Vegetable Genetic Resources of Turkey

Abstract

Turkey is an important center for plant genetic resources and genetic diversity. It is also one of the domestication centers where ancient agriculture started. Traditionally small-scale agriculture in Turkey has been important in bringing together some species that have hybridized causing increases in variation. The status of vegetable species germplasm, collection and characterization activities, cultivar breeding programs and utilization of the vegetable genetic resources in Turkey are detailed. Conservation and maintenance of these valuable genetic resources are necessary because these populations are important sources of diversity that could be used in future breeding programs.

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Vegetable Genetic Resources of Turkey
Ahmet Balkaya
a
; Onur Karaagac
a
a
the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
Online Publication Date: 26 April 2006
To cite this Article Balkaya, Ahmet and Karaagac, Onur(2006)'Vegetable Genetic Resources of Turkey',Journal of Vegetable
Science,11:4,81 — 102
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Vegetable Genetic Resources of Turkey
Ahmet Balkaya
Onur Karaagac
ABSTRACT. Turkey is an important center for plant genetic re
-
sources and genetic diversity. It is also one of the domestication centers
where ancient agriculture started. Traditionally small-scale agriculture
in Turkey has been important in bringing together some species that
have hybridized causing increases in variation. The status of vegetable
species germplasm, collection and characterization activities, cultivar
breeding programs and utilization of the vegetable genetic resources in
Turkey are detailed. Conservation and maintenance of these valuable
genetic resources are necessary because these populations are important
sources of diversity that could be used in future breeding programs.
[Ar-
ticle copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service:
1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: <docdelivery@haworthpress.com> Web-
site: <http://www.HaworthPress.com> © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All
rights reserved.]
KEYWORDS. Characterization, genetic resources, Turkey, utilization,
vegetable
INTRODUCTION
Turkey is one of the centers of origin, and/or, diversity of several crop
plants,andmanyplantspecies.Turkeyisendowed with a rich diversity of
Ahmet Balkaya (E-mail: abalkaya@omu.edu.tr) and Onur Karaagac (E-mail:
onurkaraagac@hotmail.com) are affiliated with the Department of Horticulture, Fac
-
ulty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, 55139-Turkey.
Address correspondence to: Ahmet Balkaya at the above address.
The authors express their thanks to Gregory T. Sullivan of Ondokuz Mayis Univer
-
sity, Turkey, for constructive criticism of the manuscript.
Journal of Vegetable Science, Vol. 11(4) 2005
Available online at http://www.haworthpress.com/web/JVS
© 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1300/J484v11n04_08 81
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families (163), genera (1,225) and species (9,000) of plants (Tan, 1996;
Özgen et al., 2000). Turkey also has centers of genetic diversity of many
wild, transitional, and cultivated forms of annual and perennial, herba
-
ceous and woody plants (Agaoglu et al., 1997). Turkey is one of the cen
-
ters of origin of cultivated species of Allium, Amygdalus, Avena, Beta,
Cicer,Hordeum, Lens, Linum, Pisum, Prunus, Secala, Triticum and Vitis
(Tan, 1998).
About 40 wild plants are used as vegetables in Turkey (Abak and
Düzenli, 1989). Two are localised in the east of the country (Eremurus
spectabilis (Bieb.) Fedtsch. and Rhoeum ribes L.), one in Central
Anatolia(PolygonumcognatumMeissner),andtheothersin the Mediter
-
raneanandAegeanregions(Asparagus acutifolius L.,Cichorium intybus
L.,Foeniculum vulgare Miller,Malva sylvestris L., Scolymus hispanicus
L., Sinapis alba L., Sinapis arvensis L., Taraxacum officinalis L., and
Urtica dioica L.). Wild celery, Apium groveolens L., carrots, Daucus
spp., rocket salad, Eruca spp., and lettuce, Lactuca spp., are commonly
used as vegetable or salad plants. Many other wild plant species are used
assaladandvegetableplants,butarenotutilizedinbreedingdevelopment
programs (Tan, 1996).
Turkeyisfourth after China, IndiaandtheUnited States in worldvege-
table production. Over 50 vegetables species are grown in Turkey
(Agaoglu et al., 1997; Küden, 1998). Turkey is located between 36° and
42° N and from 26° to 45°E, and is characterized by mountains in the cen-
tral area, and flat coastal plains in other locations. Turkey is divided into
nine agricultural regions (Figure 1): Middle North Anatolia region (1),
Aegean region (2), Trakya-Marmara region (3), Mediterranean region
(4), East Anatolia region (5), South East region (6), Black Sea region (7),
Middle East Anatolia region (8) and Middle South Anatolia region (9).
