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Systematic notes on Asian birds. 63. The eastern Asiatic races of Sitta europaea Linnaeus, 1758
Abstract
The Asiatic subspecies of Sitta europaea form an independent group of races which differ from the European subspecies by their smaller size and bill shape. Based on substantial samples of most of these taxa the present revision distinguishes 13 recognizable subspecies in the group. We remove from the group the subspecies arctica Buturlin, 1907, which is the most distinctive of all the Asiatic forms, because there is a zone of sympatry between this and S. e. baicalensis Taczanowski, 1882, where hybrid individuals may occur but if so must be extremely rare. We therefore support the elevation of arctica to full species level.
... Recent studies have shown that the northeast Siberian form arctica differs from other populations of Sitta europaea in plumage, size and proportions (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006), vocalizations (Leonovich et al. 1996) and mtDNA sequences (10% sequence divergence in ND2, Zink et al. 2006). The two groups have overlapping ranges in eastern Siberia, but only one putative intermediate specimen has been reported in the literature and no further intermediates were located in museums (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). ...
... Recent studies have shown that the northeast Siberian form arctica differs from other populations of Sitta europaea in plumage, size and proportions (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006), vocalizations (Leonovich et al. 1996) and mtDNA sequences (10% sequence divergence in ND2, Zink et al. 2006). The two groups have overlapping ranges in eastern Siberia, but only one putative intermediate specimen has been reported in the literature and no further intermediates were located in museums (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). The combined evidence indicates that Sitta arctica represents a distinct species (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). ...
... The two groups have overlapping ranges in eastern Siberia, but only one putative intermediate specimen has been reported in the literature and no further intermediates were located in museums (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). The combined evidence indicates that Sitta arctica represents a distinct species (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). ...
... 6 Voous & van Marle (1953) placed the name baicalensis Taczanowski, 1882, in limbo by stating that it represented intergrades between amurensis Swinhoe, 1871, and biedermanni Reichenow, 1907. However, baicalensis is brought into use by Red'kin & Konovalova (2006), with the side benefi t of resolving the awkwardness of a senior name being treated as indeterminate. Vaurie (1957) reassigned biedermanni to the synonymy of asiatica Gould, 1837, to which name it is junior. ...
... The scope of this series does not include northern Siberia. Therefore arctica Buturlin, 1907, andalbifrons Taczanowski, 1882, neither of which reach China or Japan, are not included here although discussed by Red'kin & Konovalova (2006;this issue), where the east Asian races of S. europaea are reviewed in a solicited complement to this paper. Their recommendations include recognition of subspecies takatsukasai Momiyama, 1931 from the Kurile Islands, hondoensis Buturlin, 1916, from much of Japan (contra Morioka, 1994) and formosana Buturlin, 1911, from Taiwan. ...
... 12 Harrap (1996: 117) said "the mere fact of altitudinal replacement is not suffi cient grounds" to place these two in separate species and mentioned the postulated replacement of S. e. amurensis by S. e. asiatica at higher elevations in Honshu. However, both Morioka (1994) and Red'kin & Konovalova (2006) considered the highland birds fi tted within the range of individual variation of a single Honshu population (amurensis according to Morioka, but recognized as hondoensis by Red'kin & Konovalova). pendix). ...
The Asian species of nuthatch have been reviewed several times in the last 50 years or so although the changes made have sometimes not appeared in the 'primary' literature, thus lack supporting explana-tions or suffi cient detail. There continue to be puzzles over species limits, with a great need for molecular studies to inform on relationships as, morphologically, Sitta appears to be suffi ciently varied to sustain two or more genera.
... a) suggests that all Philippine representatives of trivirgatus (including benguetensis) could be regrouped as Philippine Mountain Leaf-warbler P. nigrorum. Red'kin & Konovalova (2006) maintained that the form arctica (northern Siberia) of Eurasian Nuthatch S. europaea should be treated as a full species (perhaps "Siberian Nuthatch"). It is larger than any other race but the tarsus is proportionately shorter (albeit with a longer hind-claw) and the bill is narrower-based, with a shorter and narrower black eyestripe, dark grey (not pale grey) underwingcoverts, >50% white outer rectrices (<50% in other subspecies), no pale tips to the greater coverts and no sexual dimorphism (in both cases unlike all other subspecies). ...
... The degree of geographical overlap between arctica and (other) subspecies of europaea also needs clarification. Red'kin & Konovalova (2006) indicated that the range of arctica "borders and even partly overlaps with the ranges of three subspecies of S. europaea", but their map depicts an extensive area of sympatry with S. e. baicalensis, which is either conclusive evidence of two species or an indication of considerable winter intermingling. However, limited mitochondrial DNA sampling of arctica shows strong divergence from all other S. europaea forms (Zink et al. 2006). ...
