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Glandular Hairs of Salvia ocinalis: New Data on Morphology, Localization and Histochemistry in Relation to Function
Abstract
The structure, site and histochemistry of glandular hairs on the vegetative and reproductive parts of Saläia ocinalis were investigated by UV and conventional light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. Five distinct types of glandular hair (one peltate and four capitate) with dierent sites, secretory modes and secretions, were identified, and a functional role postulated for each type. All the hair types show mixed secretions, i.e., hydrophilic and lipophilic, except type I capitate hairs, which have hydrophilic secretions only. In peltate hairs and in type II capitate hairs hydrophilic secretion prevails; in the remaining types, lipophilic secretion dominates. The manner, time and role of erection of peltate hairs on the reproductive organs and the role of non-glandular hairs are also considered. # 1999 Annals of Botany Company
... To determine the chemical composition of accumulated substances, methods of histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and analytical chemistry are usually used. A series of histochemical tests and fluorescent markers reveals the presence of lipids [36,37], terpenes [38,39], sesquiterpene lactones [40,41], flavonoids [23,42], polyphenols [25,43], and alkaloids [18,44]. The activity of the biosynthesis enzymes for secondary metabolites belonging to different classes, as well as the intracellular localization of these enzymes in the glandular trichomes, was demonstrated in studies based on immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling [45][46][47][48]. ...
... The upper cells of the glandular trichomes called secretory are arranged in one (Origanum dictamnus - [15]; Ocimum basilicum - [17]; Mentha piperita - [19]; Pterocarya rhoifolia - [60]), two (Dionaeae muscipula, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Brocchinia reducta - [61], Betula nana - [62]), or three layers (Nepenthes khasiana - [61]; Tussilago farfara - [63]). Secretory cells can form a head that, in some species, is sunken in the epidermal tissue (Heliamphora folliculata - [64] or rise above the level of the leaf surface due to a stalk consisting of one to several cells (Leonotis leonurus - [18]; Salvia officinalis - [44]; Sigesbeckia jorullensis [23]; Withania somnifera - [65]). Usually, the secretory cells have a dense cytoplasm. ...
... In contrast to the leaves, the calyx and corolla contain unusual conoidal glandular trichomes. On the vegetative and reproductive organs of Salvia officinalis, also belonging to Lamiaceae, the distinct types of glandular hairs (one peltate and four capitate) with different location and modes of secretion were identified and a functional role of each type postulated [44]. The capitate trichomes of the first type had only hydrophilic secretion. ...
Leaf glandular trichomes are multicellular secretory structures that arise from protodermal cells. They are characterized by a diverse form, localization, density, and composition of secreted substances. Formation of the glandular trichomes is caused by the need to protect plants from various biotic and abiotic factors, including herbivorous insects, fungi, pathogens, extensive light, UVB radiation, or high temperature. The main feature of the glandular trichomes is an ability to synthesize and accumulate the various compounds of primary and secondary metabolism. Morphology, development, ultrastructural characteristics of the cells producing the secondary compounds, content of the secretory products, as well as mechanisms of secretion are discussed in this chapter.
... To determine the chemical composition of accumulated substances, methods of histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and analytical chemistry are usually used. A series of histochemical tests and fluorescent markers reveals the presence of lipids [36,37], terpenes [38,39], sesquiterpene lactones [40,41], flavonoids [23,42], polyphenols [25,43], and alkaloids [18,44]. The activity of the biosynthesis enzymes for secondary metabolites belonging to different classes, as well as the intracellular localization of these enzymes in the glandular trichomes, was demonstrated in studies based on immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling [45][46][47][48]. ...
... The upper cells of the glandular trichomes called secretory are arranged in one (Origanum dictamnus - [15]; Ocimum basilicum - [17]; Mentha piperita - [19]; Pterocarya rhoifolia - [60]), two (Dionaeae muscipula, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Brocchinia reducta - [61], Betula nana - [62]), or three layers (Nepenthes khasiana - [61]; Tussilago farfara - [63]). Secretory cells can form a head that, in some species, is sunken in the epidermal tissue (Heliamphora folliculata - [64] or rise above the level of the leaf surface due to a stalk consisting of one to several cells (Leonotis leonurus - [18]; Salvia officinalis - [44]; Sigesbeckia jorullensis [23]; Withania somnifera - [65]). Usually, the secretory cells have a dense cytoplasm. ...
... In contrast to the leaves, the calyx and corolla contain unusual conoidal glandular trichomes. On the vegetative and reproductive organs of Salvia officinalis, also belonging to Lamiaceae, the distinct types of glandular hairs (one peltate and four capitate) with different location and modes of secretion were identified and a functional role of each type postulated [44]. The capitate trichomes of the first type had only hydrophilic secretion. ...
... Certain Salvia L. species were analyzed for their micromorphological, anatomical, ultrastructural or histochemical features. The studies were mostly focused to the glandular trichomes, which are the sites of the essential oils synthesis (Serrato-Valenti et al. 1997;Bisio et al. 1999;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Krsti c et al. 2006;Kamatou et al. 2007;Ana ckov et al. 2008;€ Ozkan 2008;_ Ilc¸im et al. 2009;Kahraman et al. 2009Kahraman et al. , 2010aKahraman et al. , 2010bMayekiso et al. 2009; ; Charchari et al. 2010;Al Sheef et al. 2013;Mousavi et al. 2014;Celep et al. 2015;Polat et al. 2015;Eiji and Salmaki 2016;Jano sevi c et al. 2016;Giuliani, Ascrizzi, Tani, et al. 2017;Giuliani, Ascrizzi, Corr a, et al. 2017;Najar et al. 2018;Gul, Ahmad, Zafar, Bahadur, Celep, et al. 2019). Glandular trichomes, besides representing the most widespread type of surface secretory structures, attract attention of scientists as systematically important characters (Atalay et al. 2016;Eiji and Salmaki 2016;Gul, Ahmad, Zafar, Bahadur, Celep, et al. 2019), as well as due to their ability to synthesize various metabolites, applied in plant-plant and plant-environment interactions (Xiao et al. 2017;Tissier 2018). ...
... Plant species that contain glandular trichomes produce relatively large amounts of bioactive compounds which include highly concentrated phytochemicals with biological activities of interest to many industries (Dyubeni and Buwa 2012). In the recent decades, many researchers were focused on the micromorphological characterization of trichomes of Salvia L. species (Bisio et al. 1999;Corsi and Bottega 1999;€ Ozdemir and S¸enel 1999;Krsti c et al. 2006;€ Ozkan and Soy 2007;Ana ckov et al. 2008;€ Ozkan 2008;Schmiderer et al. 2008;Aktaş et al. 2009;_ Ilçim et al. 2009;Mayekiso et al. 2009;Moon et al. 2009a; ...
... ex Benth.(Mayekiso et al. 2009) to six to eight cells in single circle in S. aurea L.(Serrato-Valenti et al. 1997), S. officinalis L.(Werker et al. 1985), S. fruticosa Mill.(Werker et al. 1985;Al Sheef et al. 2013) and 8-16 cells arranged in two concentric circles (usually one to four cells in central and four or more in the peripheral circle)(Corsi and Bottega 1999;Kamatou et al. 2007;Ana ckov et al. 2008;€ Ozkan 2008;Schmiderer et al. 2008;Kahraman et al. 2010b;Celep et al. 2014;Jano sevi c et al. 2016). ...
In this study, we examined Salvia amplexicaulis Lam., S. jurisicii Košanin and S. ringens Sibth. & Sm.collected in the Republic of North Macedonia, which are for the first time subjected to detailed micromorphological and structural analysis using light and scanning electron microscopy. The nutlets and mucilage were additionally subjected to spectroscopic analysis using Raman and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. The anatomical structure of stems and leaves is described and compared. The stems, leaves and calyces bear numerous one- and multi-cellular nonglandular trichomes, and various peltate, capitate and digitiform glandular trichomes. The nutlets differ in size and shape, as well as in myxocarpy. The nutlets predominantly contained α-linolenic and linoleic acid, while the mucilages are primarily formed of polysaccharides. The results obtained in this study confirmed the importance of micromorphological and anatomical analysis of Salvia L. spp. plant parts, particularly trichomes and nutlets, thereby contributing to the knowledge about the variety of micromorphological characteristics within the genus Salvia L.
... Devido às propriedades aromáticas de suas espécies, existem inúmeros estudos relacionados com a composição química dos óleos essenciais e histoquímica dos tricomas glandulares que secretam esses metabólitos (p. ex., WERKER, 1993;SERRATO-VALENTI et al., 1997;CORSI;BOTTEGA, 1999;MARIN et al., 2006). Estudos de etnobotânica e levantamento dessas espécies são muito importantes, pois muitas espécies que sempre foram utilizadas pela população como medicinais já não são mais encontradas em ambientes naturais. ...
... Devido às propriedades aromáticas de suas espécies, existem inúmeros estudos relacionados com a composição química dos óleos essenciais e histoquímica dos tricomas glandulares que secretam esses metabólitos (p. ex., WERKER, 1993;SERRATO-VALENTI et al., 1997;CORSI;BOTTEGA, 1999;MARIN et al., 2006). Estudos de etnobotânica e levantamento dessas espécies são muito importantes, pois muitas espécies que sempre foram utilizadas pela população como medicinais já não são mais encontradas em ambientes naturais. ...
... Destacamos aqui o Cerrado, que inclui considerável variedade de fisionomias vegetais, tipos de solos e comunidades animais ocorrentes no Brasil Central (EITEN, 1972). A alta diversidade biótica do Cerrado é reflexo das duas principais formações: as herbáceas e as arbóreas (RIZZINI, 1963;COUTINHO, 1978), as quais respondem diferentemente a outros incontroláveis fatores climáticos, como vento e fogo. Devido à expansão agrícola no Cerrado brasileiro, muitas espécies exóticas estão sendo perdidas. ...
Ao discutirmos a importância de técnicas fitoterápicas e a vasta farmacopéia mundial, em algum momento vem ao debate dúvidas sobre como o Homo sapiens, desde seu surgimento como espécie, adquiriu conhecimento sobre quais plantas utilizar para o tratamento de moléstias específicas. E, avançando nas indagações, questiona-se como foi possível a ele conhecer quais partes das plantas seriam mais eficazes, e como prepará-las e quais as posologias em práticas fitoterápicas tradicionais. Tornam-se mais instigantes as dúvidas manifestadas, quando se compreende que esse processo cognitivo ocorreu inúmeras vezes e independentemente, durante a marcha do H. sapiens ao dispersar-se por todo o mundo iniciada há 80 mil anos, ou, talvez, muito antes disso, há cerca de 220 mil anos – atualmente considera-se que a origem do H. sapiens moderno ocorreu entre 200 a 300 mil anos atrás, entretanto, estudos recentes sugerem que nossa linhagem pode ter se iniciado, com o surgimento do H. sapiens arcaico, há 500 mil anos.
