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Improving Supply Chain Disaster Preparedness: A Decision Process for Secure Site Location
Abstract
Purpose
– Terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and regional power outages from the past several years have all highlighted the low levels of disaster preparedness that exist at many firms. Supply chain disruptions caused by external events can have a significant financial and operational impact on firms not properly prepared. Therefore, improving disaster preparedness in supply chains is critical. One critical component of disaster management planning in supply chains is the storage of emergency supplies, equipment, and vital documents that will be needed in times of crisis. The goal of this paper is propose a decision process for establishing an efficient network of secure storage facilities that can effectively support multiple supply chain facilities.
Design/methodology/approach
– The authors use the five‐stage disaster management process for supply chains as the framework for a proposed decision process for secure site locations. The decision process combines recommendations from FEMA's Disaster Management Guide with a set cover location model from the location sciences field to help establish a network of secure site locations.
Findings
– Storing emergency supplies at every supply chain facility can be cost‐prohibitive. In addition, gaining access to emergency supplies that are stored at each facility may be prevented by some external events, such as fires or hurricanes, because items stored on‐site are destroyed or are inaccessible. Therefore, the proposed secure site selection process can balance operational effectiveness and cost‐efficiency by identifying the minimum number and possible locations of off‐site storage facilities.
Originality/value
– One important contribution of the paper is that it combines recent recommendations for disaster preparedness in supply chains with established models in location sciences research to create an interdisciplinary solution to an important supply chain issue. Even though the storage of important documents, equipment, and materials is only one small part of disaster management planning, it is hoped that this model will do its share in helping supply chains become better prepared for the next emergency.
... network failures that exacerbate public crisis or media coverage that overstate and inflate scares (Loader and Hobbs 1996) or undermine belief in competence and trustworthiness (Wales et al. 2006). Cascading effects are contagion (Lamieri and Sangalli 2019), ripple (Hale and Moberg 2005), and multiplier (Levine 2012) effects of independent shocks on value chains. Here, the suggestion is that linkages between partners and processes heightens the vulnerability and susceptibility of supply chains with disruptions to individual links triggering a cascade of supplier-, internally-and customerinduced operational disruptions Wagner et al. 2017). ...
... widespread product contamination with harmful health consequences) (Iftekhar and Cui 2021;Mollenkopf et al. 2021). Timeliness is also central for deploying recovery mechanisms (Hale and Moberg 2005;Lin et al. 2021;Fan and Liu 2021) and for risk communications with stakeholders (Benson 2011) determined by macroeconomic rapid response decision policies and coordinated response programs (Thangaraj and Chan 2012;Chaturvedi et al. 2014;Deconinck et al. 2020). Due to this priority, crisis managers strategically need to consider time scarcity (Raspor 2008), teleology (i.e. ...
... Mainly advanced by food and health supply chains (Sans et al. 2005;Storoy et al. 2013;Raab et al. 2013), the loci of crisis-driven security and safety centres on agencies (e.g. the United Nations and the World Health Organisation) that provide safeguards, e.g., product labelling legislation (Lee and Marsden 2009) and social safety nets ). Additionally, security uniquely represents a governance concern for the supply chains of public services , for supplier safety stocks , and for company security threats such as piracy, terrorism, and wars (Hale and Moberg 2005;Urciuoli et al. 2014). ...
Complexities of crises force supply chains managers to formulate crisis-induced strategies, which contrast with the conventional strategies that give precedence to competitive priorities. Recent crises, such as the coronavirus outbreaks, large-scale product recalls, and financial crises, underscore the increasing regularity and severity of crises with imperatives for introspective and retrospective socio-economic insights on the contexts, priorities, and themes of supply chain management in times of crisis. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on supply chain management in times of crisis, systematically coalescing the related body of scholarly work; outlining current methods applied by researchers; capturing strategic priorities and themes of complexities in research studies; and highlighting potentials for future studies. Using a systematic review of 250 journal articles published between 1996 and 2021, the review finds four dimensions for restorative priorities that reflect operations strategy during crisis: (i) critical supplies with essential services, (ii) timely response with recovery, (iii) safety with security, and (iv) traceability with transparency. The review also finds that operational complexities during crises originate from network configurations and business cycle complexities, optimal selections and provisioning system complexes, and complex learning processes and demand predictions. Insights from the review aid in the proposal of build-to-cycle, organic capabilities, and operational mindfulness framings for supply chain management in times of crisis. The article concludes by recommending future research studies on supply chain upgrades, diagnosis, solidarity, mapping, temporariness, and thresholds, as well as optimal selection problems on linking crisis systems investments with liabilities and on linking crisis network allotments with cross-functionalities.
... Although there can be additional costs associated with utilizing emergency backup and storage facilities, they can be a particularly attractive and cost-effective alternative in those cases where long-term disruptions can, or should be, expected. In this paper we use set cover location modeling as a decision aid, building on the work of Hale and Moberg (2005), to: determine the number of backup facilities to locate under varying cover, anti-cover and complementary anti-cover distances. We then add the flexibility of allowing existing facilities to serve as backup facilities; and explore the interrelationships among hazards, vulnerability and location models. ...
... In this paper, we focus specifically on locating backup facilities to support design chain disaster resilience using set cover location modeling as a decision aid. We build on the work of Hale and Moberg (2005), who discuss how a set cover location model can be used to identify approximate locations for emergency resource material storage as recommended by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, 1993). In particular, we expand the scope of the set cover location model applicability to include: the optimal number and locations of backup facilities considering the distances between backup and primary facilities, as well as the distances between backup facilities themselves; adding the flexibility of allowing existing facilities to serve as backup facilities; and exploring the interrelationships among hazards, vulnerability and location modeling. ...
... The interplay of cover and anti-cover provides one way to address some of the issues in the location of backup facilities raised above: of being sufficiently close to their primary facility to assure they are economically serviceable yet far enough away to assure that they are not subject to the same hazards as the existing facilities. Hale and Moberg (2005) formulate a location set covering model to address the problem of locating secure backup facilities to support existing supply chain facilities in emergencies resulting from naturally occurring, technological or other human induced hazards. Secure backup facilities help existing facilities within the supply chain continue to function in such times. ...
The use of emergency backup and storage facilities to supplement existing facilities in response to the potential effects of various natural and anthropogenic hazards (e.g. floods, fires, outages, and acts of malice) can be an effective way of reducing vulnerability and enhancing the resilience of existing supply chain and other logistics functions. Although there can be additional costs associated with utilizing emergency backup and storage facilities, they can be a particularly attractive and cost-effective alternative in those cases where long-term disruptions can, or should be, expected. In this paper we use set cover location modeling as a decision aid, building on the work of Hale and Moberg (2005), to: determine the number of backup facilities to locate under varying cover, anti-cover and complementary anti-cover distances. We then add the flexibility of allowing existing facilities to serve as backup facilities; and explore the interrelationships among hazards, vulnerability and location models. Finally, these model formulations are applied to an example data set over 900 cities and towns in New England.
... Furthermore, there are different types of problems that can occur in this sphere. Namely, location selection can be done in different sectors of the supply chain, such as manufacturing, storage, and warehouse (Dey et al. 2017, Hale and Moberg 2005, Raut et al. 2017. With globalization taking place across all industries, the issue of location selection is becoming even more prominent, and increasingly more complex, as external factors (social, economic, and political) need to be considered as well when looking for a suitable solution (Kalantari 2013). ...
... The fact that there is extensive research in this area suggests that location selection for supply chains is a contemporary issue that requires attention by researchers. The biggest research gap, according to the body of literature in this area, is in determining the collection of factors, i.e. criteria that should be considered when choosing a site (Chang and Lin 2015, Dey et al. 2017, Hale and Moberg 2005, Kalantari 2013, Schmenner et al. 1987). ...
One of the most essential factors in a company's overall supply chain management success is the location of its manufacturing facilities. Due to the emerging energy crisis, the demand for insulation materials is rising, which increases the competition for insulation material companies. To stay competitive, the companies might consider expanding to different locations. This decision entails the consideration of various factors and alternatives, which could be formulated as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. This paper contributes to the problem of location selection in the chemical industry, by implementing two MCDM methods, Best-Worst Method (BWM) and ELECTRE III, in a real-world case company. Based on a thorough literature study and data from interviews with the decision-makers, seven criteria and nine countries as alternatives were chosen. The BWM was used to elicit the weights of all the criteria from a group of decision-makers. Then, ELECTREE III was used to generate a ranking of the alternative countries. Based on the results, the main recommendation to the case company was to choose France as the most appropriate location for the new manufacturing unit. The findings of this research have insights for other companies in the chemical industry deciding on new locations for their manufacturing.
... The first category is mainly a quantitative method based on intelligent algorithms to solve the problem of emergency location and the analysis of emergency supply reserve optimization decision-making [9,[18][19][20][21]. Some scholars have conducted in-depth research on the establishment of location index systems and optimization decision-making methods. ...
... This problem can be solved in the following two cases. [1,6,10,14,15,19,20,22,24,26] Note: The serial number in the feasible solution is the city number in Table 3, the same as in the following table. ...
Scientific planning, and the layout of the national level reserve base of emergency materials, will help improve the effectiveness of a country’s overall emergency disaster reduction system. Based on the P-center location theory, this paper analyzes the factors affecting site selection at the national and state levels, determines the reasonable number of emergency material reserve bases at national and state levels, and then develops a national macro-level emergency supply reserve location planning model. In this study, the city of 28 states in a country were selected as alternative reserve cities and emergency demand city matrix, to conduct the research. The model is solved using a variable neighborhood search algorithm (VNS). The calculation results obtain the reasonable number of emergency material reserve bases set at the national level in this studied country, and the optimal solution of the base layout can be obtained if the number of emergency reserve bases set at the national level remains unchanged. The experimental results shows that the selected algorithm is reasonable.
