Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries

Full text

Tidal asymmetry
and residual
sediment
transport in
estuaries
Z. B. Wang, C. Jeuken, H.J. de Vriend
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics i
Contents
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics ii
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Appendices
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 1–1
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 1–2
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1.2 Objective of the study
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1.3 Set up of the study
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1.4 Acknowledgement
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–1
2 General Theory
2.1 General
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–2
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2.2 Basic theory
2.2.1 Introduction
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–3
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Locally generated overtides (1-D)
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–4
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–5
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–6
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–7
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–8
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–9
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–10
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=>=8"$=(-23( D98<92( D93"( #<-22"E=( 30$92-8"(8<"( A-88"&2( 0;(8<"( &"=931-E(;E0D(;9"E3+( ]-2( 3"&
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)!(2"8D0&.($03"E(9=(9$A0&8-28(;0&(&"A&031#92/(8<"( #0&&"#8(#9&#1E-8902( 92( -( ;E003P(-23( "%%P
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=#<"$-89=-8902(-AA"-&=(02E>(A0==9%E"(9;(8<"(&01/<2"==(#0";;9#9"28(9=($-3"(3"A"23"28(02(8<"
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2.3.2 Asymmetry of horizontal tide and vertical tidal constituents
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Tidal asymmetry and tidal constituents of the vertical tide
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-=>$$"8&>(3"A"23=(02(8<"(&-890(%"8D""2(8<"(-$AE9813"(0;(8<"(0:"&893"(-23(8<-8(0;(8<"(="$9P
391&2-E(893"'(-23(8<"(2-81&"(0;(8<"(-=>$$"8&>(\"%%(0&(;E003(30$92-2#"^(9=(3"8"&$92"3(%>(8<"
A<-="( 39;;"&"2#"( %"8D""2( 8<"( 0:"&893"( -23( 8<"( ="$9P391&2-E( 893"+( H-."( ;0&( "V-$AE"( 8<"
-=>$$"8&>(#-1="3(%>(8<"(U1-&8"&P391&2-E(893"+(_E003P30$92-2#"(\D-8"&(E":"E(&9="=(;-=8"&(8<-2
98( ;-EE=^( 0##1&=( 9;( 8<"( A<-="( 39;;"&"2#"( 9=( %"8D""2( L0( -23( )IL0'( 08<"&D9="( "%%P30$92-2#"
0##1&=+( S"&"( 98( 9=( -==1$"3'( <0D":"&'( 8<-8( 8<"( ="$9P391&2-E( 893"( 9=( 3"=#&9%"3( %>( -( =92/E"
<-&$029#(;12#8902'(-23(8<-8(8<"(=-$"(/0"=(;0&(8<"(U1-&8"&P391&2-E(893"='("8#+(H<9=(9=(208(8<"
#-="(92(&"-E98>+(G2(08<"&(D0&3='(8<9=(&"-=0292/(02E>(-AAE9"=(9;(8<"(893"(9=(3"=#&9%"3(%>(-(_01&9"&
_9/+5+5(@#<"$-89#(#&0==P="#8902(1="3(%>(,002(\)*II^

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–11
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_9/+5+?(H93-E(#02=8981"28=(-8(]E9==92/"2(\)**T^

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–12
_0&(.20D2( 893-E(#02=8981"28='( 8<"(-2-E>=9=(0;( 8<"( 8"$A0&-E(:-&9-8902( 0;( 8<"( 893-E( -=>$$"8&>
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–13
92(_9/+5+N(;0&(8<"(U1-&8"&P391&2-E(893"(-23(_9/+5+Q(;0&(8<"(=9V8<P391&2-E(893"=+(G2(8<"="(;9/1&"=
