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The Analytic Hierarchy Process--An Exposition
Abstract
This exposition on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has the following objectives: (1) to discuss why AHP is a general methodology for a wide variety of decision and other applications, (2) to present brief descriptions of successful applications of the AHP, and (3) to elaborate on academic discourses relevant to the efficacy and applicability of the AHP vis-a-vis competing methodologies. We discuss the three primary functions of the AHP: structuring complexity, measurement on a ratio scale, and synthesis, as well as the principles and axioms underlying these functions. Two detailed applications are presented in a linked document athttp://mdm.gwu.edu/FormanGass.pdf.
... At each level of the hierarchy, a comparison in pairs of structure elements is carried out, where the preferences of the decision maker are expressed using a Saaty scale of relative importance levels [34]. The scale contains 5 levels and 4 sub-levels in the range of 1 to 9 (Table 1), where 1 means "equally important", 3 indicates "slightly more important", 5 shows "significantly importantly more important", 7 signifies "strongly more important", and 9 means "extremely more important" [34,41]. Very strong importance 9 ...
... The assessments of the relative importance of the elements from each level of the hierarchical structure are applied for the calculation of the local criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives [38,41,42]. After that, the overall priorities of the alternatives are synthesized. ...
... The judgment consistency is tested by the CR, which is obtained by dividing the CI by the random index (RI), as given in Table 2. The CR is satisfactory if it is below 0.10 [34,41]. Data Analysis for Questionnaire ...
Municipalities face the greatest difficulty in implementing an efficient and effective waste collection system, especially in informal settlements with limited spatial planning. Illegal dumping is exacerbated by the proliferation of informal settlements and the lack of adequate waste management services provided by municipalities. A geographic information system (GIS) provides decision makers with a framework for analyzing and simulating a wide variety of spatial problems, including waste management issues. The purpose of this study is to map areas susceptible to illegal dumping and to determine why the community dumps there. The data were collected qualitatively via a questionnaire using a purposeful sampling technique, and SPSS 28.0 was used to analyze the data. The accessibility of streets and the availability of vacant land affected the location and concentration of illegal dumping in the test area. The lands within a buffer zone of 250 to 500 m of populated areas are the most vulnerable. The majority of residents have individual garbage receptacles, while a minority of 43.18% do not. A total of 52 dumpsites were identified inside the red zone of the model, suggesting a strong likelihood of illegal dumping activities. Hence, the community continues to have difficulties in effectively managing garbage disposal, compelling them to resort to alternative methods of waste disposal.
... The hierarchical structure of the AHP method enables measurement and integration of various factors in complex decision-making processes in a tiered manner. Its three main functions are: structuring complexity, measurement, and synthesis (Forman & Gass, 2001). Specifically, to address the complexity of the decision-making process, it identifies all different factors influencing the decision and organizes them into a hierarchical structure of homogeneous factor clusters (Forman & Gass, 2001). ...
... Its three main functions are: structuring complexity, measurement, and synthesis (Forman & Gass, 2001). Specifically, to address the complexity of the decision-making process, it identifies all different factors influencing the decision and organizes them into a hierarchical structure of homogeneous factor clusters (Forman & Gass, 2001). Ratio scale measurement is achieved through comparisons of these factors. ...
In recent years, the development and iteration of information technology have prompted the financial industry to transform and upgrade to financial technology (FinTech), which has received emerging attention from the global financial industry. While the FinTech industry is growing rapidly around the world, however, few studies have foucusd on the shortage of talent and difficulties in recruiting talent. First, this paper clarifies the shortage of FinTech talent through expert interviews and a questionnaire survey of 112 financial industry enterprises in Shanghai, China. Following, based on role theory, we construct a talent capability evaluation index system using 5 primary and 17 secondary indicators. Based on the exploration above, a gray optimization model is designed to support talent recruitment strategy for FinTech enterprises. The results indicate that Chinese FinTech talent should have composite abilities with outstanding professional technical skills and learning abilities, innovation and teamwork ability, project experience, and international vision. This study provides methodological guidelines for global FinTech talent evaluation and recruitment strategies and broadens the application of role theory and gray clustering theory.
... El AHP es especialmente útil para abordar problemas que involucran aspectos intangibles, ya que incorpora una variedad de factores en el proceso de evaluación. Se destaca por su versatilidad y eficiencia al organizar la información de manera gráfica (Forman & Gass, 2001 Las jerarquías del método AHP, son aquellas que conducen un sistema hacia un objetivo deseado. Luego, se establecen las prioridades mediante las matrices de comparación, en donde a cada elemento de la matriz se le ingresa el valor de la preferencia del elemento, por sobre el criterio. ...
La remediación de sitios contaminados en la industria del petróleo y gas representa una tarea crítica para salvaguardar el medio ambiente y la salud pública. La selección precisa de tecnologías de remediación resulta fundamental para alcanzar resultados eficientes y sostenibles. En este artículo, se propone un enfoque de análisis sistémico para la selección de tecnologías de remediación de suelos, mediante la aplicación de un marco de análisis multicriterio basado en el Proceso Jerárquico Analítico (AHP). Este método considera diversos factores, como la naturaleza de los contaminantes, condiciones específicas de desplazamiento, el impacto ambiental, la viabilidad económica y la aceptación social. Al integrar estos criterios, los responsables pueden tomar decisiones fundamentadas y exhaustivas respecto a las técnicas de rehabilitación más apropiadas para sitios contaminados específicos.
... The best and worst method was introduced by Jafar Rezaei in 2017. In such cases, the decision maker chooses their best and worst indicators, and then each of these is compared to other indicators [48]. The formula for calculating the discrepancy rate is then taken into consideration in order to verify these comparisons. ...
Several techniques are utilised for screening and prioritising various criteria or items, including the Delphi technique and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Such techniques' calculations are dependent on expert views, however, and consequently, any error or contradiction in experts' viewpoints influences the calculation results. Although the talents and abilities of experts are employed for comparisons in classical Delphi approaches, such quantification of expert opinion cannot fully capture human thinking styles, and decision-making in the actual world must thus be enhanced by the use of fuzzy sets that operate in a manner more in line with the ambiguity and uncertainty of human thought and language. Any Analytical Hierarchical Process requires specialists to perform pairwise comparisons to make choices, and due to the huge number of criteria and potential errors connected with criteria priority decisions, it is feasible that the overall consistency will suffer as a result. Fuzzy sets are used to decrease error levels, and this study thus aimed to screen and prioritise criteria for solving complex decision-making problems by using both fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy best-worst (FBWM) techniques. Solving the multiplicity of rounds of the Delphi technique and the inconsistency produced by the AHP approaches are among the traditional difficulties associated with the Delphi method and the fuzzy best-worst method, while this paper demonstrates that the fuzzy Delphi technique can be employed to screen criteria in a single round, thus addressing the Delphi technique rounds issue, while FBWM offers solution for reducing the number of criteria comparisons.
... AHP and TOPSIS stand out as the prevailing MCDM techniques within the construction industry for complex decision issues (e.g., resource allocation) and ranking challenges [82][83][84][85]. AHP aims to determine the weights of criteria and priorities of alternatives while TOPSIS aims to choose the alternatives closest to the positive ideal solution (PIS) and furthest away from the negative ideal solution (NIS). ...
In response to the growing importance of sustainability and regulatory pressures, companies are increasingly engaging in sustainable projects to mitigate environmental and social harm. Therefore, it is crucial to incorporate sustainability considerations during selecting construction projects in the feasibility phase. This study aims to identify a comprehensive set of sustainability criteria and sub-criteria to help the owners of power-generating plants to select the most sustainable technology for their new projects. Sixteen criteria are identified and categorized under the pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental, plus the technical category. To illustrate practical application, a case study demonstrates the use of these essential sustainability criteria through a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model for power-generating technology ranking. The results suggest that when stakeholders’ perspectives are weighted approximately equally, considering all sustainability pillars, natural gas with carbon capture is favored for sustainability. A three-scenario sensitivity analysis was performed involving expert opinions from one of the largest power-generating companies in Canada. This integrated generic model can be utilized by industry experts to apply multi-dimensional rational decision-making techniques to solve the complex problem of selecting the most sustainable alternative in construction projects.
