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Proteins of Cotton Seeds (Gossypium Barbadense), Extraction and Characterization by Electrophoresis
The upsurging global population, along with the increasing cost of traditional sources of food proteins, provides an opportunity to directly utilize plant-derived proteins in human diets. Recently, the utilization of agro-industrial-generated raw byproducts has attracted the attention of modern food industries toward the production of sustainable, nutritious, and biofriendly products. Plant-derived proteins are among the promising materials being investigated. In particular, cottonseed protein, an important byproduct generated during the processing of cottonseed, is abundant in basic amino acids linked with several bioactivities. The suitability of using cottonseed protein products in terms of functional attributes and nutritional value in food systems will ultimately determine the magnitude of their application in the food industry. Techniques used for the most effective extraction of cottonseed protein with an esculent gossypol concentration have been comprehensively discussed. The bioactivities of enzymatically obtained cottonseed protein hydrolysates can be employed for fabricating bioactive packaging materials. Cottonseed proteins exhibit a plethora of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities. Their superior functional food properties and relatively lower cost than other plant proteins make them suitable candidates for various food and nonfood applications. In this review, recent developments regarding the extraction, hydrolysate preparation, bioactivities, and industrial applications of cottonseed protein are thoroughly discussed.
There has been increasing interest in recent years in the use of agro-based raw materials for the production of bio-friendly and sustainable products. Plant-based proteins are among the popular materials being studied. In particular, cottonseed protein (a byproduct of cotton fiber production) is widely available and has useful properties. Although not as well-known as soy protein, cottonseed protein has been shown to be a potentially valuable raw material for numerous applications. In this review, the latest developments in isolation, composition and molecular weight, chemical and enzymatic modifications, and non-food applications are delineated. Among these applications, films and coatings, interfacial and emulsifying applications, adhesives, and bioplastics seem to attract the most attention. A particular effort has been made to cover the literature on these topics in the past 10 years.
Water-washed cottonseed meal (WCSM) showed the potential for being used as environment-friendly wood adhesives. However, the influence of WCSM preparation process on its adhesion performance is not well known. This work studied the effect of different drying methods on the several key physicochemical features and adhesion performance of WCSM. Defatted cottonseed meal was washed with 8 folds of water for 3 cycles to remove the water-soluble components and dried with oven, freeze dryer, and spray dryer, respectively. Whereas the major chemical composition was unchanged, oven-dried WCSM showed protein degrading denaturation per sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and differential scanning calorimetry data. With hot press temperature at 100 °C, oven-dried WCSM showed poor adhesion performance when compared with its freeze- and spray-dried counterparts. However, the difference among the products with the three drying methods became smaller, and even none with the press temperature at 150 and 170 °C. The adhesion performance could be further improved by pH 4.5 adjustment and removal of large residual hull particles. This study proved spray-drying and freeze-drying more suitable to make high quality cottonseed meal-based adhesives for a variety of operation conditions. On the other hand, the more economic oven-drying may be applied to make WCSM product for bonding at higher press temperature (e.g. 170 °C) without undermining WCSM's adhesion performance.
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