... Glandular trichomes are considered true "natural biofactories" [2] essential oils but are also for other secondary metabolism compounds, their secretion being polymorphic, depending on the species and their structure [26]. Although there are numerous studies on the morphology and histochemistry of glandular trichomes in species of the Lamiaceae family [27][28][29][30][31][32], the number of research works that refer to the Phlomis genus remains quite limited. ...
... The secretory trichomes of species from the Lamiaceae family have been investigated from morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural points of view [27][28][29][30] in an attempt to understand as precisely as possible the mechanisms of synthesis of the secondary metabolites elaborated by them. But for the Phlomis genus, compared to the total number of species currently accepted, the number of species for which there are data (complete or partial) in the literature remains small (13 species out of 93 in total). ...
The genus Phlomis is one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family and includes species used since ancient times in traditional medicine, as flavoring for food and as fragrance in cosmetics. The secretory structures (represented by glandular trichomes) as well as the essential oils produced by them constitute the subject of this review. While representatives of this genus are not typically regarded as large producers of essential oils compared to other species of the Lamiaceae family, the components identified in their essential oils and their biological properties necessitate more investigation of this genus. A comprehensive analysis of the specialized literature was conducted for each of the 93 currently accepted species to identify all the results obtained by researchers regarding the secretory structures and essential oils of this genus up to the present time. Glandular trichomes, still insufficiently studied, present morphological peculiarities that differentiate this genus within the family: they are of two categories: capitate (with a wide distribution in this genus) and dendroid. The peltate trichomes, characteristic of many species of this family, are absent. The essential oils from the species of the genus Phlomis have been much more widely studied than the secretory structures. They show considerable variability depending on the species and the environmental conditions.
... The secretion system of S. officinalis consists of two types of glandular trichomes: peltate and capitate, which can be distinguished by the size of the head and the length of the stalk. There is one exception when the capitate glandular trichome in Salvia officinalis L., was described as having a head resembling a volcano crater [33]. structure of the tissue surface. ...
... The secretion system of S. officinalis consists of two types of glandular trichomes: peltate and capitate, which can be distinguished by the size of the head and the length of the stalk. There is one exception when the capitate glandular trichome in Salvia officinalis L., was described as having a head resembling a volcano crater [33]. stalk and a unicellular head, usually on an epidermis; or more rarely, glandular trichomes with a unicellular stalk and a bicellular head. ...
In our study, we investigated the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of essential oils isolated from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) collected along the Adriatic coast of Croatia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the stem and leaf surfaces. Essential oil excretory glands were detected on both the leaves and stem surfaces. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sage essential oils were mixtures of terpene compounds, among which the most common were: α-and β-thujone, camphor, and 1,8-cineol. Cytotoxic activity was tested using MTS assay on multiple cell lines: normal and immortalized fibroblasts (HF77FA and HDF-Tert), immortalized lung line (BEAS-2B), and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231). The growth of treated cells was determined relative to control conditions without treatment. The immortalized lung line was the least resistant to the activity of the essential oils, whereas immortalized fibroblasts were the most resistant. Statistical analysis has connected the cytotoxic effect and chemical composition of the studied essential oils. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first testing of the cytotoxic activity of S. officinalis EO's on the BEAS-2B, HF77FA, and HDF-Tert cell lines. The presented data on essential oil chemical composition and cytotoxic effect on 4 types of human cells supports pharmacotherapeutic potential this plant is known to have.
... Variations in the glandular and non-glandular trichomes also have been found in the same species in qualitative and quantitative characters (Tables 2 and 3). The glandular trichomes in Lamiaceae are usually composed of broad-head with many secretory cells up to 16 in number, a short stalk, and radially arranged basal cells as described in the previous literature (Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Gairola et al., 2009;Kahraman et al., 2010), some variation has been observed in the number of secretory cells. In this work, glandular trichomes consisted of mono to five-celled heads arranged in a circle (Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Gairola et al., 2009;Serrato-Valenti et al., 1997). ...
... The glandular trichomes in Lamiaceae are usually composed of broad-head with many secretory cells up to 16 in number, a short stalk, and radially arranged basal cells as described in the previous literature (Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Gairola et al., 2009;Kahraman et al., 2010), some variation has been observed in the number of secretory cells. In this work, glandular trichomes consisted of mono to five-celled heads arranged in a circle (Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Gairola et al., 2009;Serrato-Valenti et al., 1997). ...
In this research, 25 medicinally used Lamiaceae species belonging to 20 genera have been studied and identified for the nine disorders. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for qualitative and quantitative morphological character identification. The micromorphological characters observed here were important for distinguishing the studied taxa. The highest medicinal values were reported for Vitex negundo and Scutellaria baicalensis for all considered categories except urinary and otorhinolaryngology disorders. The foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics revealed that the micromorphological features of the Lamiaceae species provide taxonomically significant and accurate identification information to delimitate the family species. Moreover, we focused on both qualitative (epidermal cell shape, stomata type, stomatal pore shape, subsidiary cell shape, glandular trichomes, and non‐glandular trichome shape) as well as quantitative features (epidermal cell size, stomata size, stomatal pore size, subsidiary cell size, and trichomes size). The trichomes diversity was different in most species' on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. In most species, anomocytic stomata were observed, but other types such as diacytic, paracytic, and tetracytic type stomata were also examined. The diverse pattern of anatomical characters suggests that the studied taxa provide insight evidence for the taxonomic observation of the Traditional Chinese Medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae. This work sets an avenue for future research and taxonomic exploration of medicinal flora through microscopic investigations.
Research Highlights
This research offers a thorough microscopic identification of the family Lamiaceae.
Taxonomic information on the trichome characters and types for the accurate authentication.
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of 25 medicinally used Lamiaceae taxa.
... Many floral species are known to have defined glandular regions or osmophores which produce and emit VOCs (Stern et al. 1986;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Effmert et al. 2005). Osmophore activities may also be localized to specific regions of the petal surface with distinct cellular morphologies (Jetter 2006;Bailes and Glover 2018), such as in Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae) corolla (Effmert et al. 2005). ...
... Odour compounds produced in leaf or petal cells lining ducts or cavities are secreted into those extracellular spaces for storage (Maffei 2010). Other non-volatile substances may be stored with VOCs in the same intracellular compartments (Dudareva et al. 2013;Muhlemann et al. 2014;Muñoz and Munné-Bosch 2018), secreted as part of fragrant, resinous exudates from specific organs (Martin and Telek 1971;Cresti et al. 1986;Corsi and Bottega 1999), or even form concentric, immiscible layers within the same extracellular cavities in order to protect cellular structures from the cytotoxic volatile oils (Heskes et al. 2012). The distinctive odours of Citrus fruits are attributed to the abundant sub-epidermal oil glands in their epicarps, known to contain a large variety of VOCs, especially terpenoids, as well as non-volatile phenolics (Flamini and Cioni 2010;Ortuño et al. 2011). ...
The pan-tropical tree Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack produces ephemeral, nocturnal blooms with strong fragrance. To investigate osmophore activities of floral parts, particularly in prominent oil glands on petal abaxial surfaces, freshly excised petals, stamens and pistils were incubated for varying periods in neutral red (NR) solution. The secretory cavities on the petals were stained only after prolonged exposure to NR, and only in bud stage—indicating their role in defensive phytochemical storage rather than scent emission from open, intact flowers. Osmophore activity in open flowers was revealed to take place in distal tips and lateral margins of petals, as well as in anthers and stigma. Investigations by electron microscopy (EM) indicated that scent emission in petals is facilitated by thinning of cuticular ridges after flower opening, along with abundant stomata on both surfaces. Further EM studies revealed different epidermal characteristics on inner and outer surfaces of anther lobes, indicating functional differentiation. Biochemical profiling by headspace analyses revealed a decrease in abundance and diversity of scent compounds from outermost (corolla) to innermost (gynaecium) floral whorls, suggesting functional differentiation as pollinator attractors. Histochemical analyses indicated localization of sesquiterpenes in petal oil glands and anther connectives; terpenoids in secretory epidermis of stigma and in cuticle covering anther lobes; and phenylpropanoids in epidermal cells and sub-epidermal secretory cavities of petals, and in stylar canal exudates at the base of each stigma. Presence of phenolics in the oil glands and epidermal cells of petals suggested non-volatile phytochemical defences maintained against opportunistic pests or pathogens attracted by the floral bouquet.
... Histochemical characterization of Isodon rubescens Hemsl. (H.) Hara (Lamiaceae) by Meng-qi Liu and Liu (2012), Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) by Corsi and Bottega (1999), and Ocimum obovatum Benth. ...
... anti-hypertensive, anti-leishmaniasis, anti-nociceptive, and wound-healing properties (Dib and El Alaoui-Faris, 2019). Sesquiterpene lactones were detected in the peltate and capitate trichomes of Salvia officinalis L, (Corsi and Bottega 1999). ...
Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng belongs to Lamiaceae family, and in the Amazon this species is cultivated by natives’ people, this medicinal plant is popularly known as Catinga-de-mulata, being used by the population for general pain treatment. The present study analyzed the effects of light intensity on the anatomy, secretory structures, histochemistry and composition of essential oil of leaf and stem of A. suaveolens. The anatomical structure were observed in response to two light intensities, namely 50% (half shade, HS) and 100% (full sun, FS) light. Histochemical analyses were performed to detect lipids, essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpene lactones, mucilage, and tannins. Secretory structures were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The results obtained in the present work indicate that the light intensity can affect the histochemistry and structures of A. suaveolens. Cross sections of the leaves and stem revealed glandular trichomes on both leaf surfaces as well as the stem surface. Essential oil was detected by histochemical analyses in all types of secretory trichomes. These anatomical and histochemical responses suggest modifications to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light, in addition we note that in the chemical composition of the essential oil the class of hydrocarbons sesquiterpene prevailed.
... Flavonoids have also been identified in glandular trichomes in other Lamiaceae species-e.g., in Salvia officinalis [43]; 11 species from the genera Stachys, Prasium, Sideritis, and Scutellaria [35]; Dracocephalum moldavica [29]; Marrubium vulgare [39]; and Thymus quinquecostatus [44]. ...
... The presence of secondary metabolites representing phenolic compounds only in some types of trichomes in many species may confirm the hypothesis postulated by various authors on the different functions of individual types of trichomes [41,43]. ...
Flos Lamii albi has a high biological activity and is widely used in herbal medicine. The aim of the study was to characterize the secretory structures present in Lamium album subsp. album corolla and the location of phenolic compounds. Additionally, we carried out qualitative phytochemical analyses of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the structure of the floral organs. The main classes of phenolic compounds and their localization were determined histochemically. Phytochemical analyses were performed with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Six types of glandular trichomes were found which contained flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. The phytochemical studies demonstrated the presence of caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gentisic, and vanillic phenolic acids as well as rutoside, isoquercetin, and quercetin flavonoids. The corolla in L. album subsp. album has antioxidant properties due to the presence of various polyphenols, as shown by the histo- and phytochemical analyses. The distribution and morphology of trichomes and the content of phenolic compounds in the corolla have taxonomic, pharmacognostic, and practical importance, facilitating the identification of the raw material.