... A comprehensive review of MCDM techniques was presented in the study Mardani et al. (2015), where a list of publications (more than 460) with different applications in many fields of science, engineering and management was provided. Among them are such techniques as AHP (Forman and Gass, 2001), PROMETHEE (Brans, 1982), ELECTRE (Roy, 1968), TOPSIS (Hwang and Yoon, 1981), ANP (Saaty, 1996), VIKOR (Yu, 1973), and hybrid MCDM (Shyur and Shih, 2006). However, they found only one publication, namely (Vetschera and Almeida, 2012), related to the portfolio selection problem. ...
Building an investment portfolio is a problem that numerous researchers have addressed for many years. The key goal has always been to balance risk and reward by optimally allocating assets such as stocks, bonds, and cash. In general, the portfolio management process is based on three steps: planning, execution, and feedback, each of which has its objectives and methods to be employed. Starting from Markowitz's mean-variance portfolio theory, different frameworks have been widely accepted, which considerably renewed how asset allocation is being solved. Recent advances in artificial intelligence provide methodological and technological capabilities to solve highly complex problems, and investment portfolio is no exception. For this reason, the paper reviews the current state-of-the-art approaches by answering the core question of how artificial intelligence is transforming portfolio management steps. Moreover, as the use of artificial intelligence in finance is challenged by transparency, fairness and explainability requirements, the case study of post-hoc explanations for asset allocation is demonstrated. Finally, we discuss recent regulatory developments in the European investment business and highlight specific aspects of this business where explainable artificial intelligence could advance transparency of the investment process.
... The Analytic Hierarchy Process "AHP" was followed to assign the suitable weights for both the indicators and the dimensions [33]. A correlation matrix of the indicators was calculated and scores of importance were rated against each other. ...
The increasing severity of climate changes and environmental risks led to the paradigm shift in urban planning towards increasing the resilience of cities. However, coastal cities are on the frontline facing these risks and challenges. The local context in developing countries is adding more pressure on city resilience. In Egypt, the Red Sea cities are increasingly exposed to flash floods, and storms under the uncertainties of environmental risks. They have special local environmental, social, cultural, and economic characteristics. This research aims to develop a customized community resiliency assessment tool, which considers the local context of Egyptian coastal cities. The literature shows that more than 30 tools and frameworks to assess resilience have been developed. However, this paper argues that indicator-based tools of assessment should be tailored to reflect the local context. From here, available tools from different perspectives and their associated indicators were reviewed and filtered according to the Egyptian context and national data drivers. Then the special environmental, social, cultural, and economic features of the study area "Red Sea" were highlighted as a reference to the next step of indicator selection. The appropriate criteria were developed and tested using data of Red Sea cities (i.e. Ras-Gharib, Hurghada, Safaga, El-Qusair, Marsa-Alam, Halaib and Shalateen). The case studies application and assessments included analyses of environmental parameters, and statistical analyses of social, and economic parameters. It showed high applicability and produced a resilience index of the coastal cities of the red sea region.
... Of the various MCDM methods available in the literature, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) remains the most acceptable and widely used because of its robustness, as demonstrated by comparative studies on MCDM methods (de FSM Russo and Camanho, 2015;Tscheikner-Gratl et al., 2017;Velasquez and Hester, 2013). The completeness of the AHP has seen it being applied in various science fields that, include Environmental Sustainability, Economic Wellbeing, Sociology, Programming, Resource Allocation, Strategic Planning, and Project/Risk Management to integrate diverse and different indicators to monitor performance for benchmarking, policy analysis and decision-making (Cherchye and Kuosmanen, 2004;Dizdaroglu, 2017;Forman and Gass, 2001;Zanella et al., 2013). The AHP has provided useful results in these fields, and recently, the WEF nexus integrates distinct but interlinked indicators, which generally cannot be analysed through linear approaches. ...
The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has transitioned into an important transformative approach for understanding the intricate interlinkages between global resource systems on which humankind depends to achieve and sustain various social, economic, and environmental goals. This chapter discusses a WEF nexus–based framework developed to facilitate this understanding and guide the progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) assessment. Understanding the intricate interlinkages among the WEF resources and the progress towards SDGs is critical for achieving a sustainable and resource-secure future. Since the introduction of the SDGs, the WEF nexus has evolved into an important theoretical, analytical, and conceptual framework for understanding and systematically analysing the intricate socio-ecological interactions and their impact on human health. This has seen the approach becoming a useful decision-support tool for improved spatio-temporal and cross-sectoral coordination, management, and use of natural resources. This has facilitated identifying and managing trade-offs and synergies through informed developmental interventions that allow for more integrated and cost-effective planning, decision-making, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The chapter provides the methodological pathways to strategic policy decisions towards resilience, adaptation and sustainable development.
... Determining the relative importance of factors from the two groups begins with an assessment of their priority by applying the AHP method (Analytic Hierarchy Process). In the literature, there is almost no information about the application of the AHP method in production management, and this determined the choice of the team to accept the challenge and experiment with the application of the method for planning and effective management of production capacity (Saaty 1980;Forman, Saul 2001;Saaty, Peniwati 2008). ...
In the modern world, the development of technology, machinery and equipment follows a rapid upward trend of constant innovative solutions. The problem of efficient planning and utilization of production capacity is also evolving. The question of knowing the factors affecting the development of production, which acquire other dimensions, closely related to the optimization of processes and activities and more efficient use of the main means such as machines, equipment, information technologies, etc., is increasingly relevant. The relevance of this problem is also determined by the increased integration of production technologies and the search for ways to apply flexible organizational forms for more efficient use of the equipment’s capacity. The changes introduced in the era of Industry 4.0 are now irreversible, and the time has come for the transition to Industry 5.0. Behind Industry 5.0 are technologies representing a set of complex systems, and each of the categories can realize its potential only if it is combined with the others. Industry 5.0 can be seen as a new philosophy of business, according to which technology should work for the benefit of people and society. Business organizations must further adapt to exploit the capabilities of technology and combine them with those of people in order to develop effectively, sustainably and safely. New business models are needed, which require investing less funds and resources to obtain greater benefits. Industry 5.0 means optimizing human productivity and efficiency. Taking into account these new trends that are rapidly emerging in the global business environment, this research is aimed at developing a research model of the key factors affecting the effective planning and utilization of production facilities in the industrial enterprise, based on the results of a previous study. A model is proposed to investigate the relationship between identified key factors and capacity management based on interpretive structural modeling.
... For the global score, there are four sub-scores corresponding to gap frequency, gap severity, overlap frequency, and overlap severity. These scores are combined using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) matrix where the user defines pairwise comparisons between individual subscores and the matrix transforms these weights into rankings for the final combination 19,20 . This customization allows process planners to achieve very specific defect distributions within their laminate corresponding to their own preferences and part requirements. ...
Manufacturing composite structures with Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) requires detailed process planning that is rigorous and time consuming. To facilitate, accelerate and perpetuate process planning knowledge, the Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) tool was developed. CAPP assists process planners in identifying optimal layup strategies for each ply of a laminate. This paper expands the established framework for analyzing defect stack-up through thickness of a laminate. Four different combinatorial optimization algorithms are implemented and evaluated: genetic algorithm, differential evolution, particle swarm, and greedy search. The algorithms identify optimal combinations of ply-level layup strategies by analyzing defect stacking using two objective functions. These approaches are evaluated through a digital case study performed on a complex tool surface. The result is a streamlined methodology for comparing different laminate-level manufacturing strategies and minimizing the through thickness defect stack-up.
