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Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
437
Studies of coprophilous ascomycetes in Kenya: Sordariales from wildlife dung
Mungai PG1, 2, 3*, Chukeatirote E1, 2, Njogu JG3 and Hyde KD1, 2
1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
3Biodiversity Research and Monitoring Division, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Mungai PG, Chukeatirote E, Njogu JG, Hyde KD 2012 – Studies of coprophilous ascomycetes in
Kenya: Sordariales from wildlife dung. Mycosphere 3(4), 437–448, Doi 10.5943 /mycosphere/3/4/7
In our continuing series on coprophilous fungi from wild herbivores moist chamber dung cultures
from African elephant, Cape buffalo, dikdik, giraffe, impala, Jackson’s hartebeest, waterbuck and
zebra found in Kenyan National Parks and Reserves were examined for sporulating coprophilous
Sordariales. Arnium arizonense, Sordaria fimicola and Zopfiella longicaudata are reported for the
first time in Kenya while Zygopleurage zygospora is a very frequent species on wildlife dung.
Zopfiella affinis erostrata awaits further examination as it could be a novel species.
Key words – Arnium – national parks – Sordaria – wild herbivores – Zopfiella – Zygopleurage
Article Information
Received 12 March 2012
Accepted 17 April 2012
Published online 30 July 2012
*Corresponding author: Paul G. Mungai – e-mail – emu@kws.go.ke
Introduction
The order Sordariales mainly comprises
saprobic fungi with ascomata that are usually
perithecioid or occasionally cleistothecioid
growing on dung or decaying plant biomass,
and are membranaceous to coriaceous and
glabrous or hairy (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri
2004, Huhndorf et al. 2004). Asci are thin-
walled, unitunicate or prototunicate, sometimes
with non-amyloid apical structures or may lack
an apical apparatus, and usually sandwiched
between paraphyses (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri
2004, Bell 2005). Ascospores are hyaline to
dark, one- to poly-celled, with germ pore(s) or
slit(s) and often with gelatinous appendages or
sheaths (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri 2004, Bell
2005, Huhndorf et al. 2004). Several members
of this order are important candidates and tools
for studies in genetics and biochemistry
(Kendrick 2000).
In this part of our study we examine the
taxonomy and occurrence of Sordariales on
various dung types in Kenyan wildlife and
document their diversity and distribution in
relation to wild herbivore dung types. We
report on the genera Arnium Nitschke ex G.
Winter emend. N. Lundq., Zopfiella G. Winter,
and Zygopleurage Boedijn in Lasiosphaeria-
ceae Nannf. and Sordaria Ces. & De Not. in
Sordariaceae G. Winter.
Materials and methods
Our work on coprophilous Ascobolus
and Saccobolus from wildlife dung in Kenya
(Mungai et al. 2012a, b) provides a detailed
explanation of materials and methods.
Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter
Arnium species have non-stromatic, and
perithecioid ascomata covered with various
kinds of hairs (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri 2004).
They are paraphysate, rarely aparaphysate and
their asci are 4 to multi-spored, usually
cylindrical to clavate with or without an apical
apparatus (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri 2004).
Ascospores may be uniseriate, biseriate or
multiseriate, one-celled and sometimes two-
celled as a result of a transverse septum
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
438
Fig. 1 – Arnium arizonense (KWSNNP017B-2010). A-B Asci and ascospores C Immature
inequilateral ascospores (arrows) D Apical chamber of asci with spores and free mature ascospores,
note apex (green arrow) E Free mature ascospores showing almost equal sized caudae (arrows) F-G
Ascus showing uniseriate spore arrangement (black arrows), paraphyses (red arrow) and stipe
(green arrow) Scale bars: A, F = 200 µm B, C, D, G = 50 µm.
developing after pigment formation, brownish
black, smooth, ellipsoidal to broadly fusiform,
with 1 or 2 germ pores and usually one
gelatinous cauda at each end (Lundqvist 1972,
Doveri 2004). This genus is very close to
Podospora Ces. but is easily distinguished by
having ascospores lacking a pedicel in addition
to the characteristic ellipsoidal or fusiform
immature ascospores. Arnium is usually
cosmopolitan and coprophilous and grows on
various herbivore dung types (Lundqvist 1972,
Doveri 2004, Bell 2005).