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0%="&:"3+(O-#<(308(92(8<"(;9/1&"=(&"A&"="28=(8<"(%"/92292/(0;(02"(3->(\LL`LL`LL^(92(8<"(>"-&
)***+(H<"(;0EE0D92/(0%="&:-8902=(-&"($-3"`
!" H<"(-$AE9813"(&-890(0;(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(92#&"-="=(D98<(8<"(-$AE9813"(0;(8<"(893"+
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!" H<"( -:"&-/"3( A<-="( 39;;"&"2#"( -/&""=( D98<( 8<-8( %"8D""2( 8<"( J5( 893"( -23 ( 98=( 0:"&
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!" H<"(A<-="(39;;"&"2#"(9=(E-&/"&(92(8<"( A"&903(;&0$(=A&92/(80(2"-A(8<-2(92(8<"(A"&903
;&0$( 2"-A( 80( =A&92/+( G2( 08<"&( D0&3='( 92( 8<"( #>#E"( =A&92/P2"-AP=A&92/( 8<"( A-8<
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=#-88"&'(8<"2(123"&/0"=(-(=<-&A(3&0A(-8(2"-A(893"(-23(;92-EE>(;0EE0D=(8<"(E0D"&("3/"+
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0:"&(-(#0$AE"8"( =A&92/P2"-A( #>#E"( #-2( %"( &"A&"="28"3( -=( -( A0928( 3"=#&9%92/( -( #9&#E"( 92( 8<"
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A<-="( 39;;"&"2#"(%"8D""2( 8<"( #0$%92"3(893"( -23( JB+( G;( 8<"( -$AE9813"( 0;( JB( -23( J@B(-&"
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_9/5+N( e&"39#8"3(-$AE9813"( &-890( -23( A<-="( 39;;"&"2#"( %"8D""2( ="$9P( -23( U1-&8"&P391&2-E
893"=(-8(]E9==92/"2

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–14
_9/+5+T( M"A&"="28-8902( 0;( 8<"
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Asymmetry of horizontal tide
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-8(]E9==92/"2
M4
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–15
G8(9=(#E"-&(8<-8(-=>$$"8&>(92(8<"(:"&89#-E(893"(D9EE(39&"#8E>(#-1="(-=>$$"8&>(92(8<"(<0&9K028-E
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E0-3(8&-2=A0&8(%"#-1="(8<">(#-2#"E(018+
2.3.3 Relations between morphology and tidal asymmetry
W02#"&292/(8<"(&"E-8902(%"8D""2(8<"($0&A<0E0/>(92(8<"("=81-&>(-23(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>'(8D0
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-23(8<"(92;E1"2#"(0;(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(02(8<"($0&A<0E0/9#-E(3":"E0A$"28+
Influence of morphology on tidal asymmetry
H<"(92;E1"2#"(0;(8<"($0&A<0E0/>( 02(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(9=(12-$%9/101=(92(8<"(="2="(8<-8'
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$0&A<0E0/9#-E( A-&-$"8"&=( ;0&( 8<"( 893-E( $08902( -&"( 8<"( D938<( -23( 3"A8<( -=( =<0D2( %>( 8<"
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–16
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–17
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–18
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–19
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–20
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–21
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 2–22
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8<9=(-=A"#8+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–1
3 Tidal asymmetry in the Western Scheldt
3.1 Introduction
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–2
3.2 Description Western Scheldt
3.2.1 Hydrodynamics
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–3
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–4
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–5
Vak 1
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–6
3.3 Mechanisms generating tidal asymmetry
3.3.1 Residual flows