... With this regard, the objective of this study was to investigate Saudi pharmacist's role in combating COVID-19 pandemic, speci cally focusing on their perspectives about the phases of The Four-Step Disaster Management Cycle. These phases include prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery [12,13]. ...
Background
Saudi Arabia is prone to different types of public health emergencies, and all health personnel should be ready and prepared to contribute to disaster management. Although pharmacists are essential personnel in disaster management, but their role still have not been well studied in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the role of Saudi pharmacists within each of the public health emergency phases; prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery (PPRR).
Methods
A qualitative exploratory method was employed where a purposive sampling was used to recruit pharmacists from different areas in Saudi Arabia to participate in semi-structured interviews. A total of 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Each interview was recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed.
Results
Four major themes: (1) Prevention, (2) Preparedness, (3) Response, (4) Recovery; and 20 sub-themes (five sub-themes in each major theme) were identified. Participants felt that there was a limited role for pharmacists in many aspects, especially those under preparedness and response.
Conclusion
This study highlighted how pharmacists perceive their roles in disaster management. Findings of this study could help policy makers to better understand pharmacists’ perceptions on their readiness and acceptance for wider role in disaster management.
... Early studies on the LIPP mainly focus on the pre-disaster location problem, assuming the damage to infrastructures and the demand for post-disaster relief items are deterministic (Altay and Green, 2006). Hale and Moberg (2005) develop a set covering model to improve the management of relief supplies. Akkihal (2006) adopt a -median location model to locate warehouses. ...
In humanitarian logistics, the location and inventory pre-positioning problem (LIPP), making decisions on facility location, inventory pre-positioning, and allocation, is critical to post-disaster rescue efficiency. Since post-disaster conditions are complex and uncertain, it is challenging for planners to make LIPP decisions and perform rescue activities. To reduce operational costs while also guaranteeing service levels to customers, it is necessary to take uncertainties into account when making decisions. This study explores a service-oriented LIPP under two types of uncertainties, i.e., uncertain customer demand and third-party supply. We propose a two-stage robust optimization framework to solve the problem, considering the service-level constraints and minimizing the total cost. We develop two algorithms to solve the problem. Specifically, a column-and-constraint generation algorithm is utilized to solve the original two-stage robust model, and an improved row generation algorithm is developed to tackle the affinely adjustable robust counterpart model. Simulation results show that both algorithms can provide satisfying solutions. A case study based on a power grid company in China is conducted to perform sensitivity analysis and compare models, producing several managerial insights.
... External risk refers to threats from an external perspective of SC that can be caused by economic-, political-, socio-or geographical reasons (Truong Quang and Hara, 2018;Parast and Subramanian, 2021). Prevalent causes include global pandemics, natural hazards, social and political instability, corruption and cultural differences or else (J€ uttner et al., 2003;Norrman and Jansson, 2004;Hale and Moberg, 2005;Parast and Subramanian, 2021). These threats may severely impact or indirectly lead to supply chain disruption. ...
Purpose
Proactive risk assessment suggests that risk assessment should emphasize the consequences that it might cause and the opportunities it might create for firms. Hence, this study aims to validate risk impact on supply chain performance in the context of the Vietnamese construction sector. Also, a complex network, in which multiple risk factors mutually affect, impede or promote each other, is developed to assist managers in tackling unpredictable risks proactively. In particular, the authors investigate whether certain risks could be considered either challenges or opportunities for businesses in turbulent times to improve SC performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The construction industry is the focal study context as it is one of the most essential industries in charge of providing accommodations, infrastructures and employment for society. 289 valid responses used in this research are from a large-scale survey result, supported by a Japanese government project promoting sustainable socio-economic development in Vietnam.
Findings
From the study findings, the authors find that external risk brings opportunities for supply chain performance. Meanwhile, demand risk, when it occurs, can reduce the danger level of operational risk, which is an interesting finding of this research. It is evident that when multiple risk factors mutually affect, impede or promote each other, it provides a more meaningful examination of mutually interconnected supply chain risks.
Originality/value
Practitioners should perceive risks as an opportunity than a threat. This study contributes to preventing risks and guaranteeing an effective and efficient supply chain by tackling unpredictable risks in a disruptive period. Moreover, data on validating research models collected during the Covid-19 pandemic and Ukraine and Russia conflicts reflect the topicality of this study.
... Yani bir felakete hazırlıklı olmanın önemli arz eden parçası da başlangıçta doğru yerde olmaktır. Lojistik yönetiminde kritik kaynaklara hızlı bir biçimde erişim sağlamak ve afetlere hazırlanmak için şu adımları izlemesi gerekmektedir (Hale & Moberg, 2005): ...
... When any type of crisis occurs that can disrupt the supply chain or dramatically impact demand, the small supply of products is quickly depleted, and a lag time between ordering, delivering, and ultimately administering these products to patients occurs causing a disruption in the supply network management (Tatham and Pettit, 2010). A shortage in supply due to any type of supply chain disruptions has been seen to cause problems within the healthcare field with severe consequences to the medical facility and to the patient (Richey, Kovacs, and Spens, 2009;Hale and Moberg, 2005). Therefore, the specific policies and procedures in the healthcare industry further hinder just-in-time systems of healthcare logistics systems and ultimately impede product quantity and service in the industry (Jarrett, 1998). ...
Logistics scheduling, specifically that of order and delivery schedules, is an essential part of a firm and the supply chain. The objective of this paper was to identify any gaps in academic and professional literature regarding the logistics scheduling of perishable biopharmaceuticals. A literature review of the logistics scheduling of general products, perishable medical supplies, and flu vaccines was conducted in order to verify any potential gaps in the literature. The approach used to study this issue was based on the grounded theory concept of qualitative research, and by then focusing on an extensive review of scheduling, ordering, and delivery in these industries. A gap in the literature was identified. The identification of this gap in academic and professional literature regarding logistics of perishable biopharmaceuticals provides a contribution to the body of knowledge. Suggested future research is identified. Finally, research propositions are included to begin to address the research gaps.
... (Lin et al.,2013;Santos et al.,2013;Knol and Arbo,2014;Huntington et al.,2015;Aguilera et al.,2016;Liao et al., 2012;Afenyo et al., 2017;Ivanova,2011;Castanedo et al.,2006;Palsson et al.,2018). Moreover, a number of studies have focused on emergency preparedness in the supply chain (Markmann et al.,2013;Kwesi-Buor et al., 2016;Asgari et al.,2015;Pitilakis et al., 2016;Wood et al., 2002;Hale and Moberg, 2005). The conducted research on emergency preparedness at offshore facilities has mainly targeted personnel transfer and evacuation (Brachner and Hvattum,2017;Wang,2002;Musharraf et al.,2016;Musharraf et al.,2018;Ping et al.,2018;Cheng et al.,2018). ...
This paper proposes a hybrid approach, including Fuzzy Dematel (FD) integrated with Discrete Event Simulation (DES), to predict emergency preparedness levels on-board ships. The FD used critical factors that affect emergency preparedness to conduct a DES based on real firefighting drill records collected from 45 merchant ships. The simulation results showed the average duration of on-board drills in ideal conditions (27.47 min.), in the worst-case scenario (51.49 min.), for Ship A (29.99 min.), and Ship B (28.12 min.). Based on the findings, recovery actions linked to the factors have been recommended to promote on-board implementation. The proposed model is of great importance to shore-based managers, allowing them to monitor the emergency preparedness level of the fleet continuously, even during pandemics. Further studies are planned to develop a remote monitoring system that would digitalize the existing response procedures in emergency situations.
... Regarding emergency response preparation, SC literature refers to planning as an important strategic priority in crisis management, with the pandemic putting the need for holistic approaches to contingency planning high on the agenda [11,50,51,52]. SCs can mitigate risk and expedite disaster recovery by being proactive and investing in contingency plans, and can strengthen SC resilience by enabling the SC to turn around quickly and adapt pre-developed contingency plans to the current disruption [53]. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate how the COVID-19 crisis affected delivery security and firms’ preparedness and responses in Norway. Investigations focus on supply chains which were critical for maintaining the supply of essential goods when large parts of society closed down. This includes four firms belonging to food and pharmaceutical industries, representing different parts of the respective supply chains, and covering imports, exports, domestic distribution, and home-delivery services.
The originality of this article is that we employ theoretical models on supply chain risk management, resilience and reliability in conjunction, where these are usually used separately. Recognizing links, overlaps, and complementarity between the models, and using them step-by-step, we exploit synergies that enable more comprehensive assessments of strengths and weaknesses in firms’ supply chains, covering gaps, prioritizing between improvement areas, and collecting input towards detailed, actionable risk mitigation actions. Investigations build on semi-structured interviews, systematically covering the formative elements for each of the models. Using the models in conjunction, we compare the firms and identify differences, similarities, strengths, and weaknesses in the consequences of pandemic-related disruptions and how firms approached the challenges.
The main challenges for the firms were sudden demand changes early in the pandemic. While the firms had minor differences, their pre-pandemic contingency plans were generally not actionable or detailed enough, nor prepared for the pandemic's longevity. Therefore, more detailed and long-term guidelines are desirable, noting the importance and interrelationships of elements of supply chain risk management, resilience, and reliability. A common feature for all firms, and crucial for handling disruptions, is the importance of good and long-term relationships with upstream and downstream supply chain partners and the need for improving contingency plans and future resilience.