Whilethe coastalregionsenjoymilderclimates,theinlandAnatolianpla
-
teau experiences the extremes of hot summers and cold winters with low
rainfall. The Aegean and Mediterranean coasts have cool rainy winters,
and hot, moderately dry summers. Annual precipitation varies from 580
to 1,300 mm depending on location. The Black Sea coast receives the
highest rainfall (Rize province: 2,200 mm), spread throughout the year.
The Eastern region of Anatolia experiences a continental climate, with a
long and very cold winter. Western and Southern Anatolia have a typical
Mediterraneanclimatenearthecoast,withmildwetwinters,andlong,hot
and dry summers (Güler, 2004).
The aim of this project is to present available vegetable genetic re
-
sources of Turkey, distribution of species, their collection and character
-
ization, present and ongoing cultivar breeding programs, and the
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probable utilization of presented species. This detailed overview will
give an insight to agricultural scientist about the present large genetic di-
versity in Turkey, and provide information about the species, their distri-
bution and potential utilization of these genetic resources.
GENETIC RESOURCES
Vegetable genetic resources of Turkey are presented below according
to their importance in Turkey and amount of research that has been con
-
ducted on the family, respectively.
Solanaceae. Many Solanaceous landraces are found in Turkey. These
landracesare grown by producers in almostallregions.Over1,500acces
-
sions of Solanaceae have been collected since 1964 (Küçük, 2003). Seed
material is preserved in the cold store genebank (Table 1) at the Aegean
Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) in Izmir. Collection is still a pri
-
ority in order to fill gaps in Turkish landraces, especially from the regions
ofthecountryinwhichtheyhaveneverbeensystematicallydescribed.
Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.): Peppers have been grown for several
thousand years in the Americas. Since their introduction into the Old
World,peppers havebeencultivatedinvariousenvironments,andanum
-
berofdifferentcultivarshave been developed (ZewdieandZeven,1997).
According to FAO records from 2004, Turkey’s total pepper production
was 1,790,000 Mt and was ranked 3rd in the world (Anon., 2004). Pep
-
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 83
Agricultural Regions of Turkey
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
42
40
38
36
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MEDITTERANEAN SEA
BLACK SEA
AEGEAN SEA
FIGURE 1. Agricultural regions of Turkey: 1 = Middle North Anatolia region, 2 =
Aegean region, 3 = Trakya-Marmara region, 4 = Mediterranean region, 5 =
East Anatolia region, 6 = South East region, 7 = Black Sea region, 8 = Middle
East Anatolia region, and 9 = Middle South Anatolia region.
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84 JOURNAL OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE
TABLE 1.
Ex-situ
collections of genetic material in Turkey.
Scientific binomial
Collection
sites
(provinces) Distribution
Number of
Accessions
Solanaceae (AARI, 1964-2000)
Z
Capsicum annuum
59 Landrace or traditional cv. 800
C. annum
var.
grossum
6 Landrace or traditional cv. 11
C. annum
var.
longum
4 Landrace or traditional cv. 10
C. frutescens
11 Landrace or traditional cv. 29
Lycopersicon esculentum
Advanced cultivars 4
Lycopersicon esculentum
57 Landrace or traditional cv. 540
Solanum melongena
47 Landrace or traditional cv. 192
Total 1586
Cucurbitaceae (AARI, 1964-2002)
Citrullus vulgaris
Advanced cultivars 2
Citrullus vulgaris
40 Landrace or traditional cv. 330
Cucumis melo
48 Landrace or traditional cv. 367
Cucumis sativus
45 Landrace or traditional cv. 222
Cucurbita
pepo 41 Landrace or traditional cv. 138
Cucurbita moschata
21 Landrace or traditional cv. 61
Cucurbita maxima
6 Landrace or traditional cv. 9
Cucurbita
spp. 56 Landrace or traditional cv. 432
Cucumis flexuosus
19 Landrace or traditional cv. 54
Ecbalium elaterium
5 Landrace 5
Lageneria
spp. 3 Landrace 3
Lageneria siceraria
1 Landrace 1
Bryonica dioica
1 Landrace 1
Total 1625
Cucurbitaceae (Univ. of Çukurova, 2002)
Citrullus vulgaris
Landrace or traditional cv. 45
Cucumis melo
Landrace or traditional cv. 301
Cucurbita
spp. Landrace or traditional cv. 14
Luffa
spp. Landrace or traditional cv. 6
Momordica
Landrace 1
Others Landrace
1
Total 368
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pers are a vegetable that has a special place in Turkish cuisine and can be
consumed either fresh or processed. Pepper production in Turkey has
steadily increased over time. Seed used in cultivationcomes mainly from
local varieties and regional populations. Growers obtain seeds from their
own farm or from neighboring growers (Abak, 1994).