... Additional studies were consulted to code insect pollination in NW and especially OW species. These included records of bee pollination and visitation by the families Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, and Melittidae (Visco and Capon 1970;Proctor and Yeo 1973;Read 1983;Hedström 1985;Dieringer et al. 1991;Ouborg and Van Treuren 1995;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Bottega and Corsi 2000;Ne'eman and Dafni 1999;Barrett et al. 2000;Ohashi 2002;Claβen-Bockhoff et al. 2003, 2004aHerrera 2005;Reith et al. 2006Reith et al. , 2007Shavit et al. 2009;Grace 2010;Wester and Claßen-Bockhoff 2011;Zhang et al. 2011;Cairampoma and Martel 2012;Espino-Espino et al. 2012Celep et al. 2014Celep et al. , 2020Özbek 2014;Zhang and Li 2014;Huang et al. 2015;Ott et al. 2016;Şenol et al. 2017;Ye et al. 2017;Giuliani et al. 2018). Species visited by flies are primarily bee pollinated (Celep et al. 2014(Celep et al. , 2020 and were scored as such. ...
... The only family of bees missing in the NW is the small-sized Melittidae, and there are only a few observations of these visiting OW Salvia (Özbek 2014). On the other hand, documented bee pollination observations in both the OW and NW (including bee-pollinated species derived from hummingbird-pollinated ancestors) indicate that the most common bee pollinators of Salvia in both the NW and OW are the bee genera Anthidium, Anthophora, Bombus, Megachile, Osmia, and Xylocopa (Grant and Grant 1964;Visco and Capon 1970;Hedström 1985;Dieringer et al. 1991;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Claßen-Bockhoff et al. 2004a;Shavit et al. 2009;Zhang et al. 2011;Celep et al. 2014Celep et al. , 2020. The OW Apis mellifera, which was introduced into the NW, is another commonly recorded visitor to Salvia in both the NW and the OW. ...
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1,000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; that shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; that anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co‐evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and that morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
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... The very low overall among-population differentiation and detection of only three private alleles indicate that there has been high gene flow among populations, which was also presented by Liber et al. (2014) and Rešetnik et al. (2016). This can be also explained with the fact that S. officinalis is pollinated by a range of insects (Corsi and Bottega 1999), has overlapping life-spans (Hamrick and Godt 1996), and possesses dormancy of seeds, which make seed banks, since they have higher germination rate after several years (Zutic and Dudai 2008) in Mediterranean conditions. The seeds usually disperse via barochory; wind and rain carry the seeds away from the mother plant (Corsi and Bottega 1999). ...
... This can be also explained with the fact that S. officinalis is pollinated by a range of insects (Corsi and Bottega 1999), has overlapping life-spans (Hamrick and Godt 1996), and possesses dormancy of seeds, which make seed banks, since they have higher germination rate after several years (Zutic and Dudai 2008) in Mediterranean conditions. The seeds usually disperse via barochory; wind and rain carry the seeds away from the mother plant (Corsi and Bottega 1999). The populations on the islands have very low differentiation from populations on the mainland, similar to the differentiation of all the examined populations. ...
Salvia officinalis is a perennial species, native and endemic to the Western Balkans and the Apennine Peninsula. Due to its medicinal and aromatic properties, it is used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The main objectives of the study were to infer the genetic structure of S. officinalis populations in the northern and central parts of the eastern Adriatic coast, to detect the phylogeographical barriers among the putative microrefugia and to assess the genetic diversity among the resulting ancestral clusters. Twenty-five populations were assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. High polymorphism and high diversity within populations were typical for this outcrossing long-lived species. The Fitch–Margoliash tree based on Nei’s genetic distance matrix showed that most of the populations tended to group in accordance with the geographical position of their collecting sites. Spatial analysis of the genetic diversity revealed a typical pattern of isolation by distance. Very low overall among-population differentiation and detection of only three private alleles indicate that there has been high gene flow among populations. By using Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure on population level, two distinct ancestral clusters were obtained. It is likely that these two ancestral clusters were separated for a longer period by Pleistocene glaciation, although the subsequent fast recolonization resulted in diminished genetic differences. High rarity of northern and southern populations of the investigated area indicates that S. officinalis presumably survived in both northern and southern microrefugia and expanded from there resulting in secondary contact zones, characterized by lower rarity and equal genetic diversity.
... Capitate trichomes vary in shape and size (Kahraman et al., 2010;Navarro & El Oualidi, 1999 except with a little variation in number of secretory cells. In present study, glandular peltate trichomes consist of twelve-celled or fourcelled head arranged in a circle (Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Hallahan, 2000;Kamatou et al., 2006;Serrato-Valenti, Bisio, Cornara, & Ciarallo, 1997). However, it was found dissimilar in the findings of Hanlidou et al. (1991) where he observed peltate glandular consist of twelvecelled head arranged in two concentric circle. ...
... The present findings showed that V. negundo, I. rugosus, M. vulgare, and C. oppositifolia have capitate trichomes with one to eight-celled head having smooth to a granulate surface. The glandular peltate type trichomes in Lamiaceae usually composed of broad head with many secretory cells up to 16 in number, a short stalk and radially arranged basal cells that corroborate with the previous findings(Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Hallahan, 2000) ...
... This finding supports the protection role of glandular trichomes in young fronds and agrees with results reported for Notholaena sulphurea and Pityrogramma trifoliata Rodriguez et al., 2022) and for different Lamiaceae species (Corsi and Bottega, 1999;Gairola et al., 2009;Bhatt et al., 2010). The reduced density of trichomes observed in mature fronds is due to the expansion of the lamina, and senescence and fall of trichomes at this stage, as reported by Bhatt et al. (2010) and Rodriguez et al., 2018. ...
... In capitate trichomes, head and stalk cell numbers are highly variable and these trichomes are subdivided into according to stalk and head cell numbers and head shape. The capitate ones were frequently found in the Lamiaceae taxa (Corsi and Bottega, 1999;Kandemir, 2011;El-Deen Osman, 2012). Both eglandular and glandular trichomes are known as very significant taxonomic characters in the Lamiaceae family, since the structures of trichomes show variation in this family (El-Deen Osman, 2012;Seyedi and Salmaki, 2015;Haratym and Werszko-Chmielewska, 2017). ...
The anatomical, ecological and trichome micro-morphological features of two taxa (Marrubium amasiensis and Marrubium parviflorum subsp. parviflorum) belonging to the genus Marrubium were determined and these features were compared. M. amasiensis is endemic and is distributed only around Amasya in Türkiye. In anatomical examinations, cross sections were taken from the root, stem, petiole, leaves and surface sections were taken from stem, petiole, the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves. When the anatomical findings were examined, multi-layered lamellar collenchyma layer was encountered at the corners of the stem. The studied taxa have equifacial leaves in terms of mesophyll structure. Stomata of M. amasiensis are anomocytic and rarely anisocytic type, while stomata of M. parviflorum subsp. parviflorum are anomocytic type. The margins of the adjacent cells of the stomata in both taxa are very undulate. Eglandular and glandular trichomes were seen on vegetative organs of the two taxa. Eglandular trichomes are stellate, dendroid, marrubioid and simple types, while glandular trichomes are capitate and peltate types. Dense stellate trichomes were found in the vegetative organs of the studied taxa. Since the head and stalk cell numbers of capitate trichomes showed variation, these trichomes were divided into subtypes. Soil samples were taken during flowering periods of taxa, physical and chemical properties were determined. Some similarities and differences were determined in the anatomical, ecological and trichome micro-morphological features of the studied two taxa. It has been emphasized that these different features will be used as valuable taxonomic characters in distinguishing of the two taxa.
... Non-glandular trichomes play a crucial role in plant defense by reducing transpiration, increasing tolerance to freezing, and deflecting intense solar radiation, thereby reducing herbivory [2,3]. Glandular trichomes, through the volatile oils they secrete, act as a barrier against various external factors such as herbivores, pathogens, UV-B radiation, extreme temperatures, and drought [4]; they may also attract pollinators [5,6]. Additionally, different trichome types have significant systematic value [7]. ...
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the morphological peculiarities of glandular and non-glandular trichomes from leaves of Phlomis herba-venti subsp. Pungens using light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy. Histochemistry techniques were used to analyze the localization of different chemical compounds in secretory trichomes. Two types of non-glandular trichomes were identified: unicellular and branched. They were found more frequently on the lower epidermis of leaves in different stages of ontogenetic development. Glandular trichomes were categorized as capitate (C1 and C2) with different stalk lengths and one–four secretory cells and dendroids (D) with one–four secretory cells. The histochemical analyses revealed distinct secretory products in terms of composition and distribution among the three types of glandular trichomes. The dendroid category of glandular trichomes is rarely found in plants and is not characteristic of the Lamiaceae species. They were described and characterized from a micromorphological and histochemical point of view for the first time in P. herba-venti.
... Similar peltate trichomes were recognized by Ajuga orientalis, growing Amasya provience of Turkey [13], Teucrium L. species [14] and Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva [15]. Like the peltate trichomes, the capitate ones are very common and constitute a significant taxonomic character in many Lamiaceae species [12], [16]. Multicellular trichomes with ridges and marked internodes are recorded by some of the genus of Lamiaceae. ...
In this study, the main features of the trichomes, nutlet, and pollen of A. orientalis, which growing in four different provinces of Turkey, were examined as detail and the results were illustrated. A. orientalis carries both peltate and capitate trichomes, as well as non-glandular ones. However, the subtypes of capitate glandular and non-glandular trichomes were recognized. The shape of nutlets is obovate, oblong-obovate and the nutlet surface sculpturing is alveolate. The shape of pollen grains is euprolate (P/E 1.59-1.7). The basic exine ornamentation in pollen grains is regulated, regulate-perforated.
... Numerous plant secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds with several applications that are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Consequently, various plant families, in general, and many plant species, became subjects of scientific interest and are regarded as highadded-value natural sources [13][14][15][16][17][18]. ...