... Several researchers have reported different aspects and approaches that are considered to classify disaster management, such as The Four-Step Disaster Management Cycle. These phases include prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery [2,3]. Of them, preparedness, which is defined as a set of measures undertaken to identify the personnel, training, and equipment needed for different risky events, is essential in disaster management. ...
Background
Proper disaster preparedness by community pharmacists has the potential to counter many of the factors that cause threats and high-risk outcomes. Their preparedness and awareness may also help health practitioners and governments to improve disaster response planning.
Objectives
This aims to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards disaster medicine preparedness and readiness among community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted over the ten months among licensed community pharmacists who had three months’ professional experience or more. Face-to-face interviews were carried out and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Logistic regression models were used to determine the factors influencing aboucine preparedness and readiness. SPSS Version 24 was used to analyze the data collected.
Results
A total of 500 community pharmacists participated in the study. The average knowledge score was 25.6% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [21.7%, 29.4%]. Better knowledge scores were observed in the male gender (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.05–3.72), participants aged ≥ 31 years old (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.16–7.6), postgraduates (OR 4.36; 95% CI 2.6–7.3), participants from independent Pharmacies (OR 6.5; 95% CI 4.04–10.4 3), chief pharmacists (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.86–5.07), participants with 16 years and more experience years (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.063–5.522) and participants who graduated from regional/international universities (OR 5.92; 95% CI 2.65–13.2). Better attitude and practice about disaster medicine preparedness were observed in postgraduates (OR 2.54; 95% CI 1.26–pharmacists from independent pharmacies (OR 1.35; 95% CI 2.43–2,.66), and chief pharmacists (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.17–1.35).
Conclusions
It’s essential to provide a continuing education program using different educational strategies urgently needed to improve community pharmacy competencies (e.g. knowledge attitudes, and perceptions) to improve the skills and practices regarding disaster medicine preparedness and readiness.
... There are no specified criteria, and there are no recommendations for disaster preparedness training. 42 The first stage in emergency preparedness is determining "who" needs to know "how" to accomplish "what." 'There are no two catastrophes or disasters similar.' ...
Healthcare disaster preparedness is a pressing need that can be forecasted and plans for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery may be implemented. Healthcare disaster readiness aims to improve the preparedness and response time of disaster relief professionals and volunteers at all levels, both before and after disasters. Prior to improving communication and planning, it is always necessary to determine the roles and duties of healthcare personnel. During every public health emergency, timely training, retraining, and community inclusion are also critical considerations. The goal of this study is to determine an organization's and an individual's needs for disaster preparedness training in the Indian setting, as well as to make recommendations for future improvements. It would also address the need of sustainable strategies and reaction activities to address concerns related to hospital readiness and resilience.
... In the last two decades, supply chain disruptions have received much attention within overlapping research domains including risk, resilience and security. Several frameworks or strategies for coping with both low-and high-frequency disruptions have been suggested (Chopra and Sodhi, 2004;Hale and Moberg, 2005;Kleindorfer and Saad, 2005;Berle et al., 2011a; Therefore, this paper aims to analyse a supply chain disruption from flexibility and capacity perspectives. ...
Purpose
There can be many negative effects from a disruption in a central node of companies' supply chains, such as a port conflict that reduces capacity. Strategies for disruption management include flexibility and redundancy. This paper aims to analyse a supply chain disruption from flexibility and capacity perspectives.
Design/methodology/approach
A case study was conducted of the supply chain disruption caused by the port conflict in 2016–2017 in Gothenburg, in which the port operated at a reduced capacity. Companies importing and exporting goods, freight forwarders, hauliers, train operators, ports, shipping companies and their agents were interviewed.
Findings
Various capacity problems (ports, links, container chassis, empty containers) were encountered due to the port conflict. Flexibility measures such as node, mode and fleet flexibility can be used in response to changes in capacity. Difficulties with applying flexibility are discussed.
Research limitations/implications
Although based on a Swedish case, findings are relevant for disruptions or other types of disturbances in ports elsewhere and also in other important nodes in companies' supply chains.
Practical implications
Actors influenced by disturbances in a port can increase their understanding of potential capacity problems and flexibility measures. Readiness and timely action are important due to competition regarding capacity.
Originality/value
The implications on the transport network surrounding a port, including many actors, are explained, illustrating how capacity problems propagate, but there is some flexibility to manage the problems.
... The WHO has established a prevention and response framework of COVID-19 that places greater focus on livelihood potential and reduces COVID-19 morbidity and death. To limit the impact of such a pandemic, Hale and Moberg proposed that the policy on procurement, stock planning, travel planning, and production planning should │ 53 be reconsidered (Hale & Moberg, 2005). Different mitigation techniques are explored, including delay, strategic stocks, flexible supplies, flexible movement, and dynamic disaster response planning (Tang, 2007). ...
The environment of financial uncertainty among the Global Supply Chain networks has been fueled by the impact of Covid-19 which saw major economies around the world imposing months of lockdown, slowing the pace and flow of raw materials and manufactured products resulting in an economic slowdown. It has also brought to light the vulnerabilities and susceptibilities of emerging economies, like the ASEAN nations. This has resulted in collapsing of both domestic and foreign sectors like retail, accommodation, and food services. This has prompted the regional governments to boost up regional cooperation through structural reforms for sustainable economic recovery. In this respect, three sectors of tourism, agro-processing, and garments can be improvised, while two other sectors like electronics and E-trade have greater potential for future growth. In this context, the paper using content analysis and exploratory methods focuses on the impacts of Covid-19 on the sectors of tourism, agro-processing, and garments in the ASEAN region and the possible options for improvising the sectors of Electronics and E-trade to further economic recovery in the ASEAN region.
... Sustainability is characterized as how the supply chain utilizes resources and mitigates the present problems without using all available resources. Improving preparedness and stocking emergency supplies in disaster situations is necessary to supplement demand (Hossain et al., 2020;Hale & Moberg, 2005). Lack of necessary supplies in health care can lead to unfortunate circumstances and the growing need for social practices in the supply chain (Hussain et al., 2018)). ...
Healthcare is considered one basic necessity to sustaining life; thereby, assessing the character of a healthy and resilient supply chain can help a nation develop ideas to combat the healthcare crisis. COVID-19 has led to a long-term strain on the healthcare supply chain (HCSC) and has resulted in a lack of basic healthcare necessities. It has become apparent that supply chain disruptions and increased usage has led to a lack of medical supplies needed to provide the proper care to patients. Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) will help to indicate what characteristics contribute to resilient healthcare supply chains. To assess the characteristic of a resilient supply chain, significant healthcare supply chains will help indicate significant characteristics. A case study on the medical supplies’ supply chains is presented. A rank reversal proximity index MCDM method ranks criteria to assist with decision making. The proximity index will reduce the chances of the rank reversal phenomenon that results in incorrect rankings from occurring. Results show that redundancy, collaboration, and robustness are key indicators of a resilient supply chain while, supply chain design, communication capabilities, and supply chain risk management become comparatively less important during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, a cluster analysis is conducted to group the resilience indicators of the respective supply chain. Through this study, the best way to combat disruptions in the healthcare supply chain due to large-scale pandemics is to share information quickly, reduce reliance on the design of the supply chain, and track the usage of necessary medical supplies. Alternatively, we validated our study by comparing a Preference Selection Index (PSI) to the proposed method.
... Since then, many researchers have investigated the importance of FLP in the humanitarian relief system. Hale and Moberg (2005) adopted a five-stage disaster management process for supply chains as the framework for a proposed decision process for secure site locations. They conclude that storing emergency supplies at every supply chain facility can be cost-prohibitive. ...
Purpose
A major component in managing pandemic outbreaks involves testing the suspected individuals and isolating them to avoid transmission in the community. This requires setting up testing centres for diagnosis of the infected individuals, which usually involves movement of either patient from their residence to the testing centre or personnel visiting the patient, thus aggregating the risk of transmission to localities and testing centres. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and minimize such movements by developing a drone assisted sample collection and diagnostic system.
Design/methodology/approach
Effective control of an epidemic outbreak calls for a rapid response and involves testing suspected individuals and isolating them to avoid transmission in the community. This paper presents the problem in a two-phase manner by locating sample collection centres while assigning neighbourhoods to these collection centres and thereafter, assigning collection centres to nearest testing centres. To solve the mathematical model, this study develops a mixed-integer linear programming model and propose an integrated genetic algorithm with a local search-based approach (GA-LS) to solve the problem.
Findings
Proposed approach is demonstrated as a case problem in an Indian urban city named Kolkata. Computational results show that the integrated GA-LS approach is capable of producing good quality solutions within a short span of time, which aids to the practicality in the circumstance of a pandemic.
Social implications
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the large-scale outbreak of a transmissible disease may require a restriction of movement to take control of the exponential transmission. This paper proposes a system for the location of clinical sample collection centres in such a way that drones can be used for the transportation of samples from the neighbourhood to the testing centres.
Originality/value
Epidemic outbreaks have been a reason behind a major number of deaths across the world. The present study addresses the critical issue of identifying locations of temporary sample collection centres for drone assisted testing in major cities, which is by its nature unique and has not been considered by any other previous literature. The findings of this study will be of particular interest to the policy-makers to build a more robust epidemic resistance.
... Much of the research in the disaster management field is targeted to public servants, government agencies, and insurance firms charged with responding in times of crisis (Hale & Moberg, 2005). Decision-making in case of a disaster is usually very tense. ...