There is a large genetic pool that can be used for breeding new
cultivars. A pepper gene pool was created by collecting genotypes grown
in the coastal regions of Turkey. Seventy different genotypes, chosen
from the gene pool, were evaluated by modifying the International Plant
Genetic Resources Institute and the International Union for the Protec
-
tion of Plants (UPOV) (Keles et al., 2004). The results showed six main
clusters when fruit and leaf shapes and seed weights were considered.
‘Yaglik Pepper’ populations (Capsicum annuum var. conoides Mill.)
were collected from selected plants and fruits grown widely in the Bursa
region in 1978. Morphological and pomological characteristics and yield
were assessed during the selection. The number 28 line gave the highest
yield and exhibited the best morphological, pomological and technical
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 85
Scientific binomial
Collection
sites
(provinces) Distribution
Number of
Accessions
Brassicaceae (AARI, 1964-2002)
Brassica oleracea
31 Landrace or traditional cv. 198
Brassica
spp. Advanced cultivars 3
Brassica
spp. Wild/weedy species 77
Brassica rapa
13 Landrace or traditional cv. 24
Brassica napus
5 Landrace or traditional cv. 15
Brassica campestris
11
Brassica nigra
8 Landrace or traditional cv. 65
Brassica cretica
3 Landrace or traditional cv. 6
Total 389
Brassicaceae (Univ. of Ondokuz Mayis,
2005)
B. oleracea
var.
capitata
28 Landrace or traditional cv. 95
B. oleracea
var.
acephala
33 Landrace or traditional cv. 127
Total 222
Z
Unless stated otherwise collections are at AARI.
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characteristics. The cultivar candidate of the Yaglik population was
named ‘Yaglik 28’ (Sürmeli and Gürsoy, 1985).
‘Yalova Çorbacß 12’, a bell pepper type, is a standard cultivar devel
-
oped from the population of Çorbacß peppers between 1982 and 1987.
Morphological and pomological characteristics and yield were assessed
during selection. Number 12 was selected for the highest yield and the
best characteristics. The standard variety of the Çorbacß population was
named and registered as ‘Yalova Çorbacß 12’. The weight of the fruit is
18-22 g, the skin color is yellowish-light green, and the fruit sweet to the
taste (Sürmeli and Güngör, 1988).
Turkey is an important producer of spice peppers, especially in the
southand south-east. One hundredand fifteen red, hot,pepperaccessions
for spice production, originally collected from the Kahramanmaras re
-
gionofTurkey,wereevaluatedonquantitativeandqualitativecharacters.
Eleven types were selected for use in breeding research (Akinci and
Akinci, 2004). There have been a few studies in the field of disease resis-
tance, principally those dealing with Phytophtora capsici Leo. (Abak et
al., 1992; Isbeceren, 1992). Two different studies directed to obtaining
new cultivars with resistance for P. capsici are being carried out in a joint
program between Çukurova University and the Alata Agricultural
Research Institute.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): One hundred and four eggplant
populations collected from different locations in Turkey were used to
characterize genetic resources in 1991, using the International Plant Ge-
neticResources Institutedescriptors(Filiz andÖzçalabß,1992).Similari-
ties and differences were determined regarding morphological variation
of eggplant genetic resources collected from different eco-geographical
regions of Turkey.
Cucurbitaceae. Cultivated species of this family in Turkey are
Citrullus lunatus Thunb., Cucumis flexuosus L., Cucumis sativus L.,
Cucurbita maxima Duch., Cucurbita moschata Pour, and Cucurbita
pepo L. In addition, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Luffa cylin
-
drica L. and Momordica charantia L. are also grown although they are
less important both economically and by production area (Küçük et al.,
2002).
No wild types, or forms of genera, such as Cucumis, Cucurbita,
Citrullus and Lagenaria have been found in Turkey. However, a rich ge
-
netic diversity of these species is found in Anatolia. In many crops, in
-
cluding cucurbit, diversity centers were identified in Anatolia (Harlan,
1951). Ekinci (1976) emphasized that Anatolia has a great genetic diver
-
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sity for melon, watermelon and squash. The same author also reported
that the origin of melons, watermelons and some squashes grown in
Ukraine and Russia is Anatolia; in addition, it was proposed that the can
-
taloupemelonsofEuropeoriginatefrom the VanareaineasternAnatolia.
Pitratetal.(1999),reportedthatAnatoliabelongstoa secondary center of
genetic diversity of melon. In almost all regions of Turkey, landraces of
Cucurbitaceaearehighlyvariablein morphology and taste.Theyareused
as vegetables or for pickling.
The largest component of the genetic resources of the Cucurbitaceae
family collected in Turkey is maintained in the Aegean Agricultural Re
-
search Institute (AARI). More than 1,600 accessions have been collected
since 1964. Detailedinformation about these accessions is given in Table
1. The Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, has collected cu
-
curbit accessions since 1990. The number of accessions at this university
is over 300 (Table 1).