Arnium arizonense (Griffiths) N. Lundq. &
J.C. Krug, Symb. bot. upsal. 20 (no.1): 232,
1972. (Fig.1A–F)
Pleurage arizonensis Griffiths, Mem. Torr.
Bot. Cl. 11 (1): 57, 1901
Sordaria arizonensis (Griffiths) Sacc.,
Syll. Fung. 17: 601, 1905.
Podospora arizonensis (Griffiths) Cain,
Can. J. Bot. 40: 549, 1962.
Ascomata perithecioid, semi-immersed
to superficial, 300–600 µm diam., scattered or
gregarious, membranaceous to slightly
coriaceous, black to translucent, pyriform.
Neck, black, opaque sometimes curved,
papilliform to cylindrical, with long, one-sided
tufts of rigid and septate hairs. Peridium
pseudoparenchymatous, layered, olivaceous
brown. Paraphyses numerous, simple, broadly
filiform, septate, exceeding the asci, variable
width and tapering. Asci 4-spored, 251–350 ×
30–39 µm, unitunicate, clavate, with a
thickened apical ring, wall non-amyloid, with a
slightly pointed apex, apical membrane
thickened, sub-apical chamber 5–7 µm broad
long stipitate; stipe crooked, 100–150 × 25–35
µm. Ascospores 43.5–48.5 × 22–29 µm,
obliquely uniseriate, one-celled, ellipsoidal,
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
439
Fig. 2 – Zopfiella aff. erostrata (KWSTE005B-2009). A Cleistothecia on dung. B Squashed
cleistothecium showing long flexuous hairs C Asci and ascospores at various stages of maturity D
Ascus, note stipe (arrow) E Cleistothecial hairs, note septation (arrow) F Peridial wall G Free
ascospores amongst hyaline swollen cells H Free mature ascospores amongst immature asci I Asci
and ascospores showing oil droplets (arrows) Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B = 200 µm, C-I = 20 µm.
sometimes inequilateral, initially hyaline, later
changing through yellowish, olivaceous to
brown-black, smooth, thick walled, tipped at
each end with a long gelatinous cauda, almost
equal in length and same morphology, lash-
like, 8–10 µm broad at base and over 100 µm
long, persistent, not swelling in water, solid,
often densely transversely segmented,
occasionally faintly longitudinally and
proximally furrowed; one cauda sub-apical, on
the flattened side of the spore, not covering the
germ pore; the other cauda somewhat eccentric
on the same direction of opposite side of spore.
Germ pore apical.
Material examined – (dung incubated
for 33 days) KENYA, Nairobi National Park,
Nairobi Province, GPS 37M0257532 9848948,
altitude 1647m, giraffe, 20 August 2010, Paul
Mungai, KWSNNP017B-2010.
Notes – Arnium arizonense is similar to
Podospora australis (Speg.) Niessl, but P.
australis has a prominent apiculum on each
narrowly ovoid spore and does not have rigid,
agglutinated neck hairs (Lundqvist 1972,
Doveri 2004). A.hirtum (E.C. Hansen) N.
Lundq. & J.C. Krug is another similar taxon
having sometimes 4-spored asci, but it has non-
fasciculate neck hairs (Doveri 2004) and
differently placed and structured gelatinous
caudae. A. arizonense is a new record for
Kenya.