Seedlings from the germinated seeds of Pistacia lentiscus were cultured in plant growth chambers for three months. Then, the plants were separated into three groups. Each group was cultured under different conditions. The first group was left to grow under normal Mediterranean conditions, as those recorded in spring. The other group was subjected to a ten-day heat stress while the last one also suffered a cold stress for ten days. The anatomical features of the leaves (leaf thickness, epidermal cell thickness, number of palisade layers, and development) between these three groups differed. The stressed plants accumulated large amounts of phenolics within their mesophyll cells. The biomass of the cold-stressed plants was minor, while it was high for the control plants. The oxidative stress was hardly detectable in the leaves of the control plants, while their heat-stressed counterparts suffered the highest concentration of reactive oxygen species. Differences concerning the absorption spectra of the three groups of leaves were not significant. An interesting incompatibility between the three groups concerned the expression of L-Dopa Decarboxylase, which climbed significantly in the heat-stressed plants. Finally, an interesting variation was observed concerning the concentrations of some biogenic amines/amino acids. This variation can be correlated to the other stress-induced reactions of the plants and, in some cases, was impressive. In conclusion, environmental stress can shift Pistacia lentiscus’ metabolism to synthesize different biogenic products, which can be considered as exploitable for the pharmaceutical or food industry.
... In Table 1 there are presented particularities of the three species studied. Middle East and Mediterranean [20] tropical regions of the Old World [21,22] Structures containing/ accumulating EO capitate and peltate trichomes [23] capitate, peltate trichomes [24,25] and ambrate resinous droplets [25] capitate and peltate trichomes [26] Location of highest abundance in EO storage structures flower calyx [8,23,27] both sides of the leaf [17,25] abaxial leaf surface [28] Harvested plant part and optimal time for EO extraction inflorescence/upper plant part at full flowering stage [23,27] after midday [29] leaves and shoots at full flowering, in the evening [30] herbs at bud flowering stage [31] The aim of this research was to investigate some quality parameters of EOs for three frequently cultivated Lamiaceae species in Romania (Table 1), that could serve as orientation points for the potency of some EOs obtained locally. To reach this aim, four objectives were defined: ...
Essential oils are a category of agro-based industrial products experiencing increasing demand. In this research, three essential oils obtained by steam distillation from lavender, sage and basil plants cultivated in temperate continental conditions of Transylvania were investigated for chemical composition, physical characteristics and biological activity (antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines). The number of identified compounds varied: 38 for lavender, 29 for sage essential oil and 41 for basil. The volatile profile was dominated by terpenes and terpenoids (>80%). Major components were beta-linalool and linalool acetate in lavender essential oil; thujones and camphor in sage essential oil; beta-linalool, thujone, camphor and eucalyptol in basil essential oil. Refractive index of the essential oils was lowest for lavender and highest for sage. Antibacterial activity was strongest for basil, moderate for lavender and weakest for sage essential oil. The most active on both colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and ovary carcinoma (A2780) was sage essential oil.
... The nuclear-level genetic signature that would possibly distinguish ancient populations from the others was likely washed away by intense and persistent pollen-mediated gene flow. At the same time, the nonrecombinant plastid genome inherited via species-specific barochory-type seeds 73 was retained in numerous microlocations across today's distribution range. ...
Studying the population-genetic and phylogeographic structures of a representative species of a particular geographical region can not only provide us with information regarding its evolutionary history, but also improve our understanding of the evolutionary processes underlying the patterns of species diversity in that area. By analysing eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and two chloroplast DNA regions, we have investigated the influence of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on the evolutionary history of Salvia officinalis L. (common sage). The populations with the highest genetic diversity were located in the central parts of the Balkan distribution range. A large group of closely related haplotypes was distributed throughout the Balkans and the central Apennines, while the private lineage occupied the southern Apennines. In addition, two highly differentiated lineages were scattered only over the Balkans. The results suggest that a single refugium of the studied species from the last glacial period was located in the central part of the range in the Balkans. Numerous microrefugia, probably spanning several glaciation cycles, were scattered across the Balkans, while colonisation of the Apennines from the Balkans occurred at least on two occasions.
... GTs: In the early stage, due to the limitation of isolation techniques, the secondary metabolites in the GTs were mostly identified by histochemical staining; specifically, temporary slides made from fresh leaves were stained with histochemical stains and observed under a microscope. For example, the GTs are pink after Sudan III staining, indicating that the GTs contain lipids (Corsi and Bottega 1999). ...
Glandular trichomes (GTs) are one of the epidermal tissues of medicinal plants which function in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of secondary metabolites. The active ingredients of Chinese medicinal materials are mostly secondary metabolites of plants. Accordingly, it is of great research value to explore the quality of medicinal materials using the GTs of medicinal plants as the starting point. However, most of the current studies on GTs of medicinal plants are still at the simple morphological identification stage, and there are few studies on the compounds secreted by GTs and secondary metabolic processes. Here, we reviewed the literature, summarized the morphological types of medicinal plant GTs, separation and purification technology, analysis technology, and biological activities of secondary metabolites, and established a research approach to medicinal plant GTs. We hope to provide a reference for future research on GT inclusions and secondary metabolism. © 2022, Institute of Experimental Botany, ASCR. All rights reserved.
... The limited number of plants of the Lamiaceae family had been undertaken in anatomical study previously. There are a number of studies on anatomy (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1972;Kahraman et al., 2009;Kahraman et al., 2010a,b), trichome morphology (Serrato 1997;Corsi & Bottega, 1999;Kaya et al., 2003;Siebert, 2004;Kamatou et al., 2007;Ozkan, 2008) and palynology (Henderson et al., 1968;Cantino et al., 1992) of the genus. The usefulness of the structure of the vascular bundles in petioles for species identification in the family Lamiaceae has been demonstrated (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1972 taxonomic significance of the structure of trichomes is well known in the Lamiaceae and related families (Metcalfe Chalk, 1972). ...
Present study deals with anatomical characteristics of immense medicinal precious plant Leucas aspera cross section of stem, leaf and root of field Quadrangular stem consists of a single layered epidermis having a number of non glandular and glandular trichomes. Hypodermis consists of 3 or irregular collenchymatous cells at the ridge. and the parenchymatous phlo changes were corners developing xylem matured stages. Leaf lamina followed by single layered palisade and glandular trichomes as that same found on stem. Amphistomatic leaf consists paracytic stomata. The midrib located conjoint and collateral vascular bundle associated with a parenchymatous pericycle layer on lower side. single layered thick walled epidermis. Xylem vessels, distinct with peripheral secondary phloem tissue. This study clears the anatomical features that was lacking notify changes of anatomy at the developmental stages
... On the vegetative and reproductive organs of Salvia officinalis, Abbreviations: BC, Basal cell; GT, Glandular trichome; HC, Head cell; NGT, Non-glandular trichome; SC, Subcuticular cavity; SEM, Scanning electron microscopy; StC, Stalk cell. the distinct types of glandular hairs with a different location and modes of secretion were identified and a function of each type was postulated (Corsi and Bottega, 1999). In many species of Lamiaceae family, the peltate and short capitate glands are found on the leaves and bracts, while the long capitate hairs present on the calyx (Giuliani and Maleci, 2008). ...
The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the leaves and flowers in three Arnica species. GTs of the first type are found on leaves, peduncle, calyx, ovary, and petal base. They are biseriate, have a cylindrical form and 5 to 9 cell layers. GTs of the second type are located on the peduncle and calyx; they have a biseriate head of two to four cell layers and a long stalk. In each Arnica species differences between GTs of two types include dimensions, intensity of coloration by histochemical dyes, as well as ultrastructural features of the cells. According to the results of fluorescence microscopy and histochemical tests, phenols, terpenes, sesquiterpene lactones and polysaccharides are revealed in all GTs of the studied species; at the same time, the amount and composition of primary and secondary compounds are specific for trichomes of each organ. In the leaf GTs, phenols and terpenes prevail; in the GTs of the first type situated on the peduncle and calyx, acid polysaccharides are met in larger amount then in trichomes of other organs; in the GTs of the second type, sesquiterpene lactones are the main metabolites. At the secretory stage, the apical cells of GTs contain smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, diversiform leucoplasts with black inclusions in lamellae, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. A single subcuticular cavity is formed in GTs of the first type, unlike GTs of the second type, where many small subcuticular cavities appear. In these GTs, the head surface looks porous. Despite the structural differences between trichomes of the same type in different Arnica species, the functional differences between trichomes of different types in the same species are more significant.
... Glandular trichomes deter herbivory by physically entrapping herbivore into sticky exudates (Tingey and Laubengayer 1981;Neal et al. 1990;Elle et al. 1999;Zalucki et al. 2002), secreting defensive chemical compounds such as proteinase inhibitors (Peiffer et al. 2009), production of volatile organic compounds (Avé et al. 1987;Murungi et al. 2016) or by altering herbivore body odour after providing a sugar-rich first meal (Weinhold and Baldwin 2011). On the other hand, non-glandular trichomes in the Solanum species are mostly spike-like structures which deter herbivory primarily by deterring herbivore movement, feeding and oviposition (Corsi and Bottega 1999;Kennedy 2003;Løe et al. 2007;Dalin et al. 2008;Sletvold et al. 2010;Tian et al. 2012;Weigend et al. 2018;Kariyat et al. 2019). Additionally, non-glandular trichomes can cause post-feeding damage to caterpillars by rupturing of caterpillars' peritrophic membrane (gut lining; Kariyat et al. 2017;Andama et al. 2020). ...
Trichomes are the epidermal appendages commonly observed on plant surfaces including leaves, stem, and fruits. Plant trichomes have been well studied as a structural plant defense designed to protect plants against abiotic and biotic stressors such as UV rays, temperature extremities and herbivores. Trichomes are primarily classified into glandular and non-glandular trichomes, based on the presence or absence of a glandular head. The plant genus Solanum is the largest genus of family Solanaceae that houses ~25,000 species of ecological and economic importance have a diverse set of trichomes that vary in density and morphology. However, due to the incomplete and contradictory classification system, trichomes have subjective names and have been largely limited to be grouped into glandular or non-glandular types. Through this study, we did a complete workup to classify and characterize trichomes on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of 14 wild and domesticated species of the genus Solanum. Using electron microscopy, statistical analyses and artistic rendition, we examined finer details of trichomes and measured their density and dimensions to compile a detailed dataset which can be of use for estimating the variation in trichome types, and their density, with consequences for understanding their functional roles. Our study is the first of its kind that provides us with a better and well-defined classification, density, and dimension analysis to complete the morphological classification of trichomes on both leaf surfaces of a diverse range of members in Solanum genus.
... Although the recent shifting of food and pharmaceutical industry to the utilization of natural compounds as food additives, cosmetics and phytotherapeutics (Balandrin et al., 1985) Wijesekera 1991Ascensão et al., 1999;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Sacchetti et al., 1999;McChesney et al., 2007) has given prominence to mastic as one of the most interesting plant products globally, the anatomy of the plant organs, their secreting structures and the distribution of the resin ducts within the plant body, have only partly been investigated (Sawidis et al., 2000). Therefore, a careful, detailed investigation on the development and distribution of the secreting ducts was undertaken in order to trace the significance of the secreting apparatus for the existence of the plant under the stressing conditions of the Mediterranean climate. ...