Ninety-six cantaloupe genotypes were collected from different loca-
tionsof Turkey, and30 types were selected as beingpromising for further
breeding efforts. According to phenological, morphological and agro-
nomic traits of plants from field experiments, selected genetic materials
were divided into 6 groups (Günay et al., 1976).
The hybrid melon-breeding program for resistance to Fusarium sp.
and powdery mildew is almost complete and hybrid cultivars will be re-
leased (Küçük et al., 2002). Nine breeding lines, developed by the
Antalya Greenhouse Research Institute, were crossed with 58/2 melon
line which is to resistant to races 0 and 1 of F. oxysporium f. sp. melonis
(Leach)andF
1
progeniesweregenerated.Among47linestestedtopatho
-
gen,25oneswerefoundtoberesistanttoFusariumwilt(Sarß etal.,1999).
Breedingresearchwascarriedout todefinethetypeofsnakecucumber
(Cucumis melo var. flexuosus Naud.) largely grown in the southeastern
Anatolia region. Genetic resources were collected from several locations
inthisregion.Theywerethendetailedfortheirphenologicalandmorpho
-
logicalproperties,i.e.,furrowedandlightfurrowed belongtoC. melo var.
flexuosus Naud. (Besirli and Yanmaz, 1999).
Cultivar selection studies have been conducted on pumpkin and
squash populations in various parts of Turkey (SaWdßç and Akgün, 1979;
Abak et al., 1990; Toprakkarßâtßran, 1997; Düzeltir and Yanmaz, 2004;
Balkaya et al., 2005). Twenty types of pumpkin for seed (Cucurbita pepo
L.)wereevaluatedas superiorusingaweightedbasedrankingmethod.At
the end of this research, 4 types (3/1, 9/1, 19/1 and 20/1) were selected as
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 87
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being promising for further breeding efforts (Düzeltir and Yanmaz,
2004).
Acultivarbreedingstudyonwintersquash(Cucurbita maximaDuch.)
and pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata Pour) was started in the Black Sea
Regionof Turkey in 2005aimedat collection of wintersquash and pump
-
kin genetic material of the Black Sea region, to identify the phenological,
morphological and technological characteristics at Samsun ecological
conditions, and to determine the potential geneticaldiversity in the Black
Sea region (Balkaya et al., 2005a).
Cruciferae. Brassicas are widespread as wild, weedy and cultivated
forms throughout Turkey (Davis, 1982; Küçük, 1996; Anon., 2005; Ta
-
ble 1). The Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis since
1998 has collected white head cabbage and kale accessions. The number
of accessions at this university is over 200 (Table 1). The wild relative of
Brassica cretica Lam. is found in South Anatolia. Wild Raphanus
raphanistrum L. is distributed in the west and southern coastal regions of
the country (Tan, 1996).
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.): Modern head cabbage
cultivars are descended from wild non-heading brassicas originating in
the eastern Mediterranean and in Asia Minor. It is commonly accepted
that the origin of cabbage is north European countries and the Baltic Sea
coast (Baldwin, 1995; Monteiro and Lunn, 1998), and the Mediterranean
region (Vural et al., 2000). The vegetables found in the cabbage group
have spread to other regions of the world from these regions.
In Turkey, cabbage is the most economically important member of the
genus Brassica. According to FAO records from 2004, Turkey’s total
cabbage production was 725,000 Mt and was ranked 13th in the world
(Anon., 2004). Samsun province has a large share (23.7%) of Turkey’s
cabbage production (Anon., 2003).
InTurkey,Brassica breeding studies have been increased in relationto
other vegetables. Cultivar selection studies have been conducted on cab
-
bage populations in various parts of Turkey since 1980. The Aegean re
-
gion,westernTurkey,is themostimportantcabbageproductionarea.The
aim was to develop new varieties using mass selection from the varieties
establishedinthisregion (Salk,1982).Thelocalcabbagevariety,Köse,is
grown in the Trakya region, especially in Edirne province. A breeding
study was conducted on this variety, and some plants with superior char
-
acteristicswere reproduced, but ‘Köse’ head cabbage could not be devel
-
oped into a new cultivar (Sencan, 1980). Morphological characterization
of 23 local white-headed cabbage varieties was determined at Atatürk
Central Horticultural Research Institute (Simsek and Sürmeli, 1991), us
-
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ing the recurrent selection method. Two variety candidates (18-2 and
25-3), with uniform shaped head, a higher ratio of head formation and
higher stuffed leaf quality, were developed. In Eastern Anatolia, local
head cabbage populations were evaluated in the Kagßzman, Van, Igdßr,
Erzurum, Agrß, Bayburt, Mus, Gümüshane and Erzincan provinces, and
11 genotypes were selected in terms of head weight, head diameter, earli
-
ness and uniformity in 1992 (Alan and Padem, 1995). In a study on the
Ercis head cabbage population in Van province, the ratio of head forma
-
tion, number of outer leaves covering the head and leaf thickness were
86.6%, 2-3 and 0.58-9.02 mm, respectively (Yasar et al., 1995). In an
-
other study, cabbage genetic resources of Turkey were determined be
-
tween 1998-2000 (Yanmaz et al., 2000). The 150 populations collected
were identified according to criteria adapted by UPOV for cabbage. Cab
-
bages were divided on the basis of their head morphology into two
groups: the 1st group was flat and round, dark green leaf color, medium
hard with leaves having a thin midrib, stuffing type, and the 2nd group
was round or long round, light green leaf color, with thick leaves and
midrib, pickling type (Yanmaz et al., 2000). The multiplication and eval-
uation of these genotypes was carried out continuously at the Black Sea
Agricultural Research Institute in Samsun. Thirty genotypes were se-
lectedduring1999-2002. In furtherstudies,appropriatelines were evalu-
ated during the S
2
inbreeding generations. According to the selection
differentials and genetic improvement ratios at the end of the second in-
breeding generations, genetic improvement at a rate of 1.2 to 83.9% was
established in terms of head weight for 23 of 30 genotypes (Kar et al.,
2002).