Zopfiella G. Winter
Zopfiella species usually have dark to
olivaceous brown, non-stromatic, usually
superficial cleistothecia with a peridium
adorned with varying degrees of hair. They
have highly evanescent asci that usually are 8-
spored, cylindrical to clavate, lacking an apical
apparatus (Udagawa & Furuya 1974, Huhndorf
et al. 2004, Bell 2005, Cai et al. 2006, Kirk et
al. 2008). Ascospores lack a gelatinous
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
440
Fig. 3 – Zopfiella longicaudata (KWSTE005B-2009). A Ascomata on dung. B Squashed ascoma. C
Immature ascus among free mature ascospores, note pedicels (arrow). D-E Details of peridial wall.
F Immature and mature ascospores. G Ascomal wall section showing hairs (arrow). H-I
Ascospores, note germ pores (arrows). Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B = 200 µm, C-I = 20 µm.
equipment, are 1-celled and hyaline in the early
stages, transversely septate and 2- sometimes
3-celled at maturity, with an ellipsoidal,
smooth, pigmented, often dark brown apical
cell, and a hyaline, basal pedicel. The apical
cell (head) has an apical or subapical germ pore
(Udagawa & Furuya 1974, Guarro et al. 1991,
Huhndorf et al. 2004, Bell 2005, Kirk et al.
2008). This genus is cosmopolitan (Guarro et
al. 1991) and has been isolated from dung and
soil. Zopfiella and Podospora are similar but
the former can be distinguished by its cleisto-
thecial ascomata and ascospores without gelati-
nous equipment and with short, easily
collapsing pedicels. The pedicel shape is a very
important character in delimiting species
(Doveri 2004).
Zopfiella aff. erostrata (Griffiths) Udagawa &
Furuya, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 15: 208,
1974. (Fig. 2A–I)
Ascomata cleistothecioid, superficial,
280–300 µm diam., scattered or in small
groups, black, globose to subglobose, with long
flexuous, olivaceous brown to dark, robust and
septate hairs evenly distributed, 2–5 µm broad,
hair ends straight, smooth and pointed; Peridial
wall olivaceous brown, membranaceous,
textura angularis of cells 5.5–8 × 4.5–6 µm.
Paraphyses not observed. Asci 8-spored, 43–56
× 10–14.5 µm, unitunicate, clavate, broadly
rounded above and tapering below into 8–15
µm long, very evanescent stipes, apical
apparatus not distinct/observed, surrounded by
hyaline swollen cells, collapsing in water
mounts. Ascospores irregularly biseriate,
hyaline at first and one-celled, transversely
septate later and two-celled. Upper cell 9.5–11
× 6.5–8 µm, broadly limoniform, umbonate,
with truncate base, greyish to black, guttulate;
pedicel 4–6 × 1.5–4.5 µm, triangular, soon
collapsing. Germ pore apical.
Material examined – (dung incubated
for 14 days) KENYA, Tsavo East National
Park, Coast Province, GPS S03°02’29.7”
E038°41’35.8”, savannah, altitude 354 m,
dikdik, 27 August 2009, Paul Mungai,
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
441
Fig. 4 – Zopfiella longicaudata (KWSTE005B-2009). A-C Details of asci and ascospores at various
stages of development. Scale bars: A-B = 50 µm, C = 20 µm.
KWSTE005B-2009.
Notes – Apart from the triangular
pedicel this collection has matching features to
descriptions of Zopfiella erostrata from
Australia and Japan (Bell 2005, Udagawa &
Furuya 1974). It is also close to Z.
longicaudata but the latter has larger spore
heads and pedicels and sporulates late in
incubation. This specimen does fully fit the
existing keys on account of the triangular and
small ascospores, therefore it is identified as
Zopfiella "affinis" erostrata. Further
collections will be made to determine whether
this is a new species.
Zopfiella longicaudata (Cain) Arx, Proc.
Konik. Nederl. Akad. van Wetensch. 76(3):
291, 1973. (Figs. 3A–I, 4A–C, 5A–H)
Tripterospora longicaudata Cain, Can. J.
Bot. 34: 703, 1956.
