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Molecular and morphological analyses have elucidated phylogenetic relationships of two remarkable species in the Phallales: Aseroe floriformis and Phallus roseus. Genes from ATPase subunit 6 (atp6), the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc-LSU), and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) underwent Bayesian and parsimony molecular analyses. Molecular datasets, combined with morphological characters, support a new genus (Abrachium for Aseroe floriformis), reassessment of Itajahya, and emendation of Clathraceae.
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  
MYCOTAXON
 
Volume 119, pp. 419–429 January–March 2012
Abrachium, a new genus in the Clathraceae,
and Itajahya reassessed


1Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas,
2Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, &
3Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, PO Box 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
baseia@cb.ufrn.br
        
PhallalesAseroe floriformisPhallus roseus



AbrachiumAseroe floriformis,Itajahya,
Clathraceae
Phallomycetidae
Introduction
Phallales
Clathraceae Phallaceae
   Clathraceae,    
    



       Blumenavia, Linderiella,
Pseudocolus, Anthurus, Aseroe, Lysurus, Clathrus, Ileodictyon, Simblum, Colus,
Neolysurus  Kalchbrennera
   Phallaceae     
       
         

     Phallus
Dictyophora,Itajahya

Mutinus         Staheliomyces 

Dictyophora, Itajahya,
Phallus, Mutinus, Staheliomyces, Aporophallus,  Floccomutinus. 
Dictyophora, Aporophallus, Itajahya, Echinophallus, 
Endophallus  Phallus   




        
           
            
   Phallales      

        

Aseroe
floriformis Phallus roseus

Materials & methods
Basidioma sampling
          ʹʺ 
ʹʺ       ʹʺ  ʹʺ 
   Aseroe floriformisPhallus roseus


    
         

            
 


Molecular techniques
  Aseroe floriformis    Phallus roseus 

     
Abrachium floriforme... 


        


           
  


 
    







        
          
 

           
          
 
          

     

Phylogenetic analysis
         
Aseroe floriformis
Phallus roseus         

         
     
    
   



         
          
  
         


 
  
Anthurus archeri   
Abrachium floriforme   
Aseroe rubra   
Clathrus chrysomycelinus   
Claustula fischeri  
Dictyophora duplicata   
D. indusiata   
D. multicolor    
Gelopellis    
Gelopellis    
Ileodictyon cibarium   
I. gracile   
Itajahya rosea  
Kobayasia nipponica 
   
Laternea triscapa   
Lysurus borealis    
L. mokusin   
Mutinus elegans    
*Phallobata alba    
*Phallus costatus    
P. hadriani   
P. ravenelii   
Protubera borealis   
P. canescens   
P. jamaicensis   
P. maracuja   
P. parvispora    
P. sabulonensis    
Simblum sphaerocephalum    
*Trappea darkeri    
Pseudocolus fusiformis  

       



Abrachium floriforme... 
Results
Phylogenetics analysis
       
         
          
      Phallales    
            
Aseroe floriformisAseroe rubra
   Clathraceae    
PhallaceaePhallus roseusMutinus elegans
Phallus Dictyophora

Taxonomic revision

 Aseroe floriformis
Clathraceae
Itajahya
Phallaceae.
Clathraceae
       
         
       

           


: Clathrus  
  Abrachium     Aseroe 
Blumenavia Pseudocolus, Lysurus  Ileodictyon  

  Aseroe       Aseroe rubra
    
A. arachnoidea.  A. coccinea

Aseroe floriformis        
     Aseroe       
A. floriformisA. rubra
A. rubra 
Aseroe     

Aseroe floriformis

Abrachium 

Ovo subglobosae, epigaeo, rhizomorphis basalis. Stipite cylindrico, spongioso. Receptaculum
floriformis cum disco sine ramulis, centralis perforatae cum gleba gelatinosa marginata,
foetida. Sporis cylindraceo-bacilliformis, laevis, hyalinae.
Abrachium floriforme 
Abrachium
   