Growers prefer hybrid varieties for their uniformity of head size and
maturity.However,thereisno registeredhybridwhiteheadcabbagevari
-
ety in Turkey. For this reason the most comprehensive study on improve
-
ment of F
1
hybrid white head cabbage cultivars was started in 1999
(Balkaya et al., 2005b). In this study, Turkish head cabbage genetic re
-
sources were evaluated and activities aimed at purifying the selected
types are on going. Registration of new hybrid varieties is planned.
Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.): Kale is the one of theoldest
forms of cabbage originating in the eastern Mediterranean, and has been
introduced to many parts of the world (Hodges, 2004). Kale is mainly
used as a green vegetable, widely grown in the Black Sea Region, but not
commonly grown in the other regions of Turkey. Producers often use the
tender leaves for human consumption, and older leaves for forage
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 89
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(Balkaya, 2002). Kale production in Turkey was about 100,000 Mt in
2001 (Anon., 2003).
Diversity is maintained within kale populations in the Black Sea re
-
gion,anditisstillpossibletocollectvaluablegermplasm.Kalegeneticre
-
sources were collected in 2001 from the Black Sea region, and evaluated
according to morphological characters (Balkaya et al., 2004). In the first
year,127kalepopulationswerecollectedfromdifferentecogeographical
areas in this region. All populations of kale genotypes were examined
with respect to morphological characteristics. Twenty-two types were
evaluated as superior using a weight based ranking method. The popula
-
tion exhibited a range of 15.9-21.9 cm for leaf length, 10.4-13.2 cm for
leaf width, and 0.26-0.35 mm for leaf thickness. Eleven types were se
-
lected as being promising for further breeding efforts (Balkaya and
Yanmaz, 2005).
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.): Radish is an importantcommercialroot
vegetable,andan ancient domesticate(Sadhu, 1993). TheMediterranean
region is thought to be where radish was originally domesticated
(Rabbani et al., 1998). The largest part of radish genetic resources col-
lectedin Turkey is maintained in theAARI. One hundred andthirty-three
accessions have been collected since 1964 (Anon., 2005). In 1989, rad-
ishescollectedfrom5differentlocationsintheKozanandKadirliareasof
Adana province were chosen as breeding material. Thirteen different
groups were selected based on shape. During 1989 and 1990, 13 lines
were grown to produce seed at Çukurova University. By 1992 and 1993,
two cylindrical and two round lines were determined to be more uniform
and productive than others (Sarß et al., 1995).
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.): Kohlrabi, a member
of the Brassica group, has an edible tuber on its stem. West European
countries are considered the area of origination of this vegetable (Günay,
1984). Kohlrabi is grown in the East Anatolian region of Turkey, but use
and production are low. There have been no studies on the morphological
characteristics and breeding of the kohlrabi genotypes in this region
(Yanmaz, 2002).
Among the other Brassica species are broccoli (B. oleracea L. var.
italica Plenck), brussel sprouts (B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.)
Zenker) and cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis L.). Cauliflower has
been known in Turkey for a long time and is grown mainly in the Aegean,
Marmara, and Mediterranean regions. There are no Turkish cauliflower
varieties, so foreign varieties have been cultivated. Broccoli and brussel
sprouts are new cultivars in Turkey during the last 15-20 years, and have
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characteristics that allow them to be processed. Production, especially of
broccoli, has increased in the last 5-10 years. Adaptation studies on these
species are on-going (Odabas et al., 1995).
