On Lorentz Spengler and a neotype for the foraminifer Calcarina spengleri

Abstract

In 1781, Lorentz Spengler, curator of the Royal Collection of Art, Crafts and Rarities of Nature, Den­mark (1771-1807), described several foraminifera from sand obtained from the interior of large gas­tropods. On sectioning these minute foraminiferal tests he observed that they had no siphuncle (thus predating d'Orbigny's well-known observation of 1826) and that the septa curved in the opposite direc- tion to those of Nautilus "and the Ammon's Hom". One of Spengler's species was named Calcarina stellata by de Ferussac in 1827. This is a valid senior subjetive synonym of Pararotalia ea/car (d'Orbigny, 1839), and an application has therefore been made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomanclature for its suppression. The type species of the genus Calcarina was described and illustrated by Spengler (1781) and named Nautilus spengleri by Gmelin (1791). The type was described from sand contained in an east Indian gastropod. The gastropod has been located in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. It still contained some sediment, from which a neotype has been selected.

Full text

On Lorentz Spengler and a neotype for the
foraminifer
Calcarina
spengleri
HANS JØRGEN HANSEN
r* Hansen, H. J.: On Lorentz Spengler and a neotype for the foraminifer Calcarina spengleri. Bull. geol. Soc.
Denmark, vol. 29, p.
191-201.
Copenhagen, January 26th, 1981.
In 1781, Lorentz Spengler, curator of the Royal Collection of Art, Crafts and Rarities of Nature, Den-
es mark (1771-1807), described several foraminifera from sand obtained from the interior of large gas-
tropods. On sectioning these minute foraminiferal tests he observed that they had no siphuncle (thus
predating d'Orbigny's well-known observation of 1826) and that the septa curved in the opposite direc-
tion to those of Nautilus "and the Ammon's Horn". One of Spengler's species was named Calcarina
stellata by de Férussac in 1827. This is a valid senior subjetive synonym of Pararotalia calcar (d'Orbigny,
1839),
and an application has therefore been made to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomanclature for its suppression.
The type species of the genus Calcarina was described and illustrated by Spengler (1781) and named
Nautilus spengleri by Gmelin (1791). The type was described from sand contained in an east Indian
gastropod. The gastropod has been located in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. It still contained
some sediment, from which a neotype has been selected.
Hans Jørgen Hansen, Geological Central Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10,
DK-1350 Denmark, June 6th, 1980.
Lorentz Spengler was born in Schaffhausen,
Schweitz, in 1720 (Brock, 1902). He was trained
in artistic turning in Regensburg, Germany from
1734 to 1739 and after that worked for
4
years as
a turner in Bern. Being a gifted craftsman he
went to London in 1743 and tried to make a liv-
ing, but the conditions were not favourable, and
so,
along with two friends, he went to
Copenhagen. In Copenhagen Spengler was ap-
pointed royal turner in 1745. He got a workshop
in the palace and taught the Royal Family the art
of turning. Many of the results of Spengler's ef-
forts and those of his royal pupils can be seen in
the Rosenborg Palace in Copenhagen.
In addition to his duties at the court Spengler
had a private workshop in town where he taught
turning and produced false teeth carved of ivory
or narwhal tusk. He was a polyhistor with very
broad interests, and even had a private elec-
trotherapeutical clinic in Copenhagen where he
treated people for lameness with his home-made
machinery (Snorrason 1974). He collected
paintings and copper engravings, but his main
interest was, however, his large collection of
shells,
which was internationally famous. The
Empress of Russia, Catharina II wanted to buy
the collection, but Spengler refused to sell.
Spengler published a series of papers on gas-
tropods, bivalves and a variety of other subjects.
He was co-author of the text accompanying the
molluscan work by Regenfuss in 1758 (Nyerup
and Kraft, 1820).
Spengler corresponded extensively with other
collectors. Two letters from Linné were published
by Steenstrup (1849). Some of Spengler's letters
are kept in the archives of the Zoological
Museum, while other written materials are in the
archives of the Royal Museum of
Fine
Art. In the
latter archives are also the catalogues of his be-
longings which were sold at a public auction after
his death in 1807. The papers are now preserved
in the Royal Museum of Fine Art through Con-
rad Spengler, son of Lorentz, who was the first
Director of that Museum.
Spengler became a member of the Royal
Danish Academy of
Sciences
and Letters in 1778.
His portrait was engraved four times, (1762,
1776,
71785, 1802): that shown on fig. 1 dates
from 1776.
In 1781 Lorentz Spengler published two al-
most overlooked papers on foraminifera in the
series of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences
and Letters. Although originally written in Ger-
man (Spengler's mother tongue) they were
14 D.G.E 29