         
         

Abrachium floriforme  

Aseroe floriformis
   

         

        Phallales 

    Abrachium 





        Abrachium  
Clathraceae    

        
  Clathraceae   Abrachium   
   Clathraceae

Pseudocolus fusiformis
   Aseroe rubraAnthurus archeri 
    
   Clathrus chrysomycelinus  Laternea
triscapa  Ileodictyon cibarium  Ileodictyon gracile .
Abrachium floriforme... 
Abrachium floriformeItajahya rosea
 Protubera canescens         
   
Aseroe
A. floriforme  
    
Ileodictyon
Itajahya rosea 
Phallus roseus
          


    Phallus roseus      
  Itajahya
ItajahyaI.
galericulata
Itajahya Phallaceae   

   
P. roseus   Mutinus       Phallus 
I. rosea   Phallus

    Phallales      
   

Abrachium floriforme... 
Itajahya
I. galericulata Phallus galericulatus

Itajahya
          
   Phallaceae     
  
        
Dictyophora multicolorD. duplicata
 D. indusiataPhallus hadriani



MutinusPhallaceae
 
      



Acknowledgments
           
             
           


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Literature cited
Aseroe floriformis

 Phallus pygmaeus   

       Aseroe floriformis      




           

           

         Clathraceae  


            Clathrus
PhallaceaeAgaricomycetes     



 Phallineae 

  Gasteromyceteae.       







Phallomycetidae



Aseroe coccineaPhallalesPhallaceae

         

       

Phallus
Boletales


           
   


Ascomycetes


ltajahya rosea

Phallus roseusltajahya rosea

    




             

Abrachium floriforme... 
Phallus roseus

           



Aseroe


           
AgaricomycetesBasidiomycota
 
Cryptococcus 
Gasteromycetidae. 