Leguminosae. Landraces of field and garden pea (Pisum arvense L.
and P. sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) are grown in Turkey
(Tan, 1996). Over 3,500 accessions of Leguminosae are in the AARI col
-
lection (Anonymous, 2005). Seed material is preserved in cold storage
(Table 2). Furthermore, two hundred green bean accessions have been
collected (Balkaya, 1999), with forty-eight of these preserved at the Uni
-
versity of Ondokuz Mayis (Table 2).
In Turkey, green bean is the most economically important member of
thefamilyLeguminosae.AccordingtoFAOrecordsfrom2004,Turkey’s
totalgreenbeanproductionwas 545,000 Mt andwasrankedsecond in the
world (Anon., 2004). Beans are cultivated throughout Turkey for fresh
and dry use. Because of better adaptation of beans to various climatic re-
gions, the most important variations observed are in fruiting characters,
pod and seed size, and testa color.
Kßpçak et al. (1951) stated that bean populations collected in Turkey
have been divided on the basis of seed shape. Round seed varieties have
beenfoundintheEastBlackSearegion.Varietieswithkidneyandelliptic
shaped beans have been found in Kastamonu province. Flat kidney beans
are widespread through Central Anatolia.
Cultivarbreedingstudieshavebeenconductedoncommonbeanpopu-
lations in various parts of Turkey since 1960. Türkes (1990) identified
four cultivar candidates ofthe Trakya region bean populationthrough the
Pedigree Selection method, according to earliness, pod shape and quality
and yield traits. Bas et al. (1991) characterized, and bred, new cultivars
from green bean populations in the Aegean region. Three hundred and
sixty populations were collected during 1984-1985. Some cultivars ex
-
hibitedthe best performance in the autumn period. ‘Zondra 86’ was regis
-
tered as a green bean cultivar. ‘Demre type1’ was found to be suitable for
the Mediterranean region. The number 16 line of this genetic source was
superior in yield and pod quality. This cultivar candidate was recom
-
mendedfor growing ina greenhouse during thespring and autumnperiod
(Özçelik, 1999). Research was carried out with bean seeds having the
characteristics of the population collected from areas of Içel province in
the Mediterranean region during 1990-1996. Lines 14 of the climbing
Ayse population, and dwarf line 21, were the most favorable lines for
yield and quality. These lines were recommended as cultivar candidates
for early spring (Tunar and Kesici, 1998). From 1995-1998, a study was
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 91
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92 JOURNAL OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE
TABLE 2.
Ex-situ
collections of genetic material in Turkey.
Scientific Binomial Distribution
Number of
Accessions
Leguminosae (AARI, 1964-2004)
Z
Phaseolus vulgaris
Advanced cultivars 4
Phaseolus vulgaris
Landrace or traditional cv. 1273
Pisum
spp. Landrace or traditional cv. 160
Vicia faba
Landrace or traditional cv. 341
Vicia
spp
.
Advanced cultivars 6
Vicia
spp. Landrace or traditional cv. 1069
Vicia
spp. Wild/weedy species 821
Total 3674
Leguminosae (Univ. of Ondokuz Mayis, 2005)
Phaseolus vulgaris
Landrace or traditional cv. 48
Total 48
Beta
(AARI, 1964-2002)
B. adanensis
Landrace or traditional cv. 16
B. corolliflora
Landrace or traditional cv. 26
B. intermedia
Landrace or traditional cv. 58
B. lomatogona
Landrace or traditional cv. 91
B. macrohirza
Landrace or traditional cv. 6
B. maritime
Landrace or traditional cv. 37
B. trigyna
Landrace or traditional cv. 11
B. trojona
Landrace or traditional cv. 17
B. vulgaris
Landrace or traditional cv. 123
B. vulgaris
var.
altissima
Landrace or traditional cv. 7
B. vulgaris
var.
cicla
Landrace or traditional cv. 52
B. vulgaris
var.
crassa
Landrace or traditional cv. 1
Total 445
Amaryllidaceae (AARI, 1964-2004)
Allium cepa
Advanced cultivars 3
Allium cepa
Landrace or traditional cv. 107
Allium porrum
Advanced cultivars 1
Allium porrum
Landrace or traditional cv. 68
Allium sativum
Landrace or traditional cv. 360
Allium
spp. Wild/weedy species 112
Total 651
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undertaken to determine plant characteristics and select suitable green
bean cultivars for fresh consumption from populations of the Black Sea
region.In thefirstyearofthestudy, 166 climbingand34dwarf types were
collected. Thirty-one climbing and nine dwarf lines were selected by the
pedigree selection method in the second year. In the third year, 7
promising climbing lines and 1 dwarf line were determined as cultivar
candidates (Balkaya and Yanmaz, 1999).
Amaryllidaceae.Wild,weedyandcultivatedforms of Amaryllidaceae
found in Turkey are presented in Table 2 (Anon., 2005). There is no cur
-
rent project on the evaluation and characterization of these genetic
resources.