... The nuthatches seen in the Ural mountains were all of the asiatica subspecies, characterized by pale upperparts, wide whitish supercilium, upturned bill shape due to straight culmen and oblique gonys and reduced amount of colouring on the vent and undertail-coverts. This well-marked subspecies (when compared with European breeders) belongs to the eastern group of subspecies as defined by Red'kin & Konovalova (2006); this group is a strong candidate for future split due to reduced intergradation with the western group in contact zones in the southern Ural range and in the lower basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). This is supported by markedly different mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the eastern and western groups (Hung et al 2012). ...
... The nuthatches seen in the Ural mountains were all of the asiatica subspecies, characterized by pale upperparts, wide whitish supercilium, upturned bill shape due to straight culmen and oblique gonys and reduced amount of colouring on the vent and undertail-coverts. This well-marked subspecies (when compared with European breeders) belongs to the eastern group of subspecies as defined by Red'kin & Konovalova (2006); this group is a strong candidate for future split due to reduced intergradation with the western group in contact zones in the southern Ural range and in the lower basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers (Red'kin & Konovalova 2006). This is supported by markedly different mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the eastern and western groups (Hung et al 2012). ...
This paper builds on several expeditions undertaken by independent groups between 2013 and 2015 to one of the most remote areas in the Western Palearctic.
... Most frequently, such variability is expressed in the formation of geographical races, to a greater or lesser extent reflecting the population structure of species. Geographic races can be both sharply differentiated (but to a lesser extent than species within a given genus or subgenus) and relatively weakly (but statistically significantly) distinguishable (Red'kin and Konovalova, 2006). The poly-typic species may include races of different ages: from recently isolated but having significant differences (fixed due to the founder's effect) to relict ones that have existed for a long time under conditions of reliable spatial isolation, but in some cases entering into intergradation. ...
As it has presently become evident, reproductive isolation can no longer be considered as the leading criterion for estimating the species limits, but it is still used for determining the status of the majority of morphs. The presence/absence of hybridization between individuals is not directly related to the degree of their evolutionary insularity. Hybridization can result in the origin of new morphs including those that have species status. The application of phylogenetic methods is justified in reconstructing the relation links within complex groups including the morphs of various evolutionary levels (from geographical races to "good" species), the relationships between which are exacerbated by hybridogenous polymorphism and/or the hybrid-ization origins of their populations. Taking into account both new data and new conceptions, we suggest genuine interrelated definitions of concepts such as species, subspecies, and semispecies in birds. The definitions are based on two main criteria: biological, i.e., an evaluation of the reproductive relations of the particular morphs with each other, and phylogenetic, i.e., an evaluation of their evolutionary age and kinship. The main feature of a species as an evolutionary entity should be considered through its stability in time even when its reproductive isolation is periodically broken. Geographic intraspecies races show sustainable variations of different degrees, but they have no reproductive isolation; they breed upon contact and form intergradation zones. They are taxonomically denoted as subspecies. Descriptions of new subspecies are viable to the limits that reflect the species' natural geographic structure to the fullest extent. For the young morphs that have reached the level of species insularity in the course of evolution, it seems appropriate to restore a semispecies category. Semispecies show significant morphological differences and distinguished ecological particulari-ties, as a rule, but they are connected to closely related morphs by gene flows in contact zones. Distinguishing this category is not regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and, as splitter tendencies prevail in modern systematics, semispecies are more often equated to species; i.e., they have binominal names. We propose to denote the attribution of a semispecies to a particular species group (superspecies) in parentheses between genus and species names. Thus, it would become possible to outline natural complexes and avoid a groundless increase in the taxonomic statuses of morphs in the stage of development. Representatives of distant phylogenetic lines (morphs that separated historically long ago) are not to be considered as semispecies even in the cases of their reproductive isolation being broken and a steady hybridization existing between them.
... Чаще всего такая изменчивость выражается в образовании географических рас, в большей или меньшей степени отражающих популяционную структуру видов. Географические расы могут быть как резко дифференцированными (но в меньшей степени, чем виды внутри данного рода или подрода), так и относительно слабо (но статистически достоверно) различимыми (например, Red'kin, Konovalova, 2006). В составе политипического вида могут оказаться расы разного возраста: от недавно изолированных, но имеющих достоверные отличия (закрепившиеся благодаря эффекту основателя), до реликтовых, длительное время существовавших в условиях надежной пространственной изоляции, но в ряде случаев, вступающих в интерградацию. ...
