera genus Brachionus were collected from Al-Barka and Al-Nagara region in Al- Hammar Marsh, South of Iraq. Remarks on the taxonomy were notes on 6 species of the genus and a monthly density of each species were recorded during the study period from Feb-2006 to Jan-2007.The highest value of total density was 2.78 ind /l recorded in May -2006, whereas the lowest value was 0.01 ind /l and reported in March-2006.
... A 'Sedgwick Rafter Counting Cell' was used for the quantitative study of zooplankton. The identification of aquatic biota (zooplankton) was done following the standard works and methods [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
... 4 placed them in vials containing 70% alcohol. We identified all preserved organisms to the family level using 2 identification keys (Pennak 1978, Voshell 2002. ...
The Bronx River is an urban waterway with a long history of anthropogenic disturbance. We conducted a longitudinal assessment of the Bronx River's water quality by measuring benthic macroinvertebrate diversity at 6 sites along the river. We integrated long-term water-quality data collected by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. We found that the overall water quality of the river has remained moderately impacted over different timepoints throughout the past 22 years. The study site upstream of combined sewage overflows and municipal separate stormwater systems exhibited healthier biological profiles, whereas the most-downstream sites exhibited slight declines in water quality. The most recent survey of the Bronx River (2020) revealed that high invasive species dominance was associated with benthic macroinvertebrate communities that were less healthy. Notably, one invasive species not documented in historical surveys, Corbicula fluminea (Asian Clam), was sampled in 5 of 6 study sites during the 2020 surveys. Moreover, no species were sampled from the order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) in 2020 despite being present in previous surveys. These results can be used to guide the management of urban rivers.
... Bu nedenle Bolkarlar, çeşitlilik açısından gerek Türkiye'nin gerekse Avrupa'nın en önemli ve zengin dağlarından birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir (Gürses ve ark., 1996) Stichel (1960Stichel ( ,1961, Wagner (1965), Stobbe (1985); Hygrophila için Glöer ve ark. (1985); Rhynchobdellida için Elliot ve Mann (1979); Diptera için Şahin (1987, 1991), Pennak (1991); Haplotaksida için Brinkhurst ve Jamieson (1971), Brinkhurst ve Gelder (1991), Milligan (1997), Timm (1999 ve Wetzel ve ark., (2000)'dan yararlanılmıştır. ...
Bu çalışma, Bolkar Dağları üzerinde yer alan bazı yüksek irtifa göllerine ait (Yazıgöl, Yarıkgöl, Otlugöl, İsimsiz Göl, Eğrigöl ve Alagöl) bentik makroomurgasız faunasının belirlenmesi amacıyla Temmuz ve Ağustos 2019 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen makrobentik faunanın sistematik açıdan incelenmesi sonucunda sekiz takım (Diptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Rhynchobdellida, Haplotaksida, Sphaeriida, Hygrophila ve Hemiptera) içerisinde sekiz familya ve 22 cinse mensup 23 tür tespit edilmiştir. Göllere ait tür çeşitliliği ve türler arasındaki yoğunluk ilişkilerinin belirlenebilmesi için Shannon-Wiener çeşitlilik (H) ve Shannon-Evenness yoğunluk (EH) indeksleri uygulanmış olup en yüksek çeşitlilik (H) 2,17 değeri ile Yarıkgöl’de gözlenirken bunu 1,94; 1,55; 1,08; 0,40 ve 0,38 değerleri ile sırasıyla Alagöl, Otlugöl, İsimsiz Göl, Yazıgöl ve Eğrigöl takip etmiştir. En dengeli dağılım (EH) ise Yarıkgöl ve İsimsiz Göl (0,73) olarak hesaplanırken bunu 0,59; 0,47; 0,25 ve 0,24 değerleri ile sırasıyla Otlugöl, Alagöl, Yazıgöl ve Eğrigöl izlemiştir. Belirlenen taksanın dağılımına göre en yüksek benzerlikler Otlugöl ve Yarıkgöl ile Eğrigöl ve İsimsiz Göl arasında tespit edilmiştir. En düşük benzerlikler ise İsimsiz Göl ve Yarıkgöl arasında hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışma bölgedeki göller üzerinde yapılmış ilk çalışma niteliğinde olup göllerin makroomurgasız faunası oluşturulmuştur.