The disaster area is a dynamic environment. The bottleneck in distributing the supplies may be from the damaged infrastructure or the unavailability of accurate information about the required amounts. The success of the disaster response network is based on collaboration, coordination, sovereignty, and equality in relief distribution. Therefore, a reliable dynamic communication system is required to facilitate the interactions, enhance the knowledge for the relief operation, prioritize, and coordinate the goods distribution. One of the promising innovative technologies is blockchain technology which enables transparent, secure, and real-time information exchange and automation through smart contracts. This study analyzes the application of blockchain technology on disaster management resilience. The influences of this most promising application on the disaster aid supply network resilience combined with the Internet of Things (IoT) and Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) algorithm are explored employing a network-based simulation. The theoretical analysis reveals an advancement in disaster-aids supply network strategies using smart contracts for collaborations. The simulation study indicates an enhance in resilience by improvement in collaboration and communication due to more time-efficient processing for disaster supply management. From the investigations, insights have been derived for researchers in the field and the managers interested in practical implementation.
... Meanwhile, the donors place importance on the donated money or goods being used for another emergency or in another place. The failure of early warning system could lead to a major catastrophic disaster and the improvements that are learnt from the past experience often lead to a successful responding to the future disasters (Hale and Moberg, 2005). ...
... When disaster strikes, it is too late to develop solutions that were not hitherto in place. The key strategic issue in disaster management is to improve the preparedness phase of disaster management (Hale and Moberg 2005;Salmerón and Apte 2010;Tomasini and Van Wassenhove 2009). Such improvements consist of the development of mitigation planning, emergency supplies and equipment, transferring skills and knowledge, information systems, and any support systems that will be needed during the time of crisis (Lumbroso et al. (2011);Oloruntoba and Gray 2006;Salmerón and Apte 2010;Tatham et al. 2010). ...
This paper aims to identify indicators of community preparedness for disasters and apply these indicators to a critical case study context, namely the local communities in two districts of Lombok Island of Indonesia, which were stricken by earthquakes in 2018 and 2019. Community preparedness indicators are identified through a systematic literature review (SLR) and in-depth interviews with governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. These indicators are grouped into capability, coordination and networking, legal and institutional support, facilities and infrastructure, disaster management plan, and early warning system. Preparedness is then assessed using these indicators as a framework for conducting interviews and observations in the two districts. Results from the case study indicate that most villages are relatively prepared for disasters because they conduct regular meetings concerning disaster preparedness, participate in disaster simulations, and receive socialization/education from the government and humanitarian organizations, including the Indonesian Red Cross. Most villages also have disaster preparedness infrastructure in place, such as disaster risk maps, evacuation routes, and a standard operating procedure to follow in the event of a disaster. This preparedness was reflected in the involvement of communities in the early response to the 2019 earthquake. However, further enhancement is still needed to ensure that all disaster-prone villages have the required disaster preparedness infrastructure, and the communities are actively involved in disaster preparedness activities. This research contributes to better understanding disaster preparedness at the community level in a critical case study context. The results are valuable for governmental and non-governmental agencies to optimize the pre- and post-disaster planning.
... However, with multitudinous and largely unforeseen disturbances to global supply chains (e.g., the Global Financial Crises in 2008 [14]; the 9-11 terrorist attack [15,16] and Covid-19 pandemic [17,18]) engenders the necessity to evaluate the impact of technological advancements on supply chains in times of disruption rather than solely measuring their impact in a "business as usual" scenario [19,20]. Researchers studying the risks associated with these unforeseen disruptions, categorize them into two major dichotomous group of "external" and "internal" risk groups [21][22][23]. ...
Using a systematic review of literature, this study identifies the potential impact of block-chain solutions for augmenting supply chain resilience (SCR) to cybercrime. This rich literature synthesis forms the basis of a novel theoretical framework that provides guidance and insight for block-chain adopters and vendors as well as delineate palpable benefits of this novel technology. An interpretivist philosophical design and inductive reasoning are adopted to conduct the systematic review of literature. A total of 867 papers were retrieved from Scopus database between the years of 2016 and 2020 and subsequently analysed via abductive reasoning, grounded theory and a thematic meta-analysis; where the latter was achieved using a scientometric approach and software tools such as VOS viewer and NVivo. Scientometric analysis revealed the most prolific countries, sources, publications and authors who reside at the vanguard of blockchain developments and adoption. Subsequent grounded theory analysis identified six main clusters of research endeavour viz: "case study", "challenges and opportunity", "traceability", "smart contract" "blockchain and IoT" and "data security". From 28 SCR metrics identified within literature, five were found to have been positively impacted by blockchain technology solutions, namely: "visibility", "collaboration", "integration", "risk management" and "information sharing." Prominent applications of blockchain technology in practice were "traceability systems" and "smart contracts" which are often implemented separately or in combination and primarily in food supply chains. This research constitutes the first study to critically synthesise extant literature for evaluation of blockchain solutions' implication on SCR metrics. New perspectives obtained provided a basis for the novel theoretical framework for implementation that will be valued by software developers and adopting organizations, whilst creating new direction for researchers interested in blockchain technology.
... Nine years later, however, Balcik, Bozkir, and Kundakcioglu (2016), in a literature review on inventory management in humanitarian supply chains, included seventy-five references on papers proposing 'policies and models to determine how much to stock, where to stock and when to stock throughout the humanitarian supply chain'. Some papers (Hale and Moberg 2005;Rawls and Turnquist 2010;Jahre, Pazirandeh, and Van Wassenhove 2016;Sharifyazdi et al. 2018;Hansen, Friedrich, and Transchel 2020) focus mainly on the pre-positioning of emergency supplies. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a general shortage of personal protection products and therapeutic devices, which has highlighted the need for each country to have its own production resources and not depend solely on imports. Given the time that elapses between the onset of an epidemic and its detection, as well as the time required to activate production and the lead time of purchasing operations, it is necessary to have a permanent reserve, which we call shield stock, in order to immediately meet the demand for equipment at the beginning and throughout the course of the epidemic. This situation is analysed in order to identify the most relevant decisions in the scenario described, formulate a cost optimisation model and develop procedures to find the most economical combination of shield stock, domestic production capacity and imports to guarantee the immediate satisfaction of demand and the restoration of the shield stock after the epidemic, as a preventative measure. The procedure is illustrated with a specific pattern of the spread of the epidemic and some numerical examples.
... Regardless of the critical role of SCS, the vulnerability has not been reduced (Waller et al., 2008). Additionally, there are still many gaps in understanding SCS and/or SCS best practices through supply chain management and logistics literature (Closs and McGarrell, 2004;Hale and Moberg, 2005;Waller et al., 2008). In logistics planning and the forefront of that (i.e., freight transportation), the lack of considering security-related issues poses adverse effects to the global supply chains (Closs and McGarrell, 2004;Waller et al., 2008). ...
The critical role of supply chain security for businesses and government agencies has resulted in significant efforts over the last two decades to reduce vulnerability or disruption in supply chains. This paper addresses the routing problem of security carriers for high-value shipment transportation by developing a rich variant of the vehicle routing problem. To secure the route plans, the predictability of vehicle paths beside the travel costs is minimized by proposing a new integrated dynamic risk index. We present a mixed integer linear programming formulation for this problem, called the secure pickup and delivery problem with time windows (S-PDPTW). Moreover, a meta-heuristic solution method based on the adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm is developed to tackle the large-size instances. Extensive computational experiments for the target problem and the proposed algorithm demonstrate the efficiency of all developed procedures. Using the geographical information system, we provide some managerial insights based on a real case from the strategic and operational perspectives, whereby the applicability of the developed model is clearly shown in considerably reducing the risk value against a slight increase in classic objective value.
... Prior to the last decade, most research on disaster management and emergency relief preparedness could be found in areas other than logistics and supply chain. "Much of the research in the disaster management field is targeted to public servants, government agencies, and insurance firms charged with responding in times of crisis and has traditionally focused on crises such as hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding, and fires" (Hale & Moberg, 2005). There is still great potential for enhancing disaster operations management through the use of analytical tools, and thus improving the positive impact on those affected. ...
In emergency situations, disaster relief organizations are faced with the difficult decision of how to allocate scarce resources in an efficient manner in order to provide the best possible relief action. This paper aims to provide an analytical model that will help relief organizations in reducing human suffering following a disaster while maintaining an acceptable level of cost efficiency. A mathematical model is introduced to optimize the relief distribution problem which considers the social cost —the total sum of logistic and deprivation costs. The fuzzy nature of the deprivation cost function is addressed with possibilistic mixed integer programming with fuzzy objectives to reflect variation in deprivation costs perceptions. The model is solved using the Rolling Horizon method in a sequence of iterations. In each iteration, part of the planning horizon is modeled in detail and the rest of the time horizon is represented in an aggregated manner. The model is tested both empirically and on a case study of internal displacement in northwest Syria. Computational results showed that considering the demographic structure in affected areas and reflecting it to the deprivation cost function helped to reach better prioritization in distribution of commodities. The rolling horizon methodology is also found to be efficient in solving large scale instances and in capturing the dynamic changes in demand and supply parameters.
... Ali and Shukran (2016) argue that developing long-term collaborative relationships, firms and, in particular agricultural firms in Australia were better able to deal with risk. Hale and Moberg (2005) designed a process to help decide on locations to set up the supply chain to increase resilience. ...