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–7
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255 260 265 270 275 280 285
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-(2"-AP=A&92/(893-E(:-&9-8902+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–8
3.3.2 Relation between asymmetries in vertical and horizontal tide
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–9
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–10
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–11
G2(=1$$-&>`
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3.3.3 Asymmetry of observed horizontal tide
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–12
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–13
M2 flood channel
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0. 8
M4 flood channel
-0.8
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M6 flood channel
-0.8
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0. 2 0.4 0.6 0.8
M2 ebb channel
-0.8
-0.6
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
M4 ebb channel
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
M6 ebb channel
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–14
3.4 Temporal variation of the asymmetry of the vertical tide
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-23(?+*^+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–15
Vlissingen
-0.5
0
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1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
lunar day
a0, a2 (m)
0
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0.2
0.25
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a4
a6
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Vlissingen
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
lunar day
amplitude ratio
0
0.5
1
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2.5
a2(m)
a4/a2
a6/a2
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–16
H<9=(E"-3=(80(8<"(#02#E1=902(8<-8(=0$"(0;(8<"(:-&9-8902(#<-&-#8"&9=89#=(0;(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>
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Vlissingen
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2. 2 2.4
a2 (m)
a4/a2
Vlissingen
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
a2 (m)
a6/a2
_9/+?+I(H<"(-$AE9813"(&-890=(&"E-8"3(80(8<"(-$AE9813"(0;(="$9P391&2-E(893"
Vlissingen
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
a2(m)
2φ2−φ4
2φ2−φ42φ2−φ4
2φ2−φ4
Vlissingen
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
a2(m)
3φ2−φ6
3φ2−φ63φ2−φ6
3φ2−φ6
_9/+?+*(M"E-89:"(A<-="(39;;"&"2#"=(&"E-8"3(80(8<"(-$AE9813"(0;(="$9P391&2-E(893"=

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–17
8&-2=A0&8(-23(8<"( ;E0D(:"E0#98>(98( 9=( /"2"&-EE>(=1//"=8"3( 8<-8(8<"( $0&A<0E0/9#-E(893"(=<01E3
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A&"39#8902(0&($"-=1&"$"28=+(X08"(8<-8(8<"(893"(-8(8<"($03"E(%0123-&>(9=(0;8"2(/"2"&-8"3(%>
&12292/( -( E-&/"&( $03"E( D98<( 8<"( -=8&020$9#-E( 893"( -8( 8<"( 0A"2( %0123-&9"=+( S"&"( 800( 8<"
t3-8-p( 9=( 92( ;-#8( %-="3( 02( -( 893-E( A&"3 9#8902+( _&0$( 8<"( A&"="28( -2-E>=9=( 98( 9=( #E"-&( 8<-8( 8<9=
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92(8<"(<-E;P#>#E"(;&0$(;&0$(2"-A(80(=A&92/(0&(;&0$(=A&92/(80(2"-A'(98(-E=0(3"A"23=(02
8<"(21$%"&(0;(893-E(#02=8981"28=(1="3+
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A&0%-%E>(%"88"&(80(=9$AE>(1="(8<"(8<"0&"89#-E(:-E1"(%-="3(02(J5'(JB(-23(JQ'(&-8<"&(8<-2(8<"