Ascomata cleistothecioid, superficial,
170–220 µm diam., scattered or in small
groups, brown, globose to subglobose, with
olivaceous brown to light grey, septate,
unbranched hairs evenly distributed; hairs
10.5–18 × 2–3 µm, hair ends almost straight,
smooth and blunt. Peridial wall semi-
transparent, olivaceous brown, textura
angularis of polygonal cells 7–11.5 × 4.5–10
µm. Paraphyses not observed. Asci 8-spored,
61–82 × 13.5–16 µm, unitunicate, clavate to
cylindrical, broadly rounded above and
tapering below into evanescent long stipes
measuring 10–17 × 3–4 µm, lacking apical
apparatus, surrounded by hyaline swollen cells,
collapsing in water mounts. Ascospores
irregularly biseriate, hyaline at first and one-
celled, transversely septate later and two-
celled. Upper cell 13–17.5 × 9.5–11 µm,
broadly limoniform, slightly inequilateral,
initially light greyish to black, with a truncate
base; pedicel 8–11 × 3–4 µm, hyaline, slightly
curved, cylindrical with rounded ends,
collapsing with maturity, umbonate at the apex,
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
442
Fig. 5 – Zopfiella longicaudata (KWSTE005B-2009). A Immature asci and free ascospores
showing oil droplets (green arrows). B Details of peridial in section, note double layered polygonal
cells (arrow). C-D Ascoma squash showing vestiture (arrow). E-H Mature and immature asci and
ascospores showing stipe, pedicel and germ pore (arrows). Scale bars: A-C = 20 µm, D-H = 50
µm.
immature ascospores guttulate. Germ pore
conspicuous, sub-apical.
Material examined – (2 ascomata on
dung incubated for 80 days) KENYA Tsavo
East National Park, Coast Province, GPS
S03°02’29.7” E038°41’35.8”, savannah,
altitude 354 m, dikdik, 27 August 2009, Paul
Mungai, KWSTE005B-2009; GPS
S03°21’666”, E038°38’772”, altitude 514 m,
riverine bushed-grassland, African elephant, 23
September 2008, Paul Mungai, KWSTE005A-
2009. Notes – The ascospores of Z.
longicaudata measuring 9.5–11.5 × 6.5–8 µm
(in this study) are larger than those of Z.
erostrata but smaller than Z. flammifera L.H.
Huang, which measure 16–21.5 × 9.5–13 µm
(Doveri 2004). Zopfiella longicaudata is
apparently more frequent than Zopfiella affinis
erostrata and sporulates very late on incubated
wildlife dung. Z. longicaudata is a new record
for Kenya.
Zygopleurage Boedijn
The main characteristics distinguishing
Zygopleurage from other Lasiosphaeraceae is
the unique ascospore morphology which
consists of two dark ellipsoidal cells connected
by an elongated cylindrical hyaline cell. The
hyaline, intercalary cells are often coiled in the
central part of ascus before spore discharge and
separate two sets of polar pigmented cells. The
size and shape of the intercalary cells and
pigmented cells (spore heads), with their
gelatinous sheath, and claw-shaped appendages
vary in Zygopleurage and are very useful in
species delimitation.
Currently there are only three described
species of Zygopleurage: Z. faiyumensis N.
Lundq., Z. multicaudata Mirza and Z.
zygospora (Speg.) Boedijn.
This unique coprophilous and
cosmopolitan genus was reported by Lundqvist
(1969) from Europe, North America, South
America and Africa. Records from other parts
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
443
Fig. 6 – Zygopleurage zygospora (KWSNNP002-2009). A-B Squashed ascomata. C Asci with
ascospores. D Free mature ascospores, note intercalary cell and short caudae (arrows). E Ascus
stipe (arrowed) and free ascospores. F Immature asci with young filamentous ascospores amongst
paraphyses. Scale bars: A-B = 500 µm, C-F = 50 µm.
of the world include Thailand in South East
Asia (Mungai et al. 2011), South America
(Richardson 2001), the Middle East (Abdullah
& Rattan 1978) and Australia (Bell 2005).