192
Fig. 1. Lorentz Spengler. Copperengraving from 1776.
translated into Danish, a language which Speng-
ler apparently did not master completely at that
time.
The fact that they were published in Danish
may well account for their lack of impact on re-
search in foraminifera. The forms described were
illustrated on two plates with excellent copper
engravings.
Spengler did not use Linné's system of
nomenclature for the foraminifera though he
used Linnéan names for bivalves and gastropods
which he described in other papers. His descrip-
tions and illustrations of two species of foramini-
fera were used by Gmelin (1791) for Nautilus
spengleri and by de Férussac (1827) for Calcarina
stellata.
It is generally accepted that d'Orbigny in 1826
was the first to recognize the difference between
cephalopods with a siphuncular tube and other
"cephalopods" without this tube. The latter
group was called "foraminiféres" by d'Orbigny,
since the shells have holes between the chambers
(the former apertures). In 1826 d'Orbigny re-
garded the foraminifera as belonging to the
cephalopods.
Hansen: On Lorentz Spengler
However, already in 1781 Spengler noticed
that when he sectioned the "small snails" from
molluscan sand he was unable to observe any
"nerve rør" (nerve tube), and he very much
doubted that they had any at all. He compared
the small forms with both Nautilus, Spirula and
Lituites and noticed that the small forms differed
not only in lacking a siphuncular tube, but also in
the curvature of the septa which in the small
forms was opposite that of Nautilus.
At some length Spengler describes how he
obtained the material. In his large collection of
shells were some large gastropods, and he consi-
dered the possibility of getting material out from
the columella of these (especially from the east
Indian large "Storm Caps" = Cassis). With some
satisfaction he ascertains that sand with a content
of small chambered shells occurs at many other
localities than Rimini which was not known in
1781.
He mentions that he has found small shells
(foraminifera) in the agglutinated tube of a
Sabella, between the roots of Sea Grass and espe-
cially in bivalves and gastropods (i.a. from the
Red Sea).
In gastropods from the Coromandel Coast,
south of Madras, India, Spengler found a form
which de Férussac in 1827 named Calcarina stel-
lata. The indication by Spengler as to which gas-
tropod yielded the material is not distinct. He
writes that the form is present in "Kokillier"
(shells) from the area. The figures (reproduced
on PI. 1) leave little doubt that the species is Cal-
carina calcar d'Orbigny, 1826. However, Cal-
carina calcar d'Orbigny (= Pararotalia calcar) as
listed by d'Orbigny in 1826 is a nomen nudum
since it was not illustrated or described, but only
depicted by a plaster model. In his list from 1826
d'Orbigny mentioned as localities Martinique,
Mauritius and Madagascar. In the 12 samples
from Mauritius housed in our laboratory we have
found only one form which can be conspecific
with the model of d'Orbigny. This form (PI. 2 fig.
1-2) is in good accordance with the generally ac-
cepted and used concept of the species
Pararotalia calcar. Thus, there is little doubt as to
what d'Orbigny meant. More recent work on the
foraminifera from the east coast of India indicates
that Pararotalia calcar occurs in shallow water
(Vedantam and Rao, 1970).
In his work on foraminifera from Cuba
d'Or-
bigny (1839) described and illustrated the species