... The local values of alternativesselected service sector activities were measured by using increasing value functions considering the arithmetic means as the data. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method [38], weights were determined by pairwise comparisons by using the following scale [39,40]: 1 means that the two criteria are equally important; 3 means that the criterion is moderately more important than the compared one; the verbal description of importance strength 5 is strong, of 7 very strong, and of 9extreme. Using the above descriptions of importance, intermediate values can also be described: e.g., 8 means that the criterion is very strongly to extremely (or very, very strongly) more important than the compared one; the verbal description of 6 is strong to very strong (or strong plus), of 4 is moderate to strong (or moderate plus), and 2 equal to moderate (or weak or slight). ...
This paper aims to measure the level of artificial intelligence (AI) support to project management (PM) in selected service sector activities. The exploratory factor analysis based on the extensive survey on AI in Slovenian companies along with the multi-criteria measurement with an emphasis on value functions and pairwise comparisons in the analytic hierarchy process, was employed. The synthesis and performance sensitivity analysis results show that in the service sector concerning all criteria, PM is with the level 0.276 best supported with AI in services of professional, scientific, and technical activities, which also stand out concerning the first-level goals, in using AI solutions in a project with the value 0.284, and in successful project implementation using AI with the value 0.301. Although the lowest level of AI support to PM, which is 0.220, is in services of wholesale and retail trade, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, these services excel in adopting AI technologies in a project with a value of 0.277. Services of financial and insurance activities, with the level 0.257 second-ranked concerning all criteria have the highest value of 0.269 concerning the first-level goal of improving the work of project leaders using AI. The paper therefore contributes to the comparisons of AI support to PM in service sector activities. The results obtained can help AI development policy makers, which activities need to be supported and which ones should be set as an example. The presented methodological frame can serve to perform measurements and benchmarking in various research fields.
... Recently, the widespread development of satellite images, along with maps and corrected land cover data, has facilitated the identification of potential groundwater (Das et al., 1997). The Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), it is a structured technique for analyzing complex decisions using mathematics to determine factor weights (Forman and Gass, 2001). TheAnalytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an effective and important resource management technique. ...
Received: 18 December 2022 Groundwater is considered one of the most vital natural resources for sustaining life. The demand for water in the Shewasoor sub-basin is constantly increasing due to formidable population growth and the development of human activities. Besides, groundwater is scarce due to climatic changes in arid and semi-arid. This study aims to determine spatial distribution of groundwater potential in the Shewasoor sub-basin. This study relied on seven layers (geology, slope, elevation, lineament, drainage density, soil, and land use/land covers) using geographic information systems, remote sensing, and applying the analytical hierarchy process method after determining the weights for each parameter by a multi-criteria decision analysis; to model the groundwater potential map in the Shewasoor sub-basin. The result appeared as a map of groundwater potential categorized into five zones. The majority of the sub-basin (61.8 km 2) falls under a very high-high groundwater potential zone, which distributes over an area of elevations, drainage density, and slopes low of the Bai-Hassan Formation; from the center towards the north of the sub-basin. The moderate groundwater potential zone (47.6 km 2) mainly encompasses an area of elevations and slopes moderate to the Bai-Hassan formation. About 49.6 km 2 is a very low to low groundwater potential zone, mainly found over the area of the elevations and slopes high within the Mukdadiyah Formation east of the sub-basin; in addition to, low groundwater potential within the Bai-Hassan Formation in the south, west, and some part center of the sub-basin due of the elevations and slopes high.
... The definition of indicators under the combined BSC-AHP technique based on success factors is considered more effective than the traditional ones, because it allows working with variables of organisational experiences in similar conditions, maintaining a hierarchical systemic order; where the integral systemic model proposed by the BSC methodology is considered one of the greatest innovations in the field of organisational performance management techniques [30]. The AHP methodology has become one of the most widely used multicriteria methods for prioritising decision alternatives in business environments [31][32][33]. ...
Associative enterprises linked to the social economy continue to be an important economic alternative for small producers, generating decent work opportunities for people excluded from the formal labour market and contributing to sustainable development. The social and economic importance of this type of initiative has prompted several scientific publications on its success factors, leaving a gap in its practicality, raising the question: How can success factors of associative productive ventures be integrated into management indicators that promote their organisational sustainability? The aim is to define and prioritise management indicators that promote associative productive ventures through the analysis of key success factors. This study was carried out using a combination of BSC management methodology and AHP multicriteria decision making, based on a bibliographic review of success factors and the criteria of experts including managers of consolidated production associations in Quito-Ecuador. The results show that the indicators of participatory leadership, technical training and labour integration are the most relevant in the consolidation of associative productive ventures, prompting the conclusion that the prioritisation and integration of business and social management indicators would boost the organisational sustainability of associative ventures.
... The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, developed in the late 1970s by Saaty [22], is a quantitative analytical method used for comparative assessments and optimised alternative selections based on an analysis of criteria. Several authors have employed the AHP method to evaluate ecological suitability [23,24]. ...
In Vietnamese culture, bamboo holds deep symbolic significance. However, in recent years, as a result of evolving usage patterns and the introduction of alternative materials in the face of a rapidly developing modern market economy, industrialisation, and urbanisation, bamboo's economic and social value has dwindled. Nevertheless, with the pressing challenges of climate change, environmental pollution, and the depletion of natural resources, bamboo is experiencing a resurgence in importance within the lives of Vietnamese people. Ba Be district, situated in Bac Kan province, stands as one of the country's most impoverished regions. Natural bamboo thrives in 14 out of 15 communes, with Dong Phuc commune being the exception. Planted bamboo is found in 14 out of 15 communes, excluding Cho Ra town, covering approximately 7.9 % of the entire district's natural area (NA). The district's vast terrain, featuring slopes exceeding 15°, presents formidable obstacles to socio-economic development. This study aims to shed light on the distribution of bamboo forests in Ba Be district and presents an assessment of bamboo's suitability within its natural surroundings. The study employs the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method and spatial statistics, using remote sensing data supplied by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Ba Be district. The results demonstrate that 60 % of Ba Be district's NA is conducive to bamboo cultivation and growth. The findings of this research provide local authorities with a scientifically grounded basis for strategic planning, enabling bamboo to emerge as a pivotal resource within production forests. This approach outlines the ideal spatial distribution for bamboo cultivation and development, ultimately fostering the sustainable utilisation of local natural resources to support both immediate and long-term local socio-economic development.
... If the first part of this sentence is correct, then we believe that ranking methods can be applied to sorting methods with the right tweaks rather than requiring entire reconstruction (Nemery 2009). As demonstrated in many papers (Zahedi 1986;Shim 1989;Vargas 1990;Saaty and Forman 1992;Forman and Gass 2001;Ho 2008;Liberatore and Nydick 2008;Sipahi and Timor 2010), the AHP has an impressive track record of accomplishments. The pairwise comparison of alternatives and criteria is at the heart of the AHP methodology. ...
Decision support systems are a mixture of different methods and tools combined by machine learning approach. This study uses the most important machine learning techniques (logistic regression, artificial neural networks, and support vector machines) and the expert-based method (fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and hesitant fuzzy numbers) to study some financial markets dynamics. The objective of the study is to examine the main approaches developed by theory and operational practice for the purposes of conceptual representation, management and quality assessment. Different tools are applied to support decisions makers, such as AHPSort II to model the hierarchical structure, FAHP to determine weights in the construction of the matrix of the pairwise comparison and hesitant fuzzy sets (HFS) to better represent the preferences of the decisions makers.
... Some researchers use experts' input to weigh each factor. For instance, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been widely used to estimate relative weights of factors in the complex decision-making context (Forman & Gass, 2001). Future studies on SoVI can consider this approach. ...