... Individuals with clathrate format belong to Blumenavia, Clathrus, Ileodictyon, and Laternea, whereas those with prominent pseudostipe and a clathrate part composed of arms, armless, or lattice belong to Abrachium, Aseroë, Colus, and Pseudocolus. Cabral et al. (2012) accepted in Clathraceae the genera Abrachium, Aseroë, Blumenavia, Clathrus, Pseudocolus, Lysurus, and Ileodictyon. Our phylogenetic analyses, in agreement with Hosaka et al. (2006) and Trierveiler-Pereira et al. (2014a), show Lysurus as part of Lysuraceae. ...
... The relationship between Abrachium and Clathrus was observed by Trierveiler-Pereira et al. (2014a), who showed A. floriforme in an unsupported clade with C. ruber (type species) and C. columnatus. Abrachium is a monospecific genus proposed by Cabral et al. (2012), with the type species A. floriforme being a combination from Aseroë floriformis Baseia and Calonge. Cabral et al. (2012) emended the family Clathraceae to include the armless sunflower-shaped receptacle characteristic of Abrachium. ...
... Abrachium is a monospecific genus proposed by Cabral et al. (2012), with the type species A. floriforme being a combination from Aseroë floriformis Baseia and Calonge. Cabral et al. (2012) emended the family Clathraceae to include the armless sunflower-shaped receptacle characteristic of Abrachium. Based on the high morphological variation between Abrachium and Clathrus, we have to wait for more sequences of abrachinoid individuals to infer any synonymy among the two genera, with Clathrus having nomenclatural priority. ...
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The order Phallales (Basidiomycota) is represented by gasteroid fungi with expanded and sequestrate basidiomata, known as stinkhorns and false truffles. In phalloids, the first DNA sequence was published in 1997, and after that, some studies aimed to resolve phylogenetic conflicts and propose new species based on DNA markers; however, the number of families and genera in the order still generates controversies among researchers. Thus, this work aims to provide an overview of Phallales diversity represented by selected DNA markers available in public databases. We retrieved Phallales sequences from DNA databases (GenBank and UNITE) of seven markers: ITS (internal transcribed spacer), nuc-LSU (nuclear large subunit rDNA), nuc-SSU (nuclear small subunit rDNA), mt-SSU (mitochondrial small subunit rDNA), ATP6 (ATPase subunit 6), RPB2 (nuclear protein-coding second largest subunit of RNA polymerase), and TEF1-α (translation elongation factor subunit 1α). To compose our final dataset, all ITS sequences retrieved were subjected to BLASTn searches to identify additional ITS sequences not classified as Phallales. Phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches using single and combined markers were conducted. All ITS sequences were clustered with a cutoff of 98% in order to maximize the number of species hypotheses. The geographic origin of sequences was retrieved, as well as additional information on species lifestyle and edibility. We obtained a total of 1,149 sequences, representing 664 individuals. Sequences of 41 individuals were unidentified at genus level and were assigned to five distinct families. We recognize seven families Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 689374 Melanda et al. Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in Phallales and 22 genera in Phallales, although the delimitation of some genera must be further revisited in order to recognize only monophyletic groups. Many inconsistencies in species identification are discussed, and the positioning of genera in each family is shown. The clustering revealed 118 species hypotheses, meaning that approximately 20% of all described species in Phallales have DNA sequences available. Information related to geographic distribution represents 462 individuals distributed in 46 countries on all continents, except Antarctica. Most genera are saprotrophic with only one putative ectomycorrhizal genus, and 2.1% of the legitimate specific names recognized in Phallales are confirmed edible species. Great progress in the molecular analyses of phalloids has already been made over these years, but it is still necessary to solve some taxonomic inconsistencies, mainly at genus level, and generate new data to expand knowledge of the group.
... Nos últimos anos, vários estudos com esta ordem foram realizados na região Nordeste do Brasil, com 23 espécies registradas até o momento (Lloyd 1906, Baseia & Calonge 2005, Baseia et al. 2006, Leite et al. 2007, Bezerra et al. 2009, Ottoni et al. 2010, Trierveiler-Pereira & Baseia 2011, Cabral et al. 2012, Magnago et al. 2013, Rodrigues & Baseia 2013, Lima et al. 2019, 2021, Melanda et al. 2020, Azevedo et al. 2021 Coleta e análise dos espécimes -Basidiomas foram fotografados no campo, para registrar as cores dos espécimes, pois elas mudam após o processo de herborização e constituem uma importante característica taxonômica para a ordem Phallales. As medidas das macroestruturas foram obtidas de espécimes frescos (exceções estão sinalizadas nas descrições) usando um paquímetro digital. ...