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 29 1980
193
Calcarina calcar, and recently Le Calvez (1977)
selected a lectotype from the material of d'Or-
bigny from the West Indies. As a consequence
Calcarina calcar must date from 1839 and not
from 1826. According to Dr. Yolande Le Calvez
(pers.
comm.) no specimens of C. calcar from
1826 are preserved.
If the principle of priority as outlined in the
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature was to be fol-
lowed in the present case it would lead to abso-
lute confusion, since P. calcar has a very wide
distribution in the Recent seas and consequently
has been mentioned numerous times. Further the
name is in common use. Therefore, the author
has applied to the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature to ask for suppression
of the valid senior synonym of P. calcar, namely
Calcarina stellata de Férussac, 1827 (application
Z.
N. (S) 2344).
Spengler also described two species from the
Red Sea (sand from the coast of Arabia Felix =
Saudi Arabia) and the Gulf of Suez. The material
was collected by Forskål during an expedition in
the period 1761-1767 to the above mentioned
areas
(Wolff,
1968) and kept in the "Kunstkam-
mer" (The Royal collection of Arts, Crafts and
Rarities), for which Spengler had become curator
in 1771. These two foraminiferal species can be
identified from the figures, as Spirolina arietina
(Batsch, 1791) and Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel
& Moll, 1798) (compare PI. 1, figs. lOa-f and PI.
2,
figs. 3-5).
In his second contribution in the Royal Danish
Academy Spengler described a form from the
sand contained in a large Cassis, mentioned as the
Amboinic "Storm Cap" (by Gmelin 1791 men-
tioned as Buccinum cassideum from East India).
Amboinia or Ambon is close to the island Ceram
in the Moluccan archipelago. Spengler's descrip-
tion and figures were used by Gmelin, 1791 in the
Xlllth edition of Systema naturae. Gmelin
named the species Nautilus spengleri and the
species thereby became valid. The specimen de-
picted by Spengler (reproduced on PI. 3) repre-
sents the holotype.
Spengler's private collection of shells was pur-
chased by the Danish King in 1804 for a large
sum of money and added to the Royal collection.
In the early 1820es the Royal collection was di-
vided and the shell collection was later trans-
ferred to the University (Zoological Museum),
Fig. 2. The source of Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin, 1791).
Height of the shell 12.5 cm. Specimen from Spengler's collec-
tion in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Below the gas-
tropod is shown the original label. In addition to the name
Buccinum cassideum several references are listed. They concern
Chemnitz, Lister and Rumph. The locality is "Ostindien".
where it is still kept. The author visited the col-
lection and found the original gastropod with the
label written by Spengler (fig. 2). Material from
this gastropod is thus from the type locality of
Calcarina spengleri (presumably Ambon, Moluc-
cas).
There are no foraminifera preserved in the
Spengler collection at the Zoological Museum.
However, some of Spengler's material was fossil,
and for many years it was used as a demonstra-
tion collection in the Zoological Museum. In
1935 it was transferred to the Geological
Museum, but a search in this material has not
revealed any specimens of Calcarina spengleri.
The only samples are of nummulitic limestones
from Egypt.
14*

194
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Hansen: On Lorentz Spengler
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PLANCE 1
Reproduction of Table I from Spengler (1781a). Fig. la—c. ?Elphidium crispum from the tube of Sabella attached to a spine from a
sea urchin from Marseilles, France. The spine and Sabella tube shown in fig. Id. Fig. 2a—c. Chambered shell of unknown affinity. De
Férussac (1827) referred the form to Planularia. Fig. 3a-d. Caicarina stellata de Férussac, 1827 (= Pararotalia calcar (d'Orbigny,
1839)).
a - actual size; b - spiral side; c - umbilical side; d - sectioned specimen. Fig. 4 a—d. Spirolina arietina (Batsch, 1791). Red
Sea. a - actual size; b & c - side views; d - sectioned specimen. Fig. 5 a-c. Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel & Moll, 1798). Red Sea. a -
actual size; b & c - side views.

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 29 1980
195
PLATE 2
Fig. 1-2. Calcarina stellata de Férussac, 1827 (= Pararotalia calcar d'Orbigny, 1839). Recent, Mauritius. 1 - Spiral side 90 x. 2 -
Umbilical side 90 x. Fig. 3. Spirolina arietina (Batsch, 1791). Recent, Ras Muhammad, Sinai, Red Sea. 67 x. Fig. 4-5. Peneroplis
planatus (Fichtel & Moll, 1798). Recent, Ras Muhammad, Sinai, Red Sea. 4 - side view of ordinary form 50 x. 5 - Side view of
somewhat irregular specimen. 68 x.

196
Hansen: On Lorentz Spengler
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PLANCE 3
Reproduced from Spengler (1781b). Fig. 7-8. Gastropods. Fig. 9a-c. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin, 1791). East India, a - actual size;
b
—
presumably spiral side of specimen with fractured final chamber; c - sectioned specimen. Fig. 9d. Asterorotalia unguiculatus
(Gmelin, 1791). East India. Fig. 10 a-c. Articulina pacifica Cushman, 1944. Red Sea. a - actual size; b - side view; c - sectioned
specimen. Fig. 10 d-f. SpiroUna acicularis (Batsch, 1791). Red Sea. d - actual size; e
—
side view; f
—
sectioned specimen. The letter
"g"
refers to a hole in the final chamber which Spengler noted in several specimens.