An extensive investigation on the resin duct network of the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L. cv. chia) was undertaken in order to elucidate the origin, distribution and integration of the numerous resin-producing ducts within the plant and define some details missing from the investigations so far.
The ducts in P. lentiscus cv. chia extend from the root tip, through the root and stem, to the leaves and the buds. They appear in the root apex long before the first xylem elements form. They are embedded in the clusters of the phloem cells which handle the sugar rich sap and the necessary for the duct development hormones. They hold-on to their connection with the phloem throughout their distribution within the plant body. The particular “rush” of the plant concerning the resin duct construction in the root – within the hostile soil environment – and the urgent energy support to the newly formed ducts, all over the plant body, indicate that there must be not just an important but a vital reason for the existence of these secreting structures. The resin ducts do not form a horizontal network; they do not split or merge unless they are in the leaves or in the pericarp. Idioblasts with crystals do not seem to appear in any of the primary plant organs. Further investigation on the interactions between the resin ducts and the rhizosphere and the benefit of this interrelation for the plant, is required in order to elucidate the “secret” of the secretion of a unique plant resin in a strictly confined area of the globe.
... Les trichomes non glandulaires n'ont pas de structures sécrétoires ; ils sont protégés par une couche de cire qui contient des hydrocarbures saturés oxygénés et non oxygénés à longue chaîne (Corsi et Bottega, 1999). ...
L'ozone (O3) est un gaz à effet de serre et un polluant atmosphérique, qui peut, à concentrations élevées, avoir des conséquences importantes sur la croissance et la productivité des écosystèmes agricoles et forestiers. Cependant, la sensibilité des plantes à l’O3 diffère en fonction de leurs caractéristiques écophysiologiques, morphologiques et biochimiques. Dans mon travail de thèse, j’ai cherché à améliorer notre compréhension des traits de résistance de la tomate à l’ozone, notamment à travers les propriétés des trichomes qui sont des réservoirs de COV capables de réagir avec l’ozone. La stratégie de recherche a consisté à analyser la variabilité des émissions des COV et leurs origines chez les 8 génotypes parents de la population MAGIC TOM présentant une grande variabilité génétique. Cette étude a souligné le faible taux d’émissions constitutives chez la tomate. Elle a été suivie d’analyses micromorphologique et histochimique des trichomes sur des parents et leurs mutants associés pour analyser leur rôle dans la destruction d’ozone et la résistance des plantes. Les parents sauvages et leurs mutants associés étaient contrastés en composition, morphologie, type et densité de trichomes. J’ai mesuré les principaux dépôts d’ozone (cuticulaire, stomatique, et chimique) à travers la réaction des COV avec l’ozone en phase gazeuse. Les réponses des plantes au stress oxydatif ont été mesurées par des changements de la photosynthèse, de la conductance stomatique, du ratio Fv/Fm et par la quantification des dommages visibles, ainsi que par des mesures des émissions de COV et de leurs teneurs pendant et après l’exposition à différentes concentrations d’ozone. Les réponses des plantes différaient selon les génotypes. Globalement il a été observé en réponse au stress oxydatif, une diminution de la photosynthèse, la formation de COV LOX et des lésions physiques. Nos résultats soulignent le faible rôle de la destruction d’ozone par réaction avec les COV en phase gazeuse et le rôle de la densité des trichomes glandulaires et non glandulaires dans la résistance des plantes. En outre, une certaine résistance à l’ozone observée chez un mutant déficient en nombreux monoterpènes et sesquiterpènes suggère que d’autres métabolites secondaires ayant une forte réactivité et capacité à faire face au stress oxydatif sont impliqués. Les résultats ont permis de discuter le rôle des trichomes et des COV constitutifs des plantes de tomates dans la destruction de l'O3. La comparaison des mutants et des parents sauvages ayant des trichomes et des émissions de COV distincts est une approche pertinente pour évaluer le pouvoir protecteur de ces traits contre l’ozone. De fait, une meilleure exploitation des trichomes et des métabolites secondaires (COV et CONV) en production végétale pourrait permettre une résistance accrue des plantes face au stress oxydatif.Mots clés : Ozone, tomate, COV, monoterpènes, sesquiterpènes, stress oxydatif, dépôt d’ozone, trichomes glandulaires.
... They also can be unicellular (rarely, Figure 2 f) or multicellular (commonly, Figure 2 g, h, i, j and k), branched or unbranched, and have various shapes. Depending on the location of the gland cell or "collecting cell" and the morphology 3 1.1 Trichomes, prickles, thorns and spines (Ascensão et al., 1995;Corsi and S., 1999;Turner et al., 2000), or as stinging hairs (MacFarlane, 1963;Thurston and Lersten, 1969) ...
Prickle is an undesirable trait inmany crops as it makes crops difficult to handle, harvest, and can injure workers. Roses are among the most important ornamental plants, and most roses present prickles on their stems.There is a strong demand from producers and breeders for glabrous rose cultivars, particularly in cut roses. The genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying prickle initiation and development remain still largely unknown. Our objectives are to decipher the genetic and molecular control of prickle initiation and development in rose using anatomic, genetic and genomic approaches. By a survey of the different types of prickle within the genus Rosa,we classified them in two types: non-glandular(NGP) and glandular prickles (GP), with theNGP being the most common. We demonstrated that NGP are originated from a cell layer below the protoderm contrary to what was previously described. Using a F1 progeny, we detected four QTLs controlling the presence and density of stem prickle. We characterized rose gene homologues known in Arabidopsis that involved in trichome initiation. Minor different expression of the homologues in P and NP, suggesting different gene pathway between prickles and trichomes. Molecular bases of prickle initiation and development were explored using an RNA-Seq strategy by comparing the transcriptome (i) of glabrous and prickle shoots and (ii) during prickle development. We have identified key genes and regulatory networks controlling prickle initiation and development, with interesting genes below the QTLs. Throughthis project, we have built a genetic model system for studying prickles and open new research areas in the plant sciences.
... Peltate trichomes consist of a basal cell, a very short unicellular stalk and a multicellular head with a large subcuticular space ( Figure 1). These trichomes are also known from some other Lamiaceae species [13,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The distribution and frequency of peltate trichomes on the studied plant parts are shown in Tables 1 and 2. ...
A study of the trichomes types and distribution and pollen morphology was carried out in nine Micromeria taxa (M. cristata ssp. cristata, M. cristata ssp. kosaninii, M. croatica, M. graeca ssp. graeca, M. graeca ssp. fruticulosa, M. juliana, M. kerneri, M. longipedunculata and M. microphylla) and five closely related Clinopodium species (C. dalmaticum, C. frivaldszkyanum, C. pulegium, C. serpyllifolium and C. thymifolium) from the Lamiaceae family of the Balkan Peninsula. By scanning electron microscope, non-glandular trichomes, peltate and capitate trichomes were observed on the calyx, leaves and stem of the studied species. Two subtypes of capitate trichomes were observed in Micromeria species: subtype 1 (consisting of a basal epidermal cell and an elliptically shaped head cell) and subtype 2 (consisting of a basal epidermal cell, two to three stalk cells and a round head cell). In Clinopodium species, three types of capitate trichomes were observed: subtype 1, subtype 3 (consisting of a basal epidermal cell, a short peduncle cell, and a single round head cell), and subtype 4 (consisting of a basal epidermal cell, a stalk cell, and an elongated head cell). These results support the recent transfer of Micromeria species from the section Pseudomelissa to the genus Clinopodium.
... Previous studies suggest that different types of trichomes serve specific functions [70,71]. This hypothesis is confirmed by the results of the investigation on trichomes in Hyssopus officinalis subsp. ...
The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to localize lipids, terpenes, essential oil, and iridoids in the trichomes of the L. album subsp. album corolla. Morphometric examinations of individual trichome types were performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to show the micromorphology and localization of lipophilic compounds and iridoids in secretory trichomes with the use of histochemical tests. Additionally, the content of essential oil and its components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Qualitative analyses of triterpenes carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometric detection, and the iridoid content expressed as aucubin was examined with spectrophotometric techniques. We showed the presence of iridoids and different lipophilic compounds in papillae and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. On average, the flowers of L. album subsp. album yielded 0.04 mL/kg of essential oil, which was dominated by aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes. The extract of the L. album subsp. album corolla contained 1.5 × 10−3 ± 4.3 × 10−4 mg/mL of iridoid aucubin and three triterpenes: oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, and β-amyrin acetate. Aucubin and β-amyrin acetate were detected for the first time. We suggest the use of L. album subsp. album flowers as supplements in human nutrition.
... The nuclear-level genetic signature that would possibly distinguish ancient populations from the others was likely washed away by intense and persistent pollen-mediated gene flow. At the same time, the nonrecombinant plastid genome inherited via species-specific barochory-type seeds 73 was retained in numerous microlocations across today's distribution range. ...
Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and Spanish sage (S. lavandulifolia Vahl) are closely related, perennial species from the family Lamiaceae. Dalmatian sage is native to coastal regions of the western Balkans as well as to the southern Apennine Peninsula while the natural distribution area of Spanish sage is the Iberian Peninsula. Thus, the populations of Dalmatian and Spanish sage most probably survived in different refugia during the glacial periods according to the traditional interpretation of southern European peninsulas (Balkans, Apennines and Iberia) as being single refugia that served as a source for a postglacial recolonization. However, 'refugia within refugia' model implies the existence of multiple glacial refugia within each larger refugial area that may confound the interpretation of phylogeographic patterns. Microsatellite markers and chloroplast DNA sequences were used to examine and compare genetic diversity and population structure of Dalmatian and Spanish sage with the aim to assess the fine-scale geographical distribution of putative 'refugia within refugia'.
... Corsi and Bottega [13] showed that S. officinalis has four types of capitate glands which differ in structure, location, secretory material and mode of secretion: ...
Background
Higher absorption and translocation of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) ions in plant tissue can lead to serious physiological and biochemical changes. However, salicylic acid (SA) is a natural signaling molecule responsible for the induction of environmental stress tolerance in plants. Spraying SA could provide protection against several types of stress such as salinity. This study aimed to show the influence of SA spraying (0.5 and 1 mM) on the damaging effects of NaCl toxicity (150 mM) in Salvia officinalis L. plants.