&"=1E8=(0;(8<"(_01&9"&(-2-E>=9=(;0&(-2(-&%98&-&9E>(="E"#8"3(89$"P928"&:-E+
3.5 Relation between tidal asymmetry and morphology
C( ;9&=8( 39=#1==902( 02( 8<"( &"E-8902( %"8D""2( 8<"( $0&A<0E0/9#-E( 3":"E0A$"28( -23( 8<"
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&"=1E8=(92(8<"(E98"&-81&"'("+/+(8<0="( 0;( @A""&("8( -E( \)**)^'(-&"(U1-E98-89:"E>(-AAE9#-%E"(80( 8<"
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H<"(39=#1==902(<"&"(D9EE(;0#1=(02(8<"(;0EE0D92/(U1"=8902=`
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8<-8(-&"(9$A0&8-28(;0&(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(92(8<"(R"=8"&2(@#<"E38a
3.5.1 Tidal asymmetry with respect to quarter-diurnal tide
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–18
\="-D-&3^(E0#-8"3(-&"-+(,-="3(92(8<9=(A&"=1$A8902(98( 9=( <>A08<"=9="3( ( 8<-8(!4*&74$/?*&-,&!4*
!"#$%& $'())*!+(& "/& $& 7*+!$"/& 2$+!& -,& !4*& *'!1$+(<& +$!4*+& !4$/& !4*& !"#$%& $'())*!+(& "!'*%,<
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:9=9%E"(8<-2(92(_9/+?+)L+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–19
_&0$((;9/1&"(?+))(=<0D=(8<"(;0EE0D92/(;"-81&"=(&"/-&392/(8<"(-=>$$"8&>(0;(8<"(:"&89#-E(893"
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;E003( 30$92-28+( H<9=( 9=( 9239#-8"3( %>( 8<"( A0=989:"( :-E1"( 0;( 8<"( A<-="P39;;"&"2#"
A-&-$"8"&( ,-8<PS-2=D""&8(\1AA"&( A-2"E^+( H<"( 3"#&"-="( 0;( 8<9=( A-&-$"8"&( %"8D""2
)*T)(-23()*IL'(A0928=(-8(-(&"31#8902(0;(8<9=(;E003(30$92-2#"(92(89$"+(H<"(-$AE9813"
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0.05
0.055
0.06
0.065
0.07
0.075
0.08
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Amplitude ratio M4/M2
vlissingen
terneuzen
hansweert
bath
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
yea r
phase differnce 2M2-M4
Vlissingen
Terneuzen
Hansweert
Bath
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893"+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–20
!" H<"(#"28&-E( A-&8(0;(8<"("=81-&>'(%"8D""2(H"&2"1K"2(-23(S-2=D""&8(\]-.(?(-23(B^'(9=
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%13/"8(=8139"=+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–21
3.5.2 Morphological characteristics and their changes
m=92/(8<"( 92;0&$-8902(0;(8<"(<>A=0$"8&>(-=(3"=#&9%"3( 92(="#8902(?+5(98( 9=( A0==9%E"( 80(3"&9:"
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0.8
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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
amplitude parameter
terneuz en
hansweert
bath
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
45
55
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
phase parameter
terneuzen
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bath
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:"&=1=(]E9==92/"2'(S-2=D""&8(:"&=1=(H"&2"1K"2(-23(,-8<(:"&=1=(S-2=D""&8+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–22
_0&(]='(8<"(:0E1$"(0;(D-8"&(=80&"3(02(893-E(;E-8(%"8D""2(<9/<(-23(E0D(D-8"&'(D"(<-:"
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–23
!" H<"&"( 9=( 02"( A0928( ( 92( 8<"( &9/<8( A-2"E( ( 8<-8( ( 3":9-8"=( ;&0$( 8<"( /"2"&-E( 8&"23+( G8
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!" H<"(#<-2/"(0;(8<"(8D0(A-&-$"8"&=(=""$(80(%"(&"E-8"3(D98<("-#<(08<"&+
!" H<"( #<-2/"( 0;( %08<( A-&-$"8"&=( #0&&"E-8"=( D"EE( D98<( 8<"( #<-2/"( 0;( 8<"( 893-E
-=>$$"8&>(92(8<"(#0&&"=A02392/(A-&8+
H<-8(8<"(#<-2/"=(0;(8<"(8D0(A-&-$"8"&=(=""$(80(%"(&"E-8"3(D98<("-#<(08<"&(9=(31"(80(8<"(;-#8