Supply Chain Integration is a vast field of study and a Google Scholar search will reveal more than 3.2
million publications in this space. This document captures some of the core concepts when the degree
of integration of a primary industry supply chain, such as the blueberry industry, is evaluated. The
book was developed after final year students in Massey University’s Supply Chain Management
Programme conducted an in-depth review as part of a formal assessment. The content of the book is
of a scholarly nature and caution should be practiced before any guidelines are implemented in
industry. The students studied the literature, reports, newspaper articles and accessed information
on the internet. However, the most valuable source of information was a one-hour interactive
question and answer session with Patrick Malley, director of Maungatapere Berries in Northland, New
Zealand.
Ethics and credence attributes are the humanistic basis for establishing sustainable supply chain
development. It determines brand reputation, ecology and customer experience. Furthermore, good
ethics and credence Attributes promote the progress of industry leadership and increase the
possibility of win-win strategies, especially in terms of negotiation. Negotiation is the basis of supply
chain collaboration. The purpose of collaboration is to establish a synchronized supply chain to
improve the ability of industry coordination. This is also the key to creating value, and the importance
of risk management cannot be ignored. It is not only a guarantee for the smooth operation of the
supply chain, but also an important measure to improve the flexibility of the supply chain. Finally, the
results of supply chain integration need to rely on performance metrics and benchmarking to control
and improve the overall performance of the supply chain. This publication evaluates modern theories
in all these areas and contextualise them with regard to the New Zealand blueberry industry.
It is important that the reader appreciates the scholarly origin of this publication.
Relief organisations face significant logistical challenges in the aftermath of natural disasters, characterised by volatile environments. Effective risk management in these contexts hinges on the identification, evaluation, and mitigation of potential risk events. This study addresses this critical need by aiming to identify and prioritise the most critical strategies to improve resilience. To achieve this, a novel framework, the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process - A fuzzy Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FAHP-FTOPSIS), is proposed. An empirical application demonstrates that this framework effectively and systematically prioritises strategies for mitigating risks. This study examined existing mitigation strategies and identified eight that are particularly significant. Among these, collaboration and coordination, flexible transportation capabilities, and flexible supply bases emerged as the three most critical mitigation strategies for emergency supply chains. This finding emphasises the importance of prioritising these critical strategies in the development of strategic emergency supply chain plans. The practical implementation of these strategies, substantiated by empirical data from credible sources, would significantly enhance the preparedness of stakeholders and relief actors. This translates to a proactive ability to anticipate and respond to potential risk factors, ultimately leading to a more effective response to natural disasters.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a scenario-based grey methodology using clustering and optimizing with imprecise and uncertain body size data in an emergency assembly point area to assign the people on a campus to reach the emergency assembly points under uncertain disaster times.
Design/methodology/approach – Grey clustering and a new grey p-median linear programming model are developed to determine which units to assign to the pre-determined assembly points for a main campus in case of a disaster. The models have two scenarios: 70 and 100% occurrence capacities of administrative and academic personnel and students.
Findings – In this study, the academic and administrative units have been assigned to determine five different emergency assembly points on the main campus by using the numbers of the academic and administrative personnel and student and distances of the units to the assembly point areas of each other. The alternative solutions are obtained effectively by evaluating capacity utilization rates in the scenarios.
Practical implications – It is often unclear when disasters can occur and therefore, a preliminary preparation time must be required to minimize the risk. In the case of natural, man-made (unnatural) or technological disasters, the people are required to defend themselves and move away from the disaster area as soon as possible in a proper direction. The proposed assignment model yields a final solution that effectively
eliminates uncertainty regarding the selection of emergency assembly points for administrative and academic staff as well as students, in the event of disasters.
Originality/value – Grey clustering suggests an assignment plan and concurrently, an investigation is underway utilizing the grey p-median linear programming model. This investigation aims to optimize various scenarios and body sizes concerning emergency assembly areas. All campus users who are present at the disaster in units of the campus are getting uncertainty about which emergency assembly point to use, and with this study, the vital risks aim to be ultimately reduced with reasonable plans.
با توجه به پیامدهای ناگوار حوادث غیرمترقبه که رخداد آنها عمدتاً اجتناب ناپذیر و غیرقابل پیش بینی است، برنامه ریزی و آمادگی
قبل از وقوع حوادث برای کاهش پیامدهای آنها و مدیریت بحران اهمیت ویژه ای دارد. یکی از جنبه های برنامه ریزی و مدیریت بحران،
احداث مراکز امداد به تعداد و مکان مناسب برای پاسخ گویی سریع به آسیب دیدگان احتمالی پس ازوقوع حادثه است. در این مقاله مسئله ی
مکان یابی مراکز امداد در لجستیک امدادی مشروط به اینکه زمان رسیدن به تمام نقاط حادثه از یک مقدار تعیین شده بیشتر نباشد، در قالب
مسئله ی مکا نیابی با مدل شعاع پوشش متغیر بررسی شده است. اینکه جمعیت نیازمند به امداد )تقاضا( تابع شدت حادثه است و به طور
قطع قبل از وقوع مشخص نیست، درمدل ارائه شده به صورت عدم قطعیت در نظر گرفته شده است. در این مقاله یک مدل برنامه ریزی
ریاضی دو هدفه ی استوار )کمینه کردن هزینه های لجستیک و حداکثر کردن جمعیت تحت پوشش( مشروط به غیرقطعی بودن تقاضا در نقاط
حادثه ارائه شده تا تعداد، مکان، میزان پوشش و ظرفیت انواع مراکز امدادی با سطوح خدمت دهی متفاوت را تعیین کند. برای اعتبارسنجی
مدل، منطقه ی سه تهران بزرگ به منزله ی مطالعه ی موردی بررسی شده تا تعداد و مکان احداث مراکز امدادی به همراه ظرفیت و نوع
خدمات آنها در زمان حوادث احتمالی با شدت های متفاوت تعیین شود. نتایج حل مدل با داده های مطالعه ی موردی نشان دهنده ی نیاز
به 5 مرکز امداد با توزیع مناسب در این منطقه است که قادر به پوشش 90 درصدی کلیه ی نقاط بالقوه ی حادثه است.
Purpose
The objective of this study is to explore the impact of a government-supported initiative for operational security, specifically the establishment of the national security emergency industry demonstration base, on the profitability of local publicly traded companies. Additionally, the study investigates the significance of firms' blockchain strategies and technologies within this framework.
Design/methodology/approach
Using the differences-in-differences (DID) approach, this study evaluates the impact of China's national security emergency industry demonstration bases (2015–2022) on the profitability of local firms. Data from the China Research Data Service (CNRDS) platform and investor Q&As informed our analysis of firms' blockchain strategy and technology, underpinned by detailed data collection and a robust DID model.
Findings
Emergency industry demonstration bases have notably boosted enterprise profitability in both return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Companies adopting blockchain strategies and operational technology see a clear rise in profitability over non-blockchain peers. Additionally, the technical operation of blockchain presents a more pronounced advantage than at the strategic level.
Originality/value
We introduced a new perspective, emphasizing the enhancement of corporate operational safety and financial performance through the pathway of emergency industry policies, driven by the collaboration between government and businesses. Furthermore, we delved into the potential application value of blockchain strategies and technologies in enhancing operational security and the emergency industry.
The purpose of the paper is to examine lessons learned by business enterprises as a deterrent to pandemic chaotic uncertainties. The effectiveness of the RRR strategy as a resurgence tool is debated, relying on a broader range of assumptions about strategic managerial decisions made at the time and as published in similar studies. The paper adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on primary and secondary data. Semi-structured interviews through Google forms and a Focus Group Discussion were conducted with 35 executives working in the enterprises of Gujarat. The results show that regardless of the firm and product characteristics, RRR strategies have a positive effect on firm value, aided by government initiatives. An explanation for this resurgence is that the market sentiments interpret proactive strategies as a signal of substantial financial gains to the firm. The study's findings are intended to assist legislators in developing a resilient framework that can not only absorb external shocks like COVID-19 but also improve the supply chain network's performance and operational capability. Given the magnitude of losses since COVID-19 implementation, the analysis may persuade businesses to implement the 3R framework. The paper further proves that the RRR framework is expected to be highly beneficial to organizations in leveraging the efficiency of supply chain management and achieving supply chain competitiveness. This research study designs a RRR (Respond, Recover, Renew) framework that provides key practices to address significant barriers during a pandemic.
This chapter develops a decision support tool with a focus on the humanitarian logistic chain in a crisis environment considering process drivers' constraints such as costs, capacity, and throughput time. For instance, elements to reduce the suffering of the affected families, by using an adequate supply support for the first 72 critical hours. The authors will focus on minimizing the risks of shortages in the first response supplies in a high flood probability zone in Peru. This research presents different scenarios and it analyzes the representative variables (demand, civil defense warehouses, points of distribution, distance and logistics resources), the humanitarian chain value, and the effective distribution of the aid in the affected areas with efficient operations that balance between the economic and operative resources in this recurrent logistical problem. The results present three crisis situations with a distribution plan and a base of a public policy to prevent a crisis.
Logistics plays an essential and decisive role in crisis management’s supply and support chain. Crisis logistics includes all the processes of estimation, supply, transportation, storage, and distribution of goods, equipment, and services for victims and relief teams; so, if crisis management logistics is a coherent and scientific system, we can hope for success in crisis management. Therefore, due to this issue’s importance, supply chain crises and disruptions have been investigated in this chapter. In the beginning, the definitions of supply chain disorders are given, and examples of supply chain crises are shown. The vulnerability of the supply chain and its aggravating factors against the disorder are discussed. After that, supply chain risks are identified (risk definitions and supply chain management, different forms of supply chain risks, Supply Chain Risk Management Processes), and in the last part, the concepts of supply chain reliability (supplier reliability, producer, distributor, and supply chain in general) are addressed.