As it has presently become evident, reproductive isolation can no longer be considered as the leading criterion for estimating the species limits, but it is still used for determining the status of the majority of morphs. The presence/absence of hybridization between individuals is not directly related to the degree of their evolutionary insularity. Hybridization can result in the origin of new morphs including those that have a species status. The application of phylogenetic methods is justified in reconstructing the relation links within complex groups including the morphs of various evolutionary levels (from geographical races to “good” species), the relationships between which are exacerbated by hybridogenous polymorphism and/or the hybridization origins of their populations. Taking into account both new data and conceptions we suggest genuine interrelated definitions of such concepts as species, subspecies and semispecies in birds. The definitions are based on two main criteria: biological, i.e. an evaluation of the reproductive relations of the particular morphs with each other, and phylogenetic, i.e. an evaluation of their evolutionary age and kinship. The main feature of a species as an evolutionary entity is to be considered through its stability in time even when its reproductive isolation is periodically broken. Geographic intraspecies races show sustainable variations of different degrees, but they have no reproductive isolation, they breed at contact and form intergradation zones. They are taxonomically denoted as subspecies. Descriptions of new subspecies are viable to the limits that reflect the species’ natural geographic structure to the fullest extent. For the young morphs that have reached the level of species insularity in the course of evolution, it seems appropriate to restore a semispecies category. Semispecies show significant morphological differences and distinguished ecological particularities, as a rule, but they are connected to closely related morphs by gene flows in contact zones. Distinguishing this category is not regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and, as splitter tendencies prevail in modern systematics, semispecies are more often equated to species, i.e. they have binominal names. We propose to denote the attribution of a semispecies to a particular species group (superspecies) in parentheses between genus and species names. Thus it would become possible to outline natural complexes and avoid a groundless increase in taxonomic statuses of morphs in the stage of development. Representatives of distant phylogenetic lines (the morphs that separated historically long ago) are not to be considered as semispecies even in the cases of their reproductive isolation being broken and a steady hybridization existing between them.
... schen Befunde, die auch die N-afrikanischen Blaumeisen als zu P. teneriffae gehörig ausweisen (Autoren vgl. oben). schen Vertretern des Kleibers mit dem hohen (unkorrigierten ) Distanzwert von 10 % (Zink et al. 2006), was die Arteigenständigkeit von arctica zusätzlich erhärtet. Artstatus von arctica war schon früher mehrfach postuliert worden (vgl. Red'kin & Konovalova 2006), doch hatte sich diese Sicht nicht durchgesetzt. Sogar eine eigene Gattung, Arctositta Buturlin, 1916, war im Ge- spräch. Zink et al. (2006) belegen weitere molekulargenetische Differenzierungen innerhalb von S. europaea Linnaeus , 1758 s. str. Sie fanden eine westliche Populationsgruppe (Proben aus England, Schweiz, Kursk, Moskau ), e ...
... schen Befunde, die auch die N-afrikanischen Blaumeisen als zu P. teneriffae gehörig ausweisen (Autoren vgl. oben). schen Vertretern des Kleibers mit dem hohen (unkorrigierten ) Distanzwert von 10 % (Zink et al. 2006), was die Arteigenständigkeit von arctica zusätzlich erhärtet. Artstatus von arctica war schon früher mehrfach postuliert worden (vgl. Red'kin & Konovalova 2006), doch hatte sich diese Sicht nicht durchgesetzt. Sogar eine eigene Gattung, Arctositta Buturlin, 1916, war im Ge- spräch. Zink et al. (2006) belegen weitere molekulargenetische Differenzierungen innerhalb von S. europaea Linnaeus , 1758 s. str. Sie fanden eine westliche Populationsgruppe (Proben aus England, Schweiz, Kursk, Moskau ), e ...
Сводка продолжает серию авифаунистических инвентаризаций территории Российской империи — СССР в XIX–XX вв. Приведён полный список фауны птиц Северной Евразии в границах бывшего СССР с указанием характера пре-
бывания каждого вида в 20 выделенных регионах. По состоянию на конец 2013 г. он включает 912 видов. За 7 лет, прошедших с публикации предыдущего списка, фауна исследуемой территории пополнилась 24 видами, поменяли
таксономический статус 19 форм, близких к видовому рангу. Учтены ряд новшеств в орнитологической таксономии
последних лет, приведены коррективы научной номенклатуры и русскоязычной орнитонимики. В дополнительные списки вынесены не подтверждённые регистрации видов и чужеродные виды птиц. Электронная версия списка поддерживается в онлайн-режиме на сайте Зоологического музея МГУ: http://zmmu.msu.ru/spec/publikacii/neserijnye-izdaniya/fauna-ptic-stran-severnoj-evrazii.