... Bahia (Bezerra et al. 2009; presente estudo), Ceará (Leite et al. 2007, Lima et al. 2021, Espírito Santo (Magnago et al. 2013 Notas: Abrachium é um gênero distinto e peculiar dentro da ordem Phallales, em decorrência de seu receptáculo com forma de flor e do seu disco vermelho central que comporta a massa de esporos. Trata-se de um gênero monotípico, sendo a sua única espécie Abrachium floriforme, inicialmente descrita como Aseroë floroformis Baseia & Calonge (Baseia & Calonge 2005) e posteriormente alocada em um novo gênero, baseando-se em dados moleculares (Cabral et al. 2012 Pseudoestipe composto por hifas pseudoparenquimatosas, cilíndricas a elipsoides, 11-83 × 9-63 µm, hialinas. Caliptra composta por hifas pseudoparenquimatosas subglobosas, 19-79 × 10-27 µm, hialinas. ...
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The order Phallales harbors gasteroid fungi known as stinkhorns, false-truffles, witches’cages and bridal veils, and is mainly characterized by the fetid smelling basidiome, insect-associated dispersal mechanism, and mucilaginous gleba. The order has been well studied in Brazil, with greater occurrence in the southern and northeastern regions of the country. The state of Bahia has only records of the species Abrachium floriforme and Lysurus sphaerocephalum. The objective of this study is to present new occurrences of Phallales for the State. The species were collected in the Bahia State, in the municipalities of Elísio Medrado, Mucugê, Salvador and Uruçuca. One herborized specimen from Lençóis was included in the analyses. Seven species were identified: Abrachium floriforme, Itajahya galericulata, Mutinus caninus, M. elegans, M. verrucosus, Phallus denigricans and P. merulinus. All represent new occurrences for the State of Bahia, except A. floriforme. Descriptions, identification key, notes and photos of the species are provided. Keywords: Brazilian Northeast; Clathraceae; Gasteroids; Phallaceae; Taxonomy
... Receptacle: (i) in Phallaceae, a structure differentiated from the pseudostipe that supports the gleba (Fidalgo and Fidalgo 1967 (Dring 1980), the set of arms together with the disk of the terminal portion of the pseudostipe, as Aseroë Labill. (Miller and Miller 1988), or the floriform projection together with the central disk that bears the gleba, as Abrachium Baseia & T.S. Cabral (Cabral et al. 2012) (Fig. 2, 3); (iii) in Lysuraceae, the set of arms on the terminal portion of the pseudostipe supporting the gleba, as Lysurus Fr., or the set of arms supporting a cushion-like structure supporting the gleba, as Neolysurus O.K Mill. (Fig. 4); (iv) In Claustulaceae, a layer of pseudoparenchymatous composition, which accompanies the growth of the peridium and in maturity detaches itself from it, supporting the gleba in its interior (Mills et al. 1977;Fig. ...
... Abrachium floriforme (Baseia & Calonge) Baseia & T.S. CabralDISTRIBUTION. Bahia(Bezerra et al. 2009), Ceara(Leite et al. 2007, Espírito Santo(Magnago et al. 2013), Paraíba (Trierveiler-Pereira and Baseia 2011), Rio Grande do Norte(Baseia and Calonge 2005, Baseia et al. 2006, Cabral et al. 2012, Lima and Baseia 2018, Santa Catarina (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2019).FORM. FloweroidAseroë rubra Labill.DISTRIBUTION. ...
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The Phallales order has common names that are used to define groups based on basidiome shapes, such as Clathroid, Phalloid, and Lysuroid. However, up to now, there is no systematic and detailed information to define these and other basidiome shapes. New systematic definitions with notes on generic morphology and new nomenclatures are proposed to standardize the concepts related to the morphology of Phallales fungi, with illustrations for the main genres. In addition to the Clathroid, Laternoid, Lysuroid, and Phalloid forms, we proposed the division of the Clathroid type into two subdivisions (Lattice Clathroid and Columnar Clathroid) and the insertion of three new types of shape: Arachnoid, Floweroid, and Truffoid. We are also proposing a checklist and an identification key for all the species of Phallales in Brazil.
... As in many other parts of Brazil and the world, the semiarid region is suffering from an increase in human disturbance, mostly due to the expansion of agricultural operations, which is influencing the region as a whole and causing concern regarding its conservation. Recent studies (Cabral et al. 2012 (Giulietti & Queiroz, 2006), assim como possui um sistema de rios temporários que torna a disponibilidade de água o fator mais determinante para a biodiversidade e distribuição de organismos nessa região. ...
... Assim como em outras partes do Brasil e do mundo, a região semiárida está sofrendo devido à ocupação humana, especialmente devido à expansão agrícola e pecuária, que está influenciando a região como um todo e causando preocupações com relação a sua conservação. Estudos recentes (Cabral et al. 2012 (Maia & Carvalho Jr. 2012), over 30% of the species (28 spp.) in this book are new records for the semiarid region, including 1 Ascomycota and 27 Basidiomycota (18 mushrooms, 7 gasteromycetes, and 2 polypores). ...