The coastal community is confronted with heightened risks posed by climate change. Mobile Bay in the United States is a large estuarine system along the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) coast, providing critical ecosystem services for the nation. This region is however subject to increased urbanization and uncertain impacts of climate change. To ensure sustainability of this important ecosystem, it is imperative to examine the changing spatial patterns of community vulnerability to environmental changes in this region. Using data from the U.S. Census of multiple years, we investigate the changing spatial patterns of social vulnerability at the census block group level in Mobile Bay consisting of Mobile County and Baldwin County over the past 20 years (2000 – 2020). Additionally, we utilize hotspot and cluster analyses to formalize the observations of the spatiotemporal changes. Further, we examine how land use and land cover (LULC) changes co-occur with social vulnerability changes across Mobile Bay. We identify several hotspots where land cover has been converted to urban land and social vulnerability has increased. The investigation of the spatial patterns over a relatively long period helps to deepen the insight into the dynamic spatiotemporal changes of social and environmental vulnerability. This insight can better inform future plans to cope with climate change and ensure sustainability. Specifically, hotspots that have undergone urbanization and increased social vulnerability demand special attention from policy makers for future risk mitigation and disaster planning.
... In selecting proxy variables and aggregating them into a final index, we used a multicriteria decision method-the analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-and based it on local knowledge and expert input. The AHP provides a rational framework for representing and quantifying (or weighting) the various elements (Forman and Gass 2001). This is done specifically by comparing variables in pairs. ...
In this study, we set out to develop a new social vulnerability index (SVI). In doing so, we suggest some conceptual improvements that can be made to existing methodical approaches to assessing social vulnerability. To make the entanglement of
socio-spatial inequalities visible, we are conducting a small-scale study on heterogeneous urban development in the city of Hamburg, Germany. This kind of high-resolution analysis was not previously available, but is increasingly requested by political decision makers. We can thus show hot spots of social vulnerability (SV) in Hamburg, considering the effects of social welfare, education, and age. In doing so, we defined SV as a contextual concept that follows the recent shift in discourse in line with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) concepts of risk and vulnerability. Our SVI consists of two subcomponents: sensitivity and coping capacity. Populated areas of Hamburg were identified using satellite information
and merged with the social data units of the city. Areas with high SVI are distributed over the entire city, notably in the district of Harburg and the Reiherstieg quarter in Wilhelmsburg near the Elbe, as well as in the densely populated inner city areas
of Eimsbüttel and St. Pauli. As a map at a detailed scale, our SVI can be a useful tool to identify areas where the population is most vulnerable to climate-related hazards. We conclude that an enhanced understanding of urban social vulnerability is
a prerequisite for urban risk management and urban resilience planning.
... AHP decomposes and synthesizes hierarchically complex decision problems to determine the preference of an attribute to other case attributes using a pairwise comparison [48][49][50]. Te recent developments of AHP and its integrated applications with other methods were reviewed by Ishizaka and Labib [51] and Ho [50]. Among them, the combinations of the AHP and CBR methodologies were studied by Kuo [52], An et al. [53], Changchien and Lin [54], Faez et al. [42], Wu et al., [55], Park and Han [56], Kasie et al. [1], Kasie [2], and Kasie and Bright [33,34]. ...
Cutter planning and control are the crucial problems in machining processes. The current literature indicates that the issue of cutter planning and control problem was not adequately researched in the past in a metal-cutting process. Usually, cutter planning and control problems were addressed using different optimization, simulation, and computer-aided planning (CAP) methods. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study proposed a decision support system (DSS) that can integrate fuzzy case-based reasoning (F-CBR) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) methods. This integration was applied to determine hybrid similarity measures between new and prior cases. The study provides new insights into the integration of fuzzy set theory (FST), CBR, and AHP for solving machining cutter planning and control problems. Our proposed system retrieves the best similar prior cases to reuse and adapt them to new order arrivals. A numerical example was illustrated to validate the soundness of the researched DSS.
... This includes areas such as social sciences, manufacturing, political studies, engineering, education, and government. Given its ability to structure, quantify, and systematize complex issues, the AHP approach aligns seamlessly with the objectives of this study [32][33][34][35][36][37]. The AHP process entails the creation of a comparison matrix, which is then used to derive eigenvectors for assigning priority and weight to each measurement element within hierarchical levels. ...
This study aims to discern and assign significance to the crucial inspection items preceding housing transfers, subsequently unveiling their prioritized sequence. Initiating with a literature review, a robust groundwork was laid for expert interviews, which subsequently defined eight distinct facets encompassing a total of 38 items pertinent to housing transfer inspections. Employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the results of an expert survey are analyzed, incorporating 27 valid responses. The outcomes of this research encompass the following: (1) the delineation of eight distinct facets, (2) the compilation of a comprehensive list comprising 38 items, (3) a short list of the top 15 items easier for inspectors to complete for a quick transfer, and (4) the establishment of a priority sequence for housing transfer inspection items. This study effectively resolves the predicament faced by practitioners concerning the selection of appropriate inspection items for housing transfers, and offers clarity regarding their relative significance.
... Of the various Multiple-criteria decision-making, MCDM methods available in the literature, the AHP remains the most acceptable and widely used because of its robustness as demonstrated by comparative studies on MCDM methods (Tscheikner-Gratl et al., 2017;Velasquez and Hester, 2013). The completeness of the AHP has seen it being applied in various science fields that include Environmental Sustainability, Economic Wellbeing, Sociology, Programming, Resource Allocation, Strategic Planning, and Project/Risk Management to integrate diverse and different indicators to monitor performance, for benchmarking, policy analysis, and decision-making (Cherchye and Kuosmanen, 2004;Dizdaroglu, 2017;Forman and Gass, 2001;Zanella et al., 2013). ...
Climate change is a complex challenge, cutting across all socio-economic and ecological sectors. Sectoral adaptation initiatives only exacerbate existing challenges, create system imbalances, and retard sustainable development as those same challenges manifest in other sectors. Therefore, climate change resilience and adaptation initiatives need to be addressed through systemic, integrated, and transformative ways. This study applies the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus integrative analytical model to assess climate change impacts in southern Africa and assess progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The linkages between SDGs and nexus planning facilitated integrated and sustainable management of resources towards climate change resilience and adaptation. Current management of the interlinked WEF resources is presented through a spider web graph that indicates unbalanced resource management, a scenario compounding maladaptation in southern Africa. The assessment guides strategic policy formulations that lead to sustainable resilience and adaptation. As climate change impacts are cross-sectoral and multidimensional, there is an urgent need to adopt and operationalise nexus planning and other transformative approaches to expedite resilience-building initiatives.
... After establishing the evaluation system, it is necessary to allocate weights to each indicator, with a greater weight assigned to indicators of greater significance. The general approach employed for this purpose is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which determines weights by assessing the relative sizes of indicator numbers, often requiring the input of experts [39]. After distributing questionnaires, 30 valid responses were obtained from experts, including designers and scholars specializing in architectural design, urban planning, and environmental design, as well as doctors and staff working in major hospitals. ...
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, there has been a growing trend toward active travel. However, many cities have not given sufficient attention to active transportation, resulting in inadequate safety measures for pedestrians and cyclists. This issue becomes particularly critical around hospitals, closely associated with COVID-19 and where traffic can be more intricate and hazardous. Hence, there is a pressing need for a quantitative assessment of the active travel environment surrounding hospitals to obtain a practical evaluation and devise improvement strategies. This study constructs an Extenics evaluation model to assess the safety, accessibility, traffic pressure, convenience, and comfort of the active travel environment near Xiangya Hospital. Subsequently, optimization strategies are proposed based on the evaluation outcomes. The evaluation results show high traffic pressure around the hospital during peak hours while the infrastructure is insufficient. A diversion strategy must be developed based on the evaluation findings to address safety concerns. Furthermore, issues such as inadequate non-motorized lanes and accessibility facilities in the area are identified. Correspondingly, improvement strategies tailored to the specific problems of each street are suggested based on the evaluation results. While this research focuses on urban hospitals, it aims to offer valuable insights into evaluating and enhancing active travel environments around large public buildings.