Results
The results showed that salinity strongly inhibited the growth of aerial and root parts and this inhibition was accompanied by a significant decrease in the production of chlorophyll pigments (by 63%). There was also a significant accumulation of Na, mainly in the roots. This accumulation of Na ⁺ ions was accompanied by a decrease of calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. However, SA mainly at 0.5 mM, greatly improved plant growth, essential oils and chlorophyll pigments synthesis. Besides, SA led to a decrease in Na content and an improvement in Ca, K and P content in the leaves and roots. Salt stress decreased the essential oil yield from 1.2% (control) to 0.4% (NaCl). Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils exhibited that the 1,8-cineol, α-thujone, and camphor were identified as the main components of essential oils under all treatments. However, we noted in stressed plant treated or not with SA the appearance of the new majority compound thujanone. Salt stress decreased the major compounds content. SA spray under stress condition increased the content of major compounds compared to stressed plants untreated with SA. The histological study in scanning electron microscopy showed the peltate glands density decreased strongly under NaCl toxicity. However, SA application on stressed plants increased peltate glands density. On the other hand, the glands of stressed plants often show certain anomalies in the morphology: the first anomaly observed was the presence of glandular structures characterized by deformations in the form of small protuberances located on the head of the gland. The second, a less common abnormality is the morphological change in certain glands that change from a spherical to an ovoid shape. On another hand, all these anomalies were not detected in stressed plants sprayed with SA. Therefore, the absence of these anomalies under the effect of SA showed the repairing effect of this growth regulator.
Conclusion
The findings of the present work suggest that spraying of SA may be useful for improving the plant growth in NaCl-contaminated areas.
... The recent shifting of food and pharmaceutical industry to the utilization of natural compounds as food additives, cosmetics, and phytotherapeutics was followed by an increased global interest for plant secondary metabolites. Therefore, various plant families, in general, and many plant species, in particular, recaptured their interest and value (Balandrin et al. 1985;Wijesekera 1991;Ascensão et al. 1999;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Sacchetti et al. 1999;McChesney et al. 2007); among them, the mastic tree [Pistacia lentiscus cv. Chia (Anacardiaceae), Browicz 1987], a dioecious evergreen sclerophyllous shrub that, when injured, secretes a highly appreciated, ivory-colored resin. ...
Main conclusion
The quantitative profile of the biochemicals secreted by summer and winter leaves, present noticeable differences and appear to be qualitatively different from the biochemical profile of the commercially valuable mastic.
Abstract
The anatomy of the root and the primary and secondary shoot as well as that of the summer and winter leaves of P. lentiscus was thoroughly investigated. The secreting network was tracked throughout the plant axis, from the root to the leaves, and the active secreting cells of the duct epithelium were localized, while the secondary metabolites produced within the cells of the summer and winter leaf tissues were identified histochemically. Numerous phytochemicals were identified in the leaf extracts with UHPLC–qTOF MS analysis. The analyzed extracts from summer and winter leaves displayed similar qualitative profile, although quantitative differences were evident, since, during the summer, the leaves tend to synthesize the more complex amongst the identified compounds. The phytochemical profile of the leaf extracts turns to be completely different compared to that of the valuable mastic harvested from the injured trunks. Many of the compounds common in mastic were not detected in the analyzed leaves samples. The numerous secreting ducts either fail to form a unified network, so composition of the secreted material varies in the different organs of the plant or they compose a continuous network, but the biochemical profile of the secreted material differs along the plant axis. Such a detailed investigation of the secretion network of the mastic tree may assist the improvement of the yield and promote the production of valuable phytochemicals through in vitro cultures.
... The same types of GTs were described in many genera of the Bignoniaceae ( and corolla. The distinct types of glandular hairs were identified on the vegetative and reproductive organs of Salvia officinalis (Corsi and Bottega 1999). In number species of Lamiaceae, peltate and small capitate hairs are developed on the leaves and bracts, while the large capitate hairs present on the calyx (Giuliani and Maleci Bini 2008). ...
Main conclusion
Three types of the glandular trichomes are developed on the flowers and leaves of Millingtonia hortensis. Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. The peltate GTs are most common; they are founded on peduncle, calyx, ovary, and leaves. GTs consist of 12–24-cell disk-shaped head and a single-celled neck. The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. GTs of each type are characterized by specific ultrastructural traits. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC–MS. Seventeen compounds, including alcohols, fatty acid derivatives, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and benzenoids were identified. 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens.
... The third important enzyme is (?)-bornyl diphosphate synthase (BS), which produces bornyl diphosphate (Croteau and Karp 1979). The bornyl diphosphate subsequently hydrolyzed to borneol and then oxidized to camphor (Corsi and Bottega 1999;Venkatachalam et al. 1984). The regulation of these genes in S. officinalis is not completely known ( Fig. 1). ...
The medicinal sage plant (Salvia spp.), belonging to Lamiaceae family, is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants. The members of this genus are globally known due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, astringent, spasmolytic, antihidrotic and specific sensorial properties. In this study, we investigated the potential impact of water deficit on transcript abundance, and essential oil composition of five major metabolites, i.e. 1–8 cineole, α–β-thujone, camphor, and borneol in three genotypes of Salvia spp. Results showed that relative expression of three genes and their corresponding metabolites increased together at three stages under drought condition, but the CS gene transcript decreased independently from 1,8-cineole in garden sage. Furthermore, borneol changed differently compared to the BS gene expression in control and drought treatment plants of S. reuterana (Yasuj). The competitive synthesis of ß-thujone, and α-thujone by SS gene were demonstrated in S. officinalis and Yasuj ecotype of S. reuterana; whereas, no change was observed for Urmia ecotype of S. reuterana. There was no precursor shortage to synthesis of borneol and camphor in garden sage; however increasing the BS led to high production of borneol and low camphor in S. reuterana under drought stress. As a mechanism, secondary metabolites enable the plants to cope with unfavorable conditions, but genetic differences might affect the quantity and quality of these compounds.
... The peltate glands release their contents to outside by bursting of the cuticle. Chez genus Salvia, Corsi and Bottega [49]; Serrato-Valenti et al. [50]; Bisio et al. [5] and Janošević et al. [51] stated that at the time of secretion, a large space in which materials accumulate has developed through the elevation of the cuticle and the outermost layer of the walls of the secretory cells. ...
Background
Generally, zinc (Zn) is an essential element and acts as a plant nutrient, but at higher concentrations, it is toxic. Higher uptake and translocation of Zn into plant tissues can cause serious physiological and biochemical alterations. However, salicylic acid (SA) is an endogenous regulator of growth and signaling molecule responsible for inducing environmental stress tolerance in plants. Therefore, spray application of SA could provide protection against several types of stresses such as Zn toxicity. In this context, the ameliorative effect of SA (0.5 and 1 mM) on Salvia officinalis L. under Zn stress (40 mM) was studied.
Results
Zn stress decreased growth, chlorophyll content, essential oil yield and peltate glandular trichome density. This toxicity can be linked to a strong accumulation of Zn in the various parts of the plant. In addition, Zn stress disturbed nutrients assimilation (K, P and Ca). However, spray of SA, particularly at 0.5 mM improved all parameters studied under both Zn and normal conditions. The positive effects of SA under Zn stress condition may be due to the decrease of Zn accumulation in different parts of the plant. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in K, P and Ca content. In addition, the histological study of S. officinalis leaves showed the presence of two types of glandular hairs, the peltate and capitate glands. In the leaves of stressed plants, we noticed the presence of glands with deformations in the form of pockets in the number of one or more as well as the glands with an oval form. On the other hand, all these abnormalities glands were not detected in stressed plants that were sprayed with SA. Therefore, the absence of these anomalies under the effect of SA showed the remedial effect of this growth regulator.
Conclusion
The findings of the present work suggest that spraying SA maybe useful for improving the plant growth in Zn-contaminated areas.
... The sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds are also components of wax and cuticle and play antioxidants activities (Corsi and Bottega, 1999). Polysaccharides have been detected in the pectin layer of trichomes in Mentha pelegium. ...
... D. moldavica leaves, stems, and flowers are covered by numerous glandular and non-glandular trichomes (Dmitruk and Weryszko-Chmielewska 2010), as in many other species from the family Lamiaceae (Ascensão et al. 1995;Corsi and Bottega 1999;Chwil et al. 2016;Janošević et al. 2016;Haratym and Weryszko-Chmielewska 2017;Tozin and Rodrigues 2017). Previous studies of D. moldavica trichomes on the leaves conducted by other researchers with the use of the available methods, mainly LM, demonstrated different findings. ...
Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an aromatic plant emitting intense lemon scent. The aboveground parts of the plants constitute raw material for medicine and food industry. In contrast to the comprehensively investigated trichomes, there are only few studies of the histochemical characteristics of the leaves of essential oil-bearing plants from the family Lamiaceae. The present study shows the micromorphology, anatomy, and histochemistry of the leaves of the analysed species. The research aimed to determine the location of essential oil and other specialised metabolites in leaf tissues. The investigations of fresh and fixed material were carried out with the use of light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the content and composition of essential oil in the leaves were determined with the GC/MS method. The leaf epidermis had non-glandular unbranched trichomes and three types of glandular trichomes: peltate as well as long and short capitate trichomes. The results of the histochemical assays showed positive reactions to lipids and to some secondary compounds such as essential oil, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids in all types of the glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The same compounds were found in the epidermis cells of the leaves. The results of the present study indicate that the intense smell of the leaves is associated with emission of essential oil not only by the glandular and non-glandular trichomes but also by the leaf epidermis cells. The main components in the essential oil (0.10%) include geranial, neral, geraniol, nerol, and trans-myrtanol acetate. Since D. moldavica has been used as an adulterant of Melissa officinalis L., the anatomical traits of leaves and the essential oil composition in both species were compared in the study.
... Similar observations have been found in Salvia [15], since according to these authors the capitate glands are morphologically very variable and four types can be distinguished. Type I has a single or double bicellular stem and a united or bicellular head. ...
The accumulation of essential oils in plants is generally limited to specialized secre-tory structures, namely, glandular trichomes (hairs) which are multicellular epidermal glands, found in some families such as Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Solanaceae, and which secrete terpenes in an extracellular cavity at the apex of the trichome. Storage of terpenoids in these structures can also be used to limit the risk of toxicity to the plant itself. The morphology of these structures varies according to the conditions of irrigation and also according to the toxicity of intracuticular contents and can be changed with the phenology of the plant. The secretory glands of aromatic plants come in different shapes and sizes, in order to ensure a specific function. This function consists mainly in the protection of different plant organs and the attraction of pollinators. Some scientist classified these glands into peltate hairs and capitate hairs, based on morphological criteria; however, others classified them into short-term glands and long-term glands, based on the mode of secretion. Short-term glands are glands that secrete rapidly to protect young organs. The long-term glands are glands in which the secretory substance accumulates gradually in the subcuticular space and play a role in the protection of mature organs such as the flower, as well as in pollination. According to this definition, he inferred that the capitate hairs are the short-term glands, while the peltate hairs are long-term glands. The difference between these two types of glands consists several aspects like structure, mode of secretion, and timing of secretion. In this object, this chapter includes some microscopic observation to glandular hairs and their combination with mode of secretion, nature of contents, and phenol-ogy of plant to give a good comprehension and classification.
