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The Measurement of Fairness or Equity Perceptions of Management Information Systems Users
Abstract
This article reports the development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of fairness or equity experienced by users in the context of allocation of information systems resources by the centralized MIS function. Literature in the area of equity and social justice is presented to identify the dimensions of equity relevant to the MIS environment. The article presents the results of data analysis on a cross-sectional survey conducted to refine and evaluate the instrument. Support for reliability and validity of the instrument is presented. Possible applications of the instrument are discussed in the concluding section.
... Les référentiels Client et Valeurs (1982), la gestion des Ordres de Bourse -transmission et caisse(1983) et la gestion des ordres surSICAV (1985).142 LoiMonory (1978), imposition des plus-values mobilières(1979), nationalisations (82), Compte d'Epargne en Actions(1983), réforme de la Bourse -marché unique à règlement mensuel(1983), dématérialisation des titres (1984), imprimé fiscal unique(1985). ...
... Les référentiels Client et Valeurs (1982), la gestion des Ordres de Bourse -transmission et caisse(1983) et la gestion des ordres surSICAV (1985).142 LoiMonory (1978), imposition des plus-values mobilières(1979), nationalisations (82), Compte d'Epargne en Actions(1983), réforme de la Bourse -marché unique à règlement mensuel(1983), dématérialisation des titres (1984), imprimé fiscal unique(1985). ...
... Les référentiels Client et Valeurs (1982), la gestion des Ordres de Bourse -transmission et caisse(1983) et la gestion des ordres surSICAV (1985).142 LoiMonory (1978), imposition des plus-values mobilières(1979), nationalisations (82), Compte d'Epargne en Actions(1983), réforme de la Bourse -marché unique à règlement mensuel(1983), dématérialisation des titres (1984), imprimé fiscal unique(1985). ...
Ce livre est une recherche sur les méthodes de développement de système d'information automatisé, nourrie de plus de dix ans d'activité professionnelle et née d'une interrogation : Pourquoi l'utilisation de la même méthode peut-elle donner des résultats contradictoires (aboutissement ou échec du projet) ? La question a été abordée en recourant à la notion de contingence. La première partie du livre offre une perspective diachronique sur les méthodes de développement de s.i.a, et elle présente les théories de la contingence dans ce domaine. La seconde partie analyse en profondeur six cas réels de mise en pratique d'une méthode dans des entreprises appartenant à différents secteurs (assurance, aéronautique, banque, industrie automobile, transport public). La confrontation des cas avec les théories met en évidence le rôle-clé du pilotage, ainsi que les processus qui le composent (production, décision, changement). Ce livre s'adresse aussi bien aux professionnels du management de l'informatique (responsables informatique, responsable méthodes, bureaux des projets, chefs de projets, consultants, formateurs) qu'aux chercheurs dans le domaine du management des systèmes d'information.
... A DSS implementation is not always successful and many DSS implementations result in failure (Gill, 1995). Factors that affect the successful development and implementation of a DSS project (Barrett, 1987;Sprague and Watson, 1996) are support from the top executives (Meredith, 1981;Lederer and Sethi 1992); user involvement and participation (Joshi, 1989(Joshi, , 1991; Barki and Hartwick, 1994;Sprague and Watson, 1996;Joshi and Lauer, 1998); welldefined business objectives or goals for the DSS; resource adequacy issues; organization and political issues within the company (Markus, 1983;Tuttle, 1992;Gaskin, 1997); technological issues (Sprague and Watson, 1996;Turban and Aronson, 1998); process management issues (Palvia and Chervany, 1995;Newman and Sabherwal, 1996); communication issues (Horner and Benbasat, 1996); values and ethics (Kallman and Grillo, 1996) and other external issues. ...
... The availability of an expert end-user can be critical. Their commitment to the project and willingness to participate can be as important to the system's success as that of management (Joshi, 1989(Joshi, , 1991. End-user training and availability of support are important parts of the system's overall success (Yaverbaum, 1988). ...
... Abdel-Hamid and Tarek (1992) End users Alavi and Joachimsthaler (1992); Barki and Hartwick (1994); Ewusi-Mensah & Przasnyski (1991); Joshi (1989Joshi ( , 1991; Joshi and Lauer (1998); Sprague and Watson (1996); Tait and Vessey (1988); Valusek (1994); Yaverbaum (1988). ...
Decision Support Systems development and implementation requires substantial organizational time and effort with several factors contributing to DSS success. This paper presents a framework for evaluating the organizational factors that can lead to project continuance, delay and/or abandonment. A case study of a large scale DSS, Fuel Management System (FMS) at Delta Air Lines is presented and its implementation is evaluated in the context of this framework. The research case provides insight into organizational issues relating to the implementation of DSS project. The DSS, although successful, was delayed primarily due to the lack of organizational direction and clarity. The paper articulates conclusions and implications for managing DSS projects more effectively.
... According to Adams (1965), input is regarded as what an individual perceives to be his/her contribution to an exchange, for which a just return is expected. In an IS environment, while similar concepts can be found in the studies of Boddy et al. (2002), Goodhue and Thompson (1995), Joshi (1989), and Mahmood et al. (2000) in predicting satisfaction, the inputs and benefits for IS end users are either not clearly specified or too narrowly defined. For example, Woodroof and Kasper (1998) and Goodhue (1998) identified only physical effort and time as the major inputs of IS end users with the use of the system. ...
... Based on equity theory, the more benefits gained in comparison with the inputs required, the higher the ratio will be. Previous measures of equity have typically involved asking respondents to compare benefits and inputs, and to judge whether the deal is a fair one (Joshi 1989(Joshi 1990. The measurement of the three kinds of equitable needs fulfillment in this study adopts a similar approach. ...
... Time required to learn to use the system Joshi 1989Regan and O'Connor 1994 Intellectual skills required to learn to use the system and interpret the information generated Regan and O'Connor 1994Rosenberg 1997Zuboff 1988 Work pressure and stress Alter 1999Rosenberg 1997Physical strain Eason 1988Regan and O'Connor 1994Rosenberg 1997 Gradual reduction in the recognition of user's non-IT experiences/skills Boddy et al. 2002 Regan andO'Connor 1994 Work Performance Fulfillment (Benefit) ...
End user satisfaction (EUS) is critical to successful information systems implementation. Many EUS studies in the past have attempted to identify the antecedents of EUS, yet most of the relationships found have been criticized for their lack of a strong theoretical underpinning. Today it is generally understood that IS failure is due to psychological and organizational issues rather than technological issues, hence individual differences must be addressed. This study proposes a new model with an objective to extend our understanding of the antecedents of EUS by incorporating three well-founded theories of motivation, namely expectation theory, needs theory, and equity theory. The uniqueness of the model not only recognizes the three different needs (i.e., work performance, relatedness, and self-development) that users may have with IS use, but also the corresponding inputs required from each individual to achieve those needs fulfillments, which have been ignored in most previous studies. This input/needs fulfillment ratio, referred to as equitable needs fulfillment, is likely to vary from one individual to another and satisfaction will only result in a user if the needs being fulfilled are perceived as "worthy" to obtain.The partial least squares (PLS) method of structural equation modeling was used to analyze 922 survey returns collected form the hotel and airline sectors. The results of the study show that IS end users do have different needs. Equitable work performance fulfillment and equitable relatedness fulfillment play a significant role in affecting the satisfaction of end users. The results also indicate that the impact of perceived IS performance expectations on EUS is not as significant as most previous studies have suggested. The conclusion is that merely focusing on the technical soundness of the IS and the way in which it benefits employees may not be sufficient. Rather, the input requirements of users for achieving the corresponding needs fulfillments also need to be examined.
... In the past four decades, a vast amount of research has focused on employees' perception of fairness in the workplace ( Colquitt and Greenberg, 2003). Organizational justice research generally recognizes three forms of fairness: Outcome fairness refers to the fairness of outcomes employees receive such as pay or resources allocated for needed change (Joshi, 1989(Joshi, , 1991; procedural fairness refers to the fairness of procedures used to determine the outcome (Leventhal, 1980); and interactional fairness is related to the quality of interpersonal interactions or treatments people receive (Bies, 2001) during the innovation. Our research focuses on outcome fairness and procedural fairness because we believe these two types of fairness perceptions are most closely related to the influences of innovation characteristics and the implementation procedure. ...
... Appraisal of a change's potential consequences, that is, gains and losses, is an especially vital aspect of employees' perceptions of outcome fairness (Joshi, 1989(Joshi, , 1991Joshi and Lauer, 1999) and an important precursor of intentions to actively partake in the change (Bartunek et al., 2006;Hornung and Rousseau, 2007). Employees compare their ratio of outcomes over inputs after using the new technology with the ratio before the innovation; they also compare their outcome-over-input ratio with that of others in their reference group, such as peers. ...