... Las plantas se lavaron posteriormente para remover los organismos allí contenidos. Los invertebrados se fijaron con alcohol al 70% y se determinaron en el Laboratorio de Palinología del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN-UNAL); para la identificación de los géneros considerados en este trabajo se utilizaron las claves taxonómicas de Merritt y Cummins (1996) y Pennak (1978). Las mediciones de longitud corporal total de los individuos de los géneros Helobdella Blanchard 1896 y Asellus Geoffroy 1762 (familias Glossiphoniidae y Asellidae, respectivamente) se realizaron bajo estereoscopio con reglilla graduada en décimas de mm (precisión de 0,1 mm) en el Laboratorio de Ecología del Departamento de Biología (DB-UNAL). ...
Existen dificultades para determinar el peso de los macroinvertebrados y conocer así su importancia energética dentro de un ecosistema acuático. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue hallar relaciones matemáticas entre la longitud y la biomasa en dos géneros de invertebrados, representativos en el humedal Jaboque (Engativá) Bogotá D. C., Colombia, que faciliten hallar el peso de los individuos. Para ello, se realizaron cuatro muestreos desde abril de 2009 a enero de 2010. Se obtuvieron ecuaciones para estimar el peso seco a partir de medidas de la longitud total del cuerpo, para los géneros Helobdella y Asellus. Las relaciones halladas entre longitud total y peso seco fueron significativas y explicaron al menos el 69% de la varianza, expresada en los coeficientes de correlación (r2 = 0,69 y 0,85). Estos modelos permitirán calcular la biomasa para determinar el crecimiento y la producción secundaria de estos taxones en posteriores estudios de laboratorio o de campo. También podrían ayudar a conocer la importancia de estos organismos en el flujo de energía en los ecosistemas acuáticos, principalmente en los humedales andinos urbanos, donde son muy abundantes.
... Individuals were removed using the unaided eye and preserved in 70% ethanol for later identification and counting. Macroinvertebrate identification was performed using Merritt and Cummins (1996) and Pennak (1953). A maximum of 100 individuals of each taxa were counted from each sample. ...
Rotenone application has been reported to cause significant declines in zooplankton populations with cladocerans and copepods being the most susceptible and possibly taking months to recover. Because copepods and cladocerans are preferred by catfish fry, rotenone application could have significant effects on nursery pond production. Effects of rotenone on zooplankton and time required for recovery has not been studied in eutrophic aquaculture ponds typically drained and refilled yearly. We quantified rotenone application effects to either mostly drained ponds or full ponds (0.04 ha) in northwest Mississippi on water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and aquatic macroinvertebrates during May (23 °C)/June (30 °C) when most catfish fry ponds are stocked. For Study 1, 9 ponds were drained to about 15 cm water. Six ponds were treated with 4 μL/L rotenone; three treated ponds were then treated with 4 mg/L potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The three additional ponds were drained but untreated. All ponds were then filled and fertilized with urea. In Study 2, 6 full ponds were treated with 4 μL/L rotenone. Three of those ponds were then treated the next day with 4 mg/L KMnO4. Three ponds were left as untreated controls. Applying rotenone to these experimental ponds with 15 cm or less water (Study 1)had no effect on water quality, phytoplankton, or zooplankton. Neutralization with KMnO4 did not affect any measured variables. Desirable zooplankton numbers for catfish culture reached 100 organisms/L 11‐14 d after treatment. In Study 2, when a whole pond was treated with rotenone, desirable zooplankton numbers reached 100 organisms/L 7 d after treatment if neutralized with KMnO4 and about 11 d after treatment without neutralization. Rotenone treatment did not reduce predatory macroinvertebrate risk, and this should be addressed using additional management strategies.
... Samples were collected in duplicate and concentrated to 50 ml filtering 50 liter of water from the respective stations. After collection of zooplankton samples preserved in 5% formalin and phytoplankton in 4% Lugol's Iodine solution for further qualitative and quantitative analyses (Pennak, 1978). Plankton were observed and identified under different magnifications using the HUND inverted microscope. ...