8<-8(-[<( -23(]=[]#( -&"( 208(923"A"23"28(0;( "-#<(08<"&+(H<9=(9=( =9$AE>( 9EE1=8&-8"3(%>( 8<"( ;-#8
8<-8(-2(92#&"-="(0;(893-E(-$AE9813"'(;0&("V-$AE"'(#-1="=(-2(92#&"-="(92(%08<(A-&-$"8"&=+(G2(8<"
A&"="28(#-="'(8<"(#<-2/"=(0;(%08<(A-&-$"8"&=( -&"( $-92E>(#-1="3(%>(8<"(#<-2/"=(92( 8<"(3""A
#<-22"E( A-&8='( -=( 9=( =<0D2( 92( _9/+?+)BP_9/+?+)Q+( H<"( ;9/1&"=( /9:"( ( 8<"( :0E1$"( #<-2/"=( 0;
:-&901=(A-&8=(0;(8<"("=81-&>(;&0$()*NN(80()**Q+
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
a/h
Vs/Vc
flood-dominant
ebb-dominant
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
a/h
Vs/Vc
1955
1996
_9/+?+)5(H<"(/"0$"8&9#(A-&-$"8"&=(92(8<"(=9V(A-&8=(0;(8<"(R"=8"&2(@#<"E38(92()*NN(-23()**Q
\E";8^(-23(92(&"E-8902(80(8<"(;E003("%%P30$92-2#"(0;(8<"(:"&89#-E(893"(\&9/<8^

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–24
q1-E98-89:"E>(8<"( 8<"0&>(0;(@A""&( "8( -E( \)**)^'( -E8<01/<(%-="3( 02(808-EE>(39;;"&"28(#-="='(9=
A"&;"#8E>(-AAE9#-%E"( 80("VAE-92( 8<"( #<-2/"=( 0;(8<"( -=>$$"8&>(0;(:"&89#-E(893"( 92(8<"( R"=8"&2
@#<"E38'(#-1="3(%>(8<"(U1-&8"&P391&2-E(893"+
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
va k 1 va k 2 va k 3 va k 4 va k 5 va k 6
a/h
1955
1996
1971-1996
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01
change of a/h
change of 2φ2−φ4
2φ2−φ42φ2−φ4
2φ2−φ4
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
va k 1 va k 2 va k 3 vak 4 va k 5 vak 6
Vs/Vc
1955
1996
1971-1996
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01
change of Vs/Vc
change of 2φ2−φ4
2φ2−φ42φ2−φ4
2φ2−φ4
_9/+?+)?(W<-2/"=(0;(8<"(8D0($0&A<0E0/9#-E(A-&-$"8"&=(-=(3";92"3(%>(@A""&("8(-E(\)**)^(-23
8<"9&(&"E-8902(80(8<"(#<-2/"=(0;(8<"(&"E-89:"(A<-="(39;;"&"2#"(%"8D""2(JB(-23(J5
_9/+?+)B(]0E1$"(#<-2/"=(0;("-=8"&2(A-&8(0;(R"=8"&2(@#<"E38(\]-.()(-23(5^

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–25
3.5.3 Other indicating parameters
T!4*+&$%!*+/$!"6*'
G2=8"-3(0;(8<"(8D0(A-&-$"8"&=(\-[<(-23(]=[]#^(3";92"3(%>(@A""&("8(-E+(\)**)^(8<"(-AAE9#-8902
0;(08<"&(-E8"&2-89:"(A-&-$"8"&=(#-2(%"(#02=93"&"3`
_9/+?+)N(]0E1$"(#<-2/"=(0;(8<"($933E"(A-&8(\]-.(?^
_9/+?+)Q(]0E1$"(#<-2/"=(92(8<"(D"=8"&2(A-&8(\]-.(B'(N(-23(Q^

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–26
!" N%40&!B1&180%0&7! ?')$(!+$! 2+%0&1%)&0,( C=(3 "=#&9%"3( 92( W<-A8"&( 5'( 8<"&"( -&"( -E=0
08<"&( A-&-$"8"&=( =1//"=8"3( 92( 8<"( E98"&-81&"+( C2( "V-$AE"( 9=( 8<"( 02"( =1//"=8"3( %>
!&02."&=(\)*IQ'(="#8902(5+?+?^+(C(=9$9E-&(-2-E>=9=(-=(3"=#&9%"3(-%0:"(#-2(%"(#-&&9"3
018(;0&(8<9=(A-&-$"8"&+(H<"(#02#E1=902=(D9EE(%"(=9$9E-&(80(8<0="(3&-D2(;0&(8<"(8<"0&>
0;( ( @A""&( "8( -E+( \)**L^+( H<9=( #-2( =9$AE>( %"( 0%="&:"3( %>( #0$A-&92/( _9/+?+)5( -23
_9/+5+)L+
!" O7+$P!+$(0B0$(0$%!B1&180%0&7,(C=($"28902"3(92(8<"(A&":901=(=1%P="#8902'(8<"(8D0
A-&-$"8"&=(3";92"3(%>(@A""&("8(-E(\)**)^(-&"(208(923"A"23"28(0;("-#<(08<"&+(H<9=(#-2
%"( -( 39=-3:-28-/"+(C( A0==9%E"( ="8( 0;( 923"A"23"28( A-&-$"8"&=( #028-9292/( 8<"( =-$"
92;0&$-8902( 9=( "+/+( -[<( -23( C;[C'( D<"&"( 8<"( E-=8( A-&-$"8"&( &"A&"="28=( 8<"( &-890
%"8D""2(8<"(<0&9K028-E(-&"-(0;(893-E(;E-8=(-23(8<"(808-E(-&"-(0;(8<"(#0&&"=A02392/(\A-&8
0;^( "=81-&>+( G8( 9=( &"#0$$"23"3( 80( #02=93"&( 8<9=( ="8( 0;( A-&-$"8"&=( 92( 8<"( ;0EE0D92/
=813>
!" 340!B1&180%0&7!+$! %40! ?+%%+$P! 0F)1%+'$!?'&!%40!45B7'80%&5,(G2(#0$%92-8902( D98<
8<"( 893-E( -$AE9813"( 8D0( 39$"2=902E"==( A-&-$"8"&=( /( -23( -[3( #-2( %"( 3";92"3+( H<"
=-$"(3-8-(-=(92(_9/+?+)5(20D(>9"E3(_9/1&"(?+)T+(G8(=""$=(8<-8(8<9=(="8(A-&-$"8"&=(<-=