Despite pushes to increase the level of disaster preparedness among businesses, few studies have empirically explored the extent to which businesses benefit from adopting preparedness measures. The present study aims to narrow this research gap by examining whether businesses with higher levels of perceived disaster preparedness experience fewer hurricane impacts and report a higher perceived recovery rating from disasters in comparison to businesses with lower levels of perceived disaster preparedness. Using data gathered from 19 businesses in Florida, United States, affected by Hurricane Irma in 2017, the authors find that businesses perceived they were very prepared for Hurricane Irma. However, businesses with higher perceived preparedness ratings did not always experience fewer hurricane impacts or report a higher perceived recovery rating. Responses from business owners and risk managers provide insights into why higher perceived preparedness ratings did or did not translate into fewer hurricane impacts and a higher perceived recovery rating.
Ketika terjadi bencana alam, korban baik yang meninggal, maupun yang selamat membutuhkan bantuan seperti makanan, air bersih, farmasi, tenda peralatan medis, dan tenaga medis. Saat terjadi bencana alam, bantuan untuk layanan kesehatan (healthcare) dapat dikategorikan menjadi relief goods, seperti barang medis dan service goods, seperti tim medis. Healthcare dalam kondisi normal berbeda dengan healthcare dalam kondisi bencana. Healthcare dalam kondisi bencana atau yang dikenal dengan healthcare dalam operasi kemanusiaan (humanitarian operation) memiliki sifat yang mendadak dan mendesak sehingga sulit untuk diprediksi. Operasi kemanusiaan pada umumnya membutuhkan jaringan supply chain (SC) yang terkait dengan healthcare, termasuk farmasi dan tenaga medis. Namun, tidak seperti healthcare pada umumnya, healthcare dalam operasi kemanusiaan memiliki sifat yang tiba-tiba dan mendesak, sehingga lebih sulit untuk diprediksi. Penelitian ini merupakan studi literatur terkait penelitian healthcare SC dalam operasi kemanusiaan. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut dikategorikan ke dalam tiga tema: healthcare, disaster, dan healthcare in natural disaster. Topik penelitian berisi Operation Management, Coordination Mechanism, Logistic Operation, Funding, Scheduling, Location Optimization, Performance, Procurement, Information Technology, Inventory Management & Control, Service Management, dan Strategy Management. Tipe dari metode penelitian berisi Optimization, Simulation, Case Study, Literature Review, Empirical Study, and Theory/Conceptual.
Abstract
[Title: Healthcare SC in Disaster Operation in Indonesia: State of the Art] When a natural disaster occurs, there are always casualties. Both the dead and the survivors need assistance such as food, clean water, pharmacy, tent, medical equipment, and medical personnel. When a natural disaster occurs, assistance for healthcare can be categorized into relief goods, such as medical goods and service goods, such as medical teams. Healthcare under normal conditions is different from healthcare in disaster conditions. Healthcare in a disaster condition or known as healthcare in humanitarian operation, has a sudden and urgent nature, making it difficult to predict. The humanitarian operation generally requires a supply chain (SC) network related to healthcare, including pharmaceuticals and medical personnel. However, unlike healthcare in general, healthcare in humanitarian operations has a sudden and urgent nature, making it more difficult to predict. This paper is a literature study related to research in healthcare SC in humanitarian operations and can be categorized into three themes: healthcare, disaster, and healthcare in a natural disaster. The topic research contains Operation Management, Coordination Mechanism, Logistic Operation, Distribution, Funding, Scheduling, Location Optimization, Performance, Procurement, Information Technology, Inventory Management & Control, Service Management, and Strategy Management The type of research methods contains Optimization, Simulation, Case Study, Literature Review, Empirical Study, and Theory/Conceptual.
Keywords: disasters; emergency; healthcare; resource
The current literature on resilience planning, especially related to supply chains, rarely considers the difference between intended and actualized behaviors toward mitigation and adaptation actions. However, a potential contributor to taking on supply chain pre-disaster planning tends to be individual and institutional risk perceptions encountered in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen I Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50:179–211, 1991). The theory suggests that an agent’s intentions to implement mitigation and/or adaptation actions inform their resilience capacity toward a given disaster event that is comparable to data on interruption and recovery post-event.The gist of this chapter hinges on the idea that supply chain management (SCM) has been largely successful in providing a normative framework supporting decisions involved in the design (e.g., plant location, sourcing and procurement, transportation), planning (e.g., demand forecasting, aggregate planning), coordination (e.g., organizational talent, collaboration, and integration), and risk management (e.g., excess capacity, inventory buffers, suppliers diversification); however, the field has largely not addressed the underlying behavioral mechanism that drives an agent’s decision-making process in the specific context of pre-disaster planning (i.e., mitigation) and adaptation decisions. Failing to understand why intention and actualized behavior toward mitigation and adaptation differ is an obstacle to effectively coping with disruption risks and may pose a threat to the resilience of the supply chain given that some mitigation actions aim at building or increasing a firm’s inherent resilience capacity and at improving its ability to adapt to disruptions potentially affecting business continuity. This topic is particularly relevant for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that play a critical role within their communities and do not have resources to incorporate sophisticated business continuity plans or emergency management plans within their risk management frameworks.
The variety of risks and the frequency with which they can disrupt a supply chain are now vastly higher than ever, rendering heightened volatility the emerging norm for contemporary supply chains. Thus, resilience has grown in importance as a component of supply chain management. It is suggested that firms increase their efforts in risk prevention and response strategies to inject resilience supply chains. To anticipate potential changes, identify changes, react to actual changes and deliver superior value, SMEs require resilient supply chains. By creating strategies that enable the supply chain to recover normal operations after a disruption, building supply chain resilience can assist to lessen and overcome vulnerabilities to risks. The chapter aims to provide a detailed insight into the impact of one critical dimension of supply chain resilience; supply chain preparedness which is aimed at boosting SMEs’ sustainability.
This research strives to identify key differentiating characteristics of firms adopting a supply chain contingency planning process from those that do not adopt. The researchers base their model on Rogers' innovation diffusion variables and supplement the model with additional variables of interest. Results of the research allow the researchers to propose a model of adoption. The results help the authors identify key predictor variables and significantly enhance the level of understanding of the adoption of supply chain contingency planning processes.
Ensuring a supply chain is secure from intentional as well as unintentional incidents is critical in today's global economy. However, some firms place a greater level of strategic importance on supply chain security than others. This research compares firms in the food industry that place a high level of strategic importance on security to firms that do not place a high level of strategic importance on security. The research assesses the measures employed by each group and resulting performance. Findings indicate that firms considering security to be a strategic priority perceive higher levels of security implementation and better security performance. Firms that place a high strategic priority on security show a greater ability to detect and recover from security incidents both inside the firm and across the supply chain in comparison to firms that place a low strategic priority on security. Cluster analysis grouped firms into high and low security performance categories in a manner consistent with the strategic priority construct and demonstrates the security measures that are likely to define high and low security performance.
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has caused enormous disruptions to supply chain (SCs). Border restrictions forced countless businesses to close either permanently or temporarily. However, the food industry is an essential sector that needs to be operational during a pandemic. Although the food industry has proactively worked towards fulfilling human needs, the food supply chain (FSC) faced numerous challenges, forcing SC managers to rethink their business strategy to cater to consumer demands effectively. In a pandemic situation, manufacturing operations need to repurpose and adapt to produce different high-demand products. Resilience initiatives help fight disruption phases in an uncertain environment by building capacity to resist and recover to a better position. This study identifies 14 key enablers to develop a resilient FSC and reveals the most significant enablers in India. We used a hybrid Delphi-interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and Fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (Fuzzy-DEMATEL) methodology to achieve these goals. The Delphi technique identified essential enablers, while the ISM analyzed the interrelationship among enablers and level of importance in a hierarchical structural model. Finally, the Fuzzy-DEMATEL categorized the enablers into the cause-effect group. This study helps SC decision-makers recognize the enablers and the contextual and causal relationships to improve resilience initiatives. It also helps them repurpose their manufacturing operations and shift to other highly required and high-demand production.
Today, according to the occurrence of numerous disasters in allover over the world, designing the proper and comprehensive plan for relief logistics has received a lot of attention from crisis managers and people. Besides, considering resilience capability along with operational and disruption risks leads to the robustness of the humanitarian relief chain (HRC), and this comprehensive framework ensures the essential supplies delivery to the beneficiaries and is close to real-world problems. The resilience parameters used for the second objective are obtained by a strong Best Worst Method (BWM). Another supposition of the model is the consideration of uncertainty in all stages of the proposed problem. Moreover, the multiple disasters (sub-sequent minor post disasters) which can increase the initial demand are considered. Furthermore, the proposed model is solved using three well-known metaheuristic algorithms includes non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), network reconfiguration genetic algorithm (NRGA), and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), and their performance is compared by several standard multi-objective measure metrics. Finally, the obtained results show the robustness of the proposed approaches, and some directions for future researches are provided.
Considering the environment and human life, the importance of dangerous goods transportation should be carefully considered. Preventing damages during this transportation, anticipating the dangers, and minimizing the risks are vital components for businesses, human life, and the environment. Therefore, reducing/minimizing risks in dangerous goods transportation is a critical element of vital importance. This chapter is aimed to rate the risk factors related to dangerous goods transportation and select the most ideal warehouse locations due to the their importance for human and environmental health. There are a number of factors for that purpose. There are six provinces in the Eastern Black Sea region having the strategic function and structure. According to the decision makers' views and judgments, three provinces are determined in terms of dangerous goods transportation. Picture fuzzy sets-based AHP-TOPSIS methodology was used to analyze the problem of dangerous goods transportation and the most ideal warehouse location selection.