... The mint family (Lamiaceae), with 236 genera and more than 7000 species, is a large dicotyledonous group with a high number of aromatic species due to their specific chemical and anatomical characteristics. Representatives of this family typically have, on the leaf surface and flowers, external glandular trichomes which is where biosynthesis, secretion and accumulation of the essential oil occurs (Werker et al., 1985;Corsi and Bottega, 1999;Fahn, 2000;Werker, 2000;Giuliani and Maleci-Bini, 2008;Kremer et al., 2012;Dunkić et al., 2017). ...
Clinopodium rouyanum (Briq.) Govaerts is an endemic species from the mountains of the island of Majorca. In order to assess chemical defense mechanisms of this plant against molluscs, a chemical composition analysis of the essential plant oil (obtained by distillation SDE) and volatiles emitted by green parts, flowers, corollas and tube corollas (obtained by SPME and recent ST methods) – analyzed by GC and GC-MS – was conducted. Additionally, a study on the morphological types and distribution of trichomes was carried out by electron scanning microscopy. Also, the plant’s deterrence to snails was evaluated. The essential oil and volatiles were characterized by a high concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes (83.3–99.9%), whose principal compounds were Pulegone (73.0–93.9%) and Menthone (3.1%–11.8%). Non-glandular tricellular trichomes, peltate trichomes, and capitate trichomes were observed on leaves, calyx, corolla and stems. Volatile components of plants are effective deterrents to a generalist molluscan herbivore and represent an effective defense communication system that favors the conservation of this endangered species.
... Many studies result in various technologies to produce good quality of essential oil contents and encouraged several techniques to achieve a high quantity of productions (Lakušić et al. 2013;Bazina 2015), but very few study in faunal diversity associated with sage plant especially insect species. Corsi and Bottega (1999) observed that Aphis passeriana (Del Guercio) (Hem.: Aphididae) and Eupteryx zelleri (Kirschbaum) (Hem.: Cicadellidae) was living on common sage and CABI (2005) This research determined insects attacking S. officinalis and their natural enemies in order to understand the pest species and their natural enemy complex. The timing of crop infestation by these insects and the key damage periods was also investigated. ...
Abstract: Common sage, Salvia officinalis L., (Lamiaceae) has been economically cultivated in many countries due to its widely used as food and medicines. The sage’s production, however, is still facing significant yield losses because of insect pest attacks including other arthropods. This research is aimed to determine insect pests of S. officinalis and their natural enemies. Insect species were collected in a year 2016 in the sage fields at Bornova and Menemen, Izmir-Turkey. In total 47 species consisted of 18 insect pests and 29 natural enemies belonging to 30 families in 11 insect orders were collected. The species namely Aphis passeriniana (Del Guercio) and Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hem.: Aphididae); Dysmicoccus angustifrons (Hall) (Hem.: Pseudococcidae); Eupteryx gyaurdagicus Dlabola and Micantulina (Mulsantina) stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey) (Hem: Cicadellidae); Chrysolina (Taeniochrysea) americana (L.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thy.: Thripidae) were determined as key insect pests. M. stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey) was a new pest hosting for common sage whilst E. elegans (Ferrari) and D. angustifrons (Hall) were known as the new species recorded for Izmir province. In addition, the natural enemies of key insect pest were determined and discussed.
Keywords: Key insect pest, Natural enemy, Sage plant, Salvia officinalis
FULL TEXT: http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/684788
... However, in the surrounding area, common sage grows abundantly as a typical representative of the indigenous flora. In addition, it is important to note that both species share the same number of chromosomes (2n = 14) 26 and rely on the same pollinator assemblage 38,39 . ...
The inheritance of phenotypic, genetic and epigenetic traits in hybridization events is difficult to predict, as numerous evolutionary, ecological, and genetic factors can play a crucial role in the process of hybridization. In the middle Adriatic island of Vis, we investigated hybridization between Salvia officinalis and S. fruticosa at morphological, genetic and epigenetic levels. SSR results revealed that hybrid individuals were characterized by diploid set of chromosomes suggesting homoploid hybridization. A well-defined group that mostly comprised of F1 generation individuals was detected. For the majority of analysed morphological characteristics, hybrids were placed in-between parental taxa, while at the same time, values of different genetic parameters were mostly higher in hybrids than in parental species. The results revealed a high contrast in the levels of phenotypic variability and epigenetic excitation between parental taxa. Environmental niche modelling confirmed that in the studied location S. officinalis experiences optimal climatological conditions, while S. fruticosa struggles with unsuitable conditions. Very low levels of gene flow between the parental species were detected. In addition, contrasting levels of epigenetic excitation in the studied groups clearly demonstrated the importance of an epigenetic response to an altered environment and confirmed the trans-generational nature of the epigenetic changes.
... Trichomes are ideal storage structures of secondary metabolites and ensure rapid release of these compounds at the time of damage (Wagner 1991;Gonzales et al., 2008). This characteristic was extensively highlighted by members of the Lamiaceae family e.g. the volatile compounds retained and stored in the secretory head of the peltate trichomes of Salvia officinalis L. were released upon rupture of trichomes by insect activity on the leaves and calyces of the species (Corsi and Bottega 1999). ...
This study interprets the structure and provides insights on the phyto-compounds of the leaves and calyces of Plumbago auriculata and evaluates its potential as a medicinal plant based on the presence of these compounds. Structure and possession of phyto-compounds were determined using light and electron microscopy and various histochemical tests. Glandular capitate and non-glandular uniserate trichomes were present on the surface of the calyx. Glandular trichomes bear a close resemblance to the digestive glands of the genus Drosera. Salt glands present on the leaf surface were abundant on the abaxial surface and revealed the presence of “transfer cells” reported for the first time in the genus. Abundant mitochondria, mini vacuoles, ribosomes, dictyosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae were actively involved in the secretory process. Histochemical staining also revealed the presence of alkaloids and phenolic compounds that are of medicinal importance used to treat multiple ailments and also function as chemical deterrents in plants. Overall, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the secretory structures of P. auriculata and provides new insights on the ultrastructural and histochemical aspects of the species.
Floral biochemistry and stress physiology is an underexplored aspect of mangroves, which should be investigated as part of preservation and restoration efforts. A thriving true mangrove tree (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.) and a threatened mangrove-associate species (Heritiera fomes Buch. Ham.) were studied in the Sundarban region of India for seasonal variations in floral odours, non-volatile phytochemicals, antioxidant enzyme activities, and surface water chemistry in surrounding habitat. Both species were found to exhibit significant differences in floral volatilomes, protein contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, total flavonoids, and total phenolic contents between spring and autumn blooms. The bird-pollinated flowers of B. gymnorrhiza also showed considerable seasonal differences in floral anthocyanin and proline contents, indicating vulnerability of the post-anthesis open flowers to environmental factors. Contrarily to previous findings, B. gymnorrhiza floral bouquet appeared to be enriched in various classes of volatiles – dominated by sulphurous compounds in bud stage and terpenoids in open stage. Floral anthocyanins, contributing to the striking colouration of the calyx, were found to comprise cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives. Other glycosides of cyanidin and delphinidin were detected in H. fomes flowers, contributing to visual guides to potential food rewards for pollinating insects. Floral tissue in H. fomes was found to be protected by densely overlapping layers of stellate trichomes containing sesquiterpenoids as phytoprotectants. Comparison of the two floral species suggested that H. fomes flowering is optimized to oligohaline (but not freshwater) vernal conditions; whereas B. gymnorrhiza blooms are adapted for biologically enriched (including abundant herbivores and microbial growth), mesohaline forest habitats.
PurposeThis study presents an assessment of essential oils amounts and quality obtained from salvia officinalis collected from Sousse in Tunisia and its variations regarding the plant organs, the harvest time and the drying process.Method
Three drying processes were tested: natural air drying, hot air convective drying at two temperatures (40 and 60 °C) and microwave drying at 218 W. The hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus, and a Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) were the methods applied to respectively extract and analyze the chemical composition of essential oils.ResultsThe results showed that salvia officinalis leaves contained six times more essential oils than the stems, summer harvesting period was more advantageous than winter, and that hot air convective drying at temperatures ranging between 40 and 60 °C did not affect the essential oils yields compared to microwave drying, which lead to important losses of essential oils. The main components found in Tunisian salvia officinalis essential oils were α and β-Thujone, 1, 8-Cineole and Camphor.Conclusion
Variations in the yields and chemical composition of Tunisian Salvia officinalis essential oils had occurred in relation to the plant organ, harvest time, storage and drying process.
تناول هذا البحث دراسة الأنماط المختلفة للأوبار الغدية واللاغدية للنوع) Salvia officinalis L.المريمية الطبية) على مختلف الأجزاء الخضرية والتكاثرية من النبات، وأكدت النتائج وجود نوعين منها: النوع الأول أوبار لاغدية مخروطية الشكل غير متفرعة وتكون إما وحيدة خلية أو عديدة خلايا، والنوع الثاني أوبار غدية توجد بنمطين ترسية ورأسية، الأوبار الترسية ذات شكل واحد تتألف من سويقة وجيب مفرز والخلايا المفرزة للزيت والتي يكون عددها (8- 12 خلية)، كما تمر بثلاث مراحل خلال حياة النبات تختلف فيما بينها بالخصائص الشكلية من حيث طول السويقة وحجم الجيب المفرز، أما الأوبار الغدية الرأسية تتألف من الرأس والسويقة وخلية العنق، وتصنف وفقاً لشكل الخلية الرأسية الى أربعة اشكال: الأول ذو رأس كروي أحادي أو ثنائي الخلية، الثاني ذو رأس إفرازي صغير الحجم مستطيل الشكل، الثالث ذو رأس يشبه الفنجان، لكننا لاحظنا رأساً يشبه القمع لم تشر إليه أي من الدراسات السابقة، أما الرابع فيملك رأسا كرويا يشبه الشكل الأول ولكن يختلف عنه باحتوائه على ثقب من الأعلى تتحرر من خلاله المواد المفرزة.
Aglaonema simplex (Selimpot pati), a member of Araceae, is used for traditional medicine. The stem and root are utilized by the Anak Dalam tribe of Jambi Province, Indonesia, to treat diarrhea symptoms. The aims of this study were to identify the secretory structures of stem and root of A. simplex. Histological study of the secretory structures of A. simplex stem and root was carried out. The species had idioblast cells as its secretory structures. Idioblast cells in root were distributed at the cortex. In stem, idioblast cells were distributed at the epidermis, cortex, and pith. Idioblast cells in A. simplex have a cylindrical shape. The largest size of idioblast cells is found in the pith of the stem. The highest idioblast cell density was found in the stem epidermis.
The microscopic and citochemistry study denotes 3 types of glandular trichomes (peltate, capitates type I and type II), implicated in the synthesis of the metabolites, including volatile oils (with biological and protective role) and one type of non-glandular trichomes with the potential adaptive role to stressors in 7 new genotypes (4 cultivars – Moldoveanca 4, Vis Magic 10, Alba 7, Aroma Unica and 3 hybrids – Fr.5S8-24, Fr.8-5-15V and Cr.13S-6-7) of sp. Lavandula angustifolia Mill., spp. angustifolia. The degree of development and distribution mode of both types of trichomes (glandular and non-glandular) varies according organs (stem, leaf, bract, flower calyx and corolla) and genotype.