Zygopleurage zygospora (Speg.) Boedijn,
Persoonia 2: 316, 1962. (Figs. 6A–F, 7A–F)
Sordaria zygospora Speg., Michelia 1: 227,
1878.
= Philocopra zygospora (Speg.) Sacc., Syll.
fung. (Abellini) 1: 251, 1882.
= Pleurage zygospora (Speg.) Kuntze 3: 1–
576, 1898.
= Podospora zygospora (Speg.) Niessl,
Hedwigia 22: 156, 1883.
Ascomata perithecioid, immersed to
semi-immersed, 600–1340 µm high, 400–760
µm diam., scattered or in small groups,
olivaceous brown, pyriform, with a venter
usually covered with long, brown, septate,
flexuous hairs. Neck 200–530 × 120–370 µm,
cylindrical, covered with short hair-like cells,
darker, ostiole 105–115 µm diam. Peridium 3-
layered; exoperidium thin, semi-translucent of
textura angularis cells, 65 µm thick,
mesoperidium of smaller vertically elongated
cells, endoperidium consisting of subhyaline to
light brown textura angularis cells. Paraphyses
simple, hyaline, septate, evanescent. Asci 8-
spored, 250–322 × 40–49.5 µm, clavate,
unitunicate, long-stipitate, rounded apex.
Ascospores filamentous, one-celled and hyaline
when young, loosely coiled in the ascus, 3-
celled at maturity, composed of two dark
brown end cells, 29–37 × 17.5–23 µm, usually
smooth, ellipsoidal, each with an apical germ
pore, joined by a long subhyaline intercalary
cell, cylindrical, 211– 228 × 5.5–7.5 µm; 7–9
µm broad at the point of insertion to dark cell,
staining blue in lactophenol cotton blue,
usually parallel or coiled, each dark end cell
with 4 distinct, short, claw-shaped, hyaline,
apical, gelatinous appendages, 11–15 × 3–4 µm
long and 4 short gelatinous caudae arising at
the septa of the intercalary cell, 10–13 × 3–4
µm.
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
444
Fig. 7 – Zygopleurage zygospora (KWSNNP002-2009). A Squashed ascoma. B Details of peridial
wall. C Free mature ascospores. D Mature asci with ascospores showing spore arrangement,
intercalary cell and short caudae. E Mature ascus with ascospores. F Free mature ascospores. Scale
bars: A = 500 µm, B = 20 µm, C-F = 50 µm.
Material examined – (10 ascomata from
dung incubated for between 40 and 79 days)
KENYA, Tsavo East National Park, Coast
Province, GPS S03°02’29.7” E038°41’35.8”,
altitude 354 m, African elephant, 27 August
2009, Paul Mungai, KWSTE003A-2009; GPS
S03°21’064” E038°37’501”, altitude 514 m,
Cape buffalo, 27 August 2009 Paul Mungai,
KWSTE008B-2009; GPS S03°02’52.3”,
E038°54’37.0”, altitude 354 m, African
elephant, 27 August 2009, Paul Mungai,
KWSTE003B-2009; Aberdare Country Club
Game Sanctuary, Central Province, GPS
S00°19’28.1”, E036°55’54.3”, altitude 2161 m,
zebra, 30 August 2009, Paul Mungai
KWSACC002-2009; Aberdare National Park,
Central Province, GPS S00°20’23.2”,
E036°47’11.1”, altitude 2075 m, waterbuck, 29
August 2009, Paul Mungai, KWSANP005-
2009; Shimba Hills National Reserve, Coast
Province, GPS S04°14’22.4”, E039°26’07.2”,
altitude 374 m, impala, 24 September 2008,
Paul Mungai, KWSSH005B-2008; GPS
S04°14’35.6”, E039°26’07.1”, altitude 360 m,
Cape buffalo, 26 August 2009, Paul Mungai,
KWSSH004-2009; GPS S04°14’14 4”,
E039°26’01.0”, altitude 361 m, Jackson’s
hartebeest, 26 August 2009, Paul Mungai,
KWSSH003-2009; Nairobi National Park,
Nairobi Province, GPS 37M0255191, 9849808,
altitude 1693 m, Cape buffalo, 20 August 2010,
Paul Mungai, KWSNNP015-2010; GPS
UTM370253715, M9849130, altitude 1876 m,
zebra, 18 August 2009, Paul Mungai,
KWSNNP002-2010.