8<"( A08"289-E( 80( ="A-&-8"( 8<"( ;E003P30$92-28( -&"-=( ;&0$( 8<"( "%%P30$92-28( 02"=+
S0D":"&(8<"&"(9='(20(8<"0&"89#-E(%-=9=(;0&(98(-8(8<9=($0$"28(\8<"(="A-&-80&(E92"(3&-D2
92( 8<"( ;9/1&"( 9=( -( =1//"=89:"( 02"^+( _1&8<"&$0&"'( 8<9=( ="8( 0;( A-&-$"8"&=( <-=( 98=
&"=8&9#8902='(=92#"( 98(#-2( 02E>(%"(1="3( 92( #-="=(D<"&"(8<"(=1//"=8"3(;98892/("U1-8902
;0&(8<"(<>A=0$"8&>(-AAE9"=+
I##"!"-/$%&2$+$)*!*+'
H<"(;-#8(8<-8(8<"(8<"0&9"=(;0123(92(8<"(E98"&-81&"(-&"(208(U1-2898-89:"E>(:-E93(;0&(8<"(R"=8"&2
@#<"E38( 9239#-8"=( 8<-8( "+/+( 8<"( A-&-$"8"&=( 3";92"3( %>( @A""&( "8( -E+( \)**)^( 30( 208( ;0&$( -
#0$AE"8"(="8('(92(8<-8(8<">(#0:"&(-EE(&"E":-28(-=A"#8=(0;(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(92(8<"("=81-&>+(G2
08<"&( D0&3='( 8<"&"( $1=8( %"( 08<"&( A-&-$"8"&=( D<9#<( -E=0( <-:"( 92;E1"2#"( 02( 8<"( 893-E
-=>$$"8&>( -23( D<9#<( -&"( \-E$0=8^( #02=8-28( ;0&( -EE( 8<"( #-="=( #02=93"&"3( %>( @A""&( "8( -E
\)**)^+
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
012345
α
αα
α
a/h
flood-diminant
ebb-dominaant
(_9/+?+)T(CE8"&2-89:"(A-&-$"8"&='((%-="3(02(8<"("U1-8902
3"=#&9%92/( 8<"( <>A=0$"8&>( 92( 8<"( R"=8"&2( @#<"E38'( 80
#<-&-#8"&9="((8<"("%%[;E003(30$92-2#"(0;(8<"(:"&89#-E(893"
92(8<"("=81-&>+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–27
C=(-E&"-3>(208"3( 92( W<-A8"&(5'(-EE(#-="=(#02=93"&"3(%>(@A""&( "8( -E(\)**)^(#02#"&2(-(;9V"3
E"2/8<(0;(8<"("=81-&>'(8<">(-EE(#02#"&2(=<0&8(-23(A&9=$-89#("=81-&9"='(-23(8<">(-&"(-EE(;&9#8902P
30$92-8"3( #-="=+( J-.92/( 1="( 0;( 8<"( -2-E>="=( 0;( Y9( -23( 6p!022"EE( \)**I^( 02( 893-E
&"#89;9#-8902'(8<"(;0EE0D92/(-3398902-E(A-&-$"8"&=(-&"(93"289;9"3`
!" H<"(&-890(%"8D""2(8<"(E"2/8<(0;(8<"("=81-&>(-23(8<"(D-:"(E"2/8<(0;(8<"(893"+
!" H<"( &-890( %"8D""2( -( E"2/8<P=#-E"( 0;( 8<"( $0&A<0E0/9#-E( :-&9-8902( -E02/( 8<"( "=81-&>
\"+/+(8<"(#<-2/"(0;(D938<^(-23(8<"(D-:"(E"2/8<(0;(893"+
!" H<"(&-890(%"8D""2(8<"(893-E(A"&903(-23(8<"(3"#->(89$"(31"(80(;&9#8902+
_1&8<"&(&"="-&#<(9=(&"U19&"3(80(3"8"&$92"(8<"(&0E"=(0;(8<"="(A-&-$"8"&=+
3.5.4 Tidal asymmetry due to sixth-diurnal tide
@0(;-&(20(8<"0&>(&"E-892/(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(#-1="3(%>(8<"(=9V8<P391&2-E(893"(<-=(%""2(;0123
92( 8<"( E98"&-81&"+( G;(8<"( =-$"( ;9/1&"( -=( _9/+?+))( ;0&( 8<"(U 1-&8"&P391&2-E( 893"( 9=( $-3"( ;0&( 8<"
=9V8<P391&2-E(893"'(02"(0%8-92=(_9/+?+)I+(C=(8<"(=9V8<P391&2-E(893"( AE->=(-2( 9$A0&8-28(&0E"(92
8<"(R"=8"&2(@#<"E38'(98(9=(&"#0$$"23"3(80(#-&&>(018(&"="-&#<(#02#"&292/(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>
#-1="3(%>(8<9=(/&01A(0;(#02=8981"28='(-23(98=(&"E-8902(D98<(8<"($0&A<0E0/>+
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
amplitude parameter
terneuzen/vlissingen
hansweert/terneuzen
bath/hansweert
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
phase parameter
terneuzen-vlissingen
hansweert-terneuzen
bath-hansweert
_9/+?+)I(!":"E0A$"28(0;(8<"(9239#-892/(A-&-$"8"&=(D98<(&"=A"#8(80(8<"(30D2=8&"-$
=8-8902(;0&(JQPJ5

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 3–28
3.5.5 Concluding discussion
CE8<01/<( 8<"( 8<"0&>( ;0123(92( 8<"( E98"&-81&"( 9=( 208( U1-2898-89:"E>( -AAE9#-%E"( 80( 8<"( R"=8"&2
@#<"E38'(8<"(&"=1E8=(A&"="28"3(92(8<"(A&":901=(=1%P="#8902=(#-2(&"-39E>(%"(1="3(80("=89$-8"(8<"
#<-2/"=( 0;( 8<"( 893-E( -=>$$"8&>( 31"( 80( -( #"&8-92( <1$-2( 928"&;"&"2#"( 92( 8<"( "=81-&>'( "+/+( -
;1&8<"&( 3""A"292/( 0;( 8<"( 2-:9/-8902( #<-22"E+( H<9=( #-2( %"( 302"( %>( 3"8"&$9292/( 8<"( 8D0