A study was conducted on plankton dynamics of Kanke reservoir in relation to selected physicochemical
parameters from 10 September 2020 to 10 July 2021. Total ten sampling stations were chosen based on
water characteristics. Overall water quality parameters (Temperature, DO, CO2
, TH, TA, Nitrate, Phosphate
and pH) were found in the limits suggested for aquaculture practices except few station like STN 1, 4, and
5 shown poor water quality, this may be due to domestic sewage and organic matter load released from
local communities. In the present study, total 50 genera of phytoplankton were identified. Of which 24
genera ofChlorophyceae, 12 genera of Bacillariophyceae, 11 genera of Cyanophyceae, 2 genera of
Euglenophyceae and 1 genera of Dinophyceae. The phytoplankton abundance shows sharp increase from
January to April (pre-monsoon) with Chlorophyceae as the most dominant group and Euglenophyceae as
the least dominant. Similarly, total 13 genera of zooplankton were identified. It included 6 genera of Rotifers,
4 genera of Cladocerans and 3 genera of Copepods. A positive correlation was noticed between temperature
and phytoplankton in Kanke reservoir. All group of zooplankton showed very low abundance during
monsoon, however, there was an increase in abundance during pre-monsoon, and highest abundance
value was recorded during post-monsoon months. Findings of the present study shows that the water
quality of Kanke reservoir is still safe for aquaculture practices except few stations. But the sign of
deteriorating water quality is started to appear as algal scam/bloom formation. The findings of this study
will serve as a baseline data for further investigations, comparing the future changes in this reservoir and
to conserve this ecosystem.
... Zooplankton samples were collected with a hoseintegration technique and constant-flow pump from the surface to the depth where DO was <2 mg L −1 or to 1 m above the lake bottom (Leach et al., 2018;Leach et al., 2019). Identifications of crustacean were using keys from previous literature (Balcer et al., 1984;Edmondson et al., 1959;Haney, 2017;Hebert, 1995), and rotifers were using keys also in literature (Edmondson et al., 1959;Pennak, 1953;Pontin, 1978;Stemberger, 1979). We summarize the species of different plankton groups in Tables S3-S5. ...
Determining biodiversity responses to environmental change, such as acidification, is critical for ecosystem projections under future global change scenarios. Here, we analyzed three plankton communities of phytoplankton, crustaceans and rotifers in 28 lakes in the Adirondack Park, USA, during 1994-2012, and examined the spatiotemporal trends in their alpha and beta diversity during recovery from acidification. For all plankton assemblages, Shannon diversity increased towards recent years and high lake pH, and there was an increasing community dissimilarity with pH changes. The spatial mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarities across all lakes decreased over time for phytoplankton and rotifers leading to an increase in spatial homogenization. Such a homogenization cooccurred however with the overall increasing diversity in this region, which contrasts with the previous classic view that homogenization is mainly driven by loss of species and results in biodiversity loss. We further observed lower temporal mean beta diversity in low-pH lakes for crustaceans and rotifers, but not for phytoplankton. Generally, spatial and temporal mean beta diversity of the three taxonomic groups were primarily driven by lake-water ion variables, and rotifers were also constrained by nutrients and climate. Collectively, our results show how and why plankton community compositions vary over space along with acidification recovery, and further highlight the importance of spatiotemporal studies combined with long-term monitoring programs in assessing biodiversity change during the recovery of disturbed ecosystems.
... The studies of Grandi 1960;Macan 1979;Sauter 1992;Harker 1989;Edmunds 1959;Illies 1968;Sinitshenkova 1979;Pennak 1978;Müllerliebenau 1969;Türkmen & Kazanci 2013 were benefited from in the determination of Ephemeroptera taxa. The similarity of the studied localities followed by a cluster analysis (UPGMA, Unweighted Pair Group Average) was calculated starting from the quantitative data of the macroinvertebrate taxa; the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) program version 3.1 (Kovach 1998) was used to perform cluster analysis. ...
z Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin 25 nehir havzasından biri olan Batı Karadeniz Havzasının Ephemeroptera faunasını tespit etmeyi ve taksonların ekolojisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Batı Karadeniz Havzasında akarsular ve göller de dahil olmak üzere 24 istasyon belirlenmiştir. Makrobentik omurgasızların örneklemeleri, Mayıs 2014-Ekim 2015 tarihleri arasında, 24 istasyonda mevsimsel olarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve aynı lokalizasyonlarda çevresel değişkenler ölçülmüştür. Belirlenen istasyonlardan toplanan Ephemeroptera örneklemesi sonucunda 9 aile, 19 cins ve 39 taksondan oluşan toplam 2460 birey tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma alanında tespit edilen taksonlar saprobik sisteme uygulanmış ve istasyonların mevcut durumu su kalitesi açısından gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Abstract This study aims to detect the Ephemeroptera fauna of the Western Black Sea Basin, one of Turkey's 25 river basins, and to examine the ecology of the taxa. 24 stations, including streams and lakes, have been designated in the Western Black Sea Basin. Samplings of macrobenthic invertebrates were performed seasonal at 24 stations between May 2014 and October 2015 in addition environmental variables were measured in the same localities. As a result of Ephemeroptera sampling collected from the designated stations, a total of 2460 individuals belonging to 9 families, 19 genera, and 39 taxa were identified. In addition, the taxa detected in the study area were applied to the saprobic system and the current status of the stations was tried to be demonstrated in terms of water quality.
... The studies of Grandi 1960;Macan 1979;Sauter 1992;Harker 1989;Edmunds 1959;Illies 1968;Sinitshenkova 1979;Pennak 1978;Müllerliebenau 1969;Türkmen & Kazanci 2013 were benefited from in the determination of Ephemeroptera taxa. The similarity of the studied localities followed by a cluster analysis (UPGMA, Unweighted Pair Group Average) was calculated starting from the quantitative data of the macroinvertebrate taxa; the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) program version 3.1 (Kovach 1998) was used to perform cluster analysis. ...
Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin 25 nehir havzasından biri olan Batı Karadeniz Havzası'nın Ephemeroptera faunasını tespit etmeyi ve türün ekolojisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Batı Karadeniz Havzasında akarsu ve göller dahil 24 istasyon belirlenmiştir. Makrobentik omurgasızlardan örneklemeler Mayıs 2014 ile Ekim 2015 arasında 24 istasyonda mevsimsel olarak gerçekleştirilmiş olup, aynı lokasyonlarda çevresel değişkenler ölçülmüştür. Belirlenen istasyonlardan toplanan Ephemeroptera örneklemesi sonucunda 9 familya, 19 cins ve 39 türe ait toplam 2460 birey tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma alanında tespit edilen türler saprobik sisteme uygulanarak istasyonların su kalitesi açısından mevcut durumu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
... The zooplankton samples were collected from Gaula river randomly and preserved in 4 percent formalin for further analysis. Samples were observed under microscope and identified with the help of standard books and keys as Edomndson (1959), Pennak (1978) and Battish (1992). ...
This study aims to analyze the character values that exist in students of the
Natural Science Education at University of Bosowa. In this study, character values are integrated into four dimensions, namely the dimensions of thought, taste, heart, and exercise. The research method used is descriptive research with a quantitative approach with three stages; planning, data collection and data processing. The sampling method is the saturated sample technique. The technique of collecting data is through a questionnaire distributed in the form of a google form. The number of statements is 33 items. The sample in this study were all students of the Natural Science Education Study Program. Data collection was carried out from August to September 2022. The data analysis technique used was quantitative descriptive data analysis. Based on the results of the data analysis of the average practice of character values by students of the Natural Science Education Study Program at the University of Bosowa, data was obtained, namely the percentage of experience with the lowest character values in the thinking dimension of 75.63% which was in the good category. While the percentage of experience the highest character value is in
the sports dimension, which is 82.52% which is in the very good category. In general, the practice of character values by students of the Natural Science Education Study Program atthe University of Bosowa for all dimensions is an average of 79.96% in the good category. This indicates that the students of Natural Science Education Study Program at the Bosowa University have implemented and practiced character values well.
