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Protocolo Adaptativo H´ ibrido para Disseminac ¸˜ ao de Dados em Redes de Sensores sem Fio Auto-Organiz´ aveis
Abstract
Data dissemination (routing) is a basic function in the wireless sensor networks. Dissemination algorithms for those networks depend on the features of the applications and, consequently, there is no self-contained algorithm ap- propriate for every case. However, there are scenarios where the behavior of the network may vary a lot, such as an event-driven application, favoring dif- ferent dissemination algorithms at different instants. Thus, this work proposes a new hybrid and adaptive algorithm for data dissemination, called Multi, that adapts its behavior autonomously in response to the variation of the network conditions. The initial proposal of Multi is based on two algorithms for data dissemination that are also presented and evaluated: SID (Source-Initiated Dis- semination), a reactive algorithm where dissemination is started by the source nodes, and EF-Tree (Earliest-First Tree), an algorithm that builds and maintains a tree, in a proactive fashion, to disseminate data towards the sink. Resumo. Disseminac ¸˜
... O Multi é um desses protocolos, possuindo um comportamento adaptativo híbrido para disseminação de dados em RSSF auto-organizáveis, proposto por [Figueiredo et al. 2004]. O protocolo Multi usa sua característica híbrida para atender a uma classe maior de cenários. ...
... Em [Figueiredo et al. 2004], são ressaltadas a aplicabilidade de dois protocolos Direct Diffusion [Intanagonwiwat et al. 2000] e SPIN [Kulik et al. 2002]. A disseminação periódica de dados é abordada no Direct Diffusion que tem como objetivo estabelecer canais de comunicação eficientes entre os nodos sensores e o nodo sink através dos conceitos de roteamento baseado nos dados e agregação de dados; o SPIN, por sua vez, reflete a característica de disseminação de dados em um cenário orientado a eventos, o que pode minimizar o consumo de recursos da rede. ...
... O principal trabalho que tomamos por base para continuação e melhoramento é o Multi [Figueiredo et al. 2004], um protocolo híbrido que consistiu em uma nova abordagem para a construção de algoritmos em RSSFs, que incorpora características dos algoritmos SID (Source-Initiated Dissemination) e EF-Tree (Earlier-First Tree) descritos em [Figueiredo et al. 2004]. O Multi foi um dos primeiros protocolos a considerar as características de disseminação de dados em RSSFs, buscando o equilíbrio entre os modos reativo e pró-ativo. ...
This paper presents Multi-K, a modified version of the Multi protocol. This protocol uses an approach of building a spanning tree of K hops, starting from the sink node and reaching each source node. When the data generation is limited to areas close to the sink node, the result is a partial spanning tree. The goal of building a partial spanning tree is to limit the number of control mes-sages to construct and to maintain it, in order to reduce the power consumption of the network. The results showed that the proposed approach is scalable, maintains the packet delivery rate and provides a reduction in power consump-tion, specially in scenarios where events are concentrated in areas close to the sink node, with a reduction of up to 45%. Resumo. Este artigo apresenta o Multi-K, uma versão modificada do protocolo Multi. Esse protocolo usa uma abordagem de construir, a partir do nodo sink, uma árvore de k saltos (hops) até cada nodo fonte. Quando a geração de dados está limitada a regiões próximas ao nodo sink, obtem-se uma árvore de espalha-mento parcial. O objetivo da construção da árvore parcial é limitar o número de mensagens de controle para construí-la e mantê-la reduzindo o consumo de energia da rede. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a abordagem proposta é escalável, mantém a taxa de entrega de pacotes e consegue uma redução no consumo de energia destacando-se, principalmente, em cenários cujos eventos concentram-se em áreas próximas ao sink, com redução de até 45%.
... Furthermore, an application decides when a message will be forwarded, dropped or merged with other received messages , reducing energy consumption. However, Directed Diffusion showed to be extremely inef cient in WSNs based on continuous data dissemination [5]. Span is a protocol for controlling the topology of mobile ad-hoc networks [2]. ...