... Employees compare their ratio of outcomes over inputs after using the new technology with the ratio before the innovation; they also compare their outcome-over-input ratio with that of others in their reference group, such as peers. If employees find disparity of such ratios either in terms of time or in comparison with others, they may attribute the innovation to the changes of their equity ratio (Adams, 1963;Joshi, 1989), which leads to perception of (un)fairness about the outcome. ...
... The information systems (IS) discipline is concerned with using technologies to make a better world (Walsham, 2012). Increasingly, the field has begun to devote attention to the application of technologies for social good, such as emancipation (Young, 2018), empowerment of marginalized groups (Ortiz et al., 2019), and fairness (Bichler et al., 2021;Joshi, 1989). Being treated fairly is an underlying need of humans (Tabibnia & Liebermann, 2007). ...
... As implied before, our study highlights that the different dimensions of fairness should not be understood as isolated factors relevant to users but as important individual factors that jointly drive the overall estimation of a service being fair from a user's perspective. Thereby we contribute to literature by synthesizing theories and concepts from social psychology (Colquitt, 2001;Colquitt et al., 2013) and IS (Bichler et al., 2021;Joshi, 1989;Krasnova et al., 2014) and prove their relevance based on our empirical findings. This is especially important from a management research perspective as it shows that the adoption of online service is not solely a question of value for money but also of process transparency and feasibility of interaction between the provider and user of a service. ...
Within the IS discipline, the concept of fairness as a determinant for social good recently gained attention. However, a comprehensive understanding of the influence of different fairness dimensions on user perceptions and their adoption intention of new technologies is missing. Based on fairness research, the FAIRSERV model, and the technology acceptance model, we derived a research model to study how users’ fairness perceptions along different dimensions influence their adoption intentions in the context of online services. We tested our model in an online experiment with 407 participants. Our results show that perceived distributive, procedural, and interactional fairness positively influence users’ perceived overall fairness regarding an online service, which, in return, positively influences their adoption intentions. We contribute to IS research by shedding light on the societal impact of fairness in the context of adopting new digital services. Practitioners can utilize our findings to improve their service offerings.
... As an attempt to integrate the insights of cognitive consistency theory, psychoanalytic theory and exchange theory (Walster et al., 1978), equity theory proposed by Adams (1965) suggests that individuals involved in social activities seek to maintain equity between their inputs and outcomes against the perceived inputs and outcomes of referent others. In using this theoretical perspective, either explicitly or implicitly, extant literature has interchangeably utilised the terms "equity", "fairness" and "justice" to refer to the same concepts (Joshi, 1989). The concept of equity proposed by Adams (1965) is primarily related to distributive equity which refers to the perceived fairness of outcome distributions. ...
... The four measurement items of PEU and the four items of PUS were derived from the work of Davis (1989) and Venkatesh and Davis (2000) and reworded to suit the context in this study. The measurement of PDE was adapted from Joshi (1989), with five items measuring the perceived fairness of outcome distributions during the implementation of BIM in construction projects. The measurement items of SEF were derived from Kim and Kankanhalli (2009) and reworded to suit the domain of information technology. ...
Despite its great potential to streamline design and construction processes, the implementation of building information modelling (BIM) in many projects has failed to achieve expected benefits due to user resistance. Grounded in the technology acceptance model and equity theory, this study proposes a model of factors predicting resistance behaviours to BIM implementation during the post-adoption stage in construction projects. The model is tested with partial least squares modelling on survey data collected from design engineers in BIM-based construction projects in China. The empirical results provide evidence that after controlling for related individual, organizational and project characteristics, efficiency and equity perceptions play prominent but independent roles in determining behavioural resistance to BIM implementation, and that these perceptions are differently associated with contextual factors at individual, team and project levels. Apart from the independent contextual factors conceptualized in the model, control factors such as individual age and organization nature are also found to be significantly associated with resistance behaviours. As an exploratory effort to examine resistance behaviours to BIM implementation in construction projects, this study contributes to deepened understandings of the complexity of innovation resistance behaviours in the context of construction projects and offer suggestions for how to manage such behaviours.
... In the IS field, ET is widely used to explain users' satisfaction and intention to use IS. Joshi (1989Joshi ( , 1992 revealed that employees' perceptions of equity in terms of IS resource allocation is the most important predictor of information satisfaction. Joshi (1991) pointed out that employees' perceptions of equity loss hinder IS implementation in organizations. ...
... PLS, rather than other SEM tools (e.g., LISREL), was used in the present study for two reasons. First, given that LISREL is normally used for testing established theories (Chin et al. 2003;Gefen et al. 2003;Siponen and Vance 2010), PLS serves as a more appropriate tool in the present model that (Joshi 1989) Intention to share information Refers to the extent to which individuals are willing to share their product-or consumption-related information during the process of exchanging information with others ISI1: I intend to use Meilishuo.com for communicating with others in the social commerce site. ...
Advancements in social commerce sites have enabled users to share and exchange product- or consumption-related information and/or experiences. Despite the growing popularity of social commerce sites, theoretical understanding of users’ intentions to share information in this new social media platform remains largely unexplored. In this study, we address the question of what motivates users’ intentions to share information in social commerce sites. We extend the literature on information sharing behavior by considering the novel context of social commerce and examining the effects of psychological motivations. Drawing on the social cognitive theory and equity theory, we further explore the moderating role of community equity on the relationship between psychological motivations and users’ intentions to share information. The analysis of survey data collected from 1089 social commerce users confirms our hypotheses. Our study advances the theoretical understanding of information sharing in this new social media context and provides guidelines for improving the features of social commerce sites.
... This is the approach used to create the alignment scales found in the literature (e.g., Segars & Grover, 1998 items presented on page 146, where they created eight items to capture different aspects of their construct 'Planning Alignment'). This process favors parsimony (the optimal number of items vs maximal accuracy), in that the fewest number of items should be included to validly represent the domain and achieve an acceptable reliability (Joshi, 1989;Little et al, 1999). By way of contrast, the cognitive processing approach conceptualizes the thought-process between the item presentation and response through probing and cognitive interviewing of potential participants (Jobe, 2003;Karabenick et al, 2007). ...
... By way of contrast, the cognitive processing approach conceptualizes the thought-process between the item presentation and response through probing and cognitive interviewing of potential participants (Jobe, 2003;Karabenick et al, 2007). Unlike domain sampling where researchers delineate the construct domain and then create a minimum set of representative, individual items to capture that domain (Joshi, 1989), cognitive processing takes a gestalt approach by more closely targeting the perceptions of potential participants and attempting to capture elements of their environment in the items that are used to measure the construct of interest (Karabenick et al, 2007). By including clear construct definitions, instructions, and examples in the stem to ensure the options are properly understood, researchers can improve their measurement validity and reliability with fewer, and more similar, individual items. ...
Top management has been concerned with IT-business strategic alignment (hereafter referred to as alignment) for the past 30 years. Consequently, alignment researchers have developed many models to explain how alignment generates value for firms. However, these models use inconsistent definitions and measures of alignment, which has led to conflicting results and has potentially inhibited the progress of research on this critical topic. This paper emphasizes the importance of demarcating the six alignment types that are sometimes confused in the literature into a single, unified model. It also reports on the development of definitions and measures of these six types of alignment including alignment between IT and business strategies (i.e., intellectual alignment), between IT and business infrastructures and processes (i.e., operational alignment), and across these two domains such that strategies are linked with infrastructures and processes (i.e., four types of cross-domain alignment). Analyzing survey data collected from 140 Chief Information Officers, we found each measure possesses desirable psychometric properties. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
... In the 1960s, Equity Theory arose from the ongoing work of Adams (1965), who was especially interested in putting the principle of fairness to the test in businesses (Greenberg, 1987). Since then, Equity Theory has evolved (Eckhoff, 1974;Leventhal et al., 1980); (Douglas et al., 2007;Joshi, 1989). Equity Theory, on the other hand, according to Adams (1965), should have two dimensions: reciprocation and allocation. ...
This paper assesses the construct validity of the tax fairness component using gender as a moderation factor. The information was gathered from 300 tax officers from the Inland Revenue Service who completed the self-administered questionnaire., who completed a self-reported questionnaire. We used confirmatory component analysis and analysis of moment structure to assess the measure's factorial validity (version 23). The goodness of fit metrics is shown in both the Hypothesized and Revised models. The large sample size resulted in a substantial chi-square value in the updated model. The research aids tax administrators in determining possible strategies to assess the future of Nigeria's tax fairness system. The novelty of this research is that it describes a conceptualized tax fairness dimension assessment with Nigerian tax administrators. Structural Equation Modelling tests for validity and dependability using rigorous statistical analysis. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it evaluates the construct measurement model of tax fairness dimension.