The Maitri Bagh Zoo in Bhilai is the largest of its kind in Chhattisgarh, covering about 167 acres. Study planned at Maitri Bagh in Bhilai, District Durg, Chhattisgarh, India, from February 2020 to January 2021.It's home to various plants and animals, making it a great place for a picnic in Chhattisgarh. The zoo has 111 acres of parkland and is known for being the biggest zoo in the region. A recent survey found 14 different animal families and 22 important plant species in the zoo. The Fabaceae family has the most plant species. The zoo is home to about 39 unique animal, bird, and reptile species, with many of them being endangered. White tigers are especially popular among tourists, especially with young visitors. Zoos like Maitri Bagh are using digital technologies to improve how visitors see animals and also to take care of the well-being of plants and caged animals. This article reviews the plants and animals in Maitri Bagh Zoo Park (MBZ) in Chhattisgarh, India.
Protozoans, rotifers, ostracods and copepods are principal groups of zooplanktons. These organisms are crucial biotic elements, and impact all functional features of aquatic ecosystems. Objective: To assess the impacts of environmental variables on the abundance, biodiversity and seasonal distribution of ostracods in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan. To evaluate the contribution of ostracods as bio-monitors of contamination in freshwater ecosystems. Methods: Month wise separate water samples were taken for different environmental variables from four sampling sites (each with 3 sub-sites), for study period of one year (February 2021 to January 2022), whereas, samples of microcrustaceans (ostracods) were collected with planktonic net (mesh size: 37µm). Results: In total, 5 species of ostracods, associated to 4 genera and 2 families were identified from February 2021 to January 2022. Heterocypris incongruence was the most abundant species, whereas, Dolerocypris sinensis was noted as least abundant species. Ostracods abundance and biodiversity were monitored highest in June and minimum in the month of January. Results of Pearson correlation showed that physicochemical parameters, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH have positive effects on the density and diversity of ostracods. In contrast, dissolved oxygen (DO) showed negative relationship with the abundance and diversity of planktonic ostracods. These findings were further validated by Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Conclusions: This investigation revealed that physicochemical parameters generally govern the population dynamics of ostracods.
The quantitative and qualitative composition of the rotifer community was studying during January to December 2021 in five sites on the Tigris River, site 1 up of Wasit Power Plant (WPP) effluents, site 2 near it whereas site 3,4,5 down WPP. Seventy one taxonomic units of rotifers were identified. The monthly density ranged from 31843.3 to 755 Ind./m 3 in the studied sites. The lowest number of species was recorded in the site 2. The relative abundance, Shannon-Wiener biodiversity coefficient, uniformity species, species richness, Jaccard presence-community and constancy index were studied. A clear decrease in the studied environmental indicators was observed in the site 2, under the influence of the WPP effluents. The results showed a clear negative effect of WPP effluents on the diversity of the rotifer community.
It focusses on the common Zooplankton of North-west region (Tabuk) of Saudi Arabia.
This investigation of the biodiversity of copepods was carried out in the Hilla River. From January 2021 to December 2021, monthly samples of water and copepods were taken at three different locations in the river for this investigation. Water's temperature, turbidity, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, nitrate, and phosphate are some of the physical and chemical characteristics taken into account. A study was undertaken using biological indicators such the Shanon-Weiner index, Species Uniformity Index, and Species Richness Index. There were 24 copepod taxonomic units found. Copepoda had a maximum density of 1453 ind/m3 in April and a lowest density of 80 ind/m3 in February. The statistical study' findings revealed a statistically significant positive association between density, all of pH, BOD5, Nitrate, and Phosphate, as well as a statistically significant negative correlation with each of dissolved oxygen and total hardness. The Shanon-Weiner index recorded its greatest value in May, 3.33 bits/ind, and its lowest value in December, 0.08 bits/ind. The greatest value of the Species Uniformity Index (E) was 0.99 in March, while the lowest values of 0.1 were reported in July. Species homogeneity index and each of Turbidity have a substantial negative association and a strong positive connection, respectively. The Species Richness Index reached its greatest point in April (6.13), while it reached its lowest point in January (1.46). According to the statistical study, there is a strong positive association between Index values and a strong negative correlation with overall hardness.