Notes – Zygopleurage zygospora is
characterized by ascospores with longer
intercalary cells always coiled inside the asci
and four distinct, short, claw-shaped, hyaline
gelatinous processes on the polar cells
(Abdullah & Rattan 1978). These characters
vary within the taxa of Zygopleurage and are
very useful in delimitation (Lundqvist 1969,
1972, Abdullah & Rattan 1978). In addition, Z.
zygospora has an olivaceous brown
perithecium. The ascospores of Z. zygospora
are intermediate in size between those of Z.
multicaudata, which are smaller and Z.
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
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Fig. 8 – Sordaria fimicola (KWSKIN004-2009). A Ascoma on dung. B squashed ascoma. C Free
mature ascospores showing gelatinous sheath and germ pore (arrows). D Asci apex and paraphyses.
E Mature asci with ascospores. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B = 200 µm, C = 20 µm, D = 20 µm, E =
50 µm.
faiyumensis, which are larger (Abdullah &
Rattan 1978). Z. zygospora is a very unique
species and therefore not easy to confuse with
any other known species (Lundqvist 1969,
1972, Abdullah & Rattan 1978).
Sordaria Ces. & De Not.
Sordaria is characterized by dark,
superficial or semi-immersed, non-stromatic
perithecia and a layered, pseudoparenchyma-
tous peridium (Cain 1934, Lundqvist 1972,
Doveri 2004, Bell 2005). Asci are unitunicate,
non-amyloid, cylindrical, usually 8-spored,
each with a well developed apical apparatus
(Lundqvist 1972, Doveri 2004, Bell 2005).
Ascospores are one-celled, broadly ovoid to
ellipsoidal, sometime subglobose or subfusi-
form, dark pigmented at maturity, with a basal
germ pore and usually surrounded by a hyaline
mucilaginous sheath (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri
2004, Bell 2005). Sordaria species have very
similar morphological features thus creating a
challenge in species delimitation. According to
Lundqvist (1972) and Guarro & von Arx
(1987) analysis of the perithecial structure,
ascus and spore size is a very reliable way of
delimiting Sordaria species.
This genus is composed of mainly
fimicolous species. However, several Sordaria
species have been isolated from remains of
plant biomass, live plants, seeds and from soil
(Doveri 2004). Sordaria has been recorded
worldwide (Lundqvist 1972, Khan & Krug
1989, Doveri 2004, Bell 2005, Jeamjitt et al.
2007, Richardson 2008).
Sordaria fimicola (Roberge) Ces. & De Not.,
Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1: 226, 1863. (Figs.
8A–E, 9A–G)
Sphaeria fimicola Roberge in Desm., Ann.
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
446
Fig. 9 – Sordaria fimicola (KWSKIN004-2009). A Squashed ascoma. B Mature ascus with spores,
note uniseriate arrangement (arrow). C Free mature spores. D Asci stipes (arrows). E Asci apex
showing apical ring (arrow). F Paraphyses. G Details of peridial wall. H Mature asci with spores.
Scale bars: A = 200 µm, B = 50 µm, C = 20 µm, D = 20 µm, E = 20 µm, F = 20 µm, G = 20 µm,
H = 50 µm.
Sci. Nat. 3 sér. Bot. 11: 353, 1849.