Wireless sensor networks are ad hoc networks with severe resource constraints. These constraints preclude the use of traditional ad hoc protocols, and demand optimizations that incur in solutions specific to a class of applications. This article presents PROC, a protocol designed for continuous data dissemination networks, that interacts with the application to establish routes, allowing the application to reconfigure PROC on runtime. A performance evaluation in topologies varying from 50 to 200 nodes showed that PROC increases network lifetime around 7% to 12%, and has higher throughput than EAD and TinyOS Beaconing. Furthermore, PROC presents a softer performance degradation when the number of nodes in the network increases.
Resumo Tem sido verificada profunda transformação no espaço urbana, tais como a influência da tecnologia no cotidiano urbano, emergindo novas formas de comunicação e quebra de barreiras culturais. Surge um novo ambiente, adaptado à mobilidade e a busca incessante da informação. Durante muitos anos, o código de barras que atendeu durante muitos anos as necessidades de automação, atualmente apresenta recursos limitados aos modelos de gestão atual. Em busca de novas soluções tecnológicas, surge uma etiqueta inteligente denominada RFID (Radio Frequence Identification), que por possuir um chip embutido, é capaz de armazenar diversos parâmetros, ampliando o campo de identificação de um produto e revolucionando o campo de leitura linear. O trabalho apresenta uma proposta teórica da utilização da tecnologia RFID em um supermercado, denominado Loja do Futuro. A proposta integrará uma solução de automação RFID, em paralelo com a solucao de Código de Barras existente. Em um único ambiente, fornecedor, varejista e consumidor final trabalham com dados sincronizados e em tempo real. Analisando as diversas soluções RFID existentes e definindo um modelo estratégico, tem-se uma solução de maior eficácia, com um custo muito elevado e algumas limitações que precisam ainda ser desenvolvidas. O RFID é um futuro muito próximo, mas em alguns casos, está longe de substituir o código de barras. Abstract It has been verified deep transformations in the urban space, such as the influence of the daily technology in the urban one, emerging new forms of communication and cultural barrier in addition. A new environment, suitable appears, mobility and the incessant search of the information. During many years, the bar code that took care of during many years the automation necessities, currently presents resources limited to the models of current management. In search of new technological solutions, an intelligent label called RFID appears (Radio Frequence Identification), that for possessing one chip inlaid work, is capable to store diverse parameters, extending the field of identification of a product and revolutionizing the field of linear reading. The job presents a proposal theoretical of the use of technology RFID in a supermarket, called Future Store . The proposal will integrate a solution of automation RFID, in parallel with the solution of existing Bar code. In an only environment, supplier, retailer and final consumer works with synchronized data in real time. Analyzing diverse existing solutions RFID and defining a strategical model, a solution of bigger effectiveness is had, with a cost very raised and some limitations that they still need to be developed. The RFID is a very next future, but in some cases, is so far from substituting the bar code.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a special kind of a MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) and play an important role in the ubiquitous computing. WSNs are expected to have a large number of autonomous devices called sensor nodes. The main objective of a WSN is to monitor and, eventually, control an environment, in general, without human intervention. Sensor nodes collect data about some physical phenomenon, process data in the node, and disseminate data using, for instance, multi-hop communication. A WSN tends to be application-dependent, i.e., the hardware and software requirements and the operation modes vary according to the appli- cation. This chapter introduces the main concepts related to WSNs, presents a classification scheme for this kind of network, and describes the basic functionalities of the main commu- nication protocols published in the literature for different kinds of applications. Furthermore, this chapter presents the main architectures (platforms) for sensor nodes developed by different research groups, with emphasis for the Mica Motes platform that incorporates the TinyOs op- erating system. Finally, the chapter discusses the development process of an application based on the Mica Mote, TinyOs, TOSSIM simulator, and the TinyViz interface.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a subclass of ad hoc networks with severe resource constraints. These constraints preclude the use of traditional ad hoc protocols, and demand optimizations that incur in solutions specific to a class of applications. This work presents PROC, a protocol designed for continuous data dissemination networks that interacts with the application to establish routes. This mechanism allows the application to reconfigure PROC on runtime. PROC also provides fault-tolerance mechanisms to ensure reliable routes. A performance evaluation in topologies varying from 50 to 200 nodes showed that PROC increases network lifetime around 7% to 12%, and has a higher throughput than both energy-aware data-centric routing (EAD) and a simplified version of TinyOS Beaconing. Furthermore, PROC presents a graceful performance degradation when the number of nodes in the network increases.
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