Onions are very important in China, India, the United States of Amer
-
icaand Turkey. In Turkey, onion is the most economicallyimportantveg
-
etable. According to FAO records from 2004, Turkey’s total dry onion
production was 1,750,000 Mt and was ranked 4th in the world (Anon.,
2004).
Only a few studies involving onion breeding have occurred in Turkey
(Bayraktar,1958;Akgün,1970;Besirlietal.2004).Tenlinesofredonion
were evaluated for fresh consumption, roundness and sweetness charac
-
teristics by the recurrent pedigree selection method in the Marmara-
Trakya region. A cultivar candidate will be registered in the next few
years (Besirli et al., 2004).
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 93
Scientific Binomial Distribution
Number of
Accessions
Umbelliferae (AARI, 1964-2004)
Apium graveolens
Advanced cultivars 1
Apium graveolens
Landrace or traditional cv. 7
Anethum graveolens
Landrace or traditional cv. 20
Daucus carota
Landrace or traditional cv. 100
Daucus
spp. Wild/weedy species 66
Petroselinum
spp. Landrace or traditional cv. 107
Total 301
Compositae (AARI, 1964-2004)
Lactuca sativa
Advanced cultivars 2
Lactuca sativa
Landrace or traditional cv. 181
Lactuca sativa
Wild/weedy species 112
Total 295
Z
Unless stated otherwise collections are at AARI.
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Malvaceae. Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.): Okra is one of the most
popular summer vegetables in Turkey, and produced mainly from local
genetic sources. The most important characteristic of these sources is ho
-
mogenous young fruits, although plant characters are not very homoge
-
nous. These sources are suitable as starting material for breeding. Four
hundred and sixty-one okra populations have been collected and stored
at the AARI (Anon., 2005).
In Turkey, okra is not as economically important compared to other
vegetable species. According to FAO records from 2004, Turkey’s total
okra production was 35,500 Mt and was ranked 8th in the world (Anon.,
2004). Bas and Koludar (2001) collected 45 okra landraces from Turkey.
They were evaluated for phenotypic traits. Considerable variation was
found in leaf shape and color, and fruit shape and length at maturity.
Cultivar selection studies have been conducted on okra populations in
various part of Turkey since 1980 (Inan, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1996).
‘Amasya’ okra has been grown in Amasya and Çorum provinces for
centuries. The local cultivars presented wide differences in plant height,
plant and fruit shape, and fruit color. A selection program was conducted
in Yalova from 1989-1995 and 5 lines were selected. Line 612 was se-
lected as a cultivar candidate (Inan, 1995). ‘Denizli’ okra has been grown
widely in Denizli province. Between 1987 and 1995, line 212 was se-
lected as best with respect to yield, earliness, fruit quality, and plant
growth(Inan,1996).Duringtheselectionstudies,fivecandidatevarieties
were obtained (Inan, 1998).
Chenopodoceae. Beet (Beta sp.): Turkey is one of the centers of origin
of beet, with species of Beta and Corollina widely distributed in Turkey
(Tan, 1992). B. vulgaris subsp. Adanensis (Pamuk.) and B. vulgaris
subsp. Provulgaris (Ford-Lloyd & J. T. Williams) are found from sea
level to 700 m above sea level, mainly in coastal areas and some inland
habitats under coastal influence. Species within section Corollinae are B.
corolliflora Zoss, B. intermedia (Bunge), B. lomatogona (F. et M.), B.
macrorhirza (Stev.), and B. trigyna W. et K. They are found inland from
550 to 2,300 m above sea level (Tan and Inal, 2002). Diverse forms and
landraces of vegetable, table, and fodder beets have been grown and used
locally for generations in Anatolia.
Surveying and collecting Beta species was systematically initiated in
the late 1960s in various parts of Turkey. As a result, 445 beet samples
(Table 2) have been collected and stored at the AARI (Tan and Inal,
2002).
One hundred and sixty-five populations of Beta spp. were evaluated
for 23 morphological characters. Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
94 JOURNAL OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE
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was used to interpret the diversity. The results of analysis exhibited a
broad morphological variation model section for Beta in Turkey (Tan et
al., 2003).
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): Surveying and collecting of spinach
species were systematically initated in the late 1960s in various parts of
Turkey. A total of 157 spinach samples (156 landraces, 1 advanced
cultivar) were collected (Anon., 2005). Evaluation and characterization
of spinach is planned for the future.
Umbelliferae. Carrot (Daucus carota L.): The genus Daucus, includ
-
ing carrot, has many wild forms that grow mostly in the Mediterranean
region and southwest Asia (Peterson and Simon, 1986). Over 300 acces
-
sions of Umbelliferae have been collected since 1964 (Anon., 2005).
Seed material is preserved in the AARI (Table 2). There is no project cur
-
rently underway to evaluate and characterize these genetic resources.