The aim of the study is to investigate diversity, variation and genetic structure within Eurasian Nuthatches populations from Zagros and Alborz habitats. For this purpose, 19 individuals of four populations from Alborz (Golestan and Gilan) and Zagros forests were captured and blood samples were collected. Then genetic variations and Genealogical analysis was calculated using complete ND2 gene sequence (1041bp) and TRN+1 model, Bayesian trees and maximum likelihood, respectively. Also, median joining algorithm showed the relationships among haplotypes. The results displayed that Alborz populations were separated from Zagros by 1 and 100 posterior probability and bootstrap values, respectively. In addition, among 19 sequenced samples, 12 unique haplotypes (eight individuals from Alborz and four haplotypes from Zagros) were analyzed, out of which, haplotypes of Alborz were distinct from haplotypes of Zagros populations by 32 mutations. FCT statistical values, resulted from Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), represented significant variations in genetic structure among Alborz and Zagros populations. Moreover, FST revealed significant variations among all populations. The occurrence of spontaneous expansion for Alborz and Zagros populations was determined using neutrality tests. At last, the 3% genetic distance between Alborz and Zagros populations indicated local compromise by the two subspecies which can be considered as evolutionary units in conservation plans for biodiversity.
Ecological niche evolution can promote or hinder the differentiation of taxa and determine their distribution. Niche‐mediated evolution may differ among climatic regimes, and thus species that occur across a wide latitudinal range offer a chance to test these heterogeneous evolutionary processes. In this study, we examine (1) how many lineages have evolved across the continent‐wide range of the Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea), (2) whether the lineages’ niches are significantly divergent or conserved, and (3) how their niche evolution explains their geographic distribution. Phylogenetic reconstruction and ecological niche models (ENMs) showed that the Eurasian nuthatch contained six parapatric lineages that diverged within two million years and did not share identical climatic niches. However, the niche discrepancy between these distinct lineages was relatively conserved compared with the environmental differences between their ranges and thus was unlikely to drive lineage divergence. The ENMs of southern lineages tended to cross‐predict with their neighboring lineages whereas those of northern lineages generally matched with their abutting ranges. The coalescence‐based analyses revealed more stable populations for the southern lineages than the northern ones during the last glaciation cycle. In contrast to the overlapping ENMs, the smaller parapatric distribution suggests that the southern lineages might have experienced competitive exclusion to prevent them from becoming sympatric. On the other hand, the northern lineages have expanded their ranges and their current abutting distribution might have resulted from lineages adapting to different climatic conditions in allopatry. This study suggests that niche evolution may affect lineage distribution in different ways across latitude.
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Extant phylogeographical patterns of Palearctic terrestrial vertebrates are generally believed to have originated from glacial range fragmentation. Post-Pleistocene range expansions have led to the formation of secondary contact zones among genetically distinct taxa. For coal tits (Periparus ater), such a contact zone has been localized in Germany. In this study, we quantified gene flow between Fennoscandian and southern European coal tits using a set of 13 microsatellite loci. STRUCTURE analysis revealed four genetic clusters, two occurring on Mediterranean islands. German populations were genetically admixed but introgression of southern alleles was evident for Fennoscandian populations. In the south, we found negligible introgression of northern alleles (and haplotypes) but slight admixture of two southern genetic clusters in the Pyrenees and on the Balkan Peninsula and near complete sorting of these two allelic lineages on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Genetic distinctiveness of the Mediterranean island populations reflects general patterns of endemism in the Corso-Sardinian fauna and the Cypriot fauna. Wide-range gene flow in Central Europe suggests a broad zone of intergradation between subspecies of the coal tit rather than a narrow contact zone. This is in accordance with low morphological and bioacoustic differentiation of European coal tit populations.
Species or not? Contentious taxonomic opinions on the birds of North Eurasia
The article presents the position of the leading Russian taxonomists in the current discussion of the
category ‘species’, as well as the biological and phylogenetic species concept (BSC, PSC). This alternative
draft concept differs significantly from the standpoint of West and Central European taxonomists,
in that it does not endorse the primacy of PSC and the extremely forced division of species, but rather
encourages the application of morphological, phylogenetic, biological, ecological and bioacoustic criteria
for every status identification of a taxon. It is possible - in the case of inadequate material for many
taxa - to apply temporary and interim solutions, such as superspecies and semispecies, in order to arrive
at a compromise between reflecting the real family relationships and the practicability of nomenclature.