... Our work instead relates to distributive fairness, also known as fair division. As defned by Joshi [15], distributive fairness relates to the allocation of computational resources, assignment of priorities, and confict resolution. Our work takes a more economic perspective of fairness as wealth distribution. ...
Recent regulatory changes have enabled NCAA student-athletes to profit from their name, image, and likeness (NIL), departing from previous policies requiring those athletes to maintain their amateur status. However, despite the changes, it is unlikely that all the approximately 500,000 NCAA student-athletes will profit from NIL contracts. Within this context, we study how to design a fair and inclusive solution that may help all student-athletes secure NIL fnancial resources. Following a design science approach, we define design requirements after interviewing student-athletes. Subsequently, we derive three design principles: inclusiveness, fairness, and transparency. Thereafter, we suggest a blockchain-based artifact that satisfies all design principles. Our idea lies in designing collectibles as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that pay diferent royalties whenever a transaction (purchase or exchange) happens in diferent markets (primary or secondary). Finally, we evaluate our solution by discussing its features with current student-athletes.
... However, organizational factors play a role in influencing this communication as well; equity: the fair distribution of resources and treatment of staff is essential in shaping their attitudes and behaviours (Colquitt and Rodell, 2011), trust and collaboration (Pearce et al., 2000) and is directly linked to organizational performance (Joshi, 1989); outsourcing: transferring certain services to external providers or using short-term staff, carries the risk of losing competitive edge (Tadelis, 2007) and should always be based on thorough operational and financial evaluation of the affected knowledge assets (Durst and Zieba, 2017); relational/spillover/leakage: unauthorized people getting access to confidential information can happen intentionally or accidentally (Annansingh, 2012). Although there is a high chance of its occurrence when interacting with others during industry events or commercial dealings (Inkpen, 2000), it carries a huge risk if valuable information is picked by competing providers (Durst and Zieba, 2017;Coras and Tant au, 2013); restructuring/ leadership changes: re-configuration and re-integration of resources following business changes, can be hampered by the varying strategies, structures, processes, as well as individual perceptions and attitudes (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). ...
Purpose
Knowledge is a critical factor for health-care organizations' sustainability in today's hyperconnected and technology reliant environment, which presents additional challenges and responsibilities for managing knowledge and its risks in medical practices. This paper aims at developing a taxonomy of knowledge risks (KR) within a health-care context, with relevant descriptions and discussion of their possible impact on health-care organizations.
Design/methodology/approach
As KRs have not been discussed yet within a health-care context, the authors reviewed relevant literature on KRs and challenges to knowledge practices in general contexts and in other industries. In addition, the authors reviewed literature on knowledge management (KM) in health care. The authors synthesized their findings and combined it with authors' insights based on their experience in the health-care and KM fields to develop the taxonomy of KR, with contextual explanations and expounded on their potential effects on health-care organizations.
Findings
The authors propose and explain 25 types of KRs in health-care organizations and organized them into three categories: human, operational and technology.
Practical implications
Proper identification of clinical and administrative KRs plays a critical role in their effective management and remediation, thus improving the quality of care, promoting efficiency savings and ensuring health-care organizations' sustainability. This paper will raise the awareness of KR among health-care professionals and offer researchers solid ground for more rigorous research in the field of KR and their management, within the health-care context in specific.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first to comprehensively discuss issues of KRs within a health-care context.
... Procedural fairness requires that individuals affected by a decision be given provided with justification and be allowed to contribute to the decision and voice concerns (Greenberg, 1986). Organizational justice was adopted in the IS research and is often used to study fairness perceptions inside organizations and their relationships to technology-driven organizational change (Joshi, 1989;Li et al., 2014;Tarafdar et al., 2015). While all aspects of organizational justice may be affected by algorithmic bias, the distributive aspects receive the most attention (Robert et al., 2020). ...
Algorithmic fairness has been framed as a newly emerging technology that mitigates systemic discrimination in automated decision-making, providing opportunities to improve fairness in information systems (IS). However, based on a state-of-the-art literature review, we argue that fairness is an inherently social concept and that technologies for algorithmic fairness should therefore be approached through a sociotechnical lens. We advance the discourse on algorithmic fairness as a sociotechnical phenomenon. Our research objective is to embed AF in the sociotechnical view of IS. Specifically, we elaborate on why outcomes of a system that uses algorithmic means to assure fairness depends on mutual influences between technical and social structures. This perspective can generate new insights that integrate knowledge from both technical fields and social studies. Further, it spurs new directions for IS debates. We contribute as follows: First, we problematize fundamental assumptions in the current discourse on algorithmic fairness based on a systematic analysis of 310 articles. Second, we respond to these assumptions by theorizing algorithmic fairness as a sociotechnical construct. Third, we propose directions for IS researchers to enhance their impacts by pursuing a unique understanding of sociotechnical algorithmic fairness. We call for and undertake a holistic approach to AF. A sociotechnical perspective on algorithmic fairness can yield holistic solutions to systemic biases and discrimination.
... Procedural fairness requires that individuals affected by a decision be given provided with justification and be allowed to contribute to the decision and voice concerns (Greenberg, 1986). Organizational justice was adopted in the IS research and is often used to study fairness perceptions inside organizations and their relationships to technology-driven organizational change (Joshi, 1989;Li et al., 2014;Tarafdar et al., 2015). While all aspects of organizational justice may be affected by algorithmic bias, the distributive aspects receive the most attention (Robert et al., 2020). ...
Algorithmic fairness (AF) has been framed as a newly emerging technology that mitigates systemic discrimination in automated decision‐making, providing opportunities to improve fairness in information systems (IS). However, based on a state‐of‐the‐art literature review, we argue that fairness is an inherently social concept and that technologies for AF should therefore be approached through a sociotechnical lens. We advance the discourse on AF as a sociotechnical phenomenon. Our research objective is to embed AF in the sociotechnical view of IS. Specifically, we elaborate on why outcomes of a system that uses algorithmic means to assure fairness depend on mutual influences between technical and social structures. This perspective can generate new insights that integrate knowledge from both technical fields and social studies. Further, it spurs new directions for IS debates. We contribute as follows: First, we problematize fundamental assumptions in the current discourse on AF based on a systematic analysis of 310 articles. Second, we respond to these assumptions by theorizing AF as a sociotechnical construct. Third, we propose directions for IS researchers to enhance their impacts by pursuing a unique understanding of sociotechnical AF. We call for and undertake a holistic approach to AF. A sociotechnical perspective on AF can yield holistic solutions to systemic biases and discrimination.
... We argue that some conditions have to be met to result in a ''fair'' profit sharing outcome. The concept of fairness is quite ambiguous in research and for more differentiation on fairness consider [55]. In this paper, we stipulate that distributional fairness is achieved if (i) larger investments result in larger profit shares, (ii) additional consumption of locally generated electricity is rewarded (i.e., profit share of consumers > 0), and (iii) no household is penalized for participating in the sharing economy community (i.e., the profit from participating in the community has to be larger than during individual operation). ...
The transition of the energy sector towards more decentral, renewable and digital structures and a higher involvement of local residents as prosumers calls for innovative business models. In this paper, we investigate a sharing economy model that enables a residential community to share solar generation and storage capacity. We simulate 520 sharing communities of five households each with differing load profile configurations and find that they achieve average annual savings of 615€ as compared to individual operation. Using the gathered data on electricity consumption in a sharing community, we discuss a fixed pricing approach to achieve a fair distribution of the profits generated through the sharing economy. We further investigate the impact of prosumers’ and consumers’ load profile patterns on the profitability of the sharing communities. Based on these findings, we explore the potential to match and coordinate suitable communities through a platform-based sharing economy model. Our results enable practitioners to find optimal additions to an energy sharing community and provide new insights for researchers regarding possible pricing schemes in energy communities.
... To be clear, studies exist in IS and related fields that measure perceptions of social justice, but it does so mainly in the context of individual and group perceptions of justice in business organizations (Bernardi, Constantinides, & Nandhakumar, 2017;Myyry, Siponen, Pahnila, Vartiainen, & Vance, 2009;Peristas & Tarabanis, 2009;Joshi, 1989;Hirschheim & Klein, 1994). In contrast, little research has chronicled advancements in social justice (Karasti, 2010;Agarwal, Animesh, & Prasad, 2009;Chatterjee, Sarker, & Fuller, 2009) or confronted social justice issues directly (Stahl, 2007;Reimers, 1996). ...