... & C. Tul., Laternea Turpin, and Pseudocolus Lloyd (Melanda et al. 2021). Cabral et al. (2012) emended the description of Clathraceae, recognizing its members by their sessile or short-stalked basidiomata, which expand from a volva; with a spreading receptacle (sometimes arched and united columns or latticed), or an armless sunflower-shaped receptacle. ...
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In July 2022, we collected three groups of Clathrus columnatus Bosc (Clathraceae) specimens (four mature and eight immature basidiomata) from Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. We report these specimens as the first confirmed records of this species from the Galapagos Archipelago and Ecuador. We hypothesize that C. columnatus constitutes a recent introduction to the islands. We provide macro- and microscopic descriptions, including photographs of fresh and fluid-preserved basidiomata, and comments on the species’ taxonomy, ecology, and distribution.
... 2.6(Stamatakis 2006) and MrBayes v3.1.2(Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) for Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI), respectively.For the analyses on the phylogeny of Mutinus, species were mainly chosen fromHibbett & Binder (2002),Bidartondo et al. (2003),Hosaka et al. (2006),Giachini et al. (2010),Cabral et al. (2012),Degreef et al. (2013), Trierveiler-Pereira et al. (2014 andSilva et al. (2015),Crous et al. (2017), ...
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A new species, Mutinus taishanensis (Phallaceae, Phallales, Basidiomycota), was found growing in a forest of Phyllostachys flexuosa and Quercus palustris in Zhulin Temple, Mount Tai Scenic Area (Tai’an City, Shangdong Province, China). It is described as new based on morphological, molecular and ecological evidence. Our phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), subunit 6 of ATP synthase (atp6) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) support the inclusion of this new species in the genus Mutinus as it forms an independent clade in the phylogenetic tree. Morphologically, M. taishanensis differs from any known species by the combination of light red to red pseudostipe, red conical fertile portion (covering about 1/4–1/5 of the total length of pseudostipe), and relatively small basidiospores. We present this new species with illustrated morphological description. phylogeny and comparison with morphologically similar or phylogenetically related species.
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This study presents four records of Phallales fungi from the Phallaceae and Clathraceae families collected in northeastern Brazil. The region is composed of nine states and three biomes. Clathrus natalensis is the first record for the Caatinga biome in Rio Grande do Norte State. Samples of Itajahya galericulata are the first records for Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba states, and I. rosea is the first record for Ceará State in the Caatinga biome, as well as the first record for the Atlantic Forest biome. Phallus squamulosus is the second record for science. Detailed descriptions of the taxa are given together with morphologic photographs.
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Two new Phallus species, P. cremeo-ochraceus and P. rigidiindusiatus were discovered in southwestern and southern China, respectively. Phallus cremeo-ochraceus is morphologically characterized by its cream to ochraceous receptacle, white to very slightly pinkish indusium, white to pinkish pseudostipe and white to slightly purplish pink volva. Phallus rigidiindusiatus is characterized by a white to yellowish white receptacle, a strongly rigid indusium usually without serrated margin and smaller basidiospores than those of P. serratus . Phylogenetic positions of the two species are located in two independent lineages respectively. Detailed descriptions, color photographs, illustrations and a key to the related species are presented.
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To document sequestrate fungal diversity in American tropical regions, we performed a series of field surveys in southeastern Mexico and discovered two new species in the phalloid genus Restingomyces (Trappeaceae, Phallales). Here, we describe them based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 and nuc 28S rDNA. Restingomyces guzmanianus is characterized by the brownish peridium, yellowish brown gleba, and ellipsoid basidiospores, whereas R. yaaxtax is characterized by the white peridium, pale green gleba, and small ellipsoid basidiospores. Both species occur in medium-statured tropical dry forest. The original diagnosis of the genus Restingomyces is emended to include these novel species. Illustrations are provided.
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D. M. Dring's almost completed monograph of the Clathraceae is presented, edited for publication by R. W. G. Dennis.