Taxonomy today is trapped in a crisis because of its discontinuity, and its departure from its
proper task - the hierarchical structure of the nomenclature.
The opinions of the authors are presented and discussed using a number of examples (Great Egret,
Water Rail, Herring Gull, Great Grey Shrike, Western Yellow Wagtail, European Stonechat, Great Reed
Warbler, Eurasian Nuthatch, Arctic Warbler, Golden Oriole).
The scientific names and taxonomy adopted by the Check-List of Japanese Birds 7th edition published in 2012 was reviewed for 154 taxa belonging to15 families in the order Passeriformes, focusing on discrepancies from the 6th edition and the IOC World Bird List, mainly in light of the latest molecular phylogeny. Fifty taxa differed from the 6th edition and twenty-five taxa differed from the IOC list. Whereas the majority of the taxa in the 7th edition reflected the latest molecular phylogeny, some taxa in the Fringillidae and Corvidae did not. In the Fringillidae, Carduelis spinus should be moved to the genus Spinus, and C. flammea and C. hornemanni should be moved to the genus Acanthis. The range of Corvus corone is questionable, and the taxonomy of Pica pica and related taxa should be reconsidered. Molecular phylogenetic studies, published since the 7th edition, have advocated different names for Paridae and Fringillidae than those adopted by the 7th edition. It is advocated that Poecile varius should be moved to the genus Sittiparus and that two subspecies are elevated to full species. Both Uragus sibiricus and Chaunoproctus ferreorostris are to be moved to the genus Carpodacus. Passer rutilans should be renamed Passer cinnamomeus based on the Principle of Priority, although that is not a taxonomic subject. We were unable to give the correct spelling for Artamus leucorynchus because of a loophole in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In past editions of the check list of Japanese birds, many taxa have been considered to be junior synonyms and removed from the list, without sufficient scientific evidence. Therefore, the check list of Japanese birds may be revised on a large scale in the future.
Коблик Е.А., Архипов В.Ю. 2014. Фауна птиц стран северной Евразии в границах бывшего СССР. Списки видов. Зоологические исследования № 14. М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК. 172 c.
AbstrAct. The Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (MIZ) cur-rently contains types of 258 species of South American birds, incl. 103 holotypes. Holotypes of further 45 species-group taxa, and all syntypes of further 51 species-group taxa were lost in the past. Further 10 species-group taxa are represented only by paratypes in the MIZ. Publications and/or label data indicated that the MIZ has types of further 36 species-group taxa, but a restudy showed that these specimens have no type status. In addition, specimens deposited in the MIZ were found labeled with 33 unpublished species-group names, which have no standing in zoological nomenclature and the relevant specimens have no type status. A restudy of the available material and relevant publications led to the following results: (1) Type series of Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch & Sztolcman, Pseudocolaptes boissennautii flavescens Taczanowski & Berlepsch, and Geothlypis aequinoctialis peruviana Taczanowski were found to include specimens from different taxa. Accordingly, lectotypes were designated to fix the taxonomic meaning of these names. (2) The following taxa were synonymized: Elainea squamiceps Taczanowski and Elainea gracilis Taczanowski with Elainea chiriquensis albi vertex Pelzeln, Empidonax minor Sztolcman with Legatus leucophaius leucophaius (Vieillot), Campylorhamphus procurvoides brasilianus Sztolcman with Campylorhamphus falcularius (Vieillot), and Buarremon tacza nowskii Sclater & Salvin with Atlapetes schistaceus mystacalis (Taczanowski). (3) Spelling of [Thamnophilus caerulescens] melanchrous Sclater & Salvin was corrected (from melanochrous). (4) A subspecies of the Fork-tailed Woodnymph should be known as Thalurania furcata tschudii Gould, not as Thalurania furcata jelskii Taczanowski. (5) Ecuadorian Yellow-bellied Seedeaters should be known as Sporophila nigricollis olivacea (Berlepsch & Taczanowski), not as Sporophila nigricollis vivida (Hellmayr). (6) The author of Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii is Lesson, not de Lafresnaye. (7) The author of the follow-ing species-group taxa is Berlepsch alone, not Berlepsch and Taczanowski: Calliste pulchra, Chlorophanes spiza exsul, Dendrornis erythropygia aequatorialis, Gouldia conversi aequator ialis, Parula pitiayumi pacifica, Turdus ignobilis maculirostris, and Vireosylvia chivi griseo barbata. (8) Type series were defined for many species-group nominal taxa. (9) Publication dates were corrected for many species-group names.
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