... Reciprocal justice pertains to individuals' comparisons between their inputs versus their outputs in their involvement with an exchange, and whether they're getting a fair return for their efforts. The last dimension, of Reciprocal justice, was motivated by literature examining perceptions of fairness within organizations, in particular around equity [13]. I added this dimension to capture perceptions related to the labor that users put into selfie verification in exchange for access to the platform, and to recognize that workers do not passively receive an algorithmic judgment but rather are active creators and maintainers of the conditions that allow algorithms to make that judgment. ...
[Winner of the Best Paper Award] In the discourse on human perceptions of algorithmic fairness, researchers have begun to analyze how these perceptions are shaped by sociotechnical context. In thinking through contexts of work, a half-century of research on organizational decision-making tells us that perceptions and interpretations made within these spaces are highly bounded by surrounding contextual constraints. In this paper I report early findings from a survey I conducted to bridge these two conversations, and scrutinize real-world perceptions of algorithmic decision-making in situ in a space of work. I analyze these perceptions through the case of facial recognition (or more accurately, facial verification) as account verification in gig work. In this survey I asked 100 Uber drivers, who all had been actually subjected to Uber’s facial verification process known as Real Time Check ID, their fairness perceptions of this process. I designed the survey to elicit their perceptions across five disparate dimensions of justice: informational, distributive, procedural, reciprocal, and interactional. I also asked them about their strategies for integrating Real Time Check ID into their work flow, including efforts at repair when the system breaks down and their potential preferences for subversive practices. Of those workers who report engaging in subversive tactics to avoid facial recognition, such as taking a picture of their car seat, their hand, or their passenger instead of their own face, one dimension of fairness elicited worse perceptions than any other: informational justice, a.k.a. transparency, of facial recognition targeting (the process for deciding which workers trigger this extra layer of verification). This research reveals tensions between transparency, security, and workers’ perceptions of the “fairness” of an algorithmic system: while “too much” transparency into how workers are targeted for verification may permit bad actors to defraud the system, “too little” explanation, this research shows, is no solution either. Results have crucial implications for the allocation of transparency and the design of explanations in user-facing algorithmic fraud detection, which must address tensions between information justice and security.
... For instance, Huppertz et al. (1978) investigated consumer satisfaction behavior by testing some predictions derived from equity theory against a set of traditional (i.e., off-line) retail buyer-seller exchange situations. In an IS context, Joshi (1989Joshi ( , 1990 utilized equity theory in his study of fairness and equity perception measurements and user information satisfaction associated with management information systems (MIS). Au et al. (2008) created an input/needs fulfillment ratio model based on the input/outcome ratio model of equity theory to extend the understanding of end user information systems 2 Person and Other are reference terms. ...
This study draws upon equity theory to present a conceptual model for the study of personal information disclosure in an online buyer-seller transactional exchange. Prior research studies have utilized social contract and principal-agent theories to explain how information privacy concerns influence consumers’ intentions to provide their personal information to online sellers. Herein, equity theory is viewed as another “fairness and justice” lens through which online information privacy concerns can be explored while accommodating a broader set of situational factors, e.g., vendor loyalty, that also influence a buyer's willingness to provide their personal information to an online seller. The model operationalizes the “distress” construct that, according to equity theory, acts as an equity restoration mechanism and explores its mediation effects. Results of this empirical study show that event-driven distress can positively motivate an individual to provide personal information; and, that it can mediate the impact of certain situational factors on an individual’s willingness to provide personal information. Finally, vendor loyalty is conceptualized as a broadening of the “personalization” concept from the personalization-privacy paradox literature. It was also determined that “marital status” was significant in affecting one’s intention to disclose personal information while the significance of “age” was deemed inconclusive.
... Domain sampling is the process of defining a construct (i.e., establishing the domain through a conceptual definition) and then selecting or generating a few individual items that will capture the established domain (Davis, 1989;Nunnally, 1967). This process favors parsimony (the optimal number of items vs. maximal accuracy), in that the fewest number of items is included to validly represent the domain and achieve an acceptable reliability (Joshi, 1989;Little, Lindenberger, & Nesselroade, 1999). Second, I used cognitive processing to take a gestalt approach by more closely targeting the perceptions of potential participants and attempting to capture elements of their environment in the items that are used to measure the construct of interest (Karabenick et al., 2007). ...
This PhD dissertation examines the relationship between resource mobilization and new venture performance by presenting a thematic analysis and literature review of resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures and an empirical study in the context of Nigerian entrepreneurial ventures. The thematic analysis and literature review provide an inventory of the domain, and the integrative literature review identifies four main themes in the conceptual and empirical literature on resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures. The four themes reveal a) the embeddedness of resource mobilization in the organizing process of entrepreneurial ventures, b) the role of founders/managers in the resource mobilization process, c) the role of social networks in enhancing resource mobilization processes, and d) the focus on firm-level analysis with special emphasis on firm behavior regarding the processes, conditions, strategies, and activities associated with resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures. The thematic analysis and literature review contribute to advancing strategic entrepreneurship theories on resource mobilization by identifying the gaps in the literature and suggesting how they can be addressed in future research. They also contribute to the practice of strategic entrepreneurship research by showing that an increased understanding of resource mobilization in entrepreneurial ventures can be achieved by developing new theoretical foundations for research in entrepreneurship. The empirical study addresses the following research questions: What is the relationship between resource mobilization (approaches) and new venture performance? Under what conditions do resource mobilization approaches provide performance benefits to new ventures? To determine the relationship between resource mobilization and new venture performance, two resource mobilization approaches were examined—namely, optimization and bricolage. These are defined as the use of new and high-quality resources for a specific purpose and the use of existing resources for a new purpose, respectively. The effect of resource mobilization approaches on new venture performance is argued to be contingent upon network complementarity and network diversity. Using data from Nigerian ventures, the findings show that resource mobilization approaches have significant positive and negative impacts on new venture performance, while network complementarity and network diversity, as context variables, positively moderate these relationships. Overall, this dissertation offers several contributions to the strategic entrepreneurship literature and entrepreneurial network research by providing new directions for researchers to study optimization and bricolage from different viewpoints and offer suggestions for how optimization and bricolage can contribute to new venture performance. The dissertation also takes a step toward addressing the critique that conceptualizes entrepreneurs as nonstrategic actors and lends empirical support to the call to explore the moderating role of social networks in the organizing process of new ventures. Keywords: Resource mobilization, Bricolage, Optimization, Entrepreneurial ventures, Social networks, Nigeria, Quantitative data.
... If ISD has such social implications, then fundamental human issues become relevant. By fundamental human issues, within the scope of this paper, we refer to social justice and fairness (Alvesson and Wilmott 1992), which are synonymous notions (Joshi 1989) drawn from ethics, and which we argue should be considerations in any ISD process. In fact, Klein and Lyytinen (1985) emphatically make the point that the issues of justice or fairness cannot be ignored while undertaking ISD. ...
The paper offers a critique of traditional methodical approaches to Information Systems Development (ISD), arguing that a number of assumptions (for example, universality and rationality) underlying these approaches lead to incomplete ontological and epistemological considerations, and thereby contribute to IS failures in many cases. The paper proposes that ethical analysis undertaken in conjunction with traditional ISD approaches may be a way to address some of the limitations experienced during traditional ISD. Drawing upon ideas from postmodern ethics formulated by Zygmunt Bauman, the paper argues that increased focus on the moral responsibility of key ISD players (such as the team of analysts) may improve the ISD process. Finally, this paper suggests how, consistent with the postmodern stance, such moral responsibility can be implemented in the context of ISD. The paper concludes with the contributions and future implications of this research.
... Ambrose et al. [30] adopted it to explore the effects of justice on event-and system-related attitudes; Turel et al. [31] adopted it to explore the effects of justice on user acceptance of e-customer services. Based on the allocation model proposed by Leventhal [32] and the exchange relationship among IS users, Joshi [33] identified the three dimensions of fairness that are relevant to the MIS[A2] context: procedural fairness, distributive fairness, and reciprocal fairness. Further, he found that the three dimensions of equality may not be factorial-independent facets of equality. ...
The relationship between a doctor and a patient plays an important role in patient satisfaction with health-care services. It has become an important and contentious issue in China’s health-care reform. This study uses service fairness as a theoretical lens to investigate the influence an implementation of a patient-accessible hospital information system (HIS) has on doctor–patient relationships and patient satisfaction. We developed a research model that relates patient-accessible HIS implementation with perception of service fairness, doctor–patient relationships, and patient satisfaction. Data were collected from patients in one of the biggest hospitals in East China that has implemented patient-accessible HIS. Results of the study show that patient-accessible HIS promotes patients’ perception of service fairness, improves doctor–patient relationships, and increases patient satisfaction
... PourBedford et al, 1966 ; Joshi, 1989 ; Sethi et King, 1991 ; Herring, 1996 – Résultats : combien de contacts via des supports autres que le formulaire proposé ? ...
