It is proved that every complete lattice is isomorphic to the lattice of com-plete congruence relations of a suitable complete lattice. This is then applied to obtain a direct proof of the independence of the congruence lattice, the subalgebra lattice, and the automorphism group of an infinitary algebra, due to W. A. Lampe and the author. The following result was conjectured by R. Wille in 1983
... [Show full abstract] (see K. Reuter and R. Wille [10]): THEOREM 1. Every complete lattice L isomorphic to the lattice of complete congruence relations of a suitable complete lattice K. For a finite lattice L, this was proved by S.-K. Teo [11]. A closely related question was raised in G. Birkhoff [1] in 1945: Is every complete lattice isomorphic to the lattice of congruence relations of a suitable (infinitary) algebra? In 1948, G. Birkhoff restated this question in [2] for finitary algebras. The finitary problem was solved in G. Gra.tzer and E. T. Schmidt [5}. Some alternative proofs appeared: W. A. Lampe (6), P. Pudla.k (8], E. T. Schmidt [9]; however, none provided a direct construction. G. Gratzer and W. A. Lampe dealt with the infinitary case in 1971-1972, and obtained, in particular, an affirmative answer to Birkhoff's 1945 question. Since the algebra to be