COVID-19 pandemic is the worst humanitarian crisis that economies across the globe have witnessed. Forced lockdowns, social distancing, and restricted mobility have contributed to large scale disruptions in the supply chain network. The purpose of the paper is to identify critical factors affecting global supply chain and evaluate strategies for risk reduction in the supply chain network by making it resilient.
Our study incorporates multi-criteria decision approach using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) to analyze factors that affected the supply chain networks with the onset of COVID-19. The AHP method enabled to hierarchically rank the factors based on the relative weightage while DEMATEL ascertained the inter-relationships among the factors and classified them into cause and effect groups. The findings of our study identified the cost–optimization as the most significant factor and the human resource management as the least important factor in reducing vulnerabilities of the supply chain network. Our analysis from DEMATEL approach indicate that government support is a significant causal factor which can effectively eliminate the issues plaguing supply chains during this pandemic. The results from our study aim to help policymakers in developing a risk resilient framework that can enhance performance and operational capability of the supply chain, thereby ensuring sustainability and socio-economic well-being of all the stakeholders involved in the entire network.
Recently, scholars identify the significance of accurately capturing what it means to be resilient and its implications for firms and supply chains. This research advances the understanding of resilience and empirically identifies its influence towards ‘bouncing back’ to the firms’ previous supply chain state or ‘bouncing forward’ through an evolution during and post-disruption. This research develops a theoretical resilience model grounded in TCE and Panarchy theory and tests its application through survey research and structural equation modelling across a mix of 15 industries with 298 supply chain professionals in the United States. This study finds that resilience leads to firms ‘bouncing back’ or returning to their pre-disruption state after a disruption has occurred. Consequently, managers can focus their cognitive capacity towards ‘bouncing back’ to the firm’s previous state following a disruption and not misappropriating resources towards long-term supply chain reconfiguration heroics.
The supply chain faces uncertainties, especially with the flow of products and information that may affect the productivity, revenue and competitive advantages of many organizations. It is therefore necessary for these organizations to be agile and resilient enough to meet with these uncertainties so that they may be managed appropriately or even avoided. In a publication by Mensah et.al (2014), the authors introduce a theoretical approach where the „conceptualization of risks for subsequent simulation-based analysis‟ is evaluated. This includes the description of „a generic conceptual model of a retail node‟ followed by the introduction of performance indicators relevant for simulation base analysis. Hence, a concept for further studies from a practical point of view has now arisen. This article therefore introduces a new case study where the flow of products in a real company is conceptualized for simulation base analysis to raise the awareness of the organization in case of uncertainties.
Major industrial accidents, which are a type of technological disaster, are very important due to the security risks and financial damages that threaten the environment and human health in today's industrialization. In this study, it was aimed to propose an approach that will guide the decision makers to choose the emergency assembly point that should be in the distance or shelter where the employees will be not affected by the negative consequences of emergencies within the scope of the obligation of industrial establishments preparing an internal emergency plan for major industrial accidents. For this purpose, in the first stage, modelling studies were carried out with ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) Software over possible accident scenarios in an industrial establishment containing different types and amounts of hazardous chemicals. As a result of modelling studies, possible toxic emissions, fire and explosion effect distances and threat zones for the industrial establishment were obtained. In the second stage, the weights of the main and sub-selection criteria to be used in determining the assembly point were calculated. This stage was carried out based on the comparison data obtained as a result of the questionnaire applied to professionals with the help of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. In the last stage, three candidate points were selected considering the physical effect areas determined in the first stage in the boundaries of the establishment, where the employees were evaluated to be affected the minimum from the negative consequences of industrial accidents. These candidate points were evaluated again with the AHP method on the basis of the sub-criteria whose relative weights were determined in the second stage and a selection was made. As a result, an approach that provides the solution of our problem was obtained.
Humanitarian supply and logistics management (HSLM) is becoming an important research area for governments and relief aid operational managers in developing successful practices in disaster management. It is vital for humanitarian operations to deal with the probable challenges to HSLM for operational excellence by focussing on sustainability. Therefore, the prime contribution of this article is to identify key challenges to HSLM and to analyze causal relationships between these challenges for developing sustainability in relief operations in a developing economy– the Indian perspective. The listed key challenges were analyzed using explanatory factor analysis and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory analysis. A total of 136 responses were received from Indian humanitarian sector respondents. From findings, ‘Governance and regulatory’; ‘Technology and Facilities’ and ‘Strategic’ challenges are the cause group challenges. This research is invaluable for practitioners, policymakers, NGOs and communities in bringing synergies between humanitarian operations and operational excellence to accomplish sustainability orientation in systems.
Since the uncertainty that results from insufficient experience is a given, while planning reflects an organizational choice, this study investigates whether effective planning compensates for lack of experience in promoting the adoption of good practices. Analyses of survey data reveal that jurisdictions with the most experience tend to have effective planning and to have adopted good practices. Among jurisdictions with little experience, those with effective planning are significantly more likely to have adopted good practices than those without it. Process-oriented planning activities, such as multidisciplinary simulations and task forces, are more effective than technical activities, such as writing standard procedures. Public agencies can therefore undertake planning activities that increase opportunities to prepare effectively for uncertain future events. -from Authors
Access to accurate and comprehensive information for a wide spectrum of topics to support hurricane disaster planning and response is of critical importance to emergency managers. This paper presents the development of IMASH, an Information Management System for Hurricane disasters. IMASH is an intelligent integrated dynamic information management tool, capable of providing comprehensive data pertaining to emergency planning and response for hurricane disasters. The architecture of IMASH along with all its modules is presented in this paper. IMASH is based on an object-oriented database containing geographically referenced environmental and related data. It further employs the intelligence of a decision support system, while providing worldwide access through the internet and the World Wide Web. The developed system can offer support for a wide range of hurricane disaster related activities hurricane preparedness activities, activities during or just before a hurricane strikes and post-disaster response and restoration activities; it can further serve as a platform that could dynamically be augmented to include new data and models.
On the morning of September 11th, 2001, the United States and the Western world entered into a new era - one in which large scale terrorist acts are to be expected. The impacts of the new era will challenge supply chain managers to adjust relations with suppliers and customers, contend with transportation difficulties and amend inventory management strategies. This paper looks at the twin corporate challenges of (i) preparing to deal with the aftermath of terrorist attacks and (ii) operating under heightened security. The first challenge involves setting certain operational redundancies. The second means less reliable lead times and less certain demand scenarios. In addition, the paper looks at how companies should organize to meet those challenges efficiently and suggests a new public-private partnership. While the paper is focused on the US, it has worldwide implications.
Research on emergent behavior has been a significant topic within disaster studies. Through a detailed review of the literature we provide background information about this particular branch of disaster sociology. Following a brief discussion of the process by which literature was selected, important trends and areas of debate are discussed. These include the validation of previous findings, an expansion of the discussion on emergent phenomena and a critique of the bureaucratic approach. We conclude with implications for the theory and practice of emergency management.
The purpose of this paper is to present a new heuristic for set covering problems, based upon continuous surrogate relaxations and subgradient optimization. The algorithm combines problem reduction tests, an adequate step size control, and avoid preliminary sorting in solving the continuous surrogate relaxations. Computational tests for large scale set covering problems (up to 1 000 rows and 12 000 columns) indicate better-quality results than algorithms based on Lagrangian relaxations in terms of final solutions and mainly in computer times. Although the solving of a single surrogate optimization problem is slower than a corresponding Lagrangian optimization, the overall performance is almost twice as fast. This is due to the smaller number of iterations which is a result of faster convergence and less oscillation.
The Set Covering Problem (SCP) is a main model for several important applications, including crew scheduling in railway and mass-transit companies. In this survey, we focus our attention on the most recent and effective algorithms for SCP, considering both heuristic and exact approaches, outlining their main characteristics and presenting an experimental comparison on the test-bed instances of Beasley's OR Library.
Introduction to Location Theory and Models. Review of Linear Programming Problem. An Overview of Complexity Analysis. Covering Problems. Center Problems. Median Problems. Fixed Charge Facility Location Problems. Extensions of Location Models. Location Modeling in Perspective. Appendices. References. Indexes.
Through five systematic, large-scale mail surveys conducted since 1993, the Disaster Research Center (DRC) has obtained data on hazard awareness, preparedness, disaster impacts, and short- and long-term recovery among 5,000 private-sector firms in communities across the United States (Memphis/Shelby County, Tennessee, Des Moines, Iowa, Los Angeles, California, Santa Cruz County, California, and South Dade County, Florida). This paper summarizes findings from those studies in three major areas: factors influencing business disaster preparedness; disaster-related sources of business disruption and financial loss; and factors that affect the ability of businesses to recover following major disaster events. Implications of the research for business contingency planning and business disaster management are discussed.
Although there has been a proliferation of "how to" planning guides in recent years, there has been very little documentation of the variation in and determinants of business disaster preparedness. The few studies that have been conducted have focused on specific firms or industrial sectors, such as the chemical or tourist industry, or have been plagued by too few cases. These problems clearly limit the generalizability of the research findings. This paper attempts to fill a void in the literature by exploring the determinants and variation of planning within the private sector utilizing two stratified random samples of businesses from Memphis/Shelby County, Tennessee (N=737), and Des Moines/Polk County, Iowa (N=1079). Findings show that business size, whether the business property is owned or leased, and prior disaster experience are all related to business disaster preparedness in both study areas. Type of business was related to preparedness among businesses in Mernphis/Shelby County. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research National Science Foundation
Abstract
Introduction: Survival mainly relies on mental skills since it controls the body, its actions, and its reasoning. If the person thinks that he/she will not survive, the individual will not try to survive. In the same way, disasters come when least expected. Filipinos know that they are at risk but they are not making disaster preparedness a priority until they experience a disaster
Objective: To assess attitude towards disaster preparedness among the Filipino students.