Anticipatory and Collective Environmental SCAnning : a new use of the Web site to provoque « in-the-field » information
This paper aims to bring some answers to the following question : which new use of Web technologies for Veille Anticipative Stratégique – Intelligence Collective, with the objective to add an additional know-how for the method L. E. SCAnning®, in particular for the tracking of anticipated information. We present an innovative use from the Web site : to use the Web site to provoque « in-the-field » information. The goal is to attract visitors’s spontaneous information. Through an empirical study tested by intervention-research into SME, we present a case and we formulate some practical and theoretical results.
... Procedural justice relates to whether the procedure or mechanism that determines the outcome is perceived as just (Folger and Greenberg 1985). Procedural justice was, for example, previously found to be relevant in the context of information privacy concerns (Culnan and Armstrong 1999), consumers' responses to service failures (Goodwin and Ross 1992) and, most related to the present context, the allocation of IS resources (Joshi 1989). With respect to non-neutral Internet access, procedural justice refers to the level of transparency that the ISP provides to its users with respect to how certain data packets are prioritized and the delivered quality of the Internet connection (Faulhaber 2010;Sluijs et al. 2011;Krämer et al. 2013). ...
Although Internet service providers (ISPs) are technically capable as well as legally allowed to offer non-neutral Internet access services, where the data flows of customers who pay a premium are prioritized over others, such an access service is currently not offered by ISPs. We argue that ISPs are hesitant to tap the price discrimination potential of prioritized Internet access services, because in the context of the ongoing public debate on net neutrality (NN), their customers would consider such differentiation unjust. In a representative survey among German Internet access customers, we find that the customers’ perceptions of justice as well as the framing of the mechanism by which prioritized Internet access is provided are indeed decisive for whether customers would prefer this access regime over NN. In particular, we find that perceptions of distributive and procedural justice influence customers’ choice for non-neutral Internet access. Moreover, customers are more likely to accept a regime that offers an absolute rather than a relative prioritization of data flows.
... The organizational justice literature, however, provides rich discussions of other forms of justiceinteractional justice, informational justice and distributive justice. Some of these justice concepts have been discussed in the MIS literature (Joshi 1989), but their discussions are largely nonexistent in the KM literature. Understanding the antecedents and consequences of these justice perceptions in the KM context can provide important theoretical and managerial insights. ...
Electronic knowledge repositories represent one of the fundamental tools for knowledge management (KM) initiatives. Existing research, however, has largely focused on supply-side driven research questions, such as employee motivation to contribute knowledge to a repository. This research turns attention to the dynamic relationship between the supply-side issue of knowledge contribution and demand-side issue of knowledge usage, as repository systems are successful only to the extent that their content is actively utilized by organizational members to enhance their work performance. There are two primary objectives of this dissertation research. The first is to examine determinants of high quality knowledge contribution, the knowledge refinement process, and effective knowledge use, by drawing on organizational and dyadic factors. The second purpose is to expand the current understanding of knowledge contribution and use beyond conventional constructs that are based on quantity or frequency. New theoretical frameworks are proposed to conceptualize knowledge quality, knowledge refinement, and knowledge use. Towards these goals, informal qualitative interviews and a survey study with a matched-triad design were conducted with users of Eureka, a successful global knowledge repository system of the Xerox company. Results reveal that procedural justice significantly contributed to the quality of refined knowledge and the extent of knowledge use. However, procedural justice had little impact on the quality of knowledge contribution. In addition, expertise gap and communication frequency significantly influenced the quality of refined knowledge, whereas shared understanding made little contribution. These findings are discussed with respect to implications for knowledge management research and managerial practices.
... Procedural justice relates to whether the procedure or mechanism that determines the outcome is perceived as just (Folger and Greenberg 1985). Procedural justice was, for example, previously found to be relevant in the context of information privacy concerns (Culnan and Armstrong 1999), consumers' responses to service failures (Goodwin and Ross 1992) and, most related to the present context, the allocation of IS resources (Joshi 1989). With respect to non-neutral Internet access, procedural justice is to the level of transparency that the ISP provides to its users with respect to how certain data packets are prioritized and the delivered quality of the Internet connection (Faulhaber 2010;Sluijs et al 2011;Krämer et al 2013). ...
Although Internet service providers (ISPs) are technically capable as well as legally allowed to offer non-neutral Internet access services, where the data flows of those customers that pay a premium are prioritized over others, such an access service is currently not offered by ISPs. We argue that ISPs are hesitant to tap the price discrimination potential of prioritized Internet access services, because in the context of the ongoing public debate on net neutrality (NN), such differentiation would be considered as unjust by their customers. In a representative survey among German Internet access customers we find that the customers' perceptions of justice as well as the framing of the mechanism by which prioritized Internet access is provided are indeed decisive for whether customers' would prefer this access regime over NN. In particular we find that perceptions of distributive and procedural justice drive customers' choice for non-neutral Internet access. Moreover, customers are more likely to accept a regime that offers an absolute rather than a relative prioritization of data flows.
... Procedural justice perceptions were adapted from Joshi's (1989Joshi's ( , 1992 measure. Joshi's measure was designed to evaluate employees' perceptions of procedural justice during innovation implementation. ...
Drawing upon research on personality, innovation and procedural justice, we examine the two-way and three-way interaction effects of people's status concerns (SC) and need for control (NC) on the relationship between a participative innovation implementation approach (PIIA) and procedural justice perceptions. The results indicate that SC and NC moderate the aforementioned relationship in a complex three-way manner. Those who have both high SC and high NC are the most sensitive to the PIIA in terms of procedural justice perceptions. The underlying psychological mechanisms are discussed.
... Various studies (De Boer et al., 2002;Geurts et al., 1999;Joshi, 1989;Khalifa & Truong, 2010) report that employees can display negative reactions to inequity. These could include theft, reduced productivity, low levels of motivation and job satisfaction, high levels of employee burnout and turnover. ...
Orientation: The focus of this study was the relationship between perceptions of inequity and specific withdrawal behaviours. Research purpose: The purpose of the investigation was to explore possible relationships between workers’ perceptions of inequity in the workplace, intentions toward withdrawal behaviour and unauthorised absenteeism.Motivation for the study: There is very little South African research on the correlates of perceived inequity in the workplace. This study attempted to address the gap by exploring specific withdrawal behaviours as possible correlates of perceived inequity.Research design, approach and method: Using a small-scale survey design, the researchers measured intentions towards withdrawal behaviour and recorded rates of absenteeism in a sample of 110 employees from a variety of automotive manufacturing companies in the KwaZulu-Natal area.Main findings: The researchers did not find a relationship between perceptions of inequity and unauthorised absenteeism but did find one between perceptions of inequity and future withdrawal behaviours.Practical/managerial implications: The high levels of perceptions of inequity amongst the workers and the finding that workers were more likely to engage in withdrawal behaviours in the future if they perceived unequal treatment in the workplace are worrying issues for the companies involved.Contribution/value-add: The scale that the researchers developed to measure perceptions of inequity shows preliminary evidence of construct validity. The results suggest that employers need to monitor levels of perceived inequity especially in relation to future withdrawal behaviour.
... In addition, the ability to voice one's opinions through the decision process and potentially influence the outcome is argued to have a strong effect on perceptions of procedural justice [47]. Research on procedural justice has been conducted across a broad range of contexts (e.g., allocation of IS resources [40]). These studies demonstrate the viability of this construct in explaining attitudinal and behavioral outcomes in many situations. ...
Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) services, also known as e-ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) services, are interactive, web based services intended to support disputing parties in reaching an agreement. It is important to study these e-services since their use is a potential solution to the current upsurge in online-based disputes and the decaying ability of the judicial procedure to resolve such disagreements. Particularly, the provision of ODR services by e-vendors can facilitate institutional based structural assurances, promote trust in e-vendors, and ultimately, advance e-commerce. ^ Informal interviews with ODR service providers as well as a systematic review of the literature reveal that trust and justice (i.e., a set of fairness beliefs) perceptions are likely to be salient predictors of individual intentions to employ ODR services. Accordingly, this study investigates the interplay between trust and justice related factors, and their impacts on end-user adoption of ODR services. To examine these effects a theoretical model explicating the relationships between trust, justice and behavioral intentions is presented and tested using structural equation modeling techniques applied to two independent datasets. Data for this study was collected through an online-questionnaire administered in the context of a large online dispute resolution experiment, in which some justice and trust perceptions were manipulated. ^ The findings suggest that the concept of justice is important in human-computer interaction in decision making contexts, and that it interplays with the concept of trust in predicting intention to use an ODR service. Furthermore, the inductive analysis reveals some key service and dispute-context attributes that users consider being instrumental to their decision to use an ODR service. Based on the findings, implications for theory and practices, as well as future research directions, are discussed. Overall, the study introduces the concept of justice to the human-computer interaction literature, extends and integrates the justice, trust, technology adoption and online negotiation research streams, and reports on a novel examination of the complex interplay between justice and trust assessments in the ODR context. ^
Purpose
With the prevalence of enterprise social media (ESM), this study examines how the innovative and routine ESM use behaviors in the post-acceptance stage influence the quality and quantity dimensions of information processing (i.e. information equality and information overload), subsequently affecting employee autonomy grounded in the digital information management theoretical (DIMT) framework. This study further explores the moderating effects of communication visibility on the relationships between employee autonomy and each of the two information processing factors.