A-&-$"8"&=(\-[<(-23( ]=[]#^(%";0&"(-23(-;8"&(8<"( 928"&;"&"2#"(-23( AE08(8<"$(92(_9/+?+)5(-23
_9/+?+)?+(H<"(#<-2/"(0;(8<"(E0#-8902=(0;(8<"(A0928=(%";0&"(-23(-;8"&(8<"(928"&;"&"2#"(/9:"=(-2
9239#-8902(0;(8<"(39&"#8902(92(D<9#<(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(#<-2/"=+(,-="3(02(8<"(-:-9E-%E"(3-8-
98(9=(":"2(A0==9%E"(80(/9:"(-(U1-2898-89:"(A&"39#8902(80(-(#"&8-92("V8"28+
H<9=( D0&.92/( $"8<03( 9=( 92( ;-#8( %-="3( 02( 928"&A0E-8902( [( "V8&-A0E-8902( 1=92/( 8<"( -:-9E-%E"
3-8-+(G8(9$AE9"=(8<"(-==1$A8902(8<-8(8<"(928"&;"&"2#"(D9EE(208(-;;"#8(8<"(-3398902-E(A-&-$"8"&=
$"28902"3(92(?+N+?(92(=1#<(-(D->(8<-8(8<"(&"E-8902(%"8D""2(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(-23(8<"(8D0
A-&-$"8"&=(1="3(<"&"(D9EE(#<-2/"(=9/29;9#-28E>+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 4–1
4 Summary, conclusions and
recommendations
H<"( 0%7"#89:"( 0;( 8<"(= 813>( D-=( 80( &":9"D(8< "(8<"0&>( -23( #02#"A8=( 02( 893-E( -=>$$"8&>( -2 3
&"=931-E( ="39$"28( 8&-2=A0&8( 92( "=81-&9"=( -23( 80( -=="=( 8<"9&( -AAE9#-%9E98>( 80( 8<"( R"=8"&2
@#<"E38("=81-&>+(H<9=(#<-A8"&(=1$$-&9="=(8<"(A&92#9A-E(&"=1E8=(-23( #02#E1=902=(0;(8<"(=813>+
,"=93"=( 98( /9:"=( =0$"( &"#0$$"23-8902=( ;0&( ;1&8<"&( &"="-&#<'( 80( ;1&8<"&( 92#&"-="( -23
0A"&-8902-E9="((8<"(.20DE"3/"(-23(123"&=8-2392/(0;(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>'(&"=931-E(8&-2=A0&8=
-23($0&A<0E0/9#(":0E18902(0;(8<"("=81-&>+
H<"(&"=1E8=(0;(8<"(A&"="28(=813>(D"&"(%-="3(02(8<"(;0EE0D92/(-==1$A8902=(-23(&"=8&9#8902=`
!" H<"("=81-&>(9=(D"EEP$9V"3`(<0&9K028-E(-23(:"&89#-E(3"2=98>(/&-39"28=(-&"(2"/E"#8"3+
!" H<"("=81-&>(9=( 893"P30$92-8"3`(8<"(92;E1"2#"( 0;( -( &9:"&( 018;E0D(-23( $"8"0&0E0/9#-E
;0&#92/=(02(8<"(D-8"&($08902(-23(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>(-&"(208(#02=93"&"3+
!" J0=8(0;(8<"(8<"0&"89#-E(-2-E>="=(-23(8<"9&(-AAE9#-8902=(-&"(%-="3(02(-()!(-AA&0-#<+
!" H<"(A"&903(0;(8<"(J5(893-E(#02=8981"28(9=(1="3(-=(8<"(893-E(A"&903+
4.1 Summary and conclusions
C=>$$"8&>( &";"&=( 80( 8<"( "%%P30$92-2#"( 0&( ;E003( 30$92-2#"( 0;( 8<"( :"&89#-E( -23( <0&9K028-E
893"`( 8<"( :"&89#-E( 893"( 9=( ;E003P30$92-28( 9;( 8<"( 31&-8902( 0;( ;-EE92/( 893"( "V#""3=( 8<-8( 0;( 8<"
&9=92/(893"+(O%%P30$92-2#"(0##1&=(92(8<"(0AA0=98"(=981-8902+(H<"(<0&9K028-E(893"(\:"E0#98>^(9=
#02=93"&"3(;E003P30$92-28( 9;( 98( 9231#"=( -( &"=931-E( ="39$"28( 8&-2=A0&8( 92( E-23D-&3( \;E003^
39&"#8902'( D<"&"-=( 98( 9=( "%%P30$92-28( 92( 8<"( #-="( 0;( -( ="-D-&3( 39&"#8"3( &"=931-E( ="39$"28
8&-2=A0&8+(H<"(-=>$$"8&>(0;(8<"(<0&9K028-E(893"($->(%"(-==0#9-8"3(D98<`
!" C2(-=>$$"8&>(92( 8<"( $-/29813"(0;($-V9$1$(;E0D`(;0&(92=8-2#"(9;( $-V9$1$( ;E003
:"E0#989"=( "V#""3( $-V9$1$( "%%( ;E0D( -( ;E003P30$92-28( 8&-2=A0&8( \%"3( E0-3( -23
=1=A"23"3( E0-3^( 9=(E9."E>(80(0##1&'(-=( 8<"( ="39$"28( 8&-2=A0&8( 202PE92"-&E>(92#&"-="=
D98<(8<"(:"E0#98>+
!" C2(-=>$$"8&>(92(8<"(31&-8902(0;(=E-#.(D-8"&`(9;(8<"(31&-8902(0;(=E-#.(D-8"&(%";0&"
;E003(\@,_^("V#""3=(8<"( 31&-8902( 0;( =E-#.(D-8"&( %";0&"( "%%( \@,O^( -2("VA0&8( \"%%P
30$92-2#"^(0;(;92"(=1=A"23"3(="39$"28(9=(;-:01&"3+(R<"2(8<"(A"&903(0;(=E-#.(D-8"&
%";0&"( ;E003( E-=8=( =<0&8"&( 8<"( A"&903( 0;( =E-#.( D-8"&( %";0&"( "%%( -2( 9$A0&8( ( 0;( ;92"
=1=A"23"3(="39$"28(9=(E9."E>(80(0##1&+
H<"(-=8&020$9#-E( 893"( -23(98=(=A-89-EE>(-23(8"$A0&-EE>(:-&>92/(-=>$$"8&>( #-2(%"(3"=#&9%"3
92(8"&$=(0;(-(21$%"&(0;(<-&$029#(#0$A02"28=+(H<"(-$AE9813"(&-890(-23(8<"(A<-="(39;;"&"2#"
0;(J5(-23(98=(0:"&893"=(-&"(0;8"2(1="3(80(#<-&-#8"&9="(8<"(893-E(-=>$$"8&>+