Celery (Apium graveolens L.): Celery research studies were started to
adapt different genetic materials from landrace and foreign resources
(Inan and Türkes, 1996; Küçük et al., 2004). A breeding program for new
celery cultivars was also carried out. In Turkey, celery-breeding pro-
grams have been directed to root type celery. Celery has been grown over
the years in the Marmara region, Bursa and Çanakkale provinces. Four
linesfromthepopulations,numbered6to9, from the Aegean region were
determined as cultivar candidates (Küçük et al., 2004).
Compositae. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): The genus Lactuca com-
prises about 100 species: 17 European, 10 North American, 33 tropical
East African, and about 40 Asian species (Rulkens, 1987). Lettuce is a
popular leaf vegetable. The stalk is also eaten, and the seeds can be used
for oil production. The vegetablecontains vitamins B and C and the seeds
contain vitamin E (Vries, 1997). Rulkens (1987) presumed that L. sativa
probably originated from Iraq and Iran. Boukema et al. (1990) stated that
domestication of lettuce took place in southwest Asia in the region be
-
tween Egypt and Iran. Wild, weedy and cultivated forms of L. sativa in
Turkey are presented in Table 2 (Anon. 2005).
There have been some studies involving lettuce breeding in Turkey
(Sencan and Sürmeli, 1980; Tunar and Kesici, 1998). Çatak populations
of lettuce are largely grown in the Mediterranean region of Turkey.
Breeding of the Çatak lettuce population by the single plant selection
method was carried out in Içel province between 1990 and 1995. Five
lineswere selected,andthe number18linewas the bestforyieldand qual
-
ity (Tunar and Kesici, 1998). There is no current project underway to
evaluate and characterize this genetic resource.
Ahmet Balkaya and Onur Karaagac 95
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Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): Artichoke is grown largely in the
Aegean and Marmara regions of Turkey. Research was carried out to de
-
velop standard varieties from populations of Bayrampasa and Sakiz arti
-
chokes of the Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean regions, using the
vegetative clonal selection method, at the Atatürk Central Horticultural
Research Institute between 1987-1996. Lines B-1 and 6 for Bayrampasa
populationand S-2 and4forSakizpopulationwere found tobepromising
for development into standard cultivars (Sürmeli et al., 1998).
DISCUSSION
Genetic resources for a cultivated crop are generally regarded as the
gene pool of cultivars, species, and genera that can be utilised as sources
of additional genetic variation for crop improvement (Bliss, 1981). The
intensive activity of genetic improvement, together with the technologi-
cal development of agricultural inputs, has led in developing countries to
the replacement of many local varieties by a few uniform modern
cultivars (Morico et al., 1998). Cultivar replacement is reported to be
main cause of genetic erosion around the world (Sehirali and Özgen,
1987; Tan, 1998). In recent decades the awareness of a high degree of ge-
netic erosion led to the establishment of seed and field genebanks located
bothindevelopedcountries (poor in geneticresources)andin developing
countries (rich in genetic resources). Around the world, only a small
portion of the vegetable landraces has been collected and evaluated.
Turkey is one of the domestication centers where ancient agriculture
began. Vavilov (1951) described two important centers (Near East and
Mediterranean) in the country. Species endemism is also high. Presum
-
ably, this factor is connected with the climatic and topographic diversity
of Turkey. Turkey’s environment is diverse, ranging from subtropical to
cold temperate zones. This ecological diversity has contributed to high
geneticdiversity,andallowedsuccessfulintroductionandcultivationofa
great number of vegetable species.
The Turkish National System for conservation and utilization of ge
-
netic resources is well organized. Since the 1960s the conservation of
plantdiversityhasbecomegovernmentpolicy.Inthe1970sand 1990sthe
system was revised and guidelines for the ‘Regulation of Collection,
Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Resources’ was prepared (Tan
and Tan, 1998; Tan, 2001). Ex situ conservation activities have been un
-
dertaken since 1964. Collection activities are systematically planned,
survey collections are conserved as genetic resources at the Turkey Seed
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Gene Bank in Izmir, and evaluation results are well documented. The
mainusers of the genetic material are plantbreeders and researchersfrom
Turkeyandabroad. This rich vegetable genetic diversity becomes impor
-
tant to plant breeding programs, especially when landraces are utilized to
improve cultivars. The wild crop relatives in the first gene pool of crops
are also used in cultivar improvement. In Turkey, Vegetable Improve
-
ment Programs were started in the 1990s. These programs have provided
improved cultivars. Many registered vegetable cultivars are released
from those plant genetic collections, and cabbage, cucumber, eggplant,
melon, peppers, squash, tomato, and watermelon hybrid cultivar breed
-
ing projects are on-going. Some of these unique genetic resources may
not be suitable for standard cultivars in terms of productivity and plant
characteristics, but their genetic content should be conserved.
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