Methods: A descriptive correlation design was used to determine the relationship between attitude with disaster preparedness of grades nine and ten public high schools students. Nine hundred thirty-three students were selected through purposive sampling from disaster-prone areas of the Philippines.
Results: The findings reveal that attitude was significantly related to planning and response but not significantly related to mitigation. The respondents have positive attitudes towards disaster preparedness. There was a significant difference in disaster preparedness between males and females but there was no significant difference in disaster preparedness when the type of housing was considered.
Conclusion: The respondent had a positive attitude towards disaster preparedness in terms of planning, mitigation and response
The National Science Foundation provided funding through SGER grant CMS 0139309 for the George Washington University Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management to acquire and structure baseline data that will support the analysis of the inter-organizational response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. GW was assisted by the University of Pittsburgh. The documentation of organizational structures and the information flow between and among emergency management and emergency medical decision makers will support future research addressing the problems of communication, inter-organizational coordination, and decision-making in complex, multi-organizational response environments. Part I of this report focuses the GW analysis on the response to the 9-11-01 attack on the Pentagon, and describes a successful, highly complex response operation. The intent was not so much to define exactly what happened, but to identify concepts that were either deliberately or incidentally employed to effect successful management outcomes. The response structure was based on existing emergency management organizational systems and processes: local Fire/Emergency Medical Service (EMS) response, the Incident Command System (ICS), Unified Command (UC), Mutual Aid (MA), and the Federal Response Plan (FRP). In addition, a significant level of organizational creativity and adaptation was necessary to achieve success. Part II of the report describes the University of Pittsburgh’s analysis of inter-organizational coordination and adaptation at the World Trade Center.
An m-center set of a graph is any set of m points, belonging either to the edges or vertices, that minimizes the maximum distance from a vertex to its nearest m-center. This paper presents a method for solving the m-center problem by solving a finite series of minimum set covering problems.
This paper discusses the possible future role of standards in assuring the quality and content of programmes for educating and training people in the fields of emergency planning and management. Principles for the establishment of standards are presented. Existing standards in the civil protection and emergency preparedness fields are reviewed. The requisites for a training standard are described. Finally, a prototype standard is presented. The paper also addresses the question of whether standards are appropriate instruments and concludes that they would help ensure comparability, quality assurance and international compatibility of training.
A recent question from the research literature is addressed: to what extent does the behavioral response to the natural and technological disaster model apply to terrorist events involving a weapon of mass destruction (WMD)? Earlier work argued that the literature is applicable. Anecdotal evidence and preliminary content analysis findings from the aftermath of the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 demonstrate the salience of the model to terrorism.
With the emergence of biological weapons of mass destruction as potential tools of terrorism, Presidential Decision Directive 39 initiated US plans to enhance mitigation and response activity. Anecdotal information suggests many of the likely behavioral and organizational response challenges are not being addressed. The current paper applies the disaster research literature to identify the likely behavioral and organizational response challenges a community or nation would encounter in a bio-terrorist attack on a metropolitan area. Mitigation and response planning, it is argued, would be enhanced if these likely challenges were actually taken into account.
Presents a practical framework within which disaster response
operational effectiveness can be balanced with cost efficiency. This
balancing is accomplished through a systematic proactive planning of
response requirements, costs projections, procurement and resource
mobilization. The framework is useful in general disaster response
planning and in the development of cost-efficient procedures for
supporting disaster response efforts. It is generic and can be adapted
to local conditions and requirements.
This paper views the location of emergency facilities as a set covering problem with equal costs in the objective. The sets are composed of the potential facility points within a specified time or distance of each demand point. One constraint is written for each demand point requiring “cover,” and linear programming is applied to solve the covering problem, a single-cut constraint being added as necessary to resolve fractional solutions.
Fundamental to disaster readiness planning is developing training strategies to compensate for the limited opportunities available for acquiring actual disaster response experience. With regard to communication, decision making and integrated emergency management response, the need to develop mental models capable of reconciling knowledge of multiple goals with the collective expertise of those responding represents a significant challenge for training. This paper explores the utility of the assessment centre as a developmental resource capable of achieving this goal. In addition to providing multiple, expertly evaluated simulations to facilitate the development and practice of specific skills, the ability of assessment centre methodology to promote tacit knowledge and self-efficacy renders it an appropriate vehicle for developing the mental models that underpin the core disaster management competencies of situational awareness and naturalistic and team decision making.
Tucson, Arizona, experienced two large-scale floods in October 1983
and January 1993. In comparing these floods, examines both the natural
events and the response of public safety organizations. A summary of the
natural events compares the weather, flooding and damages. In
consideration of the human response to the 1983 event, finds that the
community's emergency co-ordination centre was ineffective and isolated
from the public safety response network. Furthermore, an organizational
structure, suited to the management of large-scale, multi-organizational
response, failed to emerge. Concludes that local government mitigated
these deficiencies before the January 1993 flood. This was accomplished
in two ways. First, the community's emergency management agency merged
into the Sheriff's Department and second, through consensus building and
training, the community institutionalized an effective disaster response
organizational structure.
Using a risk management framework, this paper discusses an approach to conceptualising disaster stress risk that can be used to develop readiness strategies that facilitate an adaptive response to disaster stress in emergency managers. It illustrates this process by describing how incident, operational and organisational demands interact with resilience and vulnerability factors to affect stress risk during the mobilisation, response and reintegration phases of disaster response. It argues for stress risk management to be integrated with the application of the risk management paradigm to other aspects of disaster management.
A location problem with a hierarchy of facilities and services is proposed and solved. The formulation defines a demand point to be covered for a given level of service if some member of the facility hierarchy eligible to provide that service is present within an appropriate distance. Furthermore, the absence of coverage at any one service level for a demand point is taken to imply lack of coverage in the grand measure of coverage. The problem's objective is the maximum coverage of population given specific limits on either the number of each type of facility or on the total investment that can be made in all facility types. Relaxed linear programming, supplemented by branch and bound where necessary, is used to solve the resulting integer programming problem. An application is described that uses distance and population data developed for a region of Honduras. Honduran nationals are currently being trained in the use of this and related location methodologies under a contract with the Agency for International Development. This effort is in support of work being undertaken by the Honduran National Planning Council to develop a nationwide data set of populated places in Honduras to which location methodologies will be applied.
Just as many disasters contain common recovery steps, the disaster planning process itself contains common management activities, regardless of the disaster being planned. This manuscript outlines seven major areas of concerns that management must address when conducting contingency planning. This list of essential management activities will guide management, disaster planners, internal auditors and independent auditors to determine if management has considered the appropriate topics to ensure that contingency plans will operate properly when needed.
Given n Parker, D. Stott points in the plane, the p-center problem is to find p supply points (anywhere in the plane) so as to minimize optimal maximum distance from a demand point to its respective nearest supply point. The for each problem is to cost the sum of distances from demand points to their respective nearest supply points. It is proved that the p-center and the p-median problems relative to both the Euclidean and the rectilinear metrics are NP-hard. In fact, it is proved that it is NP-hard even to approximate the p-center problems sufficiently closely. The reductions are from 3-satisfiability.
Securing the Supply Chain: Management Report
- O.K Helferich
- R.L. Cook
Don't let disaster unlink your supply chain (part II)
- H L Richardson
Painful lessons in crisis mismanagement
- M Warwick
Creating the disaster-resistant community
- J L Witt
Towards the development of standards in emergency management training and education”, Disaster Prevention and Management Figure 3. Three-facility solution to secure site problem Supply chain disaster preparedness 205 rCaparaAlgorithms for the set covering problem
- D Alexander
Alexander, D. (2003), “Towards the development of standards in emergency management training and education”, Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 113-23. Figure 3. Three-facility solution to secure site problem Supply chain disaster preparedness 205 rCapara, A., Toth, P. and Fischetti, M. (2000), “Algorithms for the set covering problem”, Annals of Operations Research, Vol. 98 No. 3, pp. 353-71
Prevention pays: but how do we get people to invest? " , presentation at the University of North Texas A surrogate heuristic for set covering problems
- M Lindell
- Tx
- L A N Lorena
- F B Lopes
Lindell, M. (1999), " Prevention pays: but how do we get people to invest? ", presentation at the University of North Texas, Denton, TX. Lorena, L.A.N. and Lopes, F.B. (1994), " A surrogate heuristic for set covering problems ", European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 79 No. 1, pp. 138-50.
A changing risk environment: lessons learned from the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster”, presentation at the Sociological Perspectives on Disasters Workshop
- T Wachtendorf
Wachtendorf, T. (2002), " A changing risk environment: lessons learned from the 9/11 World Trade Center disaster ", presentation at the Sociological Perspectives on Disasters Workshop, Emergency Management Australia Institute, Mt Macedon, July.
Determinants of business disaster preparedness
- J Dahlhamer
- M Souza
SCM: making the vision a reality”, Supply Chain Management Review
- C R Moberg
- T W Speh
- T Freese
Supply chain security without tears”, Supply Chain Management Review
- H L Lee
- M Wolfe
Prevention pays: but how do we get people to invest?”, presentation at the University of North Texas
- M Lindell