... In some cases, it is possible to scalarize the objectives into a scalar utility function and solve to optimality. Techniques such as Analytical Hierarchical Process (Forman and Gass 2001) could also be applied. Other approaches include finding the efficient solution frontiers by eliminating all dominated solutions and then heuristically selecting desirable tradeoffs. ...
Uncertainty is a pervasive challenge in decision analysis, and decision theory recognizes two classes of solutions: probabilistic models and cognitive heuristics. However, engineers, public planners and other decision-makers instead use a third class of strategies that could be called RDOT (Risk-reducing Design and Operations Toolkit). These include incorporating robustness into designs, contingency planning, and others that do not fall into the categories of probabilistic models or cognitive heuristics. Moreover, identical strategies appear in several domains and disciplines, pointing to an important shared toolkit. The focus of this paper is to develop a catalog of such strategies and develop a framework for them. The paper finds more than 90 examples of such strategies falling into six broad categories and argues that they provide an efficient response to decision problems that are seemingly intractable due to high uncertainty. It then proposes a framework to incorporate them into decision theory using multi-objective optimization. Overall, RDOT represents an overlooked class of responses to uncertainty. Because RDOT strategies do not depend on accurate forecasting or estimation, they could be applied fruitfully to certain decision problems affected by high uncertainty and make them much more tractable.
... The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a tool for organizing, measuring, and synthesizing [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Numerous different problem situations have been addressed using the AHP, such as selecting among competing alternatives in a multi-objective environment and forecasting ( Figure 1). ...
The integration of green building technology is currently regarded as a critical step towards a sustainable future because it is a means of attaining sustainable development. It takes skill to combine a sustainable ecosystem with comfortable living areas to create eco-friendly building designs. The use of modern technologies can also enhance traditional methods for developing greener structures and thereby help maintain sustainable built environments. This research paper is intended to develop a selection framework to evaluate three different structural floor systems for a high-rise office building in Alhasa, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The three structural floor systems are as follows: a two-way ribbed slab system, a post-tension slab system, and a hollow core slab system. The main selection criteria used for the investigation in this paper are as follows: initial cost, running costs (operating and maintenance costs), salvage value, self-structural weight, and the possibility of utilities passage. A questionnaire survey was designed to collect the opinions of experts (project managers) regarding the relative importance of the different selection criteria, and these were used to determine the most suitable structural system for the office building. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was the tool used to determine the weights of the different criteria, and it was applied in combination with an Eigenvector analysis. Another objective of the investigation was to determine the utility preference values of the selection criteria by employing the multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) technique. The results showed that the most important criterion is utilities passage, which is followed by structural weight and then initial cost, salvage value, and running costs. From the results of this research, we conclude that the system with the highest total value is the post-tension slab system. The limitations of the study include the fact that it only investigated three concrete floor systems commonly used in office buildings in Saudi Arabia, and that it included only five selection criteria that were identified and evaluated by the experts.
... If the first part of this sentence is correct, then we believe that ranking methods can be applied to sorting methods with the right tweaks rather than requiring entire reconstruction [42]. As demonstrated in many papers [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], the AHP has an impressive track record of accomplishments. The pairwise comparison of alternatives and criteria is at the heart of the AHP methodology. ...
Decisions Support Systems are a mixture of different methods and tools combined by machine learning approach. This study uses the most important machine learning techniques (logistic regression, artificial neural networks, and support vector machines) and the expert-based method (fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and hesitant fuzzy numbers) to study some financial markets dynamics. The objective of the study is to examine the main approaches developed by theory and operational practice for the purposes of conceptual representation, management and quality assessment. Different tools are applied to support decisions makers, such as AHPSort II to model the hierarchical structure, FAHP to determine weights in the construction of the matrix of the pairwise comparison and Hesitant Fuzzy Sets (HFS) to better represent the preferences of the decisions makers.
... Prema Forman-u & Gass-u [24], AHP je metoda za stukturiranje, sintezu i merenje koja je uspešno primenjivana na velikom broju različitih problema, uključujući i selekciju koja se svodi na odabir između više alternativa. ...
Project prioritization is a major challenge which many companies from different inudustries are facing. There is a large number of methods that can be used for this purpose, however, it has been shown that DEA and AHP methods are some of the most prevalent in practice. Based on that, this paper shows conudcted analysis of application of those methods on one side, in field of program management and on the other side, in tearms of other fields. The main goal of this paper is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of DEA and AHP methods from the perspective of program management, based on the analysis of selected research and papers about application in various fields. In addition, the methodological aspect of the application of both methods has been covered.
Purpose
Stock investing choices of individual investors are predominantly influenced by heuristic biases, leading to sub-optimal choices. Accordingly, this study aims to identify, categorize, validate, prioritize, and find causality among the heuristic biases shaping stock investment decisions of individual investors.
Design/methodology/approach
This research offers original contribution by employing a hybrid approach combining fuzzy DELPHI method (FDM), fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), and fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (F-DEMATEL) techniques to validate, prioritize, and find causality among the heuristic biases.
Findings
Twenty sub-heuristic biases were identified under five main heuristic bias categories. Out of which, 17 were validated using FDM. Further, availability and representativeness within main heuristic categories, and availability cascade and retrievability within sub-heuristic biases were prioritized using FAHP. Overconfidence and availability were identified as the causes among the five main biases by F-DEMATEL.
Practical implications
This study offers the stock investors a deeper understanding of heuristic biases and empowers them to make rational investment decisions.
Originality/value
This paper is the inaugural effort to identify, categorize, validate, prioritize and examine the cause-and-effect relationship among the heuristic biases.
Decision and risk analysis helps organizations make decisions to maximize their utility in the presence of risk and uncertainty. It helps them make a risk-informed decision. The entire approach to developing alternative scenarios and evaluating them using tools and methods of decision analysis has undergone highly practical improvements in the last few decades.
These improvements have largely to do with the need to engage senior decision-makers directly. For the larger organizations, the approach is to maximize expected value, balancing rewards, and costs with uncertainty. Medium and smaller organizations may be risk averse. This means that they have a non-linear utility function, usually emphasizing avoiding negative outcomes, and maximizing expected utility.
Purpose
This paper aims to design a hybrid model of knowledge-based performance management system (KBPMS) for facilitating Lean Six-Sigma (L6s) application to increase contractor productivity without compromising human safety in Indonesian upstream oil field operations that manage ageing and life extension (ALE) facilities.
Design/methodology/approach
The research design applies a pragmatic paradigm by employing action research strategy with qualitative-quantitative methodology involving 385 of 1,533 workers. The KBPMS-L6s conceptual framework is developed and enriched with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize fit-for-purpose Key Performance Indicators. The application of L6s with Human Performance Modes analysis is used to provide a statistical baseline approach for pre-assessment of the contractor’s organizational capabilities. A comprehensive literature review is given for the main pillars of the contextual framework.
Findings
The KBPMS-L6s concept has given an improved hierarchy for strategic and operational levels to achieve a performance benchmark to manage ALE facilities in Indonesian upstream oil field operations. To increase quality management practices in managing ALE facilities, the L6s application requires an assessment of the organizational capability of contractors and an analysis of Human Performance Modes (HPM) to identify levels of construction workers’ productivity based on human competency and safety awareness that have never been done in this field.
Research limitations/implications
The action research will only focus on the contractors’ productivity and safety performances that are managed by infrastructure maintenance programs for managing integrity of ALE facilities in Indonesian upstream of oil field operations. Future research could go toward validating this approach in other sectors.
Practical implications
This paper discusses the implications of developing the hybrid KBPMS- L6s enriched with AHP methodology and the application of HPM analysis to achieve a 14% reduction in inefficient working time, a 28% reduction in supervision costs, a 15% reduction in schedule completion delays, and a 78% reduction in safety incident rates of Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR), Days Away Restricted or Job Transfer (DART) and Motor Vehicle Crash (MVC), as evidence of achieving fit-for-purpose KPIs with safer, better, faster, and at lower costs.