Design/methodology/approach
The proposed theoretical model was empirically validated using survey data of 266 knowledge workers that use ESM in a hybrid working context.
Findings
The results demonstrate that innovative and routine ESM use have different impacts on the quality and quantity dimensions of information processing, and information equality (quality dimension) improves employee autonomy as expected, but, surprisingly, information overloads (quantity dimension) as well. ESM communication visibility positively moderates the relationship between employee autonomy and each dimension of information processing.
Originality/value
Prior studies on ESM use widely focused on ESM's positive and negative outcomes and the mechanisms from the perspectives of employees' psychological and cognitive reactions. How ESM use behaviors in the post-acceptance stage empower employee autonomy and allow organizations to leverage the organizations' information technology (IT) investments remains unclear. Drawing on the information processing perspective, this study provides a novel angle to examine how to leverage IT values that stem from ESM use by considering the complementary roles of active and passive information processing.
The subject of wisdom has been an important topic in philosophy throughout the ages, and many scholars have written books and articles on the subject of wisdom. Although its origins are in philosophy, other disciplines such as psychology and management have also studied wisdom. Decision making is a major management task that is very important because the success and failure of an organization depends largely on management decisions. Despite the vital role of decision-making and the growing interest in wisdom in management, the management literature is still lacking in research that provides a clear understanding of how decision-making in management by utilizing wisdom. In this direction, in the light of technological developments, it is seen that there are many obstacles to the implementation of decision support systems and the use of tools. The main purpose of the study is to use the dimensions of wisdom management in addressing unstructured decisions and obstacles in the implementation of decision support systems. In the first part of the study, the concepts of wisdom and organizational wisdom, in the second part, the concepts of decision support systems, and in the third part, the concepts of business intelligence are discussed in detail. In the fourth section, the findings of the survey conducted for Turkish and Syrian companies operating in the information technologies sector in Gaziantep are shown. The fifth part of the research covers the evaluations, discussions and suggestions about the research part.
Individuals are supposed to perform a privacy risk-benefit analysis when deciding to transact with a free data-driven service provider. Building on equity theory, this article suggests that users incorporate the net value for providers in their trade-off. Based on two pre-studies and an experimental survey study among 200 free data-driven service users, we provide evidence that users’ balance their own net value (benefits minus risks) as well as providers’ net value from monetizing users’ data. This leads to distributive equity perceptions which, in turn, affect users’ satisfaction with the service and thus long-term success of the user-provider-relationship. In this vein, a distributive equity scale for the context of data-driven services is developed. Implications for research, providers and users are discussed.
Product recommendation agents (RAs) assist online firms to adapt their suggested offers to users’ preferences, thereby lowering users’ decision effort. The concept of effort is central in decision-making, yet it remains unclear whether it should be regarded as a cost or as a benefit improving the odds of a better decision. Building on Social Exchange theory, we suggest that interactions between users and RAs are driven by the concepts of perceived interdependence and reciprocity. We suggest that perceived user effort decreases the perceived RA quality, whereas RA effort increases the perceived RA quality. We conducted two experimental studies across different contexts. We found that users evaluate RAs based on their own expended effort, in relation to how much effort they perceived the RA has put into the process of generating recommendations. Such an effect is attenuated by users’ familiarity with the product context. Our findings offer important insights into how online firms can improve the use of their RAs.
Valid and reliable measures are critical to theory development as they facilitate theory testing in empirical research. Efforts in scale development have been put on ensuring aspects of validity. In this paper, the authors address a specific topic of construct validity assessment in scale development. Using data from the five leading IS journals between 1989-2008, in this paper, the authors determine if and how the field has advanced in construct validity assessment. Findings suggest that the proportion of studies reporting construct validity had increased and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Multi-Trait Multi-Method (MTMM) were the three most common methods of construct validity assessment. The authors also apply a popular method from psychology and exemplify how the correlation analysis technique can be used to measure construct validity.
Trust and justice play an important role in the process of organizational change to build dynamic capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage. This study investigated the interaction effects of management's benevolence trustworthiness and integrity trustworthiness on employees’ perception of procedural justice during innovation or organizational change. Both the scenario and the field study showed that the patterns of the interaction effects of these two components of trustworthiness are further influenced in a complementary manner by different innovation approaches. The study indicated that the relationships between benevolence trustworthiness and integrity trustworthiness are far more complex than expected and thus need more research efforts.
Feminist approach and IS research: a study of MIS Quarterly
Over a few decades, some research in several academic fields (history, anthropology, sociology, education, management…) has questioned the social construction of gender roles. Despite their diversity, most of these works share a research approach that can be named ‘feminist approach’. The objective of this article is to use this approach to understand how gender is taken into account in information systems research, and more precisely in a leading journal, MIS Quarterly. First, we describe the different dimensions of a feminist approach. Then, all the articles mentioning “gender” have been examined using this framework, whether the term gender is used as a demographic variable or refers to male-female social relations. Results suggest that using a feminist approach could be of interest for improving IS research, providing additional rigor, and more robust findings, less flawed by cultural biases. Then, researchers can be questioned on their contribution in consolidating stereotypes and gender norms in IS. Last, a feminist approach in IS research could open the way to new ideas.
Employees’ extended use of enterprise systems becomes an important concern for firms striving to reap benefits from IT investment. This paper proposes a person-environment-technology (PET) research model to explain how system self-efficacy, leader-member exchange, and system modularity, jointly impact employees’ extended use. The model is tested with a survey on enterprise system users in six firms which have already implemented enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and several meaningful findings are yielded. First, except for leader-member exchange, both system self-efficacy and modularity are found to positively and directly affect extended use. Second, leader-member exchange, rather than exerting a direct effect, can positively moderate the effects of system self-efficacy and modularity on extended use. Third, system modularity can strengthen the relationship between system self-efficacy and employees’ extended use .The limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed.
The purpose of this chapter is to explore and suggest how perceptions of the social context of an organization moderate the usage of an innovative technology. We propose a research model that is strongly grounded in theory and offer a number of associated propositions that can be used to investigate adoption and diffusion of mobile computing devices for business-to-business (B2B) interactions (including transactions and other informational exchanges). Mobile computing devices for B2B are treated as a technological innovation. An extension of existing adoption and diffusion models by considering the social contextual factors is necessary and appropriate in light of the fact that various aspects of the social context have been generally cited to be important in the introduction of new technologies. In particular, a micro-level analysis of this phenomenon for the introduction of new technologies is not common. Since the technological innovation that is considered here is very much in its nascent stages there may not as yet be a large body of users in a B2B context. Therefore, this provides a rich opportunity to conduct academic research. We expect this chapter to sow the seeds for extensive empirical research in the future.
Electronic knowledge repositories represent one of the fundamental tools for knowledge management KM initiatives. This research examines organizational and dyadic factors that determine the effectiveness of knowledge refinement, the process of evaluating, analyzing and optimizing the knowledge object to be stored in a repository. A survey study with a matched-triad design was conducted with 318 authors, validators and users of a global knowledge repository system. Results revealed that perceived procedural justice, expertise gap, communication frequency, and shared understanding significantly influenced the quality of refined knowledge, while perceived procedural justice also positively influenced the quality of initial knowledge contributions. These findings are discussed with respect to future research and managerial practices.© (2011) by the AIS/ICIS Administrative Office All rights reserved.
The research has tried to understand why using the same information system development method, one can be led to success or failure. The study has been grounded on practical investigations in different organizations. The observations are confronted with three theories, found in the literature, which have proposed contingency factors, related to the project or its context. According to the authors, the right method to be selected and the way of implementing have to fit with those factors. The research has showed that there are in fact three processes, which have to be managed in a consistent way: production, decision and change. Methods usually focus on the production process, whereas implementing successfully a method on a project implies to control simultaneously decision taking, attitude changes and production activities. It is precisely this control which requires to be fitted with the characteristics of the project
This paper compares perspectives on the governance of the management models
employed by two of Canada’s largest provincial park systems, from the viewpoint of
non-governmental organization members (NGOs) with an interest in protected areas.