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PLATE
4
Fig.
1-2
Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin, 1791). From sand contained
in
Buccinum cassideum from East India.
1
-
umbilical side
of
neotype;
2 -
spiral side
of
neotype. Both
55 x.
Fig. 3.
Asterorotalia pulchella (d'Orbigny, 1839). Recent, Banda Island. Umbilical
side.
68 x.
Spengler mentioned
the
variable number
of
spines
in
his
description. Fig.
4.
Articulina pacifica Cushman, 1944. Recent,
Ras Muhammad, Sinai,
Red
Sea.
43
x.
Fig.
5.
Spirolina acicularis (Batsch, 1791). Recent,
Ras
Muhammad, Sinai,
Red
Sea.
128
x.

198
Hansen: On Lorentz Spengler
The Buccinum cassideum specimen was
X-rayed in order to see if any sandy material
could still be contained in the columella region.
The radiographs showed a concentration of sand
in the early part of the shell, and the Zoological
Museum kindly granted permission to drill a
small hole to recover the sediment. About 2 cm
3
of coarse carbonate sand were obtained. It con-
tained 52 specimens of
Calcarina
spengleri.
These specimens fit Spengler's description.
There is a wide range of variation in the de-
velopment of the peripheral spines and in the de-
gree of the development of the surface sculpture.
Spengler generously provided material of sand
from his shells to other scientists. Thus Fichtel &
Moll (1798) thank him for material of
8
of
the
35
species described by them. Among these is a
series of specimens of
C.
spengleri
still preserved
and depicted by Fichtel & Moll and now illus-
trated by scanning electron microscopy by Rogl
& Hansen (in prep.) in their revision of the
Fichtel & Moll collection.
Spengler's description
(1781,
p. 379-380) of
Calcarina spegleri
(Gmelin, 1791) reads (trans-
lated from Danish): "Fig. IX a, b, c, also shows a
form from the shell and coral dust from the large
Amboinic Storm Cap. As this multichambered
shell is neither enrolled like Nautilus or has coils
that can be seen on the surface like in Ammon's
Horns (the characters which the taxonomists
have used to separate the two genera) I am not
sure to which genus it should be referred. How-
ever, it can provisionally be placed in the second
genus.
This shell occurred in large quantities in
the above mentioned coral and shell gravel. They
are very variable, which, however, may be attri-
buted to differences in age or to stages of growth.
Some of them have, on the edge of the dorsal
side,
from
3
to
7
variably spaced projecting spines
of different size. Others have numerous short
spines like a
comb,
while others that are still small
and young generally have three long spines.
The whole surface, including the spines, is un-
even-like shagreen
—
and is constructed of small
warts,
which through the hand lens seem shiny
and smooth. On some specimens, particularly on
their broad surface, there are wart-like elevations
and stalactitic deposits. One of the surfaces is
vaulted, the other, carrying the aperture, is
somewhat flatter, but on neither side is seen any
trace of coils. The shape is everywhere without
edges or corners, but is smoothly rounded as
though formed in dough. The space where the
animal lived is equally smoothly infolded. The
aperture is equipped with a backward folded
seam. The opening is finely marked at b and
bends in an inward direction towards the flat side
of the shell.
The general outline is always circular, but in a
somewhat disorderly way. When they are sec-
tioned (which is easy, since the shell is strong and
not brittle, and large enough) one may observe a
large number of septa and chambers (as in
Nautilus and the Ammon's Horns).
There are from 40 to 50 chambers. The shells
are straw coloured. Their natural size can be seen
at a; b is enlarged and shows the lower flat side
with the aperture, and c is a sectioned shell with
its chambers."
One of the specimens of
C.
spengleri
from the
gastropod is here selected as neotype tor Nautilus
spengleri Gmelin, 1791 (pi. 3, figs. 1-2). The
neotype is deposited in the Geological Museum,
University of Copenhagen (Reg. nr. MGUH
15076).
The variation of the species is demonstrated on
pis.
5-6.
The inner structures were described by Hansen
& Reiss (1971) who found C. spengleri to be a
bilamellar form with septal flaps, and, only in the
initial part an umbilical cover plate. This charac-
ter clearly distinguishes it from
Pararotalia
which
has an umbilical cover plate in the adult.
The remaining specimens depicted by Spengler
(1781,
table II) originate from the Red Sea. They
were contained in the sediment inside an Area
noae and can probably be identified
as Articulina
pacifica Cushman, 1944 and
Spirolina acicularis
(Batsch, 1791).
Two Recent specimens from the Red Sea are
depicted on pi. 4 for comparison.
Acknowledgements. The author is indebted to the staff of the
Zoological Museum, the Royal Museum of Fine Art and the
Geological Museum for help with the museum files. R. G.
Bromley kindly x-rayed the gastropod.