Social implications
This paper does not discuss social implications
Originality/value
This paper successfully demonstrates a novel use of Knowledge-Based system with the integration AHP and HPM analysis to develop a hybrid KBPMS-L6s concept that successfully increases contractor productivity without compromising human safety performance while implementing ALE facility infrastructure maintenance program in upstream oil field operations.
In recent years, supply chain (SC) disruptions and their severe economic and social consequences have sparked a growing interest on the part of decision makers and researchers to adequately manage risk. The perception of risk is strongly related to the possibility of occurrence of disruptive events. In the supply chain risk management (SCRM) domain, disruptions such as the 2011 Japan earthquake and Hurricane Sandy have severely affected operations and put corporate finances at risk, becoming one of the most pressing concerns faced by companies competing in today's global marketplace. Without a doubt, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of SCs on a global scale as has never been seen in the past, impacting SCs from multiple sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, leisure, to name a few and causing giants 32% drop in international trade in 2020 and an estimated 12% drop in the global economy. In order to mitigate and control the adverse effects caused by disruption risks, both in academia and in professional circles, important work is carried out in the area of SCRM. In recent times, scholars have utilized a various types of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to evaluate sustainable supply chain risks in many contexts. Due to its importance, to date, there are no studies that can guide researchers and decision makers on what would be the most appropriate methods to face the multiple challenges posed by risk management in sustainable supply chains. In this study, we intend to cover this need, and for this, we carry out a careful review of 101 articles published since 2010. This review allows us to know the current state of MCDM applications in SCRM, and also to propose future research directions that allow us to properly manage the risks in sustainable SCs. We concluded that most of the studies used a single MCDM method or at most integrated two methods to assess sustainable supply chain risk. According to our findings, we propose a new future research agenda that considers, among others, the following: (a) use of MCDM methods to link risk with mitigation strategies, (b) integrate three or more MCDM methods to manage risks in the fields of cleaner and more sustainable production, and (c) development of methodologies that integrate MCDM with other operational research approaches such as optimization, simulation and mathematical modelling. We understand that these lines of research can contribute so that decision makers can better address the multiple consequences of increasingly frequent and intense disruptive events.
For sustainable development of urban areas, it is essential to address urban water management integrated with the urban water systems and spatial planning of the cities and the subsequent uncertainties. An integrated urban water management and planning model will help ensure water security, mitigate floods and droughts, reduce the negative environmental impact of urbanization and climate change, and bring coherence in the water supply management with the cities’ spatial planning and relevant policies. In the present research, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision analysis, has been implemented to calculate the weightage of different parameters associated with urban water management and planning. AHP uses linguistic and quantitative variables based on experts’ opinions for selecting and prioritizing the objectives and parameters for an integrated approach to urban water management and spatial planning under uncertainties. The local and global weights of objectives, parameters, key indicators, and sub-indicators were calculated after pairwise comparison by 32 experts from academia and industry in urban planning and civil and environmental engineering for the case of Ranchi, a city in eastern India. The study establishes the financial factors (36.97%) as one of the important attributes, followed by environmental factors (26.71%) for consideration in integrated urban water management. Further, Alternative D (45.256%) is framed by collaborating different objectives of IUWM, such as ensuring water security through alternative water sources, mitigating floods and droughts, and water supply planning considering land use, management policies, and climate change. The research findings can assist decision-makers in prioritizing the various objectives and parameters for integrated urban water management in cities with similar population sizes and organic growth.
Considering the high needs and expectations of today's customers the efforts of businesses to provide and improve customer satisfaction are increasing. For this reason, businesses that make service differentiation are now working not only to satisfy their customers, but also to gain their loyalty. The aim of this study is to determine the customer loyalty rate of the bank branch as a sample. The products used by the customers are analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. No such study has been found to determine the loyal customer rate in the banking sector. Beyond the fact that determining the loyalty rate provides some numerical indicators, the biggest benefit to the businesses is that they have information about the extent to which they realize their goals, customer expectations and needs. Thus, they can establish standards and priorities for the goods or services they produce or will produce and apply different strategies by changing them when necessary. In addition, businesses that access loyal customer information have the opportunity to communicate and maintain relationship with their most valuable assets, their loyal customers, while exploring opportunities to gain their non-loyal customers.
Identifying the most suitable strategy for the adaptive reuse of historic architectural heritage is a complex challenge. This is because each rehabilitation project of an abandoned historic building must not only ensure the simultaneous pursuit of social, cultural and financial goals, but also the transmission of tangible and intangible values to future generations.
In this context, the use of multi-criteria approaches helps to synthesise stakeholders' preferences based on multiple and conflicting criteria, with the aim of promoting sustainable solutions for the restoration and valorisation of valuable architectural assets. To this end, we characterise the Historical heritage - MultiCriteria Decision Method (H-MCDM), an analysis and evaluation tool aimed at identifying the best adaptive reuse of historic buildings considering the principles of architectural conservation and both economic and socio-cultural values. It is a model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which employs 7 evaluation indicators, chosen after a critical and interpretative analysis of both the sustainability principles promoted by the United Nations and UNESCO, and the ICOMOS quality principles.
The H-MCDM is structured on the following five logical-operational steps: (i) identification of strategies for adaptive reuse of the historic building; (ii) construction of the matrices of the pairwise comparisons of the criteria and estimation of the vector of the weights of the criteria; (iii) construction of the matrices of the pairwise comparisons of the alternatives against each evaluation criterion and estimation of the local scores of the alternatives; (iv) consistency checks of the decision matrices; (v) calculation of the total priority and ranking of the HBU strategies for historic assets.
The application to a case study demonstrates that, due to its adaptability and versatility, the H-MCDM can be a valid and consistent decision support in public resource allocation processes for the rehabilitation of architectural heritage.•The H-MCDM is a flexible and practical tool to evaluate the best strategy for adaptive reuse of historical heritage.
•The H-MCDM is an AHP-based model which employs 7 indicators relating to the social, cultural and economic spheres.
•The evaluation indicators are chosen in accordance with 2030 SDGs and European Quality Principles.
Accessibility issues are actively involved in the field of information and communication technologies. To improve human-machine interfaces, it is necessary to study the specifics of the interactions of people with special needs, including to improve their security of access to various digital resources. Thanks to the state of the art, people with disabilities have wide access to the Internet, including educational resources. The aim of this paper is to propose an approach for the heuristics evaluation of web accessibility based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. As there are many groups of people with disabilities, to narrow the scope of this study, we turn our attention to the perspective of the visually impaired users. To approve the approach, the authoring team applies it using Bulgarian and Polish academic websites.
The flood is the most important natural disaster that causes human and financial losses every year, then its management is very important. The most basic step in flood disaster management is the preparation of a flood susceptibility map, which integrating the geospatial information system and multi-criteria decision making is an efficient approach to handle it. In order to spatially model flood susceptibility, the present study has presented an approach of fusion the weights of the effective criteria on flood susceptibility using the Dempster-Shafer information fusion theory (DST). The purpose of the fusion of the weights of the criteria is to increase reliability, reduce the uncertainty of the weighting process, and increase the accuracy of flood susceptibility modeling. The present research has presented a hybrid weighting method by integrating the results of two weighting methods (Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Best-Worst Method (BWM)). The hybrid weighting methods of previous researches are mainly based on simple mathematical operators, and complex operators such as DST used in the present research are less used. The results of the fusion of the weights obtained from the two weighting methods of AHP and BWM indicate the very high weight of the flow accumulation criterion (0.437) and the very low weight of the vegetation index criterion (0.004). Comparing the results of the research with the facts of the studied area showed that the presented hybrid weighting approach with 96% accuracy Compared to each of the basic weighting methods used, is of higher performance. Also, the susceptibility modeling resulting from the new BWM weighting method has been more accurate compared to the common method of the AHP. According to the results of the research, more than 92% of the studied area has moderate to high flood susceptibility and less than 8% of the area has less than moderate susceptibility, which indicates that the studied area is prone to flooding.