The two models are the parastatal model of Ontario (ON) Provincial Parks and the
public and for-profit combination model of British Columbia (BC) Provincial Parks.
Governance was evaluated using a computerized survey based on the 10 United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) criteria of governance: accountability, consensusorientation,
effectiveness, efficiency, equity, public participation, responsiveness, rule
of law, strategic vision and transparency. As part of a larger project, the survey was
administered to members of NGOs with an interest in either of the two park systems.
This was done in 2008 for British Columbia Parks and in 2009 for Ontario Parks.
Analysis suggested that the 10 governance criteria might form 11 governance factors.
Data suggest statistically significant differences in perception between NGOs in Ontario
and British Columbia Park. Specifically, members of NGOs in Ontario had positive
views and ranked all 11 governance factors closer toward good governance. Members
of NGOs in British Columbia ranked 8 of 11 factors negatively, toward weak governance.
This is the first study of this type where members of NGOs with an interest
in either Ontario or British Columbia Parks voiced their opinion of governance within
a systematic survey framework on the management models of the park systems with
which they are involved. The research demonstrates that members of NGOs in Ontario
have many more positive scores for the governance of the parastatal model than those in
British Columbia have for the public for-profit model. We conclude that this difference
is due to two factors: the management model used and the institutional relationships
between the park systems and the associated NGOs.
Enterprises accomplish their missions through obtaining and managing information. The unintended disclose of enterprises' sensitive information causes serious damage to enterprises, resulting in disruptive management. For effective security of enterprises, information security management systems and information security policy owing clear goals should be firmly established. This study analyzes factors influencing maturity of information security policy and gives important hints to execute information security policy.
To solidate information security, Korea government introduces information security governance. The public institutions and agencies in korea have begun to recognize the importance of information security governance. For solidating information security governance, the government has tried to establish and solidate an information security policy and information security systems. This study suggests factors affecting the level of information security governance in the public agencies and institutions through the factor analysis and the linear regression analysis. The results of this study show that the CEO's support is able to elevate the level of information security governance. The level of information security governance has relation with the number of the staff in information departments, and the budget in the public agencies and the institutions. This study provides directions for the public agencies and the institution for elevating the levels of information security governance.
This paper is to analyze how the information security leadership of top management affects controls of information security. Controls of information security include the activity related to making information security policy, the activity related to making up information security organizational structure and job responsibilities, the activity related to information security awareness and training, the activity related to technical measures installation and operation, and the activity related to emergency response, monitering and auditing. Additionally we will analyze how Internet incidents affect controls of information security and find implications.
Many companies have implemented usage-sensitive chargeback systems to allocate the costs of centralized computing facilities to users. Previous research has indicated that internal transfer pricing schemes are most prevalent and most controversial in decentralized organizations, where managers often view them as unfair or biased. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two potentially important policy decisions on perceived fairness: sourcing restrictions and internal prices that exceed external market prices. Both variables had a significant effect on perceived fairness. However, subjects who were denied access to external computing facilities perceived both the restrictive policy and the prices charged as unfair, even when internal prices were less than market prices. These findings suggest that the mandated full-cost pricing schemes used in many decentralized firms can have a negative effect on user managers' perceptions of fairness, regardless of the prices charged. The results also highlight the need for more thorough investigation of policy issues that can affect divisional managers' perceptions of fairness.
Ensuring end users (i.e., employees) are able and willing to use advanced airline information systems (IS) is critical for airlines to gain operational efficiency and passenger satisfaction. Despite the importance of end-user satisfaction (EUS) with IS, there have been no prior studies examining the extent of the applicability of previous theoretical constructs of EUS in the context of airline IS. We integrate the major antecedents of EUS into a proposed EUS model for airline IS and collect data via a questionnaire survey from service operational employees of eight airlines to test the model. The results indicate that although the actual and expected performance of an IS are two determinants of EUS, equitable needs fulfillment has the largest impact on EUS. Conversely, we find that equity sensitivity and involvement congruence have no significant impact on EUS. This article contributes to research by identifying the factors that yield EUS with airline IS and provides managerial insights on successful IS management in the airline industry.
Using a case study of a financial service provider, this research provides a next step toward an answer to the question about the importance of an employee's attitude toward a newly introduced information system in light of a mandatory usage setting. Based on the Commitment to Change Model, the paper argues theoretically and provides case study evidence that negative attitudes toward new information systems influence work-related and health-related outcomes. The observed case indicates that a negative evaluation of a new financial information system leads to negative consequences such as decreased organizational commitment and overall job satisfaction as well as an increased turnover intention and a higher number of sick days. The results implicate that work- and health-related consequences are potential dependent variables for technology adoption research and that practitioners have to address these issues during the implementation of information systems in organizations.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of equity/inequity on consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Considerable research in marketing, during the past five years, has sought better understanding of consumer satisfaction. However, little research has sought to understand the consequences of inequity in a marketing exchange. Using equity theory, this research proposed that one major consequence of inequitable marketing exchanges is consumer dissatisfaction.
A conceptual framework for this research was created by modeling the consumer's consumption/evaluation process for services. The model was divided into three stages: preconsumption, consumption, and postconsumption. The focus of this research, within the model, was upon postchoice evaluation.
Two independent variables were experimentally manipulated to create perceptions of equity or inequity: waiting time and price. An after-only 3 x 3 factorial design was created. The major dependent variable in this research was consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. In addition, expected service quality was used as a minor dependent variable.
Subjects from graduate business classes were asked to role-play choosing an airline's service and evaluating their choice. Subjects were shown an advertisement for the airline and then allowed to make a reservation. Prior to using the airline's services, the subjects were presented with an advertisement for a competing airline, which a friend was flying on, that offered the same price ($250) or one of two better prices ($225 or $200) for the same flight.
Also, subjects were informed that they had to wait as long as they expected, 30 minutes longer than expected, or 90 minutes longer than expected to board the flight. After pretending to board the plane, the subjects were presented with a survey concerning the airline.
Equity theory interprets changes in price or waiting time as changes in the consumer's inputs to an exchange. Increases in the consumer's inputs with no corresponding increase in the consumer's outcomes are inequitable and lead to dissatisfaction. Therefore, three hypotheses were proposed:
1. Inequitable waiting time will significantly influence consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the choice of service.
2. Inequitable price changes will significantly consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the choice of a service.
3. Inequitable waiting time and inequitable price changes will significantly interact in influencing consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the choice of a service.
A second set of minor hypotheses was formulated based upon the proposition that a negative evaluation of "choice" of a service will lead to negative expectations for "use" of a service:
4. Inequitable waiting time will significantly influence the consumer's expectations of service quality.
5. Inequitable price changes will significantly influence the consumer's expectations of service quality.
6. Inequitable waiting time and inequitable price change will significantly interact in influencing the consumer's expectations of service quality.
Hypotheses 1 and 4 were strongly supported. Inequitable waiting time appears to induce strong reactions of dissatisfaction and to lower expectations of service quality. Hypotheses 2 and 5 were also strongly supported. However, the price manipulation did not seem to cause perceptions of inequity. Hypotheses 3 and 6 were not supported. An analysis of covariance was significant for "familiarity with airline services" as a covariate with the dependent measure of service quality expectations.
This chapter discusses the major theoretical conceptions of justice in social psychology. It discusses the early work in social psychology, specifically the statements by George Homans, Blau, and J. Stacy Adams, which shaped much of the work that followed. It also discusses the theoretical statements derived from the research activity of the 1960s and the 1970s. The chapter presents a set of issues that are considered to be most important in underlying past work and in establishing the outlines of an agenda for the future. Philosophers writing on justice have addressed two different kinds of issues. The first involves the definition of the concept of justice and what it could be argued to entail. The second issue involves attempts to establish material principles of justice, specifications of the conditions that must be met if justice is to exist. The chapter discusses several classical and contemporary philosophical statements on justice.
Human resource information systems (HRIS) have become a major MIS subfunction within the personnel areas of many large corporations. This article traces the development of HRIS as an entity independent of centralized MIS, assesses its current operation ...
Describes a general theory of social behavior-equity theory-consisting of 4 propositions designed to predict when individuals will perceive that they are justly treated and how they will react when they find themselves enmeshed in unjust relationships. Research conducted to test equity theory is summarized. Ways in which equity theory interlocks with other major social psychological theories are discussed. Some ways in which equity theory can be applied to understanding social problems are considered. (103 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Equity theory was applied to retail exchange situations to test hypotheses about subjects’ perceptions of inequity and behaviors they would perform. Subjects in Group 1 made evaluative ratings of 16 hypothetical situations in which two sources of inequity, high price and poor service, were introduced, along with varying levels of shopping frequency and item cost. Subjects perceived high price inequity situations as less fair than low ones, and high service inequity situations as less fair than low ones when price inequity was low. When price inequity was high, subjects perceived high shopping frequency situations less fair than low ones. Subjects in Group 2 chose the behavior they would be most likely to perform in each situation. When inequity was present, most subjects chose leaving the store, although several chose complaining about price or service when shopping frequency was also high.