Identifiacatio guide to Cladocera order Ctenopoda of the world fauna
Rotifers (wheel animals) are widespread throughout the world (Fig. 6.1). They comprise a remarkably diverse group concerning their form, shape and species number, as well. More than 1000 species are known from Europe (Anon 2014; Barnes 1980; Damborenea et al. 2019; De Smet 1996; De Smet and Pourriot 1997; Donner 1956, 1965; Edmondson 1959; Fitter and Manuel 1986; Illies 1978; Koste 1978; Kriska and Tittizer 2009; Nogrady et al. 1995; Nogrady and Segers 2002; Pennak 1989; Pontin 1978; Quigley 1977; Ruttner-Kolisko 1974; Schwab 1999; Segers 1995; Thorp and Rogers 2015; Wallace and Ricci 2002; Wallace and Smith 2009; Wallace et al. 2006, 2015). Only some genera are present in the sea; the majority occurs in freshwaters. These latter species are abundant animals of all kinds of wet or moist habitats, including such incredible places like mosses and lichens, growing in roofs or even gutters. Should the habitat completely dry out, they contract, encapsulate and begin a dormant life (anhydrobiosis). In this state of suspended animation, rotifers may remain alive for several months or even years. When rehydrated, they quickly resume their activity within a few hours. They are well adapted to extreme environmental conditions; some species inhabit thermal springs, others live in the meltwater pooled on the surface of glaciers. Several rotifers are free swimming and are permanent or temporary members of the plankton (Fig. 6.2a, b). Some surface inhabiting species shin around on water plants, stones or on the muddy bottom (bdelloids—Bdelloidea, Fig. 6.2c), while others live on the armour of crustaceans or insects (epizootic species). The body length of rotifers is between 25 μm and 2 mm, yet most of them are around 200–400 μm, a size similar to that of the ciliated protozoans.
Lake Nasser is an artificial reservoir that represents the national freshwater reserve of Egypt and has a number of khors (side extensions) along its eastern and western banks. These khors covered approximately 79% of the lake’s total surface area and have an important effect on water quality and fish production in the lake. This study aimed to monitor and assess the water quality, distribution, and structure of the biotic community, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytes, epiphytes, and macrobenthos in two main khors (Tushka West and Dahmeit) during postflood and preflood periods. There was urgency associated with the study, as it was the last opportunity before the storing of the water behind the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which had begun to fill in July 2020. Although the study confirmed that the water quality of Lake Nasser was good, it is classified as a eutrophic lake (depending on the levels of Chlorophyll- a and nutrients). This study found that pH, NO 2 , SiO 4 , NH 4 , PO 4 , and temperature were the factors with the greatest effect on the biota community, especially in Dahmeit Khor. In contrast to the phytoplankton and macrobenthos, the highest total density of zooplankton and epiphytic microalgae were detected during the postflood period. This study could be useful in monitoring possible changes in the Lake Nasser environment after the complete filling of the GERD reservoir.
Shallow water sponges settled on a raft along the Pong River (Lower Mekong Basin, Thailand) were investigated to highlight the taxonomic richness, composition, relative abundance and lifestyle of sponge-dwelling aquatic Insecta. The three-dimensional biogenic structures of the model sponges hosted 4 orders of Insecta, belonging to 10 families and 19 genera/species, able to strictly coexist at the level of the sponges in aquiferous canals and/or at the body surface, and/or dwelling in the extracellular matrix. On the basis of the identified 379 larvae and pupae, Trichoptera and Diptera were found to be the dominant inhabitants of Corvospongilla siamensis (Demospongiae: Spongillida), endemic to Southeast Asia. In the focused lotic ecosystem, dominated by soft bottoms, sponges play a functional role. Insecta use sponges as a substratum, nursery ground, food source, and shelter microhabitat, protecting them from predation and environmental aggression. Moreover, their feeding behavior indicates the insects’ adaptive traits to recycle sponge siliceous spicules as a source of exogenous material to strengthen the larval–pupal cases and the digestive system. The results of the Thai sponge model contribute to the inventory of global engineering species richness, ecosystem types, and biogeographic diversity, thus raising awareness for freshwater biodiversity conservation. In this regard, the present data, along with the worldwide inventory, focus on sponges as (a) key habitat-forming species for aquatic insect assemblages, (b) ecosystem engineers in river/lake/wetland ecosystems, providing water purification, the processing of organic matter, recycling of nutrients, and freshwater–terrestrial coupling, and (c) promising candidates in restoration projects of tropical freshwater ecosystems by bioremediation.
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