Os Estudos de Impacto de Vizinhança (EIV) de projetos de recuperação e alteração na infraestrutura da rodovia BR - 319/AM/RO, são de suma importância como ferramentas de apoio ao planejamento à gestão do projeto no sentido de atenuar os possíveis impactos adversos em torno da rodovia, tanto na fase de implantação quanto em sua fase de operação e/ou execução. Embora estes estudos de EIV tenham por objetivo identificar previamente os impactos significativos na área de influência do empreendimento, com vistas à elaboração de um diagnóstico ambiental e socioeconômico, eles não respondem se o projeto é sustentável ou não, ou seja, se existe um equilíbrio entre os impactos sociais, ambientais e econômicos gerados pela implantação e execução do projeto. Dessa forma, criou-se neste estudo, um Índice de Sustentabilidade para Projetos de Infraestrutura Rodoviária (ISPIR). O ISPIR é baseado no método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) que utiliza técnicas matemáticas de álgebra linear para determinar a importância dos aspectos Sociais, Ambientais e Econômicos durante as fases de implantação e execução do empreendimento. O índice proposto foi aplicado ao projeto de execução da obra de construção da ponte sobre o Rio Madeira localizada na rodovia BR-319/AM/RO e verificou-se que o projeto é mediano sustentável.
Güneş enerjisi üretecek panel ve santrallerinin kurulacağı alanların belirlenmesi, oldukça karmaşık ve analizi güç bir mekânsal karar alma problemi dizisidir. Bu problem dizisinin çözülmesi için son yıllarda Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri yazılımlarına da entegre edilmiş Çok Kriterli Karar verme yöntemleri tercih edilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemlerinden biri olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) kullanılmasıyla Kars ilinde güneş enerjisi üretim potansiyeli taşıyan alanların tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırmada Kars ilindeki güneş enerjisi üretim potansiyeli taşıyan alanların yer seçimine etki eden belirlenmiş kriterlerin analizlerinin yapılmasına yönelik olarak çeşitli açık kaynaklardan raster ve vector formatlı ham veriler elde edilerek işlenmiş araştırma amacına yönelik olarak tematik haritalar oluşturulmuştur. Bu haritalardan AHP analizleriyle hesaplanan kriter ağırlıkları baz alınarak CBS ortamında Kars ilinde güneş enerjisi santrali kurulumu için potansiyel taşıyan uygun alanlar haritalanarak belirlenmiştir.
Araştırma sonucunda Kars ilinde güneş enerjisi santrali kurulumuna çok uygun ve uygun potansiyeli taşıyan 54,581 km2 alan tespit edilmiş olup bu araziler toplam 10,193 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip il yüzölçümünün % 55’ini oluşturmaktadır. Kars ilinde güneş enerjisi santrali kurulumuna uygun potansiyel taşıyan araziler homojen bir dağılım göstermekte olup bu özellikteki arazilerin büyük kısmı Kağızman ilçesi sınırları dâhilindeki Aras vadisinde bulunmaktadır.
The analytic hierarchy process AHP is flawed as a procedure for ranking alternatives in that the rankings produced by this procedure are arbitrary. This paper provides a brief review of several areas of operational difficulty with the AHP, and then focuses on the arbitrary rankings that occur when the principle of hierarchic composition is assumed. This principle requires that the weights on the higher levels of a hierarchy can be determined independently of the weights on the lower levels. Virtually all of the published examples of the use of the AHP to evaluate alternatives relative to a set of criteria have assumed this principle. The key to correcting this flaw is the synthesis of the AHP with the concepts of multiattribute utility theory.
The process of measurement is examined from the viewpoint of management in this article. The manager is seen to have three dispositions toward the use of measurement: for the direction of his or her attention; for problem solving; and for scorecard keeping. In regarding organizations as purposeful systems, three levels of measurement for management decision are established: (1) organizational measurement; (2) individual measurement; and (3) societal measurement. The actual implementation of a measurement system for management takes the form of a management information system. Because measurement underlies each of the basic functions of a management information system, it is regarded as the sine qua non of foundations for a management information system design.
Reveals that, under specified experimental conditions, consistent and predictable intransitivities can be demonstrated. The conditions under which intransitivities occur and their relationships to the structure of the alternatives and to processing strategies are investigated within the framework of a general theory of choice. Implications to the study of preference and the psychology of choice are discussed. (33 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The Analytic Hierarchy Process is a decision-analysis tool which was developed by T.L. Saaty in the 1970s and which has been applied to many different decision problems in corporate, governmental and other institutional settings. The most successful applications have come about in group decisionmaking sessions, where the group structures the problem in a hierarchical framework and pairwise comparisons are elicited from the group for each level of the hierarchy. However, the number of pairwise comparison necessary in a real problem often becomes overwhelming. For example, with 9 alternatives and 5 criteria, the group must answer 190 questions. This paper explores various methods for reducing the complexity of the preference eliciting process. The theory of a method based upon the graph-theoretic structure of the pairwise comparison matrix and the gradient of the right Perron vector is developed, and simulations of a series of random matrices are used to illustrate the properties of this approach.
An asymmetrically dominated alternative is dominated by one item in the set but not by another. Adding such an alternative to a choice set can increase the probability of choosing the item that dominates it. This result points to the inadequacy of many current choice models and suggests product line strategies that might not otherwise be intuitively plausible.
This paper serves as an introduction to the Analytic Hierarchy Process - A multicriteria decision making approach in which factors are arranged in a hierarchic structure. The principles and the philosophy of the theory are summarized giving general background information of the type of measurement utilized, its properties and applications.
The extension of OR decision-aiding models and OR methodology from operational and technological settings to the field of policy analysis has caused analysts and users to question whether the OR process can handle the requirements of this new area. This paper reviews the evolving nature of OR methodology, the difficulties that have arisen in applying it, and the attempts to improve the use of OR methodology in policy analysis. The analyst's role in providing information to the user to determine whether and how a specific OR model can be used as a decision aid is emphasized. Relevant information for the analyst to provide covers model validation, assessment, utility, confidence and documentation.
The extension of OR decision-aiding models and OR methodology from operational and technological settings to the field of policy analysis has caused analysts and users to question whether the OR process can handle the requirements of this new area. A review is presented of the evolving nature of OR methodology, the difficulties that have arisen in applying it, and the attempts to improve the use of OR methodology in policy analysis. The analyst's role in providing information to the user to determine whether and how a specific OR model can be used as a decision aid is emphasized. Relevant information for the analyst to provide covers model validation, assessment, utility, confidence and documentation.
When attempting to rank a number of items by pairwise comparisons, one is usually advised to guard against generating a preference structure that contains three-way intransitive relationships (three-way cycles; cyclic triads) such as A is preferred to B, B is preferred to C, and C is preferred to A. Some decision procedures, like the Analytic Hierarchy Process, do not rule out intransitivities, while others, like utility theory, have axioms that strictly forbid them. It is generally agreed that intransitivities can occur, especially when the number of items being compared under a multicriteria framework gets to be greater than five. It is also generally agreed that, if intransitivities are found, they should be analysed and changed, if deemed appropriate. That is, there is no inherent rule that says a set of comparisons should not contain any intransitivities, but they should be made explicit. In this paper, we show, using results from tournaments and graph theory, how one can readily determine the number of three-way cycles that exist within a pairwise comparison matrix, and, using standard linear programming procedures, how to find them.
A probabilistic model for choice, and preference, is introduced that includes (Tversky's) elimination by aspects model, and the random utility model, as special cases. The model is based on a covert sequential elimination process, the element that is finally chosen in a simple choice experiment being the eventual lone survivor of the elimination process. The model leads us to question the usual form of simple choice experiments, in which a subject must (eventually) choose one of the currently available alternatives, and to suggest that a much more realistic experimental design would allow the subject the no-choice option, i.e., he may refuse to accept any of the currently available alternatives.