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
This chapter discusses the effects of inequity on the formation and change of attitudes in interpersonal relations. It presents the comparison of inequity to cognitive dissonance, and discusses the implications of inequity or injustice for attitude formation and change. Inequity is usually assumed to be capable of influencing the attitudes of people toward their positions in a relationship, toward their partners in the relationship, toward the relationship as a whole, toward the tasks they are to perform, and toward the person or agent responsible for the inequity. The existence of perceived inequity is assumed to result in distress. Although derived from dissonance theory, equity theory introduces some important refinements. Equity theory makes a distinction between cognitive elements that represent an individual's inputs into an exchange relationship and elements that represent that individual's outcomes. The chapter discusses the implications of equity theory for influencing behavior in exchange relationships.
The process of exchange is almost continual in human interactions, and appears to have characteristics peculiar to itself, and to generate affect, motivation, and behavior that cannot be predicted unless exchange processes are understood. This chapter describes two major concepts relating to the perception of justice and injustice; the concept of relative deprivation and the complementary concept of relative gratification. All dissatisfaction and low morale are related to a person's suffering injustice in social exchanges. However, a significant portion of cases can be usefully explained by invoking injustice as an explanatory concept. In the theory of inequity, both the antecedents and consequences of perceived injustice have been stated in terms that permit quite specific predictions to be made about the behavior of persons entering social exchanges. Relative deprivation and distributive justice, as theoretical concepts, specify some of the conditions that arouse perceptions of injustice and complementarily, the conditions that lead men to feel that their relations with others are just. The need for much additional research notwithstanding, the theoretical analyses that have been made of injustice in social exchanges should result not only in a better general understanding of the phenomenon, but should lead to a degree of social control not previously possible. The experience of injustice need not be an accepted fact of life.
Equity theory was applied to retail exchange situations to test hypotheses about subjects' perceptions of inequity and behaviors they would perform. Subjects in Group 1 made evaluative ratings of 16 hypothetical situations in which two sources of inequity, high price and poor service, were introduced, along with varying levels of shopping frequency and item cost. Subjects perceived high price inequity situations as less fair than low ones, and high service inequity situations as less fair than low ones when price inequity was low. When price inequity was high, subjects perceived high shopping frequency situations less fair than low ones. Subjects in Group 2 chose the behavior they would be most likely to perform in each situation. When inequity was present, most subjects chose leaving the store, although several chose complaining about price or service when shopping frequency was also high.
Developing computer-based information systems is usually conceived as a rational process, intended to achieve identifiable and agreed upon goals. From this perspective, certain elements in the system development process are believed to enhance its effectiveness. For example, handoffs between one project phase and another, feasibility studies conducted prior to development work, and the use of project teams and steering committees are recommended in most texts as activities instrumental to effective system design. Recently, the political view of organizations has assumed greater stature in organization theory. This perspective interprets organizational events not only from the rational standpoint, but also in terms of negotiation and conflicting goals. From the political perspective, elements of the system design process can be interpreted as rituals which enable actors to remain overtly rational while negotiating to achieve private interests. This paper seeks to understand those rituals and to reveal their function in the systems design process.
This chapter presents a framework for predicting the behavior of persons who occupy the allocator's role. The framework takes account of other persons insofar as they influence the allocator's decisions about rewards and resources. Persons of higher rank, who are the allocator's superiors, may strongly influence his or her decisions, and so may the recipients who are subordinate to him or her. In addition, other parties who observe the allocator may influence his or her decisions. Allocation decisions are instrumental acts through which the allocator tries to achieve various goals. The chapter takes account of a wide range of goals and motives that affect his or her decisions. In any allocation situation there is considerable potential for conflict between the allocator and recipients, or between the recipients themselves.
Failures in the implementation of management information systems ("MIS's") can be attributed in part to a lack of managerial "involvement" and "appreciation." The concepts of involvement and appreciation are defined, and their measurement in a real-world research setting is presented. The testing of several hypotheses in this setting indicates that managers who involve themselves with the MIS will appreciate the system, and that managers who are uninvolved will be unappreciative.
This article discusses zero-based budgeting (ZBB), and the implications of ZBB as an alternative to chargeout systems. This is followed by a presentation of the findings of a two-year field test designed to assess the effectiveness of ZBB as a planning and control technique for allocating MIS resources.
Recent empirical studies of computing use in organizations and in public life are examined. The roles of computer technologies in the workplace, in decision making, in altering power relationships, and in influencing personal privacy are examined. In addition, studies that examine the social accountability of computing arrangements to broad publics are reviewed. All studies of computing in social life make important assumptions about the social world in which computing is embedded. Two broad perspectives are contrasted. Systems rationalism, a collection of approaches including management science, managerial rationalism, and the systems approach, is found to be most helpful in stable settings, when there is considerable consensus over important social values. Segmented-institutionalist analyses, which assume social conflict rather than consensus, are particularly powerful as the social world of computing use becomes more dynamic and as a wider variety of groups is involved.
This article examines one aspect of the later stages in a computer-based information system's (CBIS's) life cycle: the ways in which organizational actors select and implement enhancements to 'existing' CBISs. It examines four metaphors of CBIS implementation which lead to different expectations about computing developments and the likely outcomes: technological evolution, economic rationality, organizational drift, and organizational politics.
Many of the problems and failures of Management Information Systems (MIS) and Management Science/Operations Research (MS/OR) projects have been attributed to organizational behavioral problems. The millions of dollars organizations spend on MIS and MS/OR development are of little benefit because systems continue to fail. Steps can be taken to understand and solve these behavioral problems. This article argues that in most cases these behavioral problems are the result of inadequate designs. These bad designs are attributed to the way MIS systems designers view organizations, their members, and the function of an MIS within them, i.e., systems designers' frames of reference. These frames of reference cause faulty design choices and failures to perceive better design alternatives. Seven conditions are discussed which reflect current systems designers' points of view. The discussion of these conditions demonstrates the need to reframe MIS design methodology within the Socio-Technical Systems (STS) design approach and change systems designers' perspectives. The STS approach is introduced as a realistic view of organizations and a way to change them. This article is the first of two to appear in consecutive issues of the MIS Quarterly. The purpose of this first article is to demonstrate the need for the STS approach. The second will present the basic concepts and principles of the STS methodology and how it can be utilized in the design of an MIS.
This paper discusses long-term change in organizations in relation to information systems. It reviews causes of social inertia, resistance and counterimplementation. It stresses the pluralistic nature of organizations. Tactics for managing change rely on incremental, facilitative approaches. These limit strategic change which requires coalition-building and careful attention to political mechanisms.
General Learning Press
- Carson
Carson (eds.), General Learning Press, Mor-ristown, NJ, 1976b.
Approaching Equity & Avoiding Inequity in Groups & Organizations
- J Greenberg
Greenberg, J. "Approaching Equity & Avoiding Inequity in Groups & Organizations," in Equity & Justice in Social Behavior, J. Greenberg and R.L. Cohen (eds.), Academic Press, New York, NY, 1982. Halbrecht, H.Z. "Managing Information for Profit," speech presented to the Conference Board, Top Management Priorities for MIS, MIS Quarterly (2:3), September 1978, pp. 53-57.
Conceptual Insights into Consumer Satisfaction with Serv-ices
- M G Liechty
- G A Churchill
Liechty, M.G. and Churchill, G.A. "Conceptual Insights into Consumer Satisfaction with Serv-ices," in Educators' Conference Proceedings, N. Beckwith, M. Houston, R. Mittlestaedt, K.B. Monrone, and S. Wards (eds.), American Mar-keting Assn., Chicago, IL, 1979. plaining Behavior, H.K. Hunt and R.L. Day (eds.), Sixth Annual Conference on Consumer Satisfaction, Bloomington, IN, October 1981.
User Oriented Approaches to MIS
- R J Welke
Welke, R.J. "User Oriented Approaches to MIS," CA Magazine (102:8), 1979, pp. 62-68.
Social Analysis of Computing: Theo-1973
- R Kling
Kling, R. "Social Analysis of Computing: Theo-1973, pp. 51-176.
Micro and Macro Justice
- P Brickman
- R Folger
- E Goode
- Y Schul
Effects of Perceptions of Equity and Inequity on Worker Performance and Satisfaction
- R D Pritchard
- M D Dunnette
- D Jorgenson
Managing Information for Profit," speech presented to the Conference Board, Top Management Priorities for
- H Z Halbrecht
- Mis Mis
- Quarterly