C(8<"0&"89#-E(-2-E>=9=(0;(8<"(9239:931-E(202PE92"-&(8"&$=(92( 8<"()!("U1-8902=(0;($0$"281$
-23( #02892198>( =<0D"3( 8<-8( 0:"&893"=( \JB( "8#+^'( #0$A0123( 893"=( \J@B( "8#+^( -23( 893-E
&"#89;9#-8902( \J0^( -&"( /"2"&-8"3( %>( 8<"( 202PE92"-&( 928"&-#8902=( 0;( 8<"( J5( 893-E( #0$A02"28
D98<(98="E;(\-180P928"&-#8902^(-23(D98<(08<"&(;123-$"28-E(#02=8981"28=`(-(89$"P92:-&9-28($"-2
";;"#8(\&"#89;9#-8902^( -23( 8<"( 0:"&893"( JB( 0&9/92-8"( ;&0$( 8<"( -180P928"&-#8902( 0;( 8<"( J5(:9-
8<&""(202PE92"-&(8"&$='(:9K+`(8<"(-3:"#89:"(92"&89-(8"&$(\,^'(8<"(%0880$(;&9#8902( 8"&$( \!^(-23

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 4–2
8<"(39=#<-&/"(/&-39"28(8"&$(\F^+(H<"( =9V8<P391&2-E(0:"&893"(-23( #0$A0123( 893"=( \"+/+(JQ('
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;123-$"28-E(#02=8981"28=(\"+/+(@5^(:9-(8<"(%0880$(;&9#8902(8"&$(\!^+(H<9=($"-2=(;0&(92=8-2#"
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 4–3
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4.2 Recommendations
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 4–4
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 5–1
5 References
C1%&">'(!+F+(n(e+O+(@A""&(\)*IN^(C(=813>(0;(202PE92"-&(893-E(A&0A-/-8902(92(=<-EE0D(92E"8["=81-&92"(=>=8"$='(e-&8
G`(0%="&:-8902='(O=81-&92"'(W0-=8-E(-23(@<"E;(@#9"2#"'(]0E+(5)'(e+)INP5LN+
C1%&">'(!+F+(\)*IQ^'(S>3&03>2-$9#(#028&0E=(02(="39$"28(8&-2=A0&8(92(D"EEP$9V"3(%->=(-23("=81-&9"='(G2(d+(]-2
3"(g&"".(\"3+^(e<>=9#=(0;(=<-EE0D("=81-&9"=(-23(%->='(@A&92/"&P]"&E-/'(,"&E92'(A+(5BNP5NI+
C1%&">'(!+F+(n(W+H+(_&9"3&9#<='(\)*II^'(@"-=02-E(#E9$-80E0/>(0;(893-E(202PE92"-&989"=(92(-(=<-EE0D("=81-&>'(G2(!+F+
C1%&">(n(Y+(R"9=<-&(\"3=+^'(S>3&03>2-$9#=(-23(="39$"28(3>2-$9#=(0;(893-E(92E"8='(@A&92/"&P]"&E-/'
2"D(w0&.'(A+()L?P)5B+
,"&/'(d+S+(:-2(3"2'(J+W+d+Y+(d"1."2(n(C+d+_+(:-2(3"&(@A".(\)**Q^'(S>3&-1E9#(A&0#"=="=(-;;"#892/(8<"($0&A<0E0/>
-23(":0E18902(0;(8<"(R"=8"&=#<"E3"("=81-&>'(92`(U'!1$+"/*&V4-+*'W&U6-%1!"-/<&U/6"+-/)*/!'&$/#&D1)$/
I%!*+/$!"-/''(#<-A8"&(T'("398"3(%>(g+_+(X0&3=8&0$(n(W+H+(M0$-2+
,0/--&3'(Y+C+(198(3"2'()**N+(M"=1E8-8"2(K-23%-E-2=(R"=8"&=#<"E3"()*NNP)**?+(GJCm(&-AA0&8(M(*NPLI'(G2=89818"
;0&(J-&92"(-23(C8$0=A<"&9#(M"="-&#<(m8&"#<8
,002'(d+!+'()*II'(H"$A0&-E(:-&9-8902(0;(=<-EE0DPD-8"&(893"=(92(%-=92P92E"8(=>=8"$='(92(C1%&">(!+F(n(Y+(R"9=<-&
\"3=+^'(S>3&03>2-$9#=(-23(-23(="39$"28(3>2-$9#=(0;(893-E(92E"8='(@A&92/"&P]"&E-/'(X"D(w0&.+
WE-"=="2=(-23(J">:9=(\)**B^+((S"8(0:"&K9#<8(:-2(3"(897D--&2"$92/"2(92(<"8(f""=#<"E3"(%".."2(/"31&"23"(<"8
3"#"2291$()*I)P)**L+(J929=8"&9"(:-2(3"(]E--$="(F"$""2=#<-A+(C28D"&A="(f""<-:"239"2=8"2(\92
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O=81-&9"=(-23(W0-=8-E(@"-='(C+C+,CYgOJC'(M088"&3-$+
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02(W0-=8+(O2/+()**Q'(6&E-230+(eBB*)PBNLB+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 5–2
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M"="-&#<'(?B'(e+QL?PQ5I+

Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics 5–3
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics A – 1
A Periodicity and period of tide
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics A – 2
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics A – 3
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Tidal asymmetry and residual sediment transport in estuaries Z2749 December, 1999
A literature study and applications to the Western Scheldt
WL | delft hydraulics B – 1
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