An extensive list of synonyms is
provided by Doveri (2004). Ascomata
perithecioid, semi-immersed to superficial,
550–620 µm, high, 450–500 µm, diam.,
scattered or more often gregarious or even
crowded, membranaceous, dark brown,
sparsely covered with hyphoid hairs, ovoid to
pyriform. Neck conical or subcylindrical, 100–
120 × 120–150 µm. Peridial wall layered,
pseudoparenchymatous; exostratum a textura
angularis of polygonal cells in the venter, a
textura globulosa in the neck, 10.5–17 × 8.5–
13 µm. Paraphyses moniliform, septate, with
segments 4.5–12.5 µm broad, abundant,
containing hyaline vacuoles. Asci 8-spored,
111–163 × 10.5–14 µm, cylindrical, flattened
at apex, short stipitate, with a lobate stipe, and
prominent apical apparatus. Ascospores 15.5–
18.5 × 9.5–11.5 µm, obliquely to vertically
uniseriate, dark brown, ellipsoidal,
occasionally ovoid, smooth, slightly pointed
and apiculate at the base, surrounded by a
gelatinous sheath usually invaginated at the
apiculum. Germ pore single and basal.
Material examined – (dung incubated
for 14 days) KENYA, Kinondo Forest Reserve,
Coast Province, GPS S04°25’197”
E039°32’602”, coastal forest, altitude 18m,
dikdik, 19 April 2009, Paul Mungai,
KWSKIN004-2009.
Notes – Sordaria species are very
homogenous and therefore are very difficult to
delimit. Sordaria fimicola differs from S.
superba De Not. and S. macrospora Auersw. in
having smaller spores, ellipsoidal rather than
broadly ellipsoidal and smaller perithecia and
asci (Doveri 2004). Other similar taxa namely
S. sibutii Cailleux and S. conoidea Cailleux
lack a gelatinous perisporium on their spores.
S. fimicola is homothallic with four hardly
differentiated heterothallic relatives, namely, S.
thermophila Fields, S. sclerogenia Fields &
Grear, S. tomentoalba Cailleux and S.
Mycosphere Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/3/4/7
447
brevicollis L.S. Olive & Fantini (Doveri 2004).
Although reported as a very common
cosmopolitan pyrenomycete by other
investigators (Lundqvist 1972, Doveri 2004), S.
fimicola was isolated only once in this study.
This is a new record for Kenya.
Discussion
Ecology
Zygopleurage zygospora on 72% of dung
samples was the most common species and
occurred on the widest range of dung types.
Ten isolates of Z. zygospora sporulated on six
dung types. Arnium arizonense, Sordaria
fimicola and Zopfiella aff. erostrata (7% each)
were the least common.
Sordaria fimicola and Zopfiella
‟affinis” erostrata sporulated quite early on
incubation. Arnium arizonense sporulated in
the mid-incubation period, while Zopfiella
longicaudata and Zygopleurage zygospora
sporulated in the last period of incubation.
The age of dung at sampling and the
time taken from sampling to incubation had a
notable influence on the composition of
Sordariales sporulating with most of the early
sporulating species being less common on old
or preserved dung.
According to dung types, zebra, Cape
buffalo, giraffe and impala, all exhibiting
different feeding habits, had the highest
number of specimens and species.
A single isolate of Arnium arizonense
and Sordaria fimicola sporulated on just one
dung type each. This may be due to a taxon
substrate preference or rarity.
Acknowledgements
This study was undertaken with funds
provided by Novozymes A/S of Denmark,
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the
Mushroom Research Foundation. We are
grateful to the Director Kenya Wildlife Service
and Deputy Director, Biodiversity Research
and Monitoring Division, Kenya Wildlife
Service for allowing the study within Kenyan
National Parks and Reserves. We wish to
appreciate and thank Dr Francesco Doveri for
his never faltering help in taxonomic
corrections to this paper and advice on fungi
taxonomy in general through numerous email
exchanges. It is noted that without his advice
this work would not have been possible. We
also feel highly indebted to staff and students
of the Institute of Excellence in Fungal
Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand
and Kenya Wildlife Service colleagues
especially Mr. Patrick Omondi, Dr Samuel
Andanje and Mr. Moses Otiende for giving
very useful suggestions during this study. Ms
Asenath Akinyi is thanked for grammar and
spell-checking the text and her assistance in the
laboratory.
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