Glandular trichomes found on the surface of many higher plants contain specialized cells that produce and secrete copious amounts of particular secretory products. Leaf glandular trichomes of the non-model plant species Nicotiana tabacum represent a biologically active and stress-responsive tissue that contributes to plant defense response against biotic and abiotic stress and also influences leaf aroma and smoke flavor. Two morphologically different types of tobacco capitate trichomes, long- and short-stalked, with distinct functions, display ultrastructural features that are common to terpene-secreting glands, but only the secretory cells of the tall glandular trichomes are considered to be the site of biosynthesis of certain exudate compounds, including diterpenes and sucrose esters. Ultrastructural and histochemical characterization of tall glandular trichomes is described in an attempt to understand the contribution of these glands to the total secretion produced. Possible roles of distinct cellular compartments involved in the secretory process and secondary metabolite secretion under in vitro conditions are discussed.
Th e cultivation of aromatic species to obtain essential oils has great economic importance, presenting an increasing demand from different industrial sectors, especially to menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil, rich in menthol (70-80%). Consortium cultivation has been an important practice in agricultural systems whose land use is necessary, consequently promoting strong competition for light in reduced space. Thus, this study aimed verifying if different light intensities might promote chemical, metabolical and anatomical alterations in menthol mint. Plants were grown in greenhouse at different average of light intensities (137, 254, 406 and 543 µmol photons m-2 s-1). Samples were collected 43 days after germination and submitted to following analyses: Gravimetric test, photosynthetic pigments, soluble fractions, enzymatic activity, N-total, trichome density and histochemistry and chemometric test based on essential oil chemical profi le. Fresh mass gain, trichome density, essential oil content and soluble sugars were positively infl uenced by light intensity increase. On the other hand, total-N, NO 3 −-N and pigments content have decreased infl uenced by light intensity increase. In the secretion from the trichomes, phenolic substances were reported, as well as lipophilic ones in the peltate ones. The increase of oxygenated monoterpenes was favored by light intensity decrease.
The flowers of Basistemon spinosus, a Neotropic shrubby member of the tribe Hemimerideae, were found to secrete fatty oil as an attractant. The pollinators, oil-collecting bees of the exomalopsine genus Paratetrapedia, were observed in the Chaco forest of northern Argentina. In contrast to related genera, the carpet of Oil-producing glandular hairs (elaiophore) is single, and the cavity that bears it, is only slightly bisaccate. Flower features suggest less close affinity to Angelonia than has previously been assumed, but rather tending towards Old World relatives.
Polyethylene glycol (400) with 90% glycerol (aqueous) is introduced as an efficient solvent system for lipid stains. Various lipid-soluble dyes were dissolved in this solvent system and tested for their intensity, contrast, and specificity of staining of suberin lamellae in plant tissue. The stability (i.e., lack of precipitation) of the various staining solutions in the presence of fresh tissue was also tested. When dissolved in polyethylene glycol-glycerol, Sudan red 7B (fat red) was the best nonfluorescent stain and fluorol yellow 088 (solvent green 4) was an excellent fluorochrome. These two dyes formed stable staining solutions which efficiently stained lipids in fresh sections without forming precipitates. Estimations of the solubilities of these dyes in the solvent compared with their solubilities in lipids of various chemical types indicated that they should both be effective stains for lipids in general.
Scanning electron microscopy of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves confirmed the presence of two basic types of glandular trichomes consisting of a capitate stalked form containing a multicellular stalk and surmounted by a unicellular secretory head, and a capitate sessile form containing a unicellular stalk and unicellular, or multicellular, secretory head. In the latter type, secretory activity and filling of the subcuticular cavity may begin at virtually any stage of the division cycle affording fully developed glands containing from one to twelve cells in the secretory head. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the oil content of the most numerous gland species (capitate stalked, capitate sessile with one and with eight secretory cells) indicated only minor quantitative differences in essential oil composition. Thus, each gland type is capable of producing the four major monoterpene families (p-menthanes, pinanes, bornanes and thujanes) characteristic of sage.
Association of potassium ions with stomatal movements is reported here for 22 different plants. These include Ophioglossum engelmanni, Ginkgo biloba, and Pinus sylvestris. In all 22 plants potassium migrates into the guard cells when stomata open in response to light. In addition, potassium migration into guard cells also occurs with night opening in Crassula argentea and with rhythmic opening in Mimosa pudica. Potassium inside the guard or subsidiary cells, conventionally detected through light microscopic observations of epidermal peels treated with sodium cobaltinitrite reagent, may also be mapped by x-ray microanalysis of such histochemically treated peels, as was the case in this study. In addition to the potassium migration, we also show the movement of chloride as an accompanying anion in Ophioglossum engelmanni, Ginkgo biloba, Plantago rugelii, Begonia sp., and Avena sativa. Eight plants are shown to accumulate potassium inside the stomatal initials or cells of immature stomatal apparatuses; ordinary, immature epidermal cells do not show such an accumulation of potassium. A list in the discussion indicates all the plants in which potassium fluxes associated with stomatal movements have so far been established, including the new examples reported in this paper.
The anatomical structure of the secretory hairs of eight species of Labiatae was studied and the main components of their secretory substances identified. Peltate and capitate hairs were found in all species, the latter consisting of three types, differing in structure and mode of secretion. The capitate hairs precede the peltate hairs in their development and secretory activity. In the capitate hairs the secreted material is extruded to the outside, while in the peltate hairs it remains in a subcuticular space. The eight species were divided into groups according to the structure of the volatile compounds they secrete.
Par examen en lumière visible ou U.V. de coupes d'organes traitées par quelques réactifs, il est possible de localiser les flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, flavanes-diols et aurones.SummarySome convenient procedures lead to point out in white or UV light flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, flavane diols, aurons in microscopical sections.ZusammenfassungDurch eine Beobachtung im Ultraviolettspektrum und im sichtbaren Bereich mit wenigen Reagenzien behandelter Organeschnitte, ist es möglich verschiedene Subtanzen wie Flavonen, Flavonolen, Flavanen, Flavanolen, Flavan-diols und Auronen zu lokalisieren.
Foliar appendages of eight species of Salvia L. have been studied. Eleven types of non glandular and five types of glandular appendages have been observed. They have been classified under three major categories: (1) glandular capitate; (2) non glandular filiform and (3) non glandular capitate. Five new types of trichomes have been reported from Lamiaceae for the first time. On the basis of trichome types different species of Salvia can be identified. A tentative key has been presented. © 1980 Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Laminar hydathodes are known from only three dicot families. InUrticaceae they are associated with minor vein junctions in all five tribes, as surveyed from cleared leaves of 43 species in 30 genera. Only one species lacked hydathodes. Exclusively adaxial hydathodes were found in 28 genera. In tribeElatostemeae, laminar hydathodes inPilea andPellionia species are abaxial, adaxial, or on both surfaces. Guttation was observed in four species.Urtica dioica (adaxial) andPilea pumila (abaxial) were studied anatomically in detail. Hydathodes in the former have normal bundle structure but xylem gaps sometimes occur. In the latter, phloem is displaced in three previously undescribed ways: 1) ends abruptly near hydathode, 2) curves into connecting vein at adjacent junction, or 3) departs xylem, skirts hydathode independently, and rejoins adjacent xylem strand. Laminar hydathodes are a unifying character of theUrticaceae, and they also strengthen its close relationship to theMoraceae.
Red and blue color reactions produced by certain sesquiterpene lactones in strong acid have been investigated. The results indicate that the color reactions can be correlated with a number of structural requirements.
The unbranched nonarticulated laticifer, including its latex, and capitate glandular trichomes from Cannabis sativa L. were analyzed in fresh and cryostat preparations with histochemical procedures for the presence of cannabinoids, alkaloids, and other selected cellular components. A positive response to cannabinoid indicators, Duquenois-Negm, fast blue salt B, Gibb, and Beam reagents occurred in laticifers, as well as exuded latex and in disc cells of epidermal capitate glandular trichomes. No response or only an apparent background response to these reagents was detected in other cells. Alkaloids were detected histochemically in laticifers and exuded latex with Wagner, Dittmar, Ellram, chromic acid, Hager, and Dragendorff reagents. Alkaloid indicators also reacted with capitate glandular trichomes but did not show a positive response in other cells of the plant. Laticifers also contained other specialized contents including the enzymes, cytochrome oxidase, and lipase. Free lipids and storage proteins were not detected in laticifers. Qualitative responses to these histochemical procedures were similar in laticifers and capitate glandular trichomes from various regions and organs of the plant axis. Histochemical indicators can be useful for preliminary surveying of specialized cell types and tissues for the presence of specialized substances.
Glandular hairs are spread over the aerial vegetative and reproductive organs of the Lamiaceae. They produce essential oils which apparently protect against herbivores and pathogens. From a functional viewpoint, owing to the mode and timing of secretion, the glandular hairs may be classified into two types: (a) short-term glandular hairs, which start and end secretion rapidly, and which serve for the protection of young organs; and (b) long-term glandular hairs, in which secretory materials accumulate gradually under an elevated cuticle, and which serve for the protection of mature organs. In the flower, protection against herbivores and attraction of pollinators are both apparently achieved by glandular hairs situated on various floral parts.
Procedures are described for obtaining and handling ribboned epon sections 0.3–2 thick for light microscopy, and for the cytological application of two intense acid dyes, Aniline Blue Black and Coomassie Brilliant Blue R 250. The technique allows precise localization of proteins and some other materials, and, because the sections are ribboned, facilitates three-dimensional visualization of the structures involved. The dyes may be used in combination with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and with autoradiography.
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A saturated solution of SbCl3 in 60% HClO4 was used to detect steroids in plant tissue, using (a) cut sections of fresh material (b) dried and powdered material and (c) dried aqueous ethanolic extracts of microquantities of tissues. The utility of this reagent as a microchemical test for diosgenin and yamogenin has been established by application to 55 plant specimens from 35 species in 12 families, including plant parts which hold steroidal sapogenin (spirostans) as well as those that do not. The presence or absence of spirostans in the plant parts was confirmed by infrared analysis after processing the material on a macro scale. Colours obtained with the reagent and pure sapogenins, some of their common derivatives and their glycosides are given for reference.
A satisfactory histochemical test for polyphenols in fresh plant tissues is described. The test is based upon a colorimetric method for phenolics using a nitrous acid reaction. Certain catechol derivatives are characterized by the formation of an intense cherry-red in fresh sections of plant tissues with the reagents used. The red color is sufficiently intense to be readily observed microscopically at 100X. Results obtained with other tests also are described.
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