Back in the days when measurement meant mainly counting, and statistics meant mainly the inventory of the state, the simple descriptive procedures of enumeration and averaging occasioned minimum conflict between measurement and statistics. But as measurement pushed on into novel behavioral domains, and statistics turned to the formalizing of stochastic models, the one-time intimate relation between the two activities dissolved into occasional misunderstanding. Measurement and statistics must live in peace, however, for both must participate in the schemapiric enterprise by which the schematic model is made to map the empirical observation. Science presents itself as a two-faced, bipartite endeavor looking at once toward the formal, analytic, schematic features of model-building, and toward the concrete, empirical, experiential observations by which we test the usefulness of a particular representation. Schematics and empirics are both essential to science, and full understanding demands that we know which is which. Measurement provides the numbers that enter the statistical table. But the numbers that issue from measurements have strings attached, for they carry the imprint of the operations by which they were obtained. Some transformations on the numbers will leave intact the information gained by the measurements; other transformations will destroy the desired isomorphism between the measurement scale and the property assessed. Scales of measurement therefore find a useful classification on the basis of a principle of invariance: each of the common scale types (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) is defined by a group of transformations that leaves a particular isomorphism unimpaired. Since the transformations allowed by a given scale type will alter the numbers that enter into a statistical procedure, the procedure ought properly to be one that can withstand that particular kind of number alteration. Therein lies the primacy of measurement: it sets bounds on the appropriateness of statistical operations. The widespread use on ordinal scales of statistics appropriate only to interval or ratio scales can be said to violate a technical canon, but in many instances the outcome has demonstrable utility. A few workers have begun to assess the degree of risk entailed by the use of statistics that do not remain invariant under the permissible scale transformations. The view is proposed that measurement can be most liberally construed as the process of matching elements of one domain to those of another domain. In most kinds of measurement we match numbers to objects or events, but other matchings have been found to serve a useful purpose. The crossmodality matching of one sensory continuum to another has shown that sensory intensity increases as the stimulus intensity raised to a power. The generality of that finding supports a psychophysical law expressible as a simple invariance: equal stimulus ratios produce equal sensation ratios.
"This is the classic work upon which modern-day game theory is based. What began more than sixty years ago as a modest proposal that a mathematician and an economist write a short paper together blossomed, in 1944, when Princeton University Press published Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. In it, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern conceived a groundbreaking mathematical theory of economic and social organization, based on a theory of games of strategy. Not only would this revolutionize economics, but the entirely new field of scientific inquiry it yielded--game theory--has since been widely used to analyze a host of real-world phenomena from arms races to optimal policy choices of presidential candidates, from vaccination policy to major league baseball salary negotiations. And it is today established throughout both the social sciences and a wide range of other sciences. This sixtieth anniversary edition includes not only the original text but also an introduction by Harold Kuhn, an afterword by Ariel Rubinstein, and reviews and articles on the book that appeared at the time of its original publication in the New York Times, tthe American Economic Review, and a variety of other publications. Together, these writings provide readers a matchless opportunity to more fully appreciate a work whose influence will yet resound for generations to come.
The determination of priorities based on relative rather than absolute worth is sometimes questioned. This is surprising since it is commonly accepted that economic value is dependent on scarcity, and scarcity is by its very nature a relative property. This paper illustrates that when deriving priorities, relative worth is usually more appropriate than absolute worth, even though the results may sometimes seem counterintuitive. This paper also examines problems that can transpire if absolute rather than relative worth is used in situations where additional alternatives are subsequently introduced into an analysis.
A number of multi‐criteria decision support techniques have emerged in recent years that use varying computational approaches to arrive at the most desirable solution and thereby ‘recommend’ a course of action. Decision makers who use the results of this analytic work should be assured that the computational schemes used by their supporting analysts or decision support software produce the appropriate solutions. We conducted a series of simulation experiments that compared the top‐ranked options resulting from the computational algorithms that support Multi‐Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) and three methods that are reported in the literature that allow rank reversals, the change in rank order of two options when an unrelated option is added or deleted from the analysis: the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Percentaging and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). We also included a Fuzzy algorithm proposed by Yager to gauge its consistency with the other algorithms, even though it is not subject to rank reversals. These experiments demonstrated that the MAVT and AHP techniques, when provided with the same decision outcome data, very often identify the same alternative as ‘best’. The other techniques are noticeably less consistent with MAVT, the Fuzzy algorithm being the least consistent. The situations under which the most frequent and significant differences occurred were dependent upon the method.
The results of our experiments indicate that other issues (e.g. the processes used for problem structuring and the elicitation of value weights) are likely to be of greater significance to problem outcome (based on our experience) than the choice between the computational algorithms of MAVT and AHP. The results cause us to be concerned about the use of the other methods.
This paper contains an axiomatic treatment of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The set of axioms corresponding to hierarchic structures are a special case of axioms for priority setting in systems with feedback which allow for a wide class of dependencies. The axioms highlight: (1) the reciprocal property that is basic in making paired comparisons; (2) homogeneity that is characteristic of people's ability for making comparisons among things that are not too dissimilar with respect to a common property and, hence, the need for arranging them within an order preserving hierarchy; (3) dependence of a lower level on the adjacent higher level; (4) the idea that an outcome can only reflect expectations when the latter are well represented in the hierarchy. The AHP neither assumes transitivity (or the stronger condition of consistency) nor does it include strong assumptions of the usual notions of rationality. A number of facts are derived from these axioms providing an operational basis for the AHP.
What happens to the share of choices each item receives when the choice set boundaries are extended by adding a new item that is extremely good on one dimension but poor on the others? First, there is a substitution effect whereby the new item takes choice share mainly from similar items in the set. Second, there is an attraction effect resulting in a general shift of preference toward the added item. Experimental studies show that choice patterns conflict with current theoretical and common-sense ideas about the effect of added alternatives on choice.
Intransitive preferences have been a topic of curiosity, study, and debate over the past 40 years. Many economists and decision theorists insist on transitivity as the cornerstone of rational choice, and even in behavioral decision theory intransitivities are often attributed to faulty experiments, random or sloppy choices, poor judgment, or unexamined biases. But others see intransitive preferences as potential truths of reasoned comparisons and propose representations of preferences that accommodate intransitivities.
This article offers a partial survey of models for intransitive preferences in a variety of decisional contexts. These include economic consumer theory, multiattribute utility theory, game theory, preference between time streams, and decision making under risk and uncertainty. The survey is preceded by a discussion of issues that bear on the relevance and reasonableness of intransitivity.
In this paper we examine the impact of membership in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) on trade between PTA members. Rather than considering the impact of PTA membership on the volume of trade we consider the impact of membership on the structure of trade. For a large sample of countries over the period 1962-2000 we find that membership in a PTA is associated with an increase in the extent of intra-industry trade. In addition, we find that the effect of PTA membership on IIT is larger when a PTA is formed between two developed countries.
Forrest Gump–The Movie
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Fundamental deficiency of expected utility decision analysis
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Game Theory and Strategy. The Mathematical Association of America On the theory of scales of measurement
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Multiobjective Decision Making. North-Holland Rank disagreement: a comparison of multicriteria methodologies
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For personal use only, all rights reserved A Course in Game Theory Multicriterion decision prob-lems
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Decision Mak-ing: Descriptive, Normative, and Prescriptive Interactions Conflicting Objectives in Decisions On a shortcoming of Saaty's method of analytic hierarchies
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Bell, D. E., H. Raiffa, A. Tversky (eds.). 1988. Decision Mak-ing: Descriptive, Normative, and Prescriptive Interactions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England., R. L. Keeney, H. Raiffa (eds.). 1977. Conflicting Objectives in Decisions. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Belton, V., T. Gear. 1982. On a shortcoming of Saaty's method of analytic hierarchies. Omega 11(3) 226–230.
Deriving ratio level measures from verbal judgments
- E H Forman
Ideal and distributed synthesis modes for the analytic hierarchy process
- E H Forman