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 29 1980
199
PLANCE 5
Fig. 1-6. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin, 1791). From sand contained in Buccinum cassideum from East India. Topotypes.
1
& 2 - 65 x;
3 & 4-93 X;5&6-54 x.

200
Hansen: On Lorentz Spengler
PLANCE 6
Fig. 1-6. Calcarina spengleri (Gmelin, 1791). From sand contained in Buccinum cassideum from East India. Topptypes. 1 & 2 - 50 X;
3 &4-64 X; 5 & 6-51 X.

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 29 1980 201
Dansk sammendrag References
Kongelig kunstdrejer og kunstkammerforvalter*
Lorentz Spengler (1720-1807) beskrev i 1781 på
dansk forskellige foraminiferer, som han fandt i
det sand, han rystede ud af store snegleskaller.
Ved at slibe foraminiferskallerne kunne han
konstatere, at de ikke besad en sipho ("nerve-
rør") og at kammerskillevæggene buede den
modsatte vej af skillevæggene hos Nautiler. Disse
iagttagelser tilskrives normalt den franske forsker
d'Orbigny (1826). Årsagen til at disse iagttagel-
ser ikke blev kendt i videre kredse må søges i at
Spenglers arbejder er trykt på dansk. Spengler
navngav ikke de foraminiferer han beskrev og af-
bildede.
De Férussac (1827) navngav en af Spenglers
arter,
Caicarina
stellata.
Den er et ældre synonym
for
Caicarina calcar
d'Orbigny, 1839. Det er en
uhyre almindelig lavtvandsform i troperne og
subtroperne. Af hensyn til stabilitet i navngivnin-
gen er den Internationale Zoologiske Kommissi-
on blevet bedt om at undertrykke Spenglers (dvs.
de Férussacs) art, idet den ikke har været brugt.
Typearten for slægten
Caicarina
er en art be-
skrevet og afbildet af Spengler. Den blev 10 år
senere navngivet af Gmelin som
Nautilus
speng-
leri. Typelokaliteten, en bestemt ostindisk snegl
fra Spenglers samling, er fundet på Zoologisk
Museum. I sneglen var'der bevaret sand i hvilket
52 eksemplarer af arten blev fundet. Et af disse er
udvalgt som neotype. Ironisk nok er lokaliteten
for "typelokaliteten" ukendt.
Brock;Æ>M:'J;U902: Lorentz Spengler in Dansk biografisk
Lexicon^ i6,
209-211.
(In Danish).
Férussac, A. de 1827: Additions et corrections au Tableau
méthodique de la classe des Céphalopodes, par M.
d'Or-
bigny; Ordre des foraminiféres. Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol. Paris,
10,
175-185.
Gmelin, J. F. 1791: Systema naturae Linnaei. 13th ed. 1, 6,
Vermes. G. E. Beer (Lipsiae, Germania).
Fichtel, L. von & Moll. J. P. C. von 1798: Testacea microscopia
aliaque minuta ex generibus Argonauta et Nautilus ad
naturam delineata et descripta. XII + 123 pp., 24 pis.
Camesianische Buchhandlung, Wien.
Hansen, H. J. & Reiss, Z. 1971: Electron microscopy of rotalia-
cean wall structures. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, 20,
329-346.
Le Calvez, Y. 1977: Revision des foraminiféres de la collection
d'Orbigny
—
Foraminiféres de Pile de Cuba. Tome 2.
Cahiers de Micropaleont. 2, 131 pp. Paris.
Nyerup, R. & Kraft, J. C. 1820: Almindeligt litteraturlexicon for
Danmark, Norge og
Island.
567-568 (In Danish).
Orbigny, A. D. d' 1826: Tableau méthodique de la classe des
Céphalopodes. Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 1, 245-314.
Orbigny, A. D. d' 1839: Foraminiféres in de la Sagra, R.: His-
toire physique, politique et naturelle de